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1999年10月，国家立法机构拒绝批准由联合国大会通过的《全面禁止核试条约》的有核国家的是:
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1999年10月国家立法机构拒绝批准由联合国大会通过的全面禁止核试验条约的有核国家是
英国
美国
俄罗斯
法国
1989年联合国大会通过的儿童权利公约的核心精神是______
1989年联合国大会通过的儿童权利公约的核心精神是＿＿＿＿
联合国是当今世界最普遍和最重要的国际组织根据联合国宪章下列哪些判断是正确的
联合国大会是联合国立法机构，其通过的所有决议对于会员国都具有拘束力
联合国大会虽然不是联合国的立法机构，但根据宪章的规定，其通过的某些决议对于会员国是具有法律拘束力的
安理会是联合国的六大机构之一，其对于任何事项的表决，都适用"大国一致原则"进行
安理会在对秘书长人选的推荐进行表决时，适用"大国一致原则"
年联合国大会通过了儿童权利公约
1969
1979
1989
1999
2008年9月16日第63届联合国大会在联合国总部开幕下列关于联合国大会的表述正确的是______
联合国大会由联合国全体会员国组成
联合国大会负责联合国有关行政事务工作
联合国大会接受并审议安理会及其他机构的报告
联合国大会是唯一有权采取行动维护国际和平与安全的机构
联合国大会是联合国的主要审议机构拥有广泛的职权下面对联合国大会认识正确的是
联合国大会关于重大问题的决定，必须由三分之二多数通过
安理会成员由联合国大会选举产生
联合国大会有权审查和批准联合国预算
联合国大会接受并审议安理会和其他机构的报告
1971年联合国大会通过决议恢复
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Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopment ofcivilizedmanwereprobablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthe discoveryoffirealthoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenpeopleacquiredtheuse of1.The2of languageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganverygradually.Animalshaveafew criesthatserve3signals4eventhe highestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewords5 withthemostintensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperior brainofmanisapparently6forthemasteringofspeech. Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligentwemustsupposethathe7 thenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatclay 8hediscoveredthatspeedcouldbeusedfornarrative.There arethosewhothinkthat9picturelanguageprecededoral language.Aman10apictureonthewallofhiscaveto show11directionhehadgoneor12 preyhehopedtocatch.Probablypicturelanguageandorallanguage developedsidebyside.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguage13 themostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopmentofman. Twoimportantstagescamenot14beforethedawnof writtenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwas agriculture.Agriculturewas15inhumanprogresstowhich subsequentlytherewasnothingcomparable16ourown machineage.Agriculturemadepossible17immenseincrease inthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfully practised.18wereatfirstonlythoseinwhichnature fertilizedthesoil19eachharvest.Agriculturemetwith violentresistancefromthepastoralnomadsbuttheagriculturalwayoflife prevailedintheend20thephysicalcomfortsit provided.
Asmorepeopleliveclosertogetherandastheyusemachines toproduceleisuretheyfindthattheirleisureandeventheirworkinghours becomespoiltbyaby-productoftheirmachines--namelynoise.Noiseis nowadaysinthenews;ithasacquiredpoliticalstatusandpublicopinionsare demandingmoreandmoreinsistentlythatsomethingmustbedoneabout it.46Tocontrolnoiseistodemandmuchself-discipline annoyancearisesoftenfromlackofcommoncourtesyasenseofproportion thereisusuallyaconflictofinterestifanoiseistobestoppedthe expenditureofmoneyanditisfarmoreeconomicaltodothisearlyratherthan lateandfinallytechnicalknowledge.Technical difficultiesoftenarisefromthesubjective-objectivenatureoftheproblem. Youcandefinetheexcessivespeedofamotor-carintermsofapointerreading onaspeedometer.Butcanyoudefineexcessivenoiseinthesameway47You findthatwithanyexistingsimplenoise-metervehicleswhicharejudgedto beequallynoisymayshowconsiderabledifferenceonthemeter. Thoughtheidealcurefornoiseistostopitatitssourcethismayin manycasesbeimpossible.Thenextremedyistoabsorbitonthewaytothe ear.48Domesticnoisesmayperhapsbecontrolledby forethoughtandcourtesyandindustrialnoisesbygoodplanningandtechnical improvement.Butifwearegoingtoallowfastmotor-cyclesandheavydiesel lorriestopasscontinuouslythroughresidentialandbusinessdistrictsthe communitymustdecideonthecontrolitneedstoexerciseforinthelongrun ithasgottopayforit.49Andifanationistotakepartinmodernair transportitmustenterintointernationalagreementsonthenoisecontrol measuresitwillimposeatitsairports-andherethecostofanyrealcontrolis tobemeasuredinmillionsofdollars.Jetenginesmaybemodifiedtoreduce theirnoiselevelorinsulationfromairtrafficnoisemaybeprovidedbythe purchaseoflandaroundairportsortheinsulationofbuildings.50One estimateisthat＄5.7billionwouldberequiredtoequipallexistingjet engineswithnoisecontroldevices;howeverconsideringthecurrentstateof thearteventakingthisstepwillnotreducenoiselevelsatallpointsto acceptablevalues.Somecombinationofmethodsisprobablynecessary.
Text3 Everyyear100millionholiday-makers aredrawntotheMediterranean.Withonethirdoftheworld’stouristtradeit isthemostpopularofalltheholidaydestinations:itisalsothemost polluted.Ithasonly1percentoftheworld’sseasurfacebut carriesmorethanhalftheoilandtarfloatingonthewaters.Thousandsof factoriespourtheirpoisonintotheMediterraneanandalmosteverycitytown andvillageonthecoastsluicesitssewageuntreatedintothesea. TheresultisthattheMediterraneanwhichnurturedsomany civilizationsisgravelyill-thefirstoftheseastofallvictimtothe abilitiesandattitudesthatevolvedaroundit.Andthepopulationdoesnot merelystiflethelifeofthesea-itthreatensthepeoplewhoinhabitandvisit itsshores.Typhoidparatyphoiddysenterypolioviral hepatitisandfoodpoisoningareendemicintheareaandthereareperiodic outbreaksofcholera.Themournfullitanyofdiseaseiscaused bysewage.Eight-fivepercentofthewastefromtheMediterranean’s120coastal citiesispushedoutintothewaterswheretheirpeopleandvisitorsbatheand fish.Whatismoremostcitiesjustdropitinstraightoffthebeach;rare indeedaretheplaceslikeCannesandTelAvivwhichpipeitevenhalfamile offshore.Lessthan100000ofGreece’sfourmillioncoastal peoplehavetheirsewageproperlytreated-andGreeceisoneofthecleaner countriesofthenorthernshore.Theworstpartsoftheseaare Israeli/LebanoncoastandbetweenBarcelonaandGenoawhichflushesoutover 200tonsofsewageeachyearforeverymileofitslength.Not surprisinglyvastareasoftheshallowsareawashwithbacteriaanditdoesn’t takelongforthesetoreachpeople.ProfessorWilliamBrumfitoftheRoyalFree HospitaloncecalculatedthatanyonewhogoesforaswimintheMediterranean hasaoneinsevenchanceofgettingsomesortofdisease.Otherscientistssay thisisanoverestimate;butalmostallofthemagreethatbathersareat risk.Anevengreaterdangerlurksintheseductiveseafood dishesthataddsomuchinteresttoholidaymenu.Shellfishareprimecarriers ofmanyofthemostviciousdiseasesofthearea.Theyoftengrowamid pollution.Andeveniftheydon’ttheyarefrequentlyinfectedbythepopular practiceoffresheningthemup-throwingfilthywateroverthemin markets.Industryaddsitsownpoisons.Factoriesclusterround thecoastlineandeventhemostmodernrarelyhasproperwaste-treatmentplant. Theydoasmuchdamagetotheseaassewage.Fifteenthousandfactoriesfoulthe ItalianLihurianRiviera.SixtythousandpollutetheTyrrhenianSeabetween SardiniaSicilyandthewestItaliancoast!ThelagoonofVenicealonereceives theeffluentsof76factories.Thousandsoftonsofpesticides areblownoffthefieldsintotheseadetergentsfrommillionsofsinkskill fishandfertilizersflushedouttoseanourishexplosionsofplanktonwhich coverbatherswithitchyslime.Thenthereistheoil-130000 tonspouringeachyearfromships115000tonsmorefromindustriesroundthe shore.RecentstudiesshowthattheMediterraneanisfourtimesaspollutedas thenorthAtlantic20timesasbadasthenorth-eastPacific. Apartfromthenine-mile-wideStraitofGibraltartheMediterraneanis landlockedvirtuallyunabletocleanseitself.Ittakes80yearsforthewater toberenewedthroughthenarrowshallowstraitsfartooslowaprocessto copewiththeremorselessrushofpollution.JudgingfromthecontextthewordlurkLine1Para.9probablymeans______.
Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopment ofcivilizedmanwereprobablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthe discoveryoffirealthoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenpeopleacquiredtheuse of1.The2of languageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganverygradually.Animalshaveafew criesthatserve3signals4eventhe highestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewords5 withthemostintensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperior brainofmanisapparently6forthemasteringofspeech. Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligentwemustsupposethathe7 thenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatclay 8hediscoveredthatspeedcouldbeusedfornarrative.There arethosewhothinkthat9picturelanguageprecededoral language.Aman10apictureonthewallofhiscaveto show11directionhehadgoneor12 preyhehopedtocatch.Probablypicturelanguageandorallanguage developedsidebyside.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguage13 themostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopmentofman. Twoimportantstagescamenot14beforethedawnof writtenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwas agriculture.Agriculturewas15inhumanprogresstowhich subsequentlytherewasnothingcomparable16ourown machineage.Agriculturemadepossible17immenseincrease inthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfully practised.18wereatfirstonlythoseinwhichnature fertilizedthesoil19eachharvest.Agriculturemetwith violentresistancefromthepastoralnomadsbuttheagriculturalwayoflife prevailedintheend20thephysicalcomfortsit provided.
Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopment ofcivilizedmanwereprobablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthe discoveryoffirealthoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenpeopleacquiredtheuse of1.The2of languageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganverygradually.Animalshaveafew criesthatserve3signals4eventhe highestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewords5 withthemostintensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperior brainofmanisapparently6forthemasteringofspeech. Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligentwemustsupposethathe7 thenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatclay 8hediscoveredthatspeedcouldbeusedfornarrative.There arethosewhothinkthat9picturelanguageprecededoral language.Aman10apictureonthewallofhiscaveto show11directionhehadgoneor12 preyhehopedtocatch.Probablypicturelanguageandorallanguage developedsidebyside.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguage13 themostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopmentofman. Twoimportantstagescamenot14beforethedawnof writtenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwas agriculture.Agriculturewas15inhumanprogresstowhich subsequentlytherewasnothingcomparable16ourown machineage.Agriculturemadepossible17immenseincrease inthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfully practised.18wereatfirstonlythoseinwhichnature fertilizedthesoil19eachharvest.Agriculturemetwith violentresistancefromthepastoralnomadsbuttheagriculturalwayoflife prevailedintheend20thephysicalcomfortsit provided.
Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopment ofcivilizedmanwereprobablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthe discoveryoffirealthoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenpeopleacquiredtheuse of1.The2of languageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganverygradually.Animalshaveafew criesthatserve3signals4eventhe highestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewords5 withthemostintensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperior brainofmanisapparently6forthemasteringofspeech. Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligentwemustsupposethathe7 thenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatclay 8hediscoveredthatspeedcouldbeusedfornarrative.There arethosewhothinkthat9picturelanguageprecededoral language.Aman10apictureonthewallofhiscaveto show11directionhehadgoneor12 preyhehopedtocatch.Probablypicturelanguageandorallanguage developedsidebyside.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguage13 themostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopmentofman. Twoimportantstagescamenot14beforethedawnof writtenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwas agriculture.Agriculturewas15inhumanprogresstowhich subsequentlytherewasnothingcomparable16ourown machineage.Agriculturemadepossible17immenseincrease inthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfully practised.18wereatfirstonlythoseinwhichnature fertilizedthesoil19eachharvest.Agriculturemetwith violentresistancefromthepastoralnomadsbuttheagriculturalwayoflife prevailedintheend20thephysicalcomfortsit provided.
Text2 Centuriesagomandiscoveredthat removingmoisturefromfoodhelpstopreserveitandthattheeasiestwaytodo thisistoexposethefoodtosunandwind.InthiswaytheNorthAmerican IndiansproducepemmicantheScandinaviansmakestockfishandtheArabsdry datesandapricotleather.Allfoodscontainwater-cabbageand otherleafvegetablescontainasmuchas93%waterpotatoesandotherroot vegetables80%leanmeat75%andfishanythingfrom80%to60%dependingonhow fattyitis.Ifthiswaterisremovedtheactivityofthebacteriathatcause foodtodeteriorateischecked.Fruitissun-driedinAsia MinorGreeceSpainandotherMediterraneancountriesandalsoinCalifornia SouthAfricaandAustralia.Themethodsusedvarybutingeneralthefruitis spreadoutontraysindryingyardsinthehotsun.Inordertoprevent darkeningpearspeachesandapricotsareexposedtothefumesofburning sulfurbeforedrying.Plumsformakingprunesandcertainvarietiesofgrapes formakingraisinsandcurrantsaredippedinanalkalinesolutioninorderto cracktheskinsofthefruitslightlyandremovetheirwaxcoatingso increasingtherateofdrying.Nowadaysmostfoodsaredried mechanically.Theconventionalmethodofsuchdehydrationistoputfoodin chambersthroughwhichhotairisblownattemperaturesofabout110℃atentry toabout43℃atexit.Thisistheusualmethodfordryingsuchthingsas vegetablesmincedmeatandfish.Liquidssuchasmilkcoffee teasoupsandeggsmaybedriedbypouringthemoveraheatedhorizontalsteel cylinderorbysprayingthemintoachamberthroughwhichacurrentofhotair passes.Inthefirstcasethedriedmaterialisscrapedofftherollerasa thinfilmwhichisthenbrokenupintosmallthoughstillrelativelycoarse flakes;inthesecondprocessitfallstothebottomofthechamberasafine powder.Whererecognizablepiecesofmeatandvegetablesarerequiredasin souptheingredientsaredriedseparatelyandthenmixed.Dried foodstakeuplessroomandweighlessthanthesamefoodpackedincansor frozenandtheydonotneedtobestoredinspecialconditions.Forthese reasonstheyareinvaluabletoclimbersexplorersandsoldiersinbattlewho havelittlestoragespace.Theyarealsopopularwithhousewivesbecauseit takessolittletimetocookthem.Usuallyitisjustacaseofreplacingthe dried-outmoisturewithboilingwater.Howisthefruitsun-driedinSouthAfrica
Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopment ofcivilizedmanwereprobablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthe discoveryoffirealthoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenpeopleacquiredtheuse of1.The2of languageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganverygradually.Animalshaveafew criesthatserve3signals4eventhe highestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewords5 withthemostintensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperior brainofmanisapparently6forthemasteringofspeech. Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligentwemustsupposethathe7 thenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatclay 8hediscoveredthatspeedcouldbeusedfornarrative.There arethosewhothinkthat9picturelanguageprecededoral language.Aman10apictureonthewallofhiscaveto show11directionhehadgoneor12 preyhehopedtocatch.Probablypicturelanguageandorallanguage developedsidebyside.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguage13 themostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopmentofman. Twoimportantstagescamenot14beforethedawnof writtenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwas agriculture.Agriculturewas15inhumanprogresstowhich subsequentlytherewasnothingcomparable16ourown machineage.Agriculturemadepossible17immenseincrease inthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfully practised.18wereatfirstonlythoseinwhichnature fertilizedthesoil19eachharvest.Agriculturemetwith violentresistancefromthepastoralnomadsbuttheagriculturalwayoflife prevailedintheend20thephysicalcomfortsit provided.
Text4 Itishardtogetanyagreementonthe precisemeaningofthetermsocialclassIneverydaylifepeopletendtohave adifferentapproachtothosetheyconsidertheirequalsfromthatwhichthey assumewithpeopletheyconsiderhigherorlowerthanthemselvesinthesocial scale.Thecriteriaweusetoplaceanewacquaintancehoweverareacomplex mixtureoffactors.Dresswayofspeakingareaofresidenceinagivencityor provinceeducationandmannersallplayapart.Inthe eighteenth-centuryoneofthefirstmoderneconomistsAdamSmiththoughtthat thewholeannualproduceofthelandandlaborofeverycountry’provided revenuetothreedifferentordersofpeople:Thosewholivebyrentthosewho livebywagesthosewholivebyprofit.Eachsuccessivestageofthe industrialrevolutionhowevermadethesocialstructuremore complicated.Manyintermediategroupsgrewupduringthe nineteenth-centurybetweentheuppermiddleclassandtheworkingclass.There weresmall-scaleindustrialistsaswellaslargeonessmallshopkeepersand tradesmenofficialsandsalariedemployeesskilledandunskilledworkersand professionalmensuchasdoctorsandteachers.Farmersandpeasantscontinuedin allcountriesasindependentgroups.Duringthenineteenthand earlytwentiethcenturiesthepossessionofwealthinevitablyaffecteda person’ssocialposition.Intelligentindustrialistswithinitiativemade fortunesbytheirwitswhichliftedthemintoaneconomicgroupfarhigherthan theirworking-classparents.Buttheylackedthesocialtrainingoftheupper classwhodespisedthemasthenewrich.Theyoftensent theirsonsanddaughterstospecialschoolstoacquiresocialtraining.Here theirchildrenmixedwiththechildrenoftheupperclasseswereacceptedby themandveryoftenfoundmarriagepartnersfromamongthem.Inthesamewaya thriftyhardworkinglabourerthoughnotcleverenoughhimselfmightsavefor hissonenoughtopayforanextendedsecondaryschooleducationinthehope thathewouldmoveintoawhite-collar’occupationcarryingwithitahigher salaryandmoveupinthesocialscale.Inthetwentiethcentury theincreasedtaxationofhigherincomesthegrowthofthesocialservicesand thewiderdevelopmentofeducationalopportunityhaveconsiderablyalteredthe socialoutlook.Theupperclassesnolongerarethesoleoreventhemain possessorsofwealthpowerandeducationthoughinheritedsocialposition stillcarriesconsiderableprestige.Manypeopletodayare hostiletowardsclassdistinctionsandprivilegesandhopetoachievea classlesssociety.Thetroubleisthatasoneinequalityisremovedanother tendstotakeitsplaceandthebestthathasasfarbeenattemptedisa societyinwhichdistinctionsareelasticandinwhicheverymemberhasfair opportunitiesformakingthebestofhis abilities.AdamSmith’ssocialmake-upwasinvalidatedby______.
Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopment ofcivilizedmanwereprobablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthe discoveryoffirealthoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenpeopleacquiredtheuse of1.The2of languageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganverygradually.Animalshaveafew criesthatserve3signals4eventhe highestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewords5 withthemostintensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperior brainofmanisapparently6forthemasteringofspeech. Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligentwemustsupposethathe7 thenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatclay 8hediscoveredthatspeedcouldbeusedfornarrative.There arethosewhothinkthat9picturelanguageprecededoral language.Aman10apictureonthewallofhiscaveto show11directionhehadgoneor12 preyhehopedtocatch.Probablypicturelanguageandorallanguage developedsidebyside.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguage13 themostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopmentofman. Twoimportantstagescamenot14beforethedawnof writtenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwas agriculture.Agriculturewas15inhumanprogresstowhich subsequentlytherewasnothingcomparable16ourown machineage.Agriculturemadepossible17immenseincrease inthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfully practised.18wereatfirstonlythoseinwhichnature fertilizedthesoil19eachharvest.Agriculturemetwith violentresistancefromthepastoralnomadsbuttheagriculturalwayoflife prevailedintheend20thephysicalcomfortsit provided.
A.HumanbehaviorB.Culture attributesC.PhysiologyofHomosapiensD. ClassificationofHomosapiensE.Humansociety F.StructureofHomosapiensHumancommonnamegiventoany individualofthespeciesHomosapiensandbyextensiontotheentirespecies. Thetermisalsoappliedtocertainspeciesthatweretheevolutionary forerunnersofHomosapiens.Scientistsconsideralllivingpeoplemembersofa singlespecies.41.__________Homosapiensisidentifiedfor purposesofclassificationasananimalwithabackboneandsegmentedspinal cordthatsucklesitsyoung;thatgestatesitsyoungwiththeaidofaplacenta; thatisequippedwithfive-digitedextremitiesacollarboneandasinglepair ofmammaryglandsonthechest;andthathaseyesatthefrontofthehead stereoscopicvisionandaproportionatelylargebrain.Thespeciesbelongsto thefamilyHominidaethegeneralcharacteristicsofwhicharediscussed below.42.__________Thedetailsofskeletal structuredistinguishingHomosapiensfromthenearestprimaterelatives-the gorillachimpanzeeandorangutan-stemlargelyfromaveryearlyadaptationto acompletelyerectpostureandatwo-footedstridingwalk.TheuniquelyS-shaped spinalcolumnplacesthecenterofgravityofthehumanbodydirectlyoverthe areaofsupportprovidedbythefeetthusgivingstabilityandbalanceinthe uptightposition.Completebipedalisminthehumanfreedthe handtobecomeasupremelysensitiveinstrumentforprecisemanipulationand grasping.Themostimportantstructuraldetailinthisrefinementisthe elongatedhumanthumbwhichcanrotatefreelyandisfullyopposabletothe otherfingers.Thephysiologicalrequirementsforspeechweresecondarily establishedbyerectposturewhichpositionsthevocalcordsforcontrolled breathingandbytheskilleduseofthehands.Thelatterdevelopmentoccursin associationwiththeenlargementandspecializationofabrainareathatisa prerequisiteforrefinedcontrolofthelipsandtongue. 43.__________ThelargebrainofHomosapiensisapproximately doublethatofearlyhumantoolmakers.Thisgreatincreaseinsizeinonly2 millionyearswasachievedbyaprocesscalledneotenywhichisthe prolongationofretentionofimmaturecharacteristics.Thejuvenilestageof brainandskulldevelopmentisprolongedsothattheygrowforalongerperiod oftimeinrelationtothetimerequiredtoreachsexualmaturity.Unlikethe earlyhumanadultskullwithitsslopingforeheadandprominentjawthemodem humanskull-withbiologicallyinsignificantvariations-retainsintomaturitya proportionatelylargesizeinrelationtotherestofthebodyahigh-rounded domestraight-planedfaceandreducedjawsizeallcloselyresemblingthe characteristicsoftheskullinthejuvenilechimpanzee.Itsenlargeddimensions requiredadaptationsforpassagethroughthebirthcanal;consequentlythe humanfemalepelviswidensatmaturityandthehumaninfantisborn prematurely.44.__________Thephysiological adaptationsthatmadehumansmoreflexiblethanotherprimatesallowedforthe developmentofawiderangeofabilitiesandanunparalleledversatilityin behavior.Thebrain’sgreatsizecomplexityandslowmaturationwithneural connectionsbeingaddedthoughatleastthefirst12yearsoflifemeantthat learnedbehaviorcouldlargelymodifystereotypedinstinctiveresponses.New environmentaldemandscouldbemetbyrapidadjustmentsratherthanbyslow geneticselection;thussurvivalinawiderangeofhabitatsandunderextreme conditionseventuallybecamepossiblewithoutfurtherspeciesdifferentiation. Eachnewinfanthoweverwithrelativelyfewinnatetraitsyetwithavast numberofpotentialbehaviorsmustbetaughttoachieveitsbiological potentialasahuman.45.__________Thehuman specieshasauniquecapabilityforcultureinthesenseofconsciousthinking andplanningtransmissionofskillsandsystemsofsocialrelationshipsand creativemodificationoftheenvironment.Theintegratedpatternsofbehavior requiredforplanningandfashioningtoolswereaccomplishedatleast2.5 millionyearsagoandsomeformofadvancedcodeforvocalcommunicationmay alsohaveexistedatthistime.By350000yearsagoplannedhuntingfire makingandthewearingofclothingwerewellestablishedaswaspossibly ritualizeddisposalofthedead.Evidenceofreligionrecordedeventsandart datefrom30000to40000yearsagoandimplyadvancedlanguageandethics forthecomplexorderingofsocialgroupsrequiredforsuchactivities.From aboutthattimethegenusHomobegantostabilizeintotheonegeneralized speciesofHomosapiens.
Text4 Itishardtogetanyagreementonthe precisemeaningofthetermsocialclassIneverydaylifepeopletendtohave adifferentapproachtothosetheyconsidertheirequalsfromthatwhichthey assumewithpeopletheyconsiderhigherorlowerthanthemselvesinthesocial scale.Thecriteriaweusetoplaceanewacquaintancehoweverareacomplex mixtureoffactors.Dresswayofspeakingareaofresidenceinagivencityor provinceeducationandmannersallplayapart.Inthe eighteenth-centuryoneofthefirstmoderneconomistsAdamSmiththoughtthat thewholeannualproduceofthelandandlaborofeverycountry’provided revenuetothreedifferentordersofpeople:Thosewholivebyrentthosewho livebywagesthosewholivebyprofit.Eachsuccessivestageofthe industrialrevolutionhowevermadethesocialstructuremore complicated.Manyintermediategroupsgrewupduringthe nineteenth-centurybetweentheuppermiddleclassandtheworkingclass.There weresmall-scaleindustrialistsaswellaslargeonessmallshopkeepersand tradesmenofficialsandsalariedemployeesskilledandunskilledworkersand professionalmensuchasdoctorsandteachers.Farmersandpeasantscontinuedin allcountriesasindependentgroups.Duringthenineteenthand earlytwentiethcenturiesthepossessionofwealthinevitablyaffecteda person’ssocialposition.Intelligentindustrialistswithinitiativemade fortunesbytheirwitswhichliftedthemintoaneconomicgroupfarhigherthan theirworking-classparents.Buttheylackedthesocialtrainingoftheupper classwhodespisedthemasthenewrich.Theyoftensent theirsonsanddaughterstospecialschoolstoacquiresocialtraining.Here theirchildrenmixedwiththechildrenoftheupperclasseswereacceptedby themandveryoftenfoundmarriagepartnersfromamongthem.Inthesamewaya thriftyhardworkinglabourerthoughnotcleverenoughhimselfmightsavefor hissonenoughtopayforanextendedsecondaryschooleducationinthehope thathewouldmoveintoawhite-collar’occupationcarryingwithitahigher salaryandmoveupinthesocialscale.Inthetwentiethcentury theincreasedtaxationofhigherincomesthegrowthofthesocialservicesand thewiderdevelopmentofeducationalopportunityhaveconsiderablyalteredthe socialoutlook.Theupperclassesnolongerarethesoleoreventhemain possessorsofwealthpowerandeducationthoughinheritedsocialposition stillcarriesconsiderableprestige.Manypeopletodayare hostiletowardsclassdistinctionsandprivilegesandhopetoachievea classlesssociety.Thetroubleisthatasoneinequalityisremovedanother tendstotakeitsplaceandthebestthathasasfarbeenattemptedisa societyinwhichdistinctionsareelasticandinwhicheverymemberhasfair opportunitiesformakingthebestofhis abilities.WhichofthefollowingstatementsdoesNOTtrulydescribethenewrich
Text1 Generallyasavinginenergy consumptionisinsufficientincentivefortheconsumertopurchasenewcooking equipmentunlessotherimprovementse.g.shortercookingperiodsfewer cleaningdifficultiesandimprovedappearanceareavailableaswell.Forthe individualthereisanaturalreticencetoincurrapidchangesbecauseofthe valideconomicdesiretoexploitexistingcapitalinvestmenttothemaximum: thisisthemajorproblemwithmanyproposedenergy-thriftmeasures.However caterersshould’appreciatethatbyreducingenergywastages;theywillnotonly besavingmoneybutalsoimprovingtheworkingenvironmentwithintheir kitchens.Retro-fittingexistingcookerswith energy-conservationimprovementsinordertoraiseachievableefficiencieswill occuronlyrarely.Forthemostimmediatesignificantimpactnationallywith respecttoreducingtheenergyexpendeduponcookingbettermanagementis recommended.Lawsonsuggestedthatabout16PJperyearcouldbesavedinthe Britishcateringsectorbyadoptingimprovedoperationalpractices.Ifonly10% oftheenergyusedforcateringpurposesinthedomesticsectorcouldalsobe savedoverallnationalsavingswouldamounttoapproximately44PJperannum. Toachievethisaimacomprehensiveandstraight-forwardprogramof energy-thrifteducationforhousewivescooksandkitchenmanagersisneeded. Thiswillrequireallconcernedtoexerciseconsiderablepersonal discipline.Thepresentapproachwherebyindividualsmake purchasingdecisionsmainlyonvisualandfirst-costgrounds-partlybecausethe cookingapplianceandfoodmanufacturingindustriesrarelyprovideadequate scientificdatatosupporttheirclaims-shouldbesupplementedbyother considerations.Foodistoofundamentaltohumanlifehealthandhappinessto beconsideredanunworthysubjectbyintellectuals.Forexampleeventhe typicalBritonwhotendstobecasualabouteatingcomparedwithmostofhis foreigncounterpartsspendsbetween5%and13%ofhiswakinghourspreparing cookingand/orcleaningaway’aftermeals.Neverthelessenergywastageprevails bothonanationalscalee.g.storingvastquantitiesoffoodatsub-ambient temperaturesinso-calledfoodmountains;andonanindividualscalee.g. performinghoboperationswithoutplacinglidsonthepansemployed .Ifenergywastagesaretobereducedcooks______.
Direction:Youlearnedfromtoday’spaperthatyourfriendMr.WangHuiwasrecentlyappointededitor-in-chiefofTheEveningNews.Writehimalettertoexpressyourcordialcongratulations. Youshouldwrite100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginsteadYoudonotneedtowriteyouraddress.
Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopment ofcivilizedmanwereprobablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthe discoveryoffirealthoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenpeopleacquiredtheuse of1.The2of languageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganverygradually.Animalshaveafew criesthatserve3signals4eventhe highestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewords5 withthemostintensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperior brainofmanisapparently6forthemasteringofspeech. Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligentwemustsupposethathe7 thenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatclay 8hediscoveredthatspeedcouldbeusedfornarrative.There arethosewhothinkthat9picturelanguageprecededoral language.Aman10apictureonthewallofhiscaveto show11directionhehadgoneor12 preyhehopedtocatch.Probablypicturelanguageandorallanguage developedsidebyside.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguage13 themostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopmentofman. Twoimportantstagescamenot14beforethedawnof writtenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwas agriculture.Agriculturewas15inhumanprogresstowhich subsequentlytherewasnothingcomparable16ourown machineage.Agriculturemadepossible17immenseincrease inthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfully practised.18wereatfirstonlythoseinwhichnature fertilizedthesoil19eachharvest.Agriculturemetwith violentresistancefromthepastoralnomadsbuttheagriculturalwayoflife prevailedintheend20thephysicalcomfortsit provided.
Text3 Everyyear100millionholiday-makers aredrawntotheMediterranean.Withonethirdoftheworld’stouristtradeit isthemostpopularofalltheholidaydestinations:itisalsothemost polluted.Ithasonly1percentoftheworld’sseasurfacebut carriesmorethanhalftheoilandtarfloatingonthewaters.Thousandsof factoriespourtheirpoisonintotheMediterraneanandalmosteverycitytown andvillageonthecoastsluicesitssewageuntreatedintothesea. TheresultisthattheMediterraneanwhichnurturedsomany civilizationsisgravelyill-thefirstoftheseastofallvictimtothe abilitiesandattitudesthatevolvedaroundit.Andthepopulationdoesnot merelystiflethelifeofthesea-itthreatensthepeoplewhoinhabitandvisit itsshores.Typhoidparatyphoiddysenterypolioviral hepatitisandfoodpoisoningareendemicintheareaandthereareperiodic outbreaksofcholera.Themournfullitanyofdiseaseiscaused bysewage.Eight-fivepercentofthewastefromtheMediterranean’s120coastal citiesispushedoutintothewaterswheretheirpeopleandvisitorsbatheand fish.Whatismoremostcitiesjustdropitinstraightoffthebeach;rare indeedaretheplaceslikeCannesandTelAvivwhichpipeitevenhalfamile offshore.Lessthan100000ofGreece’sfourmillioncoastal peoplehavetheirsewageproperlytreated-andGreeceisoneofthecleaner countriesofthenorthernshore.Theworstpartsoftheseaare Israeli/LebanoncoastandbetweenBarcelonaandGenoawhichflushesoutover 200tonsofsewageeachyearforeverymileofitslength.Not surprisinglyvastareasoftheshallowsareawashwithbacteriaanditdoesn’t takelongforthesetoreachpeople.ProfessorWilliamBrumfitoftheRoyalFree HospitaloncecalculatedthatanyonewhogoesforaswimintheMediterranean hasaoneinsevenchanceofgettingsomesortofdisease.Otherscientistssay thisisanoverestimate;butalmostallofthemagreethatbathersareat risk.Anevengreaterdangerlurksintheseductiveseafood dishesthataddsomuchinteresttoholidaymenu.Shellfishareprimecarriers ofmanyofthemostviciousdiseasesofthearea.Theyoftengrowamid pollution.Andeveniftheydon’ttheyarefrequentlyinfectedbythepopular practiceoffresheningthemup-throwingfilthywateroverthemin markets.Industryaddsitsownpoisons.Factoriesclusterround thecoastlineandeventhemostmodernrarelyhasproperwaste-treatmentplant. Theydoasmuchdamagetotheseaassewage.Fifteenthousandfactoriesfoulthe ItalianLihurianRiviera.SixtythousandpollutetheTyrrhenianSeabetween SardiniaSicilyandthewestItaliancoast!ThelagoonofVenicealonereceives theeffluentsof76factories.Thousandsoftonsofpesticides areblownoffthefieldsintotheseadetergentsfrommillionsofsinkskill fishandfertilizersflushedouttoseanourishexplosionsofplanktonwhich coverbatherswithitchyslime.Thenthereistheoil-130000 tonspouringeachyearfromships115000tonsmorefromindustriesroundthe shore.RecentstudiesshowthattheMediterraneanisfourtimesaspollutedas thenorthAtlantic20timesasbadasthenorth-eastPacific. Apartfromthenine-mile-wideStraitofGibraltartheMediterraneanis landlockedvirtuallyunabletocleanseitself.Ittakes80yearsforthewater toberenewedthroughthenarrowshallowstraitsfartooslowaprocessto copewiththeremorselessrushofpollution.AccordingtothepassagetheMediterranean______.
Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopment ofcivilizedmanwereprobablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthe discoveryoffirealthoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenpeopleacquiredtheuse of1.The2of languageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganverygradually.Animalshaveafew criesthatserve3signals4eventhe highestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewords5 withthemostintensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperior brainofmanisapparently6forthemasteringofspeech. Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligentwemustsupposethathe7 thenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatclay 8hediscoveredthatspeedcouldbeusedfornarrative.There arethosewhothinkthat9picturelanguageprecededoral language.Aman10apictureonthewallofhiscaveto show11directionhehadgoneor12 preyhehopedtocatch.Probablypicturelanguageandorallanguage developedsidebyside.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguage13 themostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopmentofman. Twoimportantstagescamenot14beforethedawnof writtenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwas agriculture.Agriculturewas15inhumanprogresstowhich subsequentlytherewasnothingcomparable16ourown machineage.Agriculturemadepossible17immenseincrease inthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfully practised.18wereatfirstonlythoseinwhichnature fertilizedthesoil19eachharvest.Agriculturemetwith violentresistancefromthepastoralnomadsbuttheagriculturalwayoflife prevailedintheend20thephysicalcomfortsit provided.
Text2 Centuriesagomandiscoveredthat removingmoisturefromfoodhelpstopreserveitandthattheeasiestwaytodo thisistoexposethefoodtosunandwind.InthiswaytheNorthAmerican IndiansproducepemmicantheScandinaviansmakestockfishandtheArabsdry datesandapricotleather.Allfoodscontainwater-cabbageand otherleafvegetablescontainasmuchas93%waterpotatoesandotherroot vegetables80%leanmeat75%andfishanythingfrom80%to60%dependingonhow fattyitis.Ifthiswaterisremovedtheactivityofthebacteriathatcause foodtodeteriorateischecked.Fruitissun-driedinAsia MinorGreeceSpainandotherMediterraneancountriesandalsoinCalifornia SouthAfricaandAustralia.Themethodsusedvarybutingeneralthefruitis spreadoutontraysindryingyardsinthehotsun.Inordertoprevent darkeningpearspeachesandapricotsareexposedtothefumesofburning sulfurbeforedrying.Plumsformakingprunesandcertainvarietiesofgrapes formakingraisinsandcurrantsaredippedinanalkalinesolutioninorderto cracktheskinsofthefruitslightlyandremovetheirwaxcoatingso increasingtherateofdrying.Nowadaysmostfoodsaredried mechanically.Theconventionalmethodofsuchdehydrationistoputfoodin chambersthroughwhichhotairisblownattemperaturesofabout110℃atentry toabout43℃atexit.Thisistheusualmethodfordryingsuchthingsas vegetablesmincedmeatandfish.Liquidssuchasmilkcoffee teasoupsandeggsmaybedriedbypouringthemoveraheatedhorizontalsteel cylinderorbysprayingthemintoachamberthroughwhichacurrentofhotair passes.Inthefirstcasethedriedmaterialisscrapedofftherollerasa thinfilmwhichisthenbrokenupintosmallthoughstillrelativelycoarse flakes;inthesecondprocessitfallstothebottomofthechamberasafine powder.Whererecognizablepiecesofmeatandvegetablesarerequiredasin souptheingredientsaredriedseparatelyandthenmixed.Dried foodstakeuplessroomandweighlessthanthesamefoodpackedincansor frozenandtheydonotneedtobestoredinspecialconditions.Forthese reasonstheyareinvaluabletoclimbersexplorersandsoldiersinbattlewho havelittlestoragespace.Theyarealsopopularwithhousewivesbecauseit takessolittletimetocookthem.Usuallyitisjustacaseofreplacingthe dried-outmoisturewithboilingwater.Howisthepowderedmilkmadeaccordingtothepassage
Text3 Everyyear100millionholiday-makers aredrawntotheMediterranean.Withonethirdoftheworld’stouristtradeit isthemostpopularofalltheholidaydestinations:itisalsothemost polluted.Ithasonly1percentoftheworld’sseasurfacebut carriesmorethanhalftheoilandtarfloatingonthewaters.Thousandsof factoriespourtheirpoisonintotheMediterraneanandalmosteverycitytown andvillageonthecoastsluicesitssewageuntreatedintothesea. TheresultisthattheMediterraneanwhichnurturedsomany civilizationsisgravelyill-thefirstoftheseastofallvictimtothe abilitiesandattitudesthatevolvedaroundit.Andthepopulationdoesnot merelystiflethelifeofthesea-itthreatensthepeoplewhoinhabitandvisit itsshores.Typhoidparatyphoiddysenterypolioviral hepatitisandfoodpoisoningareendemicintheareaandthereareperiodic outbreaksofcholera.Themournfullitanyofdiseaseiscaused bysewage.Eight-fivepercentofthewastefromtheMediterranean’s120coastal citiesispushedoutintothewaterswheretheirpeopleandvisitorsbatheand fish.Whatismoremostcitiesjustdropitinstraightoffthebeach;rare indeedaretheplaceslikeCannesandTelAvivwhichpipeitevenhalfamile offshore.Lessthan100000ofGreece’sfourmillioncoastal peoplehavetheirsewageproperlytreated-andGreeceisoneofthecleaner countriesofthenorthernshore.Theworstpartsoftheseaare Israeli/LebanoncoastandbetweenBarcelonaandGenoawhichflushesoutover 200tonsofsewageeachyearforeverymileofitslength.Not surprisinglyvastareasoftheshallowsareawashwithbacteriaanditdoesn’t takelongforthesetoreachpeople.ProfessorWilliamBrumfitoftheRoyalFree HospitaloncecalculatedthatanyonewhogoesforaswimintheMediterranean hasaoneinsevenchanceofgettingsomesortofdisease.Otherscientistssay thisisanoverestimate;butalmostallofthemagreethatbathersareat risk.Anevengreaterdangerlurksintheseductiveseafood dishesthataddsomuchinteresttoholidaymenu.Shellfishareprimecarriers ofmanyofthemostviciousdiseasesofthearea.Theyoftengrowamid pollution.Andeveniftheydon’ttheyarefrequentlyinfectedbythepopular practiceoffresheningthemup-throwingfilthywateroverthemin markets.Industryaddsitsownpoisons.Factoriesclusterround thecoastlineandeventhemostmodernrarelyhasproperwaste-treatmentplant. Theydoasmuchdamagetotheseaassewage.Fifteenthousandfactoriesfoulthe ItalianLihurianRiviera.SixtythousandpollutetheTyrrhenianSeabetween SardiniaSicilyandthewestItaliancoast!ThelagoonofVenicealonereceives theeffluentsof76factories.Thousandsoftonsofpesticides areblownoffthefieldsintotheseadetergentsfrommillionsofsinkskill fishandfertilizersflushedouttoseanourishexplosionsofplanktonwhich coverbatherswithitchyslime.Thenthereistheoil-130000 tonspouringeachyearfromships115000tonsmorefromindustriesroundthe shore.RecentstudiesshowthattheMediterraneanisfourtimesaspollutedas thenorthAtlantic20timesasbadasthenorth-eastPacific. Apartfromthenine-mile-wideStraitofGibraltartheMediterraneanis landlockedvirtuallyunabletocleanseitself.Ittakes80yearsforthewater toberenewedthroughthenarrowshallowstraitsfartooslowaprocessto copewiththeremorselessrushofpollution.ItmaybeinferredthattheMediterraneanis______.
Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopment ofcivilizedmanwereprobablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthe discoveryoffirealthoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenpeopleacquiredtheuse of1.The2of languageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganverygradually.Animalshaveafew criesthatserve3signals4eventhe highestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewords5 withthemostintensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperior brainofmanisapparently6forthemasteringofspeech. Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligentwemustsupposethathe7 thenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatclay 8hediscoveredthatspeedcouldbeusedfornarrative.There arethosewhothinkthat9picturelanguageprecededoral language.Aman10apictureonthewallofhiscaveto show11directionhehadgoneor12 preyhehopedtocatch.Probablypicturelanguageandorallanguage developedsidebyside.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguage13 themostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopmentofman. Twoimportantstagescamenot14beforethedawnof writtenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwas agriculture.Agriculturewas15inhumanprogresstowhich subsequentlytherewasnothingcomparable16ourown machineage.Agriculturemadepossible17immenseincrease inthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfully practised.18wereatfirstonlythoseinwhichnature fertilizedthesoil19eachharvest.Agriculturemetwith violentresistancefromthepastoralnomadsbuttheagriculturalwayoflife prevailedintheend20thephysicalcomfortsit provided.
Asmorepeopleliveclosertogetherandastheyusemachines toproduceleisuretheyfindthattheirleisureandeventheirworkinghours becomespoiltbyaby-productoftheirmachines--namelynoise.Noiseis nowadaysinthenews;ithasacquiredpoliticalstatusandpublicopinionsare demandingmoreandmoreinsistentlythatsomethingmustbedoneabout it.46Tocontrolnoiseistodemandmuchself-discipline annoyancearisesoftenfromlackofcommoncourtesyasenseofproportion thereisusuallyaconflictofinterestifanoiseistobestoppedthe expenditureofmoneyanditisfarmoreeconomicaltodothisearlyratherthan lateandfinallytechnicalknowledge.Technical difficultiesoftenarisefromthesubjective-objectivenatureoftheproblem. Youcandefinetheexcessivespeedofamotor-carintermsofapointerreading onaspeedometer.Butcanyoudefineexcessivenoiseinthesameway47You findthatwithanyexistingsimplenoise-metervehicleswhicharejudgedto beequallynoisymayshowconsiderabledifferenceonthemeter. Thoughtheidealcurefornoiseistostopitatitssourcethismayin manycasesbeimpossible.Thenextremedyistoabsorbitonthewaytothe ear.48Domesticnoisesmayperhapsbecontrolledby forethoughtandcourtesyandindustrialnoisesbygoodplanningandtechnical improvement.Butifwearegoingtoallowfastmotor-cyclesandheavydiesel lorriestopasscontinuouslythroughresidentialandbusinessdistrictsthe communitymustdecideonthecontrolitneedstoexerciseforinthelongrun ithasgottopayforit.49Andifanationistotakepartinmodernair transportitmustenterintointernationalagreementsonthenoisecontrol measuresitwillimposeatitsairports-andherethecostofanyrealcontrolis tobemeasuredinmillionsofdollars.Jetenginesmaybemodifiedtoreduce theirnoiselevelorinsulationfromairtrafficnoisemaybeprovidedbythe purchaseoflandaroundairportsortheinsulationofbuildings.50One estimateisthat＄5.7billionwouldberequiredtoequipallexistingjet engineswithnoisecontroldevices;howeverconsideringthecurrentstateof thearteventakingthisstepwillnotreducenoiselevelsatallpointsto acceptablevalues.Somecombinationofmethodsisprobablynecessary.
Text1 Generallyasavinginenergy consumptionisinsufficientincentivefortheconsumertopurchasenewcooking equipmentunlessotherimprovementse.g.shortercookingperiodsfewer cleaningdifficultiesandimprovedappearanceareavailableaswell.Forthe individualthereisanaturalreticencetoincurrapidchangesbecauseofthe valideconomicdesiretoexploitexistingcapitalinvestmenttothemaximum: thisisthemajorproblemwithmanyproposedenergy-thriftmeasures.However caterersshould’appreciatethatbyreducingenergywastages;theywillnotonly besavingmoneybutalsoimprovingtheworkingenvironmentwithintheir kitchens.Retro-fittingexistingcookerswith energy-conservationimprovementsinordertoraiseachievableefficiencieswill occuronlyrarely.Forthemostimmediatesignificantimpactnationallywith respecttoreducingtheenergyexpendeduponcookingbettermanagementis recommended.Lawsonsuggestedthatabout16PJperyearcouldbesavedinthe Britishcateringsectorbyadoptingimprovedoperationalpractices.Ifonly10% oftheenergyusedforcateringpurposesinthedomesticsectorcouldalsobe savedoverallnationalsavingswouldamounttoapproximately44PJperannum. Toachievethisaimacomprehensiveandstraight-forwardprogramof energy-thrifteducationforhousewivescooksandkitchenmanagersisneeded. Thiswillrequireallconcernedtoexerciseconsiderablepersonal discipline.Thepresentapproachwherebyindividualsmake purchasingdecisionsmainlyonvisualandfirst-costgrounds-partlybecausethe cookingapplianceandfoodmanufacturingindustriesrarelyprovideadequate scientificdatatosupporttheirclaims-shouldbesupplementedbyother considerations.Foodistoofundamentaltohumanlifehealthandhappinessto beconsideredanunworthysubjectbyintellectuals.Forexampleeventhe typicalBritonwhotendstobecasualabouteatingcomparedwithmostofhis foreigncounterpartsspendsbetween5%and13%ofhiswakinghourspreparing cookingand/orcleaningaway’aftermeals.Neverthelessenergywastageprevails bothonanationalscalee.g.storingvastquantitiesoffoodatsub-ambient temperaturesinso-calledfoodmountains;andonanindividualscalee.g. performinghoboperationswithoutplacinglidsonthepansemployed .Foodissofundamentaltohumanlifethat_______.
A.HumanbehaviorB.Culture attributesC.PhysiologyofHomosapiensD. ClassificationofHomosapiensE.Humansociety F.StructureofHomosapiensHumancommonnamegiventoany individualofthespeciesHomosapiensandbyextensiontotheentirespecies. Thetermisalsoappliedtocertainspeciesthatweretheevolutionary forerunnersofHomosapiens.Scientistsconsideralllivingpeoplemembersofa singlespecies.41.__________Homosapiensisidentifiedfor purposesofclassificationasananimalwithabackboneandsegmentedspinal cordthatsucklesitsyoung;thatgestatesitsyoungwiththeaidofaplacenta; thatisequippedwithfive-digitedextremitiesacollarboneandasinglepair ofmammaryglandsonthechest;andthathaseyesatthefrontofthehead stereoscopicvisionandaproportionatelylargebrain.Thespeciesbelongsto thefamilyHominidaethegeneralcharacteristicsofwhicharediscussed below.42.__________Thedetailsofskeletal structuredistinguishingHomosapiensfromthenearestprimaterelatives-the gorillachimpanzeeandorangutan-stemlargelyfromaveryearlyadaptationto acompletelyerectpostureandatwo-footedstridingwalk.TheuniquelyS-shaped spinalcolumnplacesthecenterofgravityofthehumanbodydirectlyoverthe areaofsupportprovidedbythefeetthusgivingstabilityandbalanceinthe uptightposition.Completebipedalisminthehumanfreedthe handtobecomeasupremelysensitiveinstrumentforprecisemanipulationand grasping.Themostimportantstructuraldetailinthisrefinementisthe elongatedhumanthumbwhichcanrotatefreelyandisfullyopposabletothe otherfingers.Thephysiologicalrequirementsforspeechweresecondarily establishedbyerectposturewhichpositionsthevocalcordsforcontrolled breathingandbytheskilleduseofthehands.Thelatterdevelopmentoccursin associationwiththeenlargementandspecializationofabrainareathatisa prerequisiteforrefinedcontrolofthelipsandtongue. 43.__________ThelargebrainofHomosapiensisapproximately doublethatofearlyhumantoolmakers.Thisgreatincreaseinsizeinonly2 millionyearswasachievedbyaprocesscalledneotenywhichisthe prolongationofretentionofimmaturecharacteristics.Thejuvenilestageof brainandskulldevelopmentisprolongedsothattheygrowforalongerperiod oftimeinrelationtothetimerequiredtoreachsexualmaturity.Unlikethe earlyhumanadultskullwithitsslopingforeheadandprominentjawthemodem humanskull-withbiologicallyinsignificantvariations-retainsintomaturitya proportionatelylargesizeinrelationtotherestofthebodyahigh-rounded domestraight-planedfaceandreducedjawsizeallcloselyresemblingthe characteristicsoftheskullinthejuvenilechimpanzee.Itsenlargeddimensions requiredadaptationsforpassagethroughthebirthcanal;consequentlythe humanfemalepelviswidensatmaturityandthehumaninfantisborn prematurely.44.__________Thephysiological adaptationsthatmadehumansmoreflexiblethanotherprimatesallowedforthe developmentofawiderangeofabilitiesandanunparalleledversatilityin behavior.Thebrain’sgreatsizecomplexityandslowmaturationwithneural connectionsbeingaddedthoughatleastthefirst12yearsoflifemeantthat learnedbehaviorcouldlargelymodifystereotypedinstinctiveresponses.New environmentaldemandscouldbemetbyrapidadjustmentsratherthanbyslow geneticselection;thussurvivalinawiderangeofhabitatsandunderextreme conditionseventuallybecamepossiblewithoutfurtherspeciesdifferentiation. Eachnewinfanthoweverwithrelativelyfewinnatetraitsyetwithavast numberofpotentialbehaviorsmustbetaughttoachieveitsbiological potentialasahuman.45.__________Thehuman specieshasauniquecapabilityforcultureinthesenseofconsciousthinking andplanningtransmissionofskillsandsystemsofsocialrelationshipsand creativemodificationoftheenvironment.Theintegratedpatternsofbehavior requiredforplanningandfashioningtoolswereaccomplishedatleast2.5 millionyearsagoandsomeformofadvancedcodeforvocalcommunicationmay alsohaveexistedatthistime.By350000yearsagoplannedhuntingfire makingandthewearingofclothingwerewellestablishedaswaspossibly ritualizeddisposalofthedead.Evidenceofreligionrecordedeventsandart datefrom30000to40000yearsagoandimplyadvancedlanguageandethics forthecomplexorderingofsocialgroupsrequiredforsuchactivities.From aboutthattimethegenusHomobegantostabilizeintotheonegeneralized speciesofHomosapiens.
Text1 Generallyasavinginenergy consumptionisinsufficientincentivefortheconsumertopurchasenewcooking equipmentunlessotherimprovementse.g.shortercookingperiodsfewer cleaningdifficultiesandimprovedappearanceareavailableaswell.Forthe individualthereisanaturalreticencetoincurrapidchangesbecauseofthe valideconomicdesiretoexploitexistingcapitalinvestmenttothemaximum: thisisthemajorproblemwithmanyproposedenergy-thriftmeasures.However caterersshould’appreciatethatbyreducingenergywastages;theywillnotonly besavingmoneybutalsoimprovingtheworkingenvironmentwithintheir kitchens.Retro-fittingexistingcookerswith energy-conservationimprovementsinordertoraiseachievableefficiencieswill occuronlyrarely.Forthemostimmediatesignificantimpactnationallywith respecttoreducingtheenergyexpendeduponcookingbettermanagementis recommended.Lawsonsuggestedthatabout16PJperyearcouldbesavedinthe Britishcateringsectorbyadoptingimprovedoperationalpractices.Ifonly10% oftheenergyusedforcateringpurposesinthedomesticsectorcouldalsobe savedoverallnationalsavingswouldamounttoapproximately44PJperannum. Toachievethisaimacomprehensiveandstraight-forwardprogramof energy-thrifteducationforhousewivescooksandkitchenmanagersisneeded. Thiswillrequireallconcernedtoexerciseconsiderablepersonal discipline.Thepresentapproachwherebyindividualsmake purchasingdecisionsmainlyonvisualandfirst-costgrounds-partlybecausethe cookingapplianceandfoodmanufacturingindustriesrarelyprovideadequate scientificdatatosupporttheirclaims-shouldbesupplementedbyother considerations.Foodistoofundamentaltohumanlifehealthandhappinessto beconsideredanunworthysubjectbyintellectuals.Forexampleeventhe typicalBritonwhotendstobecasualabouteatingcomparedwithmostofhis foreigncounterpartsspendsbetween5%and13%ofhiswakinghourspreparing cookingand/orcleaningaway’aftermeals.Neverthelessenergywastageprevails bothonanationalscalee.g.storingvastquantitiesoffoodatsub-ambient temperaturesinso-calledfoodmountains;andonanindividualscalee.g. performinghoboperationswithoutplacinglidsonthepansemployed .WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaccordingtothetext
A.HumanbehaviorB.Culture attributesC.PhysiologyofHomosapiensD. ClassificationofHomosapiensE.Humansociety F.StructureofHomosapiensHumancommonnamegiventoany individualofthespeciesHomosapiensandbyextensiontotheentirespecies. Thetermisalsoappliedtocertainspeciesthatweretheevolutionary forerunnersofHomosapiens.Scientistsconsideralllivingpeoplemembersofa singlespecies.41.__________Homosapiensisidentifiedfor purposesofclassificationasananimalwithabackboneandsegmentedspinal cordthatsucklesitsyoung;thatgestatesitsyoungwiththeaidofaplacenta; thatisequippedwithfive-digitedextremitiesacollarboneandasinglepair ofmammaryglandsonthechest;andthathaseyesatthefrontofthehead stereoscopicvisionandaproportionatelylargebrain.Thespeciesbelongsto thefamilyHominidaethegeneralcharacteristicsofwhicharediscussed below.42.__________Thedetailsofskeletal structuredistinguishingHomosapiensfromthenearestprimaterelatives-the gorillachimpanzeeandorangutan-stemlargelyfromaveryearlyadaptationto acompletelyerectpostureandatwo-footedstridingwalk.TheuniquelyS-shaped spinalcolumnplacesthecenterofgravityofthehumanbodydirectlyoverthe areaofsupportprovidedbythefeetthusgivingstabilityandbalanceinthe uptightposition.Completebipedalisminthehumanfreedthe handtobecomeasupremelysensitiveinstrumentforprecisemanipulationand grasping.Themostimportantstructuraldetailinthisrefinementisthe elongatedhumanthumbwhichcanrotatefreelyandisfullyopposabletothe otherfingers.Thephysiologicalrequirementsforspeechweresecondarily establishedbyerectposturewhichpositionsthevocalcordsforcontrolled breathingandbytheskilleduseofthehands.Thelatterdevelopmentoccursin associationwiththeenlargementandspecializationofabrainareathatisa prerequisiteforrefinedcontrolofthelipsandtongue. 43.__________ThelargebrainofHomosapiensisapproximately doublethatofearlyhumantoolmakers.Thisgreatincreaseinsizeinonly2 millionyearswasachievedbyaprocesscalledneotenywhichisthe prolongationofretentionofimmaturecharacteristics.Thejuvenilestageof brainandskulldevelopmentisprolongedsothattheygrowforalongerperiod oftimeinrelationtothetimerequiredtoreachsexualmaturity.Unlikethe earlyhumanadultskullwithitsslopingforeheadandprominentjawthemodem humanskull-withbiologicallyinsignificantvariations-retainsintomaturitya proportionatelylargesizeinrelationtotherestofthebodyahigh-rounded domestraight-planedfaceandreducedjawsizeallcloselyresemblingthe characteristicsoftheskullinthejuvenilechimpanzee.Itsenlargeddimensions requiredadaptationsforpassagethroughthebirthcanal;consequentlythe humanfemalepelviswidensatmaturityandthehumaninfantisborn prematurely.44.__________Thephysiological adaptationsthatmadehumansmoreflexiblethanotherprimatesallowedforthe developmentofawiderangeofabilitiesandanunparalleledversatilityin behavior.Thebrain’sgreatsizecomplexityandslowmaturationwithneural connectionsbeingaddedthoughatleastthefirst12yearsoflifemeantthat learnedbehaviorcouldlargelymodifystereotypedinstinctiveresponses.New environmentaldemandscouldbemetbyrapidadjustmentsratherthanbyslow geneticselection;thussurvivalinawiderangeofhabitatsandunderextreme conditionseventuallybecamepossiblewithoutfurtherspeciesdifferentiation. Eachnewinfanthoweverwithrelativelyfewinnatetraitsyetwithavast numberofpotentialbehaviorsmustbetaughttoachieveitsbiological potentialasahuman.45.__________Thehuman specieshasauniquecapabilityforcultureinthesenseofconsciousthinking andplanningtransmissionofskillsandsystemsofsocialrelationshipsand creativemodificationoftheenvironment.Theintegratedpatternsofbehavior requiredforplanningandfashioningtoolswereaccomplishedatleast2.5 millionyearsagoandsomeformofadvancedcodeforvocalcommunicationmay alsohaveexistedatthistime.By350000yearsagoplannedhuntingfire makingandthewearingofclothingwerewellestablishedaswaspossibly ritualizeddisposalofthedead.Evidenceofreligionrecordedeventsandart datefrom30000to40000yearsagoandimplyadvancedlanguageandethics forthecomplexorderingofsocialgroupsrequiredforsuchactivities.From aboutthattimethegenusHomobegantostabilizeintotheonegeneralized speciesofHomosapiens.
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