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In most parts of the world, climate change is a worrying subject. Not so in California. At a rece...
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Sometimesgeopoliticallessonscomefromthestrangestplaces.WithEricSchmidtsteppingdownasCEOofGoogleandreplacedbyfounderLarryPageIcan’thelpbutwonderifworldleadersaretakingnote.Googleperfectedthehorizontalbusinessmodel.TothedelightofenthusiastsofDavidRicardothecomparativeeconomistthecompanydoesonethingreallywellsearchandhasbuiltanecosystemforotherstoflourishusingitasaplatform. ContrastthiswithIBMandAT＆Tlongpasttheirexpirationdatesassuccessfulverticalcompanies.It’snocoincidencethattheSovietUnionandIBMtworagingtop-downcommand-and-controlsystemscollapsedataboutthesametime.WhatdoImeanbyverticalInitsheydayIBMdideverythingfromsouptonuts.Designedchipswrappedplasticaroundthemwroteoperatingsystemsandapplicationsandthensoldandservicedmainframes.Thegiantcapturedhalfofcomputer-industrysalesand80percentofprofitsuntilhorizontalcompaniesIntelandMicrosoftknockeditoutatitsknees.AT＆Townedphonesandswitchesandlong-distancelinesuntilaveryhorizontalInternetandcompanieslikeSkypechangedtheeconomicsofthephonecall.Thesesamedynamicsarenowdrivingtheworldeconomyintoaproductivehorizontalenterprise.Andit’sabouttime. Economiesareaboutincreasingthestandardoflivingoftheirparticipants.Ifyoudon’thaveaneconomicsystemtocreateproductivityyouendupstealingitfromyourneighbors.ThinkRomanEmpire.OrtheBritishwhocolonizedlargepartsoftheworldtolockupnaturalresourcestoplugintotheirmanufactories.Bothveryvertical.Asof1989theUnitedStatesofAmericabecametheworld’ssolesuperpower.ButwhatisAmericagoingtodowiththisstatusUnlikepastempiresthere’snoincentivetotakeovertherestoftheworld.WhytakeoveracountryanddealwiththeheadachesofawelfaresystemandhavetofixtheplumbinginUzbekistanwhenyoucanbuyitsoutputonthecheapevenorderingitsgoodsovertheWebDespitealltheprotestsglobalizationinstillspeace.Tradenowrepresents26percentofworldGDPupfrom18percentin1990. Globalizationhaslinkedthefreeworldinasmarthorizontalalliance.Computerscellphonesandfiberopticsarenotmadeinanysinglecountrytobeexportedworldwidebutinsteadhavecomponentsandlaborfrommorethan30inseparablecountriesincludingChinaandVietnam.Horizontalrules! Withoutmuchforethoughtorplanningtheworldhasstructureditselfintoahorizontalwealth-creatingandpeace-maintainingsystem—aproductivesystemthatactuallyincreasesthestandardoflivingofalltheparticipantsnotjustthoseintheUnitedStates.Americastillsitsontopoftheheapsurebutwealthhasincreasedforeverycountrycompanyandpersonthatcontributes.Andtheygetrichnotbystealingfromtherestoftheworldbutbyaddingvaluetothefoodchain.JustaskGoogle. Whatdoestheauthorthinkofglobalization
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent.A-typeparentsusually1A-typeoffspring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohaveaprofoundeffect2ifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitis3tobecomeamajorfactorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren4Acharacteristicsisschoolwhichis5itsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschools6the"winatallcosts"moralstandardandmeasuretheirsuccessbysportingachievements.Thecurrent7formakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainstthe8producesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveAtypesseeminsomewaybetterthantheirBtypefellows.Beingtoo9towincanhavedangerousconsequences:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunner10deadsecondsaftersaying."Rejoiceweconquer!" 11theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Thereisforexamplea12schoolthatallowspupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.The13ofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhatquestionablebutcompetitioninthecertain14offailureispositivelyharmful. 15itisneitherpracticalnordesirablethatallAyoungsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedstypesandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotryto16achild’spersonalitytohispossiblefutureemployment.Itistopmanagement. Ifthepreoccupationofschoolswithacademicworkwas17moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselection18thecaringprofessionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch19assensitivityandsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromAtypestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. 17
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent.A-typeparentsusually1A-typeoffspring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohaveaprofoundeffect2ifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitis3tobecomeamajorfactorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren4Acharacteristicsisschoolwhichis5itsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschools6the"winatallcosts"moralstandardandmeasuretheirsuccessbysportingachievements.Thecurrent7formakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainstthe8producesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveAtypesseeminsomewaybetterthantheirBtypefellows.Beingtoo9towincanhavedangerousconsequences:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunner10deadsecondsaftersaying."Rejoiceweconquer!" 11theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Thereisforexamplea12schoolthatallowspupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.The13ofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhatquestionablebutcompetitioninthecertain14offailureispositivelyharmful. 15itisneitherpracticalnordesirablethatallAyoungsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedstypesandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotryto16achild’spersonalitytohispossiblefutureemployment.Itistopmanagement. Ifthepreoccupationofschoolswithacademicworkwas17moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselection18thecaringprofessionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch19assensitivityandsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromAtypestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. 19
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent.A-typeparentsusually1A-typeoffspring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohaveaprofoundeffect2ifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitis3tobecomeamajorfactorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren4Acharacteristicsisschoolwhichis5itsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschools6the"winatallcosts"moralstandardandmeasuretheirsuccessbysportingachievements.Thecurrent7formakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainstthe8producesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveAtypesseeminsomewaybetterthantheirBtypefellows.Beingtoo9towincanhavedangerousconsequences:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunner10deadsecondsaftersaying."Rejoiceweconquer!" 11theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Thereisforexamplea12schoolthatallowspupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.The13ofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhatquestionablebutcompetitioninthecertain14offailureispositivelyharmful. 15itisneitherpracticalnordesirablethatallAyoungsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedstypesandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotryto16achild’spersonalitytohispossiblefutureemployment.Itistopmanagement. Ifthepreoccupationofschoolswithacademicworkwas17moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselection18thecaringprofessionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch19assensitivityandsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromAtypestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. 17
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent.A-typeparentsusually1A-typeoffspring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohaveaprofoundeffect2ifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitis3tobecomeamajorfactorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren4Acharacteristicsisschoolwhichis5itsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschools6the"winatallcosts"moralstandardandmeasuretheirsuccessbysportingachievements.Thecurrent7formakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainstthe8producesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveAtypesseeminsomewaybetterthantheirBtypefellows.Beingtoo9towincanhavedangerousconsequences:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunner10deadsecondsaftersaying."Rejoiceweconquer!" 11theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Thereisforexamplea12schoolthatallowspupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.The13ofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhatquestionablebutcompetitioninthecertain14offailureispositivelyharmful. 15itisneitherpracticalnordesirablethatallAyoungsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedstypesandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotryto16achild’spersonalitytohispossiblefutureemployment.Itistopmanagement. Ifthepreoccupationofschoolswithacademicworkwas17moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselection18thecaringprofessionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch19assensitivityandsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromAtypestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. 15
Britishcancer’researchershavefoundthatchildhoodleukaemiaiscausedbyaninfectionandclustersofcasesaroundindustrialsitesaretheresultofpopulationmixingthatincreasesexposure.TheresearchpublishedintheBritishJournalofCancerbacksupa1988theorythatsomeasyetunidentifiedinfectioncausedleukaemia--nottheenvironmentalfactorswidelyblamedforthedisease. "Childhoodleukaemiaappearstobeanunusualresultofacommoninfection"saidSirRichardDollaninternationally-knowncancerexpertwhofirstlinkedtobaccowithlungcancerin1950."Avirusisthemostlikelyexplanation.YouwouldgetanincreasedriskofitifyouSuddenlyputalotofpeoplefromlargetownsinaruralareawhereyoumighthavepeoplewhohadnotbeenexposedtotheinfection."DollwascommentingonthenewfindingsbyresearchersatNewcastleUniversitywhichfocusedonaclusterofleukaemiacasesaroundtheSellafieldnuclearreprocessingplantinCumbriainnorthernEngland.ScientistshavebeentryingtoestablishwhytherewasmoreleukaemiainchildrenaroundtheSellafieldareabuthavefailedtoestablishalinkwithradiationorpollution.TheNewcastleUniversityresearchbyHeatherDickinsonandLouiseParkershowedtheclusterofcasescouldhavebeenpredictedbecauseoftheamountofpopulationmixinggoingonintheareaaslargenumbersofconstructionworkersandnuclearstaffmovedintoaruralsetting."OurstudyshowsthatpopulationmixingcanaccountfortheSellafieldleukaemiaclusterandthatallchildrenwhethertheirparentsareincomersorlocalsareatahigherriskiftheyareborninanareaofhighpopulationmixing"DickinsonsaidinastatementissuedbytheCancerResearchCampaignwhichpublishestheBritishJournalofCancer. Theirpaperaddscrucialweighttothe1988theoryputforwardbyLeoKinlenacancerepidemiologistatOxfordUniversitywhosaidthatexposuretoacommonunidentifiedinfectionthroughpopulationmixingresultedinthedisease. Thispassageismainlyabout
TheproportionofworkscutforthecinemainBritaindroppedfrom40percentwhenIjoinedtheBBFCin1975tolessthan4percentwhenIleft.ButIdon’t’thinkthat20yearsfromnowitwillbepossibletoregulateanymediumascloselyasIregulatedfilm.TheInternetisofcoursethegreatestproblemforthiscentury.46TheworldwillhavetofindameansthroughsomesortofinternationaltreatyorUnitedNationsinitiativetocontrolthematerialthat’snowgoingtotallyunregulatedintopeople’shomes.ThatsaiditwillonlytakeonelittlecountrylikeParaguaytorefusetosignatreatyfortransmissiontobeunstoppable.Parentalcontrolisnevergoingtobesufficient.47I’mstillveryworriedabouttheimpactofviolentvideogameseventhoughresearcherssaytheirimpactismoderatedbythefactthatplayersdon’tsomuchexperiencethegameasenjoythetechnicalmaneuversthatenableyoutowin.ButinrespectofviolenceinmainstreamfilmsI’mmoreoptimistic.Quitesuddenlytasteshavechangedandit’snolongerStalloneorSchwarzeneggerwhoarethetopstarsbutLeonardoDiCaprio--thathastakeneverybodybysurprise.48GothroughthemostsuccessfulfilmsinEuropeandAmericanowandyouwillfindvirtuallynonethatareviolent.QuentinTarantinodidn’tusherinanewviolentgenerationandfilmsarebecomingmuchmorepre-socialthanonewouldhaveexpected.Cinemagoingwillundoubtedlysurvive.Thenewmultiplexesareagloriousexperienceofferingperfectsoundandpictureandverycomfortableseatsthingswhichhaddiedoutinthe1980s.49Ican’tbelievewe’veachievedthatonlytothrowitawayinfavourofhuddlingarounda14-inchcomputermonitortowatchdigitally-deliveredmoviesathome.Itwillbecomeincreasinglycheaptomakefilmswithcamerasbecomingsmallerandlighterbutremainingveryprecise.50Thatmeansgreaterchancesfornewtalenttoemergeasitwillbemucheasiertolearnhowtobeabetterfilm-maker.Careerswillbeshorterinthefutureandonceretiredpeoplewillspendalotoftimelearningtodothingsthatamusethem--likemakingvideos.Fiftyyearsonwecouldwellbemedia-saturatedasbothproducersandaudiences:insteadofwritinglettersonewillsendlittlehomemoviesentitledMyWeek.
ManypeopleseemtothinkthatsciencefictionistypifiedbythecoversofsomeoftheoldpulpmagazinestheBug-EyedMonsterembodyingeverytraitandfeaturethatmostpeoplefindrepulsiveisabouttograbandpresumablyravishasweetblondecurvaceousscantilycladEarthgirl.Thisisunfortunatebecauseitdemeansanddegradesaworthwhileandevenimportantliteraryendeavor.Incontrasttothisunwarrantedstereotypesciencefictionrarelyemphasizessexandwhenitdoesitismorediscreetthanothercontemporaryfiction.Insteadthebasicinterestofsciencefictionliesintherelationbetweenmanandhistechnologyandbetweenmanandtheuniverse.Sciencefictionisaliteratureofchangeandaliteratureofthefutureandwhileitwouldbefoolishtoclaimthatsciencefictionisamajorliterarygenreatthistimetheaspectsofhumanlifethatitconsidersmakeitwellworthreadingandstudyingfornootherliteraryformdoesquitethesamethings. WhatissciencefictionTobeginthefollowingdefinitionshouldbehelpful:sciencefictionisaliterarysubgenrewhichpostulatesachangeforhumanbeingsfromconditionsasweknowthemandfollowstheimplicationsofthesechangestoaconclusion.Althoughthisdefinitionwillnecessarilybemodifiedandexpandeditcoversmuchofthebasicgroundworkandprovidesapointofdeparture. Thefirstpoint-thatsciencefictionisaliterarysubgenre-isaveryimportantonebutonewhichisoftenoverlookedorignoredinmostdiscussionsofsciencefiction.Specificallysciencefictioniseitherashortstoryoranovel.ThereareonlyafewdramaswhichcouldbecalledsciencefictionwithKarelCapek’sRURRossum’sUniversalRobotsbeingtheonlyonethatiswellknownthebodyofpoetrythatmightbelabeledsciencefictionisonlyslightlylarger.Tosaythatsciencefictionisasubgenreofprosefictionistosaythatithasallthebasiccharacteristicsandservesthesamebasicfunctionsinmuchthesamewayasprosefictioningeneralthatisitsharesagreatdealwithallothernovelsandshortstories. Everythingthatcanbesaidaboutprosefictioningeneralappliestosciencefiction.Everypieceofsciencefictionwhethershortstoryornovelmusthaveanarratorastoryaplotasettingcharacterslanguageandtheme.Andlikeanyprosethethemesofsciencefictionareconcernedwithinterpretingman’snatureandexperienceinrelationtotheworldaroundhim.Themesinsciencefictionareconstructedandpresentedinexactlythesamewaysthatthemesaredealtwithinanyotherkindoffiction.Theyaretheresultofaparticularcombinationofnarratorstoryplotcharactersettingandlanguage.Inshortthereasonsforreadingandenjoyingsciencefictionandthewaysofstudyingandanalyzingitarebasicallythesameastheywouldbeforanyotherstoryornovel. Sciencefictioniscalledaliterarysubgenrebecause
Ifthereisonethingscientistshavetohearitisthatthegameisover.Raisedonthebeliefofanendlessvoyageofdiscoverytheyrecoilfromthesuggestionthatmostofthebestthingshavealreadybeenlocated.Iftheyhavetoday’sscientistscanhopetocontributenomorethanafewgracenotestothesymphonyofscience. AbooktobepublishedinBritainthisweekTheEndofSciencearguespersuasivelythatthisisthecase.ItsauthorJohnHorganisaseniorwriterforScientificAmericanmagazinewhohasinterviewedmanyoftoday’sleadingscientistsandsciencephilosophers.TheshockofrealizingthatsciencemightbeovercametohimhesayswhenhewastalkingtoOxfordmathematicianandphysicistSirRogerPenrose. TheEndofScienceprovokedawaveofdenunciationintheUnitedStateslastyear."Thereactionhasbeenoneofcompleteshockanddisbelief"Mr.Horgansays. Therealquestioniswhetheranyremainingunsolvedproblemsofwhichthereareplentylendthemselvestouniversalsolutions.Iftheydonotthenthefocusofscientificdiscoveryisalreadynarrowing.Sincethetriumphsofthe1960s—thegeneticcodeplatetectonicsandthemicrowavebackgroundradiationthatwentalongwaytowardsprovingtheBigBang—genuinescientificrevolutionshavebeenscarce.Morescientistsarenowalivespendingmoremoneyonresearchthatever.Yetmostofthegreatdiscoveriesofthe19thand20thcenturiesweremadebeforetheappearanceofstatesponsorshipwhenthescientificenterprisewasafractionofitspresentsize. Werethescientistswhomadethesediscoveriesbrighterthantoday’sThatseemsunlikely.Afarmorereasonableexplanationisthatfundamentalsciencehasalreadyenteredaperiodofdiminishedreturns."Lookdon’tgetmewrong"saysMrHorgan."Therearelotsofimportantthingsstilltostudyandappliedscienceandengineeringcangoonforever.Ihopewegetacureforcancerandformentaldiseasethoughtherearefewrealsignsofprogress. ThetermtheBigBangprobablyrefersto
41OrientationYellowstoneismuchmorethanhotgroundandgushingsteam.LocatedastridetheContinentalDividemostoftheparkoccupiesahighplateausurroundedbymountainsanddrainedbyseveralrivers.Parkboundariesenclosecraggypeaksalpinelakesdeepcanyonsandvastforests.In1872Yellowstonebecametheworld’sfirstnationalparktheresultofgreatforesightonthepartofmanypeopleaboutoureventualneedforthesolaceandbeautyofwildplaces.42WhentoGoMorethanhalfofthe3millionannumvisitorscomeinJulyandAugust.InSeptemberandearlyOctobertheweatherisgoodthevisitorsfewandthewildlifeabundant.InMayandJuneyoucanseenewbornanimalsbuttheweathermaybecoldwetandevensnowy.BetweenaboutNo-vember1andMay1mostparkroadsareclosedtovehicles.43GettingThere44HowtoVisitThe142-mile228.5-kilometerGrandLoopRoadformsafigureeightwithconnectingspurstothefiveentrances.OnanyvisitstartwiththegeyserbasinsandMammothHotSpringstoseewildlifeandthermalfeaturescaution:bothcanbehazardousifapproachedtooclosely.OntheseconddaytraveltotheGrandCanyonoftheYellowstoneHaydenValleyandYellowstoneLake.45ParkInformationParkopensyear-round.[A]RoadfromNorthEntrancetoNortheastEntranceopenallyear;mostotherparkroadsclosedtocarsNovemberthroughApril.Callheadquartersforlatestweatherandroadconditions.[B]FacilitiesforDisabledVisitorcentersMadisonandFishingBridgeCampgroundsmostrestroomsamphitheatersnumerousranger-ledactivitieswalksandexhibitsarewheelchairaccessible.Freebrochureavailable.[C]OnalongerstayvisittheNorthernRangeorconsideraboatingorfishingtriponYellowstoneLake;abackcountryexcursiononfootorhorse;oranyofthenumerouseasynaturetrailsthroughoutthepark.[D]InearlyyearswhatmadeYellowstonestandoutwastheextravaganzaofgeysersandhotsprings.ThewildlandscapeandthebisonelkandbearswerenicebutafterallAmericawasstillapioneercountryfilledwithscenicbeautyandanimals.[E]ByPlaneWestYellowstoneAirportWYSattheWestEntranceofYellowstone.ThisairportisopenJunethroughSeptember.CodyAirportCODabout50miles81kilometersfromthepark.[F]Duringthewinterseasonmid-Decembertomid-MarchYellowstonebecomesafantasyofsteamandice;facilitiesarelimitedbutsufficient.OnlytheroadbetweentheNorthandNortheastEntrancesstaysopentocarsbutsnowmobilingispermittedonunplowedroads.Heatedsnowcoachesoffertoursandgivecross-countryskiersaccesstothe50miles80.5kilometersofgroomedtrails.
41OrientationYellowstoneismuchmorethanhotgroundandgushingsteam.LocatedastridetheContinentalDividemostoftheparkoccupiesahighplateausurroundedbymountainsanddrainedbyseveralrivers.Parkboundariesenclosecraggypeaksalpinelakesdeepcanyonsandvastforests.In1872Yellowstonebecametheworld’sfirstnationalparktheresultofgreatforesightonthepartofmanypeopleaboutoureventualneedforthesolaceandbeautyofwildplaces.42WhentoGoMorethanhalfofthe3millionannumvisitorscomeinJulyandAugust.InSeptemberandearlyOctobertheweatherisgoodthevisitorsfewandthewildlifeabundant.InMayandJuneyoucanseenewbornanimalsbuttheweathermaybecoldwetandevensnowy.BetweenaboutNo-vember1andMay1mostparkroadsareclosedtovehicles.43GettingThere44HowtoVisitThe142-mile228.5-kilometerGrandLoopRoadformsafigureeightwithconnectingspurstothefiveentrances.OnanyvisitstartwiththegeyserbasinsandMammothHotSpringstoseewildlifeandthermalfeaturescaution:bothcanbehazardousifapproachedtooclosely.OntheseconddaytraveltotheGrandCanyonoftheYellowstoneHaydenValleyandYellowstoneLake.45ParkInformationParkopensyear-round.[A]RoadfromNorthEntrancetoNortheastEntranceopenallyear;mostotherparkroadsclosedtocarsNovemberthroughApril.Callheadquartersforlatestweatherandroadconditions.[B]FacilitiesforDisabledVisitorcentersMadisonandFishingBridgeCampgroundsmostrestroomsamphitheatersnumerousranger-ledactivitieswalksandexhibitsarewheelchairaccessible.Freebrochureavailable.[C]OnalongerstayvisittheNorthernRangeorconsideraboatingorfishingtriponYellowstoneLake;abackcountryexcursiononfootorhorse;oranyofthenumerouseasynaturetrailsthroughoutthepark.[D]InearlyyearswhatmadeYellowstonestandoutwastheextravaganzaofgeysersandhotsprings.ThewildlandscapeandthebisonelkandbearswerenicebutafterallAmericawasstillapioneercountryfilledwithscenicbeautyandanimals.[E]ByPlaneWestYellowstoneAirportWYSattheWestEntranceofYellowstone.ThisairportisopenJunethroughSeptember.CodyAirportCODabout50miles81kilometersfromthepark.[F]Duringthewinterseasonmid-Decembertomid-MarchYellowstonebecomesafantasyofsteamandice;facilitiesarelimitedbutsufficient.OnlytheroadbetweentheNorthandNortheastEntrancesstaysopentocarsbutsnowmobilingispermittedonunplowedroads.Heatedsnowcoachesoffertoursandgivecross-countryskiersaccesstothe50miles80.5kilometersofgroomedtrails.
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent.A-typeparentsusually1A-typeoffspring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohaveaprofoundeffect2ifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitis3tobecomeamajorfactorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren4Acharacteristicsisschoolwhichis5itsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschools6the"winatallcosts"moralstandardandmeasuretheirsuccessbysportingachievements.Thecurrent7formakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainstthe8producesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveAtypesseeminsomewaybetterthantheirBtypefellows.Beingtoo9towincanhavedangerousconsequences:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunner10deadsecondsaftersaying."Rejoiceweconquer!" 11theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Thereisforexamplea12schoolthatallowspupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.The13ofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhatquestionablebutcompetitioninthecertain14offailureispositivelyharmful. 15itisneitherpracticalnordesirablethatallAyoungsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedstypesandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotryto16achild’spersonalitytohispossiblefutureemployment.Itistopmanagement. Ifthepreoccupationofschoolswithacademicworkwas17moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselection18thecaringprofessionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch19assensitivityandsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromAtypestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. 13
Ifthereisonethingscientistshavetohearitisthatthegameisover.Raisedonthebeliefofanendlessvoyageofdiscoverytheyrecoilfromthesuggestionthatmostofthebestthingshavealreadybeenlocated.Iftheyhavetoday’sscientistscanhopetocontributenomorethanafewgracenotestothesymphonyofscience. AbooktobepublishedinBritainthisweekTheEndofSciencearguespersuasivelythatthisisthecase.ItsauthorJohnHorganisaseniorwriterforScientificAmericanmagazinewhohasinterviewedmanyoftoday’sleadingscientistsandsciencephilosophers.TheshockofrealizingthatsciencemightbeovercametohimhesayswhenhewastalkingtoOxfordmathematicianandphysicistSirRogerPenrose. TheEndofScienceprovokedawaveofdenunciationintheUnitedStateslastyear."Thereactionhasbeenoneofcompleteshockanddisbelief"Mr.Horgansays. Therealquestioniswhetheranyremainingunsolvedproblemsofwhichthereareplentylendthemselvestouniversalsolutions.Iftheydonotthenthefocusofscientificdiscoveryisalreadynarrowing.Sincethetriumphsofthe1960s—thegeneticcodeplatetectonicsandthemicrowavebackgroundradiationthatwentalongwaytowardsprovingtheBigBang—genuinescientificrevolutionshavebeenscarce.Morescientistsarenowalivespendingmoremoneyonresearchthatever.Yetmostofthegreatdiscoveriesofthe19thand20thcenturiesweremadebeforetheappearanceofstatesponsorshipwhenthescientificenterprisewasafractionofitspresentsize. Werethescientistswhomadethesediscoveriesbrighterthantoday’sThatseemsunlikely.Afarmorereasonableexplanationisthatfundamentalsciencehasalreadyenteredaperiodofdiminishedreturns."Lookdon’tgetmewrong"saysMrHorgan."Therearelotsofimportantthingsstilltostudyandappliedscienceandengineeringcangoonforever.Ihopewegetacureforcancerandformentaldiseasethoughtherearefewrealsignsofprogress. JohnHorgan. Ⅰ.haspublishedabookentitledTheEndofScience Ⅱ.hasbeenworkingasaneditorofScientificAmerican Ⅲ.hasbeenworkingmanyyearsasaliterarycritic Ⅳ.isworkingasasciencewriter
Sometimesgeopoliticallessonscomefromthestrangestplaces.WithEricSchmidtsteppingdownasCEOofGoogleandreplacedbyfounderLarryPageIcan’thelpbutwonderifworldleadersaretakingnote.Googleperfectedthehorizontalbusinessmodel.TothedelightofenthusiastsofDavidRicardothecomparativeeconomistthecompanydoesonethingreallywellsearchandhasbuiltanecosystemforotherstoflourishusingitasaplatform. ContrastthiswithIBMandAT＆Tlongpasttheirexpirationdatesassuccessfulverticalcompanies.It’snocoincidencethattheSovietUnionandIBMtworagingtop-downcommand-and-controlsystemscollapsedataboutthesametime.WhatdoImeanbyverticalInitsheydayIBMdideverythingfromsouptonuts.Designedchipswrappedplasticaroundthemwroteoperatingsystemsandapplicationsandthensoldandservicedmainframes.Thegiantcapturedhalfofcomputer-industrysalesand80percentofprofitsuntilhorizontalcompaniesIntelandMicrosoftknockeditoutatitsknees.AT＆Townedphonesandswitchesandlong-distancelinesuntilaveryhorizontalInternetandcompanieslikeSkypechangedtheeconomicsofthephonecall.Thesesamedynamicsarenowdrivingtheworldeconomyintoaproductivehorizontalenterprise.Andit’sabouttime. Economiesareaboutincreasingthestandardoflivingoftheirparticipants.Ifyoudon’thaveaneconomicsystemtocreateproductivityyouendupstealingitfromyourneighbors.ThinkRomanEmpire.OrtheBritishwhocolonizedlargepartsoftheworldtolockupnaturalresourcestoplugintotheirmanufactories.Bothveryvertical.Asof1989theUnitedStatesofAmericabecametheworld’ssolesuperpower.ButwhatisAmericagoingtodowiththisstatusUnlikepastempiresthere’snoincentivetotakeovertherestoftheworld.WhytakeoveracountryanddealwiththeheadachesofawelfaresystemandhavetofixtheplumbinginUzbekistanwhenyoucanbuyitsoutputonthecheapevenorderingitsgoodsovertheWebDespitealltheprotestsglobalizationinstillspeace.Tradenowrepresents26percentofworldGDPupfrom18percentin1990. Globalizationhaslinkedthefreeworldinasmarthorizontalalliance.Computerscellphonesandfiberopticsarenotmadeinanysinglecountrytobeexportedworldwidebutinsteadhavecomponentsandlaborfrommorethan30inseparablecountriesincludingChinaandVietnam.Horizontalrules! Withoutmuchforethoughtorplanningtheworldhasstructureditselfintoahorizontalwealth-creatingandpeace-maintainingsystem—aproductivesystemthatactuallyincreasesthestandardoflivingofalltheparticipantsnotjustthoseintheUnitedStates.Americastillsitsontopoftheheapsurebutwealthhasincreasedforeverycountrycompanyandpersonthatcontributes.Andtheygetrichnotbystealingfromtherestoftheworldbutbyaddingvaluetothefoodchain.JustaskGoogle. IBM’sfailureissimilartothatoftheSovietUnioninthat
Directions: ReadthefollowingChinesetextandwriteanabstractofitin80～100Englishwords 教育的社会责任 教育与老百姓的生存发展息息相关无论是国家民族还是人民大众对教育的重视都达到了一个空前的高度在这种情形之下教育尤其应当肩负起应有的社会责任对国家和民族负责对人民大众负责 教育的对象是人“人只有通过教育才能成为人”因此教育首先必须对人负责对受教育者负责教育是人学教育要对受教育者负责就是首先要把学生作为人来对待应当充满人性关怀始终闪耀人性光辉教育对人负责就是应当关注人的能力培养开启学生的智力培养学生的能力发展学生的潜力“传道授业解惑也”但是决不能把学生当作盛装知识的容器当作考试做题的工具一切为了分数一切为了考试一切为了升学揠苗助长削足适履这些做法都是对人的极端不负责任人民教育家陶行知先生深恶痛绝的就是那种“教育等于读书读书等于赶考”的“消灭民族生存力”的恶行有教无类因材施教循循善诱诲人不倦……先哲的这些金玉之言不仅道出了教育的真谛更体现了对人性的尊重 真正的教育是“照料人的心魄”是“促进人的灵魂的转向”是“使心灵的和谐达到完善的境地”因此教育对人负责应当更多地关注人的灵魂塑造真正的教育应当是爱的濡染是美的熏陶是善的弘扬是真的追求陶行知先生曾说“千教万教教人求真千学万学学做真人”这句话不仅指明了育人的方向更阐释了教育的责任所在所以成功的教育首先体现在走出校门的教育对象应当是对社会对民族对集体对家庭有积极性而无消极性有建设性而无破坏性有促进性而无倒逆性的人 教育应当是向善的应当是向上的应当是向好的有偿家教违规补课甚至教师教学生作弊还向学生兜售高考__这种种行为是对学生也是对社会的严重不负责任所以为人师者不仅要学高为师更应身正为范“捧着一颗心来不带半根草去”“为一大事来做一大事去” 人的生命是鲜活的真正的教育不应是压抑生命禁锢生命而应是珍惜生命滋养生命激扬生命舒展生命让生命更加灿烂更加生龙活虎更加朝气蓬勃宋代程颐说“有文采以养其目声音以养其耳威仪以养其四体歌舞以养其血气义理以养其心”苏霍姆林斯基也曾说“美是道德纯洁精神丰富和体魄健全的有力源泉”“教育如果没有美没有艺术那是不可思议的”因为忽视体育锻炼学生学业负担过重体质普遍下降因为忽视心理呵护学生心理疾患日渐增多因为忽视人文熏陶学生的内心冷漠所以学校的教育活动应当坚持健康第一要通过体育教学“让学生掌握一至两种伴随终生的体育技能”提振学生的精气神“养乎吾身乐乎吾心”健康生活一辈子学校的教育活动应当具有浓郁的美育氛围要通过音乐美术书法等教学活动教育和培养青少年拥有完美的人格健康的情感美好的心灵 教育是社会意志的体现者肩负着按照社会要求塑造人的使命教育对社会负责就必须体现社会意志必须为社会发展服务这既是教育的根本宗旨也是教育的根本任务毋庸讳言在当前经济社会快速发展的进程中教育存在着许多值得反思的现象出现了过分功利化的倾向忽视了必要的社会价值追求比如对学校发展的商业化运作学校之间的不正当竞争办学效果评价的简单化师生关系的物质化这些功利化的做法不仅影响了人才培养的质量更为危险的是给社会埋下了一个又一个毒瘤始终坚守社会核心价值成为社会伦理的向导人类良知的灯塔充分发挥教育的引领和示范作用这不仅是教育的责任也是教育的良知 为社会发展与变革服务为社会进步与繁荣作贡献是教育义不容辞的责任维护社会和谐稳定减少愚昧与迷信消除贫困与落后减少犯罪消除不平等不公正是教育不可替代的重要功能教育公平是社会公平的重要基础教育对社会负责就是要以教育的公平公正促进社会的公平公正教育不公必然祸及土会教育的效果既具有现实性更具有未来性教育对社会负责就是要通过对人的培养从而实现为社会现实与长远利益服务不能一味追求眼前效果急功近利而忽视未来效果当前切实解决教育的热点难点问题．如促进城乡教育均衡发展提高教育质量促进大学毕业生就业等等都是教育对社会尽责的重要内容 “优先发展教育建设人力资源强国”是党的十七大提出的重大战略目标教育唯有肩负责任方能不辱使命
ManypeopleseemtothinkthatsciencefictionistypifiedbythecoversofsomeoftheoldpulpmagazinestheBug-EyedMonsterembodyingeverytraitandfeaturethatmostpeoplefindrepulsiveisabouttograbandpresumablyravishasweetblondecurvaceousscantilycladEarthgirl.Thisisunfortunatebecauseitdemeansanddegradesaworthwhileandevenimportantliteraryendeavor.Incontrasttothisunwarrantedstereotypesciencefictionrarelyemphasizessexandwhenitdoesitismorediscreetthanothercontemporaryfiction.Insteadthebasicinterestofsciencefictionliesintherelationbetweenmanandhistechnologyandbetweenmanandtheuniverse.Sciencefictionisaliteratureofchangeandaliteratureofthefutureandwhileitwouldbefoolishtoclaimthatsciencefictionisamajorliterarygenreatthistimetheaspectsofhumanlifethatitconsidersmakeitwellworthreadingandstudyingfornootherliteraryformdoesquitethesamethings. WhatissciencefictionTobeginthefollowingdefinitionshouldbehelpful:sciencefictionisaliterarysubgenrewhichpostulatesachangeforhumanbeingsfromconditionsasweknowthemandfollowstheimplicationsofthesechangestoaconclusion.Althoughthisdefinitionwillnecessarilybemodifiedandexpandeditcoversmuchofthebasicgroundworkandprovidesapointofdeparture. Thefirstpoint-thatsciencefictionisaliterarysubgenre-isaveryimportantonebutonewhichisoftenoverlookedorignoredinmostdiscussionsofsciencefiction.Specificallysciencefictioniseitherashortstoryoranovel.ThereareonlyafewdramaswhichcouldbecalledsciencefictionwithKarelCapek’sRURRossum’sUniversalRobotsbeingtheonlyonethatiswellknownthebodyofpoetrythatmightbelabeledsciencefictionisonlyslightlylarger.Tosaythatsciencefictionisasubgenreofprosefictionistosaythatithasallthebasiccharacteristicsandservesthesamebasicfunctionsinmuchthesamewayasprosefictioningeneralthatisitsharesagreatdealwithallothernovelsandshortstories. Everythingthatcanbesaidaboutprosefictioningeneralappliestosciencefiction.Everypieceofsciencefictionwhethershortstoryornovelmusthaveanarratorastoryaplotasettingcharacterslanguageandtheme.Andlikeanyprosethethemesofsciencefictionareconcernedwithinterpretingman’snatureandexperienceinrelationtotheworldaroundhim.Themesinsciencefictionareconstructedandpresentedinexactlythesamewaysthatthemesaredealtwithinanyotherkindoffiction.Theyaretheresultofaparticularcombinationofnarratorstoryplotcharactersettingandlanguage.Inshortthereasonsforreadingandenjoyingsciencefictionandthewaysofstudyingandanalyzingitarebasicallythesameastheywouldbeforanyotherstoryornovel. Fromthelastparagraphweknowthatpeoplereadsciencefictionespeciallyfor
IfmenarefromMarsandwomenarefromVenusitmayexplainatleastoneoftheirsharedbeliefs:Menandwomencan’tberealfriends.Manymaypointtothejealousythatplaguesmanyrationalpeoplewhenasignificantotherbefriendssomeoneoftheoppositesex.Boilitdowntotheinherentdifferencesbetweenthesexes.Itjustcan’tbedone.Isitright Wrongsayrelationshipexperts."Thebeliefthatmenandwomencan’tbefriendscomesfromanothererainwhichwomenwereathomeandmenwereintheworkplaceandtheonlywaytheycouldgettogetherwasforromance"explainsLindaSapadinPh.[D]apsychologistinprivatepracticeinValleyStreamNewYork."Nowtheyworktogetherandhavesportsintereststogetherandsocializetogether."Thisculturalshiftisencouragingpsychologistssociologistsandcommunicationsexpertstoputforthanewmessage:thoughitmaybetrickymenandwomencansuccessfullybecomeclosefriends.What’smoretherearegoodreasonsforthemtodoso. Societyhaslongsingledoutromanceastheprototypicalmale-femalerelationshipbecauseitspawnsbabiesandkeepsthelifecyclegoing;cross-sexfriendshipasresearcherscallithasbeeneitherignoredortrivialized.Wehaverulesforhowtoactinromanticrelationshipsflirtdategetmarriedhavekidsandevensame-sexfriendshipsboysrelatebydoingactivitiestogethergirlsbytalkingandsharing.Buttherearesofewplatonicmale-femalefriendshipsondisplayinourculturethatwe’reatalosseventodefinetheserelationships. Acertain1989filmstarringMegRyanandBillyCrystalconvincedanationofmoviegoersthatromancealwayscomesbetweenmenandwomenmakingtruefriendshipimpossible."WhenHarryMetSallysetthepotentialformale-femalefriendshipbackabout25years"saysMichaelMonsourPh.D.assistantprofessorofcommunicationsattheUniversityofColoradoatDenverandauthorofWomenandMenasFriends:RelationshipsacrosstheLifeSpaninthe21stCentury."Almosteverytimeyouseeamale-femalefriendshipitwindsupturningintoromance." In1989DonO’MearaPh.D.asociologyprofessorattheUniversityofCincinnati-RaymondWaltersCollegepublishedalandmarkstudyinthejournalSexRolesonthetopimpedimentstocross-sexfriendship.Amongseveralchallengeshepointedoutinhisresearchsocietymaynotbeentirelyreadyforfriendshipsbetweenmenandwomenthathavenosexualsubtext.Peoplewithclosefriendsoftheoppositesexareoftenbarragedwithnudgingwinkingandskepticism:"Areyoureallyjustfriends"ThisisespeciallytruesaysO’Mearaofolderadultswhogrewupwhenmenandwomenwereoff-limitstoeachotheruntilmarriage. Accordingtoparagraph3whyisitdifficultformenandwomentobecomejustfriends
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent.A-typeparentsusually1A-typeoffspring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohaveaprofoundeffect2ifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitis3tobecomeamajorfactorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren4Acharacteristicsisschoolwhichis5itsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschools6the"winatallcosts"moralstandardandmeasuretheirsuccessbysportingachievements.Thecurrent7formakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainstthe8producesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveAtypesseeminsomewaybetterthantheirBtypefellows.Beingtoo9towincanhavedangerousconsequences:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunner10deadsecondsaftersaying."Rejoiceweconquer!" 11theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Thereisforexamplea12schoolthatallowspupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.The13ofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhatquestionablebutcompetitioninthecertain14offailureispositivelyharmful. 15itisneitherpracticalnordesirablethatallAyoungsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedstypesandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotryto16achild’spersonalitytohispossiblefutureemployment.Itistopmanagement. Ifthepreoccupationofschoolswithacademicworkwas17moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselection18thecaringprofessionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch19assensitivityandsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromAtypestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. 1
Britishcancer’researchershavefoundthatchildhoodleukaemiaiscausedbyaninfectionandclustersofcasesaroundindustrialsitesaretheresultofpopulationmixingthatincreasesexposure.TheresearchpublishedintheBritishJournalofCancerbacksupa1988theorythatsomeasyetunidentifiedinfectioncausedleukaemia--nottheenvironmentalfactorswidelyblamedforthedisease. "Childhoodleukaemiaappearstobeanunusualresultofacommoninfection"saidSirRichardDollaninternationally-knowncancerexpertwhofirstlinkedtobaccowithlungcancerin1950."Avirusisthemostlikelyexplanation.YouwouldgetanincreasedriskofitifyouSuddenlyputalotofpeoplefromlargetownsinaruralareawhereyoumighthavepeoplewhohadnotbeenexposedtotheinfection."DollwascommentingonthenewfindingsbyresearchersatNewcastleUniversitywhichfocusedonaclusterofleukaemiacasesaroundtheSellafieldnuclearreprocessingplantinCumbriainnorthernEngland.ScientistshavebeentryingtoestablishwhytherewasmoreleukaemiainchildrenaroundtheSellafieldareabuthavefailedtoestablishalinkwithradiationorpollution.TheNewcastleUniversityresearchbyHeatherDickinsonandLouiseParkershowedtheclusterofcasescouldhavebeenpredictedbecauseoftheamountofpopulationmixinggoingonintheareaaslargenumbersofconstructionworkersandnuclearstaffmovedintoaruralsetting."OurstudyshowsthatpopulationmixingcanaccountfortheSellafieldleukaemiaclusterandthatallchildrenwhethertheirparentsareincomersorlocalsareatahigherriskiftheyareborninanareaofhighpopulationmixing"DickinsonsaidinastatementissuedbytheCancerResearchCampaignwhichpublishestheBritishJournalofCancer. Theirpaperaddscrucialweighttothe1988theoryputforwardbyLeoKinlenacancerepidemiologistatOxfordUniversitywhosaidthatexposuretoacommonunidentifiedinfectionthroughpopulationmixingresultedinthedisease. Accordingtothepassagewhichofthefollowingistrue
TheproportionofworkscutforthecinemainBritaindroppedfrom40percentwhenIjoinedtheBBFCin1975tolessthan4percentwhenIleft.ButIdon’t’thinkthat20yearsfromnowitwillbepossibletoregulateanymediumascloselyasIregulatedfilm.TheInternetisofcoursethegreatestproblemforthiscentury.46TheworldwillhavetofindameansthroughsomesortofinternationaltreatyorUnitedNationsinitiativetocontrolthematerialthat’snowgoingtotallyunregulatedintopeople’shomes.ThatsaiditwillonlytakeonelittlecountrylikeParaguaytorefusetosignatreatyfortransmissiontobeunstoppable.Parentalcontrolisnevergoingtobesufficient.47I’mstillveryworriedabouttheimpactofviolentvideogameseventhoughresearcherssaytheirimpactismoderatedbythefactthatplayersdon’tsomuchexperiencethegameasenjoythetechnicalmaneuversthatenableyoutowin.ButinrespectofviolenceinmainstreamfilmsI’mmoreoptimistic.Quitesuddenlytasteshavechangedandit’snolongerStalloneorSchwarzeneggerwhoarethetopstarsbutLeonardoDiCaprio--thathastakeneverybodybysurprise.48GothroughthemostsuccessfulfilmsinEuropeandAmericanowandyouwillfindvirtuallynonethatareviolent.QuentinTarantinodidn’tusherinanewviolentgenerationandfilmsarebecomingmuchmorepre-socialthanonewouldhaveexpected.Cinemagoingwillundoubtedlysurvive.Thenewmultiplexesareagloriousexperienceofferingperfectsoundandpictureandverycomfortableseatsthingswhichhaddiedoutinthe1980s.49Ican’tbelievewe’veachievedthatonlytothrowitawayinfavourofhuddlingarounda14-inchcomputermonitortowatchdigitally-deliveredmoviesathome.Itwillbecomeincreasinglycheaptomakefilmswithcamerasbecomingsmallerandlighterbutremainingveryprecise.50Thatmeansgreaterchancesfornewtalenttoemergeasitwillbemucheasiertolearnhowtobeabetterfilm-maker.Careerswillbeshorterinthefutureandonceretiredpeoplewillspendalotoftimelearningtodothingsthatamusethem--likemakingvideos.Fiftyyearsonwecouldwellbemedia-saturatedasbothproducersandaudiences:insteadofwritinglettersonewillsendlittlehomemoviesentitledMyWeek.
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent.A-typeparentsusually1A-typeoffspring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohaveaprofoundeffect2ifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitis3tobecomeamajorfactorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren4Acharacteristicsisschoolwhichis5itsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschools6the"winatallcosts"moralstandardandmeasuretheirsuccessbysportingachievements.Thecurrent7formakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainstthe8producesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveAtypesseeminsomewaybetterthantheirBtypefellows.Beingtoo9towincanhavedangerousconsequences:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunner10deadsecondsaftersaying."Rejoiceweconquer!" 11theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Thereisforexamplea12schoolthatallowspupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.The13ofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhatquestionablebutcompetitioninthecertain14offailureispositivelyharmful. 15itisneitherpracticalnordesirablethatallAyoungsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedstypesandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotryto16achild’spersonalitytohispossiblefutureemployment.Itistopmanagement. Ifthepreoccupationofschoolswithacademicworkwas17moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselection18thecaringprofessionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch19assensitivityandsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromAtypestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. 19
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent.A-typeparentsusually1A-typeoffspring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohaveaprofoundeffect2ifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitis3tobecomeamajorfactorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren4Acharacteristicsisschoolwhichis5itsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschools6the"winatallcosts"moralstandardandmeasuretheirsuccessbysportingachievements.Thecurrent7formakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainstthe8producesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveAtypesseeminsomewaybetterthantheirBtypefellows.Beingtoo9towincanhavedangerousconsequences:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunner10deadsecondsaftersaying."Rejoiceweconquer!" 11theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Thereisforexamplea12schoolthatallowspupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.The13ofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhatquestionablebutcompetitioninthecertain14offailureispositivelyharmful. 15itisneitherpracticalnordesirablethatallAyoungsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedstypesandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotryto16achild’spersonalitytohispossiblefutureemployment.Itistopmanagement. Ifthepreoccupationofschoolswithacademicworkwas17moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselection18thecaringprofessionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch19assensitivityandsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromAtypestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. 5
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent.A-typeparentsusually1A-typeoffspring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohaveaprofoundeffect2ifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitis3tobecomeamajorfactorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren4Acharacteristicsisschoolwhichis5itsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschools6the"winatallcosts"moralstandardandmeasuretheirsuccessbysportingachievements.Thecurrent7formakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainstthe8producesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveAtypesseeminsomewaybetterthantheirBtypefellows.Beingtoo9towincanhavedangerousconsequences:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunner10deadsecondsaftersaying."Rejoiceweconquer!" 11theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Thereisforexamplea12schoolthatallowspupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.The13ofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhatquestionablebutcompetitioninthecertain14offailureispositivelyharmful. 15itisneitherpracticalnordesirablethatallAyoungsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedstypesandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotryto16achild’spersonalitytohispossiblefutureemployment.Itistopmanagement. Ifthepreoccupationofschoolswithacademicworkwas17moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselection18thecaringprofessionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch19assensitivityandsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromAtypestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. 9
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent.A-typeparentsusually1A-typeoffspring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohaveaprofoundeffect2ifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitis3tobecomeamajorfactorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren4Acharacteristicsisschoolwhichis5itsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschools6the"winatallcosts"moralstandardandmeasuretheirsuccessbysportingachievements.Thecurrent7formakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainstthe8producesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveAtypesseeminsomewaybetterthantheirBtypefellows.Beingtoo9towincanhavedangerousconsequences:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunner10deadsecondsaftersaying."Rejoiceweconquer!" 11theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Thereisforexamplea12schoolthatallowspupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.The13ofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhatquestionablebutcompetitioninthecertain14offailureispositivelyharmful. 15itisneitherpracticalnordesirablethatallAyoungsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedstypesandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotryto16achild’spersonalitytohispossiblefutureemployment.Itistopmanagement. Ifthepreoccupationofschoolswithacademicworkwas17moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselection18thecaringprofessionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch19assensitivityandsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromAtypestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. 3
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent.A-typeparentsusually1A-typeoffspring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohaveaprofoundeffect2ifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitis3tobecomeamajorfactorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren4Acharacteristicsisschoolwhichis5itsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschools6the"winatallcosts"moralstandardandmeasuretheirsuccessbysportingachievements.Thecurrent7formakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainstthe8producesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveAtypesseeminsomewaybetterthantheirBtypefellows.Beingtoo9towincanhavedangerousconsequences:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunner10deadsecondsaftersaying."Rejoiceweconquer!" 11theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Thereisforexamplea12schoolthatallowspupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.The13ofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhatquestionablebutcompetitioninthecertain14offailureispositivelyharmful. 15itisneitherpracticalnordesirablethatallAyoungsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedstypesandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotryto16achild’spersonalitytohispossiblefutureemployment.Itistopmanagement. Ifthepreoccupationofschoolswithacademicworkwas17moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselection18thecaringprofessionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch19assensitivityandsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromAtypestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. 11
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent.A-typeparentsusually1A-typeoffspring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohaveaprofoundeffect2ifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitis3tobecomeamajorfactorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren4Acharacteristicsisschoolwhichis5itsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschools6the"winatallcosts"moralstandardandmeasuretheirsuccessbysportingachievements.Thecurrent7formakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainstthe8producesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveAtypesseeminsomewaybetterthantheirBtypefellows.Beingtoo9towincanhavedangerousconsequences:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunner10deadsecondsaftersaying."Rejoiceweconquer!" 11theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Thereisforexamplea12schoolthatallowspupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.The13ofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhatquestionablebutcompetitioninthecertain14offailureispositivelyharmful. 15itisneitherpracticalnordesirablethatallAyoungsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedstypesandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotryto16achild’spersonalitytohispossiblefutureemployment.Itistopmanagement. Ifthepreoccupationofschoolswithacademicworkwas17moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselection18thecaringprofessionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch19assensitivityandsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromAtypestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. 7
IfmenarefromMarsandwomenarefromVenusitmayexplainatleastoneoftheirsharedbeliefs:Menandwomencan’tberealfriends.Manymaypointtothejealousythatplaguesmanyrationalpeoplewhenasignificantotherbefriendssomeoneoftheoppositesex.Boilitdowntotheinherentdifferencesbetweenthesexes.Itjustcan’tbedone.Isitright Wrongsayrelationshipexperts."Thebeliefthatmenandwomencan’tbefriendscomesfromanothererainwhichwomenwereathomeandmenwereintheworkplaceandtheonlywaytheycouldgettogetherwasforromance"explainsLindaSapadinPh.[D]apsychologistinprivatepracticeinValleyStreamNewYork."Nowtheyworktogetherandhavesportsintereststogetherandsocializetogether."Thisculturalshiftisencouragingpsychologistssociologistsandcommunicationsexpertstoputforthanewmessage:thoughitmaybetrickymenandwomencansuccessfullybecomeclosefriends.What’smoretherearegoodreasonsforthemtodoso. Societyhaslongsingledoutromanceastheprototypicalmale-femalerelationshipbecauseitspawnsbabiesandkeepsthelifecyclegoing;cross-sexfriendshipasresearcherscallithasbeeneitherignoredortrivialized.Wehaverulesforhowtoactinromanticrelationshipsflirtdategetmarriedhavekidsandevensame-sexfriendshipsboysrelatebydoingactivitiestogethergirlsbytalkingandsharing.Buttherearesofewplatonicmale-femalefriendshipsondisplayinourculturethatwe’reatalosseventodefinetheserelationships. Acertain1989filmstarringMegRyanandBillyCrystalconvincedanationofmoviegoersthatromancealwayscomesbetweenmenandwomenmakingtruefriendshipimpossible."WhenHarryMetSallysetthepotentialformale-femalefriendshipbackabout25years"saysMichaelMonsourPh.D.assistantprofessorofcommunicationsattheUniversityofColoradoatDenverandauthorofWomenandMenasFriends:RelationshipsacrosstheLifeSpaninthe21stCentury."Almosteverytimeyouseeamale-femalefriendshipitwindsupturningintoromance." In1989DonO’MearaPh.D.asociologyprofessorattheUniversityofCincinnati-RaymondWaltersCollegepublishedalandmarkstudyinthejournalSexRolesonthetopimpedimentstocross-sexfriendship.Amongseveralchallengeshepointedoutinhisresearchsocietymaynotbeentirelyreadyforfriendshipsbetweenmenandwomenthathavenosexualsubtext.Peoplewithclosefriendsoftheoppositesexareoftenbarragedwithnudgingwinkingandskepticism:"Areyoureallyjustfriends"ThisisespeciallytruesaysO’Mearaofolderadultswhogrewupwhenmenandwomenwereoff-limitstoeachotheruntilmarriage. WhatdoesthewordbefriendsLine3Para.1mostprobablymean
IfmenarefromMarsandwomenarefromVenusitmayexplainatleastoneoftheirsharedbeliefs:Menandwomencan’tberealfriends.Manymaypointtothejealousythatplaguesmanyrationalpeoplewhenasignificantotherbefriendssomeoneoftheoppositesex.Boilitdowntotheinherentdifferencesbetweenthesexes.Itjustcan’tbedone.Isitright Wrongsayrelationshipexperts."Thebeliefthatmenandwomencan’tbefriendscomesfromanothererainwhichwomenwereathomeandmenwereintheworkplaceandtheonlywaytheycouldgettogetherwasforromance"explainsLindaSapadinPh.[D]apsychologistinprivatepracticeinValleyStreamNewYork."Nowtheyworktogetherandhavesportsintereststogetherandsocializetogether."Thisculturalshiftisencouragingpsychologistssociologistsandcommunicationsexpertstoputforthanewmessage:thoughitmaybetrickymenandwomencansuccessfullybecomeclosefriends.What’smoretherearegoodreasonsforthemtodoso. Societyhaslongsingledoutromanceastheprototypicalmale-femalerelationshipbecauseitspawnsbabiesandkeepsthelifecyclegoing;cross-sexfriendshipasresearcherscallithasbeeneitherignoredortrivialized.Wehaverulesforhowtoactinromanticrelationshipsflirtdategetmarriedhavekidsandevensame-sexfriendshipsboysrelatebydoingactivitiestogethergirlsbytalkingandsharing.Buttherearesofewplatonicmale-femalefriendshipsondisplayinourculturethatwe’reatalosseventodefinetheserelationships. Acertain1989filmstarringMegRyanandBillyCrystalconvincedanationofmoviegoersthatromancealwayscomesbetweenmenandwomenmakingtruefriendshipimpossible."WhenHarryMetSallysetthepotentialformale-femalefriendshipbackabout25years"saysMichaelMonsourPh.D.assistantprofessorofcommunicationsattheUniversityofColoradoatDenverandauthorofWomenandMenasFriends:RelationshipsacrosstheLifeSpaninthe21stCentury."Almosteverytimeyouseeamale-femalefriendshipitwindsupturningintoromance." In1989DonO’MearaPh.D.asociologyprofessorattheUniversityofCincinnati-RaymondWaltersCollegepublishedalandmarkstudyinthejournalSexRolesonthetopimpedimentstocross-sexfriendship.Amongseveralchallengeshepointedoutinhisresearchsocietymaynotbeentirelyreadyforfriendshipsbetweenmenandwomenthathavenosexualsubtext.Peoplewithclosefriendsoftheoppositesexareoftenbarragedwithnudgingwinkingandskepticism:"Areyoureallyjustfriends"ThisisespeciallytruesaysO’Mearaofolderadultswhogrewupwhenmenandwomenwereoff-limitstoeachotheruntilmarriage. Whichoneofthefollowingwouldbethebestsubtitleforthelastparagraph
Britishcancer’researchershavefoundthatchildhoodleukaemiaiscausedbyaninfectionandclustersofcasesaroundindustrialsitesaretheresultofpopulationmixingthatincreasesexposure.TheresearchpublishedintheBritishJournalofCancerbacksupa1988theorythatsomeasyetunidentifiedinfectioncausedleukaemia--nottheenvironmentalfactorswidelyblamedforthedisease. "Childhoodleukaemiaappearstobeanunusualresultofacommoninfection"saidSirRichardDollaninternationally-knowncancerexpertwhofirstlinkedtobaccowithlungcancerin1950."Avirusisthemostlikelyexplanation.YouwouldgetanincreasedriskofitifyouSuddenlyputalotofpeoplefromlargetownsinaruralareawhereyoumighthavepeoplewhohadnotbeenexposedtotheinfection."DollwascommentingonthenewfindingsbyresearchersatNewcastleUniversitywhichfocusedonaclusterofleukaemiacasesaroundtheSellafieldnuclearreprocessingplantinCumbriainnorthernEngland.ScientistshavebeentryingtoestablishwhytherewasmoreleukaemiainchildrenaroundtheSellafieldareabuthavefailedtoestablishalinkwithradiationorpollution.TheNewcastleUniversityresearchbyHeatherDickinsonandLouiseParkershowedtheclusterofcasescouldhavebeenpredictedbecauseoftheamountofpopulationmixinggoingonintheareaaslargenumbersofconstructionworkersandnuclearstaffmovedintoaruralsetting."OurstudyshowsthatpopulationmixingcanaccountfortheSellafieldleukaemiaclusterandthatallchildrenwhethertheirparentsareincomersorlocalsareatahigherriskiftheyareborninanareaofhighpopulationmixing"DickinsonsaidinastatementissuedbytheCancerResearchCampaignwhichpublishestheBritishJournalofCancer. Theirpaperaddscrucialweighttothe1988theoryputforwardbyLeoKinlenacancerepidemiologistatOxfordUniversitywhosaidthatexposuretoacommonunidentifiedinfectionthroughpopulationmixingresultedinthedisease. Whofirsthintedatthepossiblecauseofchildhoodleukaemiabyinfection
41OrientationYellowstoneismuchmorethanhotgroundandgushingsteam.LocatedastridetheContinentalDividemostoftheparkoccupiesahighplateausurroundedbymountainsanddrainedbyseveralrivers.Parkboundariesenclosecraggypeaksalpinelakesdeepcanyonsandvastforests.In1872Yellowstonebecametheworld’sfirstnationalparktheresultofgreatforesightonthepartofmanypeopleaboutoureventualneedforthesolaceandbeautyofwildplaces.42WhentoGoMorethanhalfofthe3millionannumvisitorscomeinJulyandAugust.InSeptemberandearlyOctobertheweatherisgoodthevisitorsfewandthewildlifeabundant.InMayandJuneyoucanseenewbornanimalsbuttheweathermaybecoldwetandevensnowy.BetweenaboutNo-vember1andMay1mostparkroadsareclosedtovehicles.43GettingThere44HowtoVisitThe142-mile228.5-kilometerGrandLoopRoadformsafigureeightwithconnectingspurstothefiveentrances.OnanyvisitstartwiththegeyserbasinsandMammothHotSpringstoseewildlifeandthermalfeaturescaution:bothcanbehazardousifapproachedtooclosely.OntheseconddaytraveltotheGrandCanyonoftheYellowstoneHaydenValleyandYellowstoneLake.45ParkInformationParkopensyear-round.[A]RoadfromNorthEntrancetoNortheastEntranceopenallyear;mostotherparkroadsclosedtocarsNovemberthroughApril.Callheadquartersforlatestweatherandroadconditions.[B]FacilitiesforDisabledVisitorcentersMadisonandFishingBridgeCampgroundsmostrestroomsamphitheatersnumerousranger-ledactivitieswalksandexhibitsarewheelchairaccessible.Freebrochureavailable.[C]OnalongerstayvisittheNorthernRangeorconsideraboatingorfishingtriponYellowstoneLake;abackcountryexcursiononfootorhorse;oranyofthenumerouseasynaturetrailsthroughoutthepark.[D]InearlyyearswhatmadeYellowstonestandoutwastheextravaganzaofgeysersandhotsprings.ThewildlandscapeandthebisonelkandbearswerenicebutafterallAmericawasstillapioneercountryfilledwithscenicbeautyandanimals.[E]ByPlaneWestYellowstoneAirportWYSattheWestEntranceofYellowstone.ThisairportisopenJunethroughSeptember.CodyAirportCODabout50miles81kilometersfromthepark.[F]Duringthewinterseasonmid-Decembertomid-MarchYellowstonebecomesafantasyofsteamandice;facilitiesarelimitedbutsufficient.OnlytheroadbetweentheNorthandNortheastEntrancesstaysopentocarsbutsnowmobilingispermittedonunplowedroads.Heatedsnowcoachesoffertoursandgivecross-countryskiersaccesstothe50miles80.5kilometersofgroomedtrails.
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