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(41)Orientation Yellowstone is much more than hot ground and gushing steam. Located astride the Con...
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41Orientation Yellowstoneismuchmorethanhotgro
ThelasteruptionoftheYellowstoneVolcano________them
developed
destroyed
invented
formed
41Orientation Yellowstoneismuchmorethanhotgro
41Orientation Yellowstoneismuchmorethanhotgro
Directions: YouaregoingtoreadatextabouttheYel
41Orientation Yellowstoneismuchmorethanhotgro
41Orientation Yellowstoneismuchmorethanhotgro
41Orientation Yellowstoneismuchmorethanhotgro
Directions: YouaregoingtoreadatextabouttheYel
---CouldyoutellmehowtogettotheYellowstoneNationalP
A.piece of cake
That depends
I don’t care
Sorry, I’m new herE.
41Orientation Yellowstoneismuchmorethanhotgro
41Orientation Yellowstoneismuchmorethanhotgro
Ihavethe____ifacceptingallorpartofthemoney.
orientation
option
optimum
ornament
Directions: YouaregoingtoreadatextabouttheYel
41Orientation Yellowstoneismuchmorethanhotgro
——CouldyoutellmehowtogettotheYellowstoneNationalPa
A piece of cake
That depends
I don’t care
Sorry, I’m new herE.
Directions: YouaregoingtoreadatextabouttheYel
Directions: YouaregoingtoreadatextabouttheYel
41Orientation Yellowstoneismuchmorethanhotgro
YellowstoneTour&Travelhasbeenhelpingpeopleplanthei
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AlthoughtherearemanyskillfulBraillereadersthousandsofotherblindpeoplefinditdifficulttolearnthatsystem.Theyaretherebyshut1fromtheworldofbooksandnewspapershavingto2onfriendstoreadaloudtothem. AyoungscientistnamedRaymondKurzweilhasnowdesignedacomputerwhichisamajor3inprovidingaidtothe4.HismachineCyclopshasacamerathat5anypageinterpretstheprintintosoundsandthendeliversthemorallyinarobot-like6throughaspeaker.Bypressingtheappropriatebuttons7Cyclops’skeyboardablindpersoncan"read"any8documentintheEnglishlanguage. Thisremarkableinventionrepresentsatremendous9forwardintheeducationofthehandicapped.AtpresentCyclopscosts$50000.10Mr.Kurzweilandhisassociatesarepreparingasmaller11improvedversionthatwillsell12lessthanhalfthatprice.WithinafewyearsKurzweil13thepricerangewillbelowenoughforeveryschoolandlibraryto14one.MichaelHingsonDirectoroftheNationalFederationfortheBlindhopesthat15willbeabletobuyhome16ofCyclopsforthepriceofagoodtelevisionset. Mr.Hingson’sorganizationpurchasedfivemachinesandisnowtestingtheminMarylandColoradoIowaCaliforniaandNewYork.Blindpeoplehavebeen17inthosetestsmakinglotsof18suggestionstotheengineerswhohelpedtoproduceCyclops. "Thisisthefirsttimethatblindpeoplehaveeverdoneindividualstudies19aproductwasputonthemarket"Hingsonsaid."Mostmanufacturersbelievedthathavingtheblindhelptheblindwasliketellingdisabledpeopletoteachotherdisabledpeople.Inthat20themanufacturershavebeentheblindones. 19
AlthoughtherearemanyskillfulBraillereadersthousandsofotherblindpeoplefinditdifficulttolearnthatsystem.Theyaretherebyshut1fromtheworldofbooksandnewspapershavingto2onfriendstoreadaloudtothem. AyoungscientistnamedRaymondKurzweilhasnowdesignedacomputerwhichisamajor3inprovidingaidtothe4.HismachineCyclopshasacamerathat5anypageinterpretstheprintintosoundsandthendeliversthemorallyinarobot-like6throughaspeaker.Bypressingtheappropriatebuttons7Cyclops’skeyboardablindpersoncan"read"any8documentintheEnglishlanguage. Thisremarkableinventionrepresentsatremendous9forwardintheeducationofthehandicapped.AtpresentCyclopscosts$50000.10Mr.Kurzweilandhisassociatesarepreparingasmaller11improvedversionthatwillsell12lessthanhalfthatprice.WithinafewyearsKurzweil13thepricerangewillbelowenoughforeveryschoolandlibraryto14one.MichaelHingsonDirectoroftheNationalFederationfortheBlindhopesthat15willbeabletobuyhome16ofCyclopsforthepriceofagoodtelevisionset. Mr.Hingson’sorganizationpurchasedfivemachinesandisnowtestingtheminMarylandColoradoIowaCaliforniaandNewYork.Blindpeoplehavebeen17inthosetestsmakinglotsof18suggestionstotheengineerswhohelpedtoproduceCyclops. "Thisisthefirsttimethatblindpeoplehaveeverdoneindividualstudies19aproductwasputonthemarket"Hingsonsaid."Mostmanufacturersbelievedthathavingtheblindhelptheblindwasliketellingdisabledpeopletoteachotherdisabledpeople.Inthat20themanufacturershavebeentheblindones. 17
Directions:Writealettertoyourcousinwhoisgoingtotakethecollegeentranceexaminationandfeelsstressedgivinghersomesuggestions.Writeyourletterwithnolessthan100words.Donotsignyournameattheendoftheletter.Use“LiMing”instead.Donotwritetheaddress.
It’seasytogetthesensethesedaysthatyou’vestumbledintoapartywithsomepowerfuldrugthatdramaticallyaltersidentity.Thefacesarefamiliarbutthewordscomingoutofthemaren’t.Somethinghashappenedtoalotofpeopleyouusedtothinkyouknew.They’vechangedintosomethingliketheirownopposite. There’sBillGateswhothesedaysisspendinglesstimeearningmoneythangivingitaway--andpullingotherbillionairesintothedeependofglobalphilanthropy慈善事业withhim.There’shistorianFrancisFukuyamaleadingawholegangofdisaffectedfellowtravelersawayfromneoconservatism.Toflip-flopishuman.Itcanstillsometimesbeapoliticalliabilityevidenceofaflakydispositionorrankopportunism.Buttherearecircumstancesinwhichnottoreversecourseseemsalmostpathological病态的.He’samodelofconsistencyStephenColbertsaidlastyearofGeorgeW.Bush:"HebelievesthesamethingWednesdaythathebelievedonMonday--nomatterwhathappenedonTuesday." OverthepastthreeyearsIfoundpeoplewhohadpulledabigU-turnintheirlives.Oftentheinsightcameinaforehead-smitingmomentinthemiddleofthenight:I’vegotitallwrong. Itlookedatfirstlikeasprinklingofoutliersbeyondthecurveofnormalhumanexperience.Butwhenyousteppedbackapatternemerged.Whatthesepersonalturnshadincommonwastheapprehensionthatwe’reallconnected.Everythingleansonsomethingisbothdependentanddependedon. "Thedifferencebetweenyouandme"avisitingChinesestudenttoldUniversityofMichiganpsychologistRichardNisbettnotlongago"isthatIthinktheworldisacircleandyouthinkit’saline."TheremarkpromptedtheprofessortowriteabookTheGeographyofThoughtaboutthedifferencesbetweentheWesternandtheAsianmind. ToWesternthinkingtheworldislinear;youcanchopitupandanalyzeitandwecanallworkonourlittlepartoftheprojectindependentlyuntilit’ssolved.TheclassicallyEasternmindaccordingtoNisbettseesthingsdifferently:theworldisn’talengthofropebutavastclosedchainincomprehensiblycomplexandeverchanging.Whenyoulookatlifefromthissecondperspectivesomeunlikelyconnectionsrevealthemselves. IrealizedthiswaswhatalmostalltheU-turnshadincommon:peoplehadswungaroundtofaceEast.Theyhadstoppedthinkinginalineandstartedthinkinginacircle.Moralitywaslookinglesslikeasetofrulesandmorelikeastoryoneinwhichtheywerepartofanensemblecastnolongerthestar. Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthistext
Inhomesandworkplacesaroundtheworldit’shardtofindsomeonewhoisnotcelebratingtheimminentarrivaloffootball’sWorldCupexceptformanygreenactivistswhoareconcernedabouttheenvironmentalimpactofthegatheringoffootball’sglobaltribe.41______.EvenallowingforthefactthestudyincludedtheimpactoftransporttoandfromtheWorldCupwhichGermanydidn’titstillrepresentsaheftycarbonfootprint.InresponsetheSouthAfricanauthoritieshaveinitiatedsubstantialoffsettingprogramsincludingurbantree-plantingbutforlocalenvironmentalactiviststhat’snotenough.Oncecarbonisproducedclaimingthatoffsettingis’neutralizing’thecarbonfootprintisnothingmorethan’greenwash’BobbyPeekFriendsoftheEarthSouthAfricatoldCNN.SadlyFriendsoftheEarthSouthAfricabelievesnothingcanbedonetolessenthecarbonfootprintdespitethereassurancesmadebythevariouscities.42______.InDurbantheconstructionofanentirelynewstadiumwasnotnecessaryconsideringthatthereweretwostadiumsalongsideeachotherwhichcouldhavebeenredevelopedratherthanonecompletelydemolishedtomakewayforanewconstructionhesaid.Thusthe’savingsmade’werenegatedbytheneedforvirgincement.ThecementindustryisoneofthemainproducersofCO2.Foreverytonofcementthereisonetonofcarbonproduced.43______.IthinkSouthAfricahasmissedatrickinnotseekingofitsownvolitiontohostthefirst’carbonneutral’mega-eventAntonCartwrightco-founderofPromotingAccesstoCarbonEquitytoldCNN.Itwouldhavecostthemabout$25millionhadtheymobilizedanationaleffortbutthisdidnothappen.HadSouthAfricaspentthismoneytheywouldhavesecuredtheevent’slegacyandkick-startedSouthAfrica’srenewableenergyandenergyefficientsectorandIamnotsurethereisenoughpublicawarenessorpoliticalleadershiponthisissueinSouthAfricatoappreciatequitewhatanopportunityhasbeenpassedup.44______.ForthedepartmentandSouthAfricathisisamilestonealongthecountry’ssustainabledevelopmentgrowthpathAlbiModiseSouthAfricanDepartmentofEnvironmentalAffairstoldCNN.Hesaysthatwhileresourceshavebeentighttherehavebeen200000treesplantedinJohannesburgaspartofacarbon-offsettingprogram25000inRustenberg86000inDurbanandatargetof400000inTshwane/Pretoria.TherehavealsobeencarbonreductionprojectsfocusingonenergyefficiencyinstreetlightinginDurbanCapeTownJohannesburgTshwaneRustenburgPolokwaneandPortElizabeth.SomeactivistsconcedetheremaybesomeindirectenvironmentalbenefitsfromtheWorldCup.45______.IntheCityofCapeTowntransportaccountsforalmost50percentofgreenhousegasemissionsandeffortstoreducethisareimportant.Theotherimportantlegacyispublicawareness—awarenessisaprerequisiteforthesolutionsthatwesobadlyneedandwhathasbeenmostlacking.saidCartwright.[A]Peekalsoclaimsthattherehavebeenunnecessaryconstructionprojectsusingthousandsoftonsofconcrete—oneofthemostcarbon-intensiveindustries.[B]OthersbelievetheWorldCupisalostopportunityforSouthAfricatobeaworldleaderinmakingsportgreener.[C]Oneofthemostpositivelegacieswillprobablycomeaboutinadvertentlyintheformofimprovedpublictransportandthebus-rapid-transportsystemspecifically.[D]MoneyhasbeenpassedfromFIFAtonationalgovernmenttohostcitiesandatthelocallevelnotenoughisbeingdoneinspiteofafewbravebutsmallexceptions.Hostcityeffortshavebeenvariablewithageneralover-relianceontreeplanting.[E]HowevertheSouthAfricanauthoritiesremainadamanttheyhavedonealltheycanwiththeresourcesavailablealthoughthereisalwaysroomforimprovementandlearningfrompastmistakes.[F]AstudyconductedbytheNorwegiangovernmentonbehalfoftheSouthAfricanauthoritiesestimatesthe2010competitionwillhaveacarbonfootprint6timesthesizeofthelastWorldCupinGermany.[G]CartwrightadmitsthatsomehostcitiesmostnotablyDurbanandCapeTownhavetriedtoinitiateprojectsbutsaysingeneralithasbeenlefttoolate.
Theworldisundergoingtremendouschanges.Theriseofglobalizationbothaneconomicandculturaltrendthathassweptthroughouttheworldhasforgednewgroundasweenterthe21stcentury.ButaretheeffectsofglobalizationalwayspositiveSomesayno. MichaelTenetheadoftheInternationalInstituteforForeignRelationsinAtlantaisworriedaboutcurrentresentmentthroughouttheworldtowardtheriseofglobalization."Eversincethe1980sandtheeconomiccollapseoftheAsianTigersinthelate1990stherehasbeenare-evaluationoftheroleofglobalizationasaforceforgood"hesaid."Incomesinmanycountrieshasdeclinedandthegapbetweenthemostrichandthemostpoorhasbeenaggravated.WithoutfurtherinterventionbygovernmentswecouldseeatragedyexpressedinanincreasedlevelofpovertythroughouttheLatinAmericaandAsia."YetGeorgeFrankaninfluentialeconomistwhoworksonWallStreetseesnosuchdanger."Economicliberalizationincreasedtransparencyandmarket-basedreformshavepositiveeffectinthelongrunevenifmarketmechanismscanproduceshort-termdestabilizationproblems"hesaid."Whatismostimportantisthatbarrierstotradecontinuetofallsothatactivecompetitionforconsumergoodsreducespricesandinturnraisestheaveragelevelofincome." Othersfeelthatglobalization’sculturalimpactmaybemoreimportantthanitseconomicimplications.JaniceYaweeanativeofAfricafeelsstronglythatglobalizationisunderminingherlocalcultureandlanguage."Mostoftheworld’sdialectswillbecomeextinctunderglobalization.We’repavingtheworldwithMcDonald’sandEnglishslang.Ittearsmeupinside"shesaid. Governmentsofdifferentcountrieshavehadmixedresponsestothewaveofglobalization.TheUnitedStatesisgenerallyseenasanactiveproponentofgreaterfreetradeanditcertainlyhasenormousculturalinfluencebyvirtueofitsnearmonopolyonworldwideentertainment.ButothercountriesmostnotablyinEuropeanddevelopingnationshavesoughttoreducetheimpactthatglobalizationhasontheirdomesticaffairs. "WhenIwasaboywehadverylittletospeakof"saysoneSingaporeanresident."Nowourcountryhasdevelopedintoaboominghubforinternationalfinance."Othershoweverarenotsooptimistic."Globalizationisanevilforcethatmustbehalted"aunionofficialatacarplantinDetroitrecentlycommented"It’ssuckingawayjobsandkillingthespiritofourcountry. Accordingtoparagraph5theresponsesofdifferentcountriestoglobalizationmaybelookedonas
AlthoughtherearemanyskillfulBraillereadersthousandsofotherblindpeoplefinditdifficulttolearnthatsystem.Theyaretherebyshut1fromtheworldofbooksandnewspapershavingto2onfriendstoreadaloudtothem. AyoungscientistnamedRaymondKurzweilhasnowdesignedacomputerwhichisamajor3inprovidingaidtothe4.HismachineCyclopshasacamerathat5anypageinterpretstheprintintosoundsandthendeliversthemorallyinarobot-like6throughaspeaker.Bypressingtheappropriatebuttons7Cyclops’skeyboardablindpersoncan"read"any8documentintheEnglishlanguage. Thisremarkableinventionrepresentsatremendous9forwardintheeducationofthehandicapped.AtpresentCyclopscosts$50000.10Mr.Kurzweilandhisassociatesarepreparingasmaller11improvedversionthatwillsell12lessthanhalfthatprice.WithinafewyearsKurzweil13thepricerangewillbelowenoughforeveryschoolandlibraryto14one.MichaelHingsonDirectoroftheNationalFederationfortheBlindhopesthat15willbeabletobuyhome16ofCyclopsforthepriceofagoodtelevisionset. Mr.Hingson’sorganizationpurchasedfivemachinesandisnowtestingtheminMarylandColoradoIowaCaliforniaandNewYork.Blindpeoplehavebeen17inthosetestsmakinglotsof18suggestionstotheengineerswhohelpedtoproduceCyclops. "Thisisthefirsttimethatblindpeoplehaveeverdoneindividualstudies19aproductwasputonthemarket"Hingsonsaid."Mostmanufacturersbelievedthathavingtheblindhelptheblindwasliketellingdisabledpeopletoteachotherdisabledpeople.Inthat20themanufacturershavebeentheblindones. 13
WhenitcomestosuingdoctorsPhiladelphiaishardlythecityofbrotherlylove.AcombinationofsprightlylawyersandsympatheticjurieshasmadePhiladelphiaahotspotformedical-malpracticelawsuits.Since1995Pennsylvaniastatecourtshaveawardedanaverageof$2minsuchcasesaccordingtoJuryVerdictResearchasurveyfirm.Somemedicalspecialistshaveseentheirmalpracticeinsurancepremiumsnearlydoubleoverthepastyear.Obstetriciansarenowpayingupto$104000ayeartoprotectthemselves. Theinsuranceindustryislargelytoblame.CarolGolintheMonitor’seditorarguesthatinthe1990sinsurerstriedtograbmarketsharebyofferingartificiallylowratesbettingthatanylosseswouldbecoveredbygainsontheirinvestments.Thestock-marketcorrectioncoupledwiththelargelegalawardshaserodedtheinsurers’reserves.ThreeinPennsylvaniaalonehavegonebust. Afewdoctors--particularlyolderones--willquit.Therestareadapting.Someareabandoninglitigation-proneproceduressuchasdeliveringbabies.Othersaremovingpartsoftheirpracticetoneighboringstateswhereinsuranceratesarelower.SomefromPennsylvaniahaveopenedofficesinNewJersey.Newdoctorsmayalsobedeterredfromsettingupshopinlitigationhavenshoweverprestigious. DespiteaRepublicanpresidenttortreformhasgotnowhereatthefederallevel.IndeeddoctorscouldgetclobberedindirectlybyaPatients’BillofRightswhichwouldfurtherexposemanagedcarecompaniestolawsuits.ThisprospecthasfuelledinterestamongdoctorsinPennsylvania’snewmedicalmalpracticereformbillwhichwassignedintolawonMarch20th.Itwillamongotherthingsgivedoctors$40mofstatefundstooffsettheirinsurancepremiumsspreadthepaymentofawardsoutovertimeandprohibitindividualsfromdoubledipping--thatissuingadoctorfordamagesthathavealreadybeenpaidbytheirhealthinsurer. ButwillitreallyhelpRandallBovbjergahealthpolicyexpertattheUrbanInstitutearguesthattheonlyproperwaytoslowdownthelitigationmachinewouldbetolimitthecompensationforpainandsufferingso-called"non-monetarydamages".Needlesstosayafixedcaponsuchawardsisresistedbymosttriallawyers.ButMrBovbjergreckonsamorenuancedapproachwithaslidingscaleofpaymentsbasedonwell-definedmeasuresofinjuryisabetterwayforward.Inthemeantimedoctorsandinsurersarebracingthemselvesforacouplemoreroughyearsbeforetheinsurancecycleturns. Nobodydisputesthathospitalstaffmakemistakes:a1999InstituteofMedicinereportclaimedthaterrorskillatleast44000patientsayear.Butthereislittleevidencethatmalpracticelawsuitsontheirownwillsolvetheproblem. Itseemsthattheauthorismostcriticalof
It’seasytogetthesensethesedaysthatyou’vestumbledintoapartywithsomepowerfuldrugthatdramaticallyaltersidentity.Thefacesarefamiliarbutthewordscomingoutofthemaren’t.Somethinghashappenedtoalotofpeopleyouusedtothinkyouknew.They’vechangedintosomethingliketheirownopposite. There’sBillGateswhothesedaysisspendinglesstimeearningmoneythangivingitaway--andpullingotherbillionairesintothedeependofglobalphilanthropy慈善事业withhim.There’shistorianFrancisFukuyamaleadingawholegangofdisaffectedfellowtravelersawayfromneoconservatism.Toflip-flopishuman.Itcanstillsometimesbeapoliticalliabilityevidenceofaflakydispositionorrankopportunism.Buttherearecircumstancesinwhichnottoreversecourseseemsalmostpathological病态的.He’samodelofconsistencyStephenColbertsaidlastyearofGeorgeW.Bush:"HebelievesthesamethingWednesdaythathebelievedonMonday--nomatterwhathappenedonTuesday." OverthepastthreeyearsIfoundpeoplewhohadpulledabigU-turnintheirlives.Oftentheinsightcameinaforehead-smitingmomentinthemiddleofthenight:I’vegotitallwrong. Itlookedatfirstlikeasprinklingofoutliersbeyondthecurveofnormalhumanexperience.Butwhenyousteppedbackapatternemerged.Whatthesepersonalturnshadincommonwastheapprehensionthatwe’reallconnected.Everythingleansonsomethingisbothdependentanddependedon. "Thedifferencebetweenyouandme"avisitingChinesestudenttoldUniversityofMichiganpsychologistRichardNisbettnotlongago"isthatIthinktheworldisacircleandyouthinkit’saline."TheremarkpromptedtheprofessortowriteabookTheGeographyofThoughtaboutthedifferencesbetweentheWesternandtheAsianmind. ToWesternthinkingtheworldislinear;youcanchopitupandanalyzeitandwecanallworkonourlittlepartoftheprojectindependentlyuntilit’ssolved.TheclassicallyEasternmindaccordingtoNisbettseesthingsdifferently:theworldisn’talengthofropebutavastclosedchainincomprehensiblycomplexandeverchanging.Whenyoulookatlifefromthissecondperspectivesomeunlikelyconnectionsrevealthemselves. IrealizedthiswaswhatalmostalltheU-turnshadincommon:peoplehadswungaroundtofaceEast.Theyhadstoppedthinkinginalineandstartedthinkinginacircle.Moralitywaslookinglesslikeasetofrulesandmorelikeastoryoneinwhichtheywerepartofanensemblecastnolongerthestar. AccordingtothetextonedifferencebetweenWesternandEasternmindswasthat
WhenitcomestosuingdoctorsPhiladelphiaishardlythecityofbrotherlylove.AcombinationofsprightlylawyersandsympatheticjurieshasmadePhiladelphiaahotspotformedical-malpracticelawsuits.Since1995Pennsylvaniastatecourtshaveawardedanaverageof$2minsuchcasesaccordingtoJuryVerdictResearchasurveyfirm.Somemedicalspecialistshaveseentheirmalpracticeinsurancepremiumsnearlydoubleoverthepastyear.Obstetriciansarenowpayingupto$104000ayeartoprotectthemselves. Theinsuranceindustryislargelytoblame.CarolGolintheMonitor’seditorarguesthatinthe1990sinsurerstriedtograbmarketsharebyofferingartificiallylowratesbettingthatanylosseswouldbecoveredbygainsontheirinvestments.Thestock-marketcorrectioncoupledwiththelargelegalawardshaserodedtheinsurers’reserves.ThreeinPennsylvaniaalonehavegonebust. Afewdoctors--particularlyolderones--willquit.Therestareadapting.Someareabandoninglitigation-proneproceduressuchasdeliveringbabies.Othersaremovingpartsoftheirpracticetoneighboringstateswhereinsuranceratesarelower.SomefromPennsylvaniahaveopenedofficesinNewJersey.Newdoctorsmayalsobedeterredfromsettingupshopinlitigationhavenshoweverprestigious. DespiteaRepublicanpresidenttortreformhasgotnowhereatthefederallevel.IndeeddoctorscouldgetclobberedindirectlybyaPatients’BillofRightswhichwouldfurtherexposemanagedcarecompaniestolawsuits.ThisprospecthasfuelledinterestamongdoctorsinPennsylvania’snewmedicalmalpracticereformbillwhichwassignedintolawonMarch20th.Itwillamongotherthingsgivedoctors$40mofstatefundstooffsettheirinsurancepremiumsspreadthepaymentofawardsoutovertimeandprohibitindividualsfromdoubledipping--thatissuingadoctorfordamagesthathavealreadybeenpaidbytheirhealthinsurer. ButwillitreallyhelpRandallBovbjergahealthpolicyexpertattheUrbanInstitutearguesthattheonlyproperwaytoslowdownthelitigationmachinewouldbetolimitthecompensationforpainandsufferingso-called"non-monetarydamages".Needlesstosayafixedcaponsuchawardsisresistedbymosttriallawyers.ButMrBovbjergreckonsamorenuancedapproachwithaslidingscaleofpaymentsbasedonwell-definedmeasuresofinjuryisabetterwayforward.Inthemeantimedoctorsandinsurersarebracingthemselvesforacouplemoreroughyearsbeforetheinsurancecycleturns. Nobodydisputesthathospitalstaffmakemistakes:a1999InstituteofMedicinereportclaimedthaterrorskillatleast44000patientsayear.Butthereislittleevidencethatmalpracticelawsuitsontheirownwillsolvetheproblem. Accordingtothetextwhatencouragesdoctorsandinsurersisthat
AlthoughtherearemanyskillfulBraillereadersthousandsofotherblindpeoplefinditdifficulttolearnthatsystem.Theyaretherebyshut1fromtheworldofbooksandnewspapershavingto2onfriendstoreadaloudtothem. AyoungscientistnamedRaymondKurzweilhasnowdesignedacomputerwhichisamajor3inprovidingaidtothe4.HismachineCyclopshasacamerathat5anypageinterpretstheprintintosoundsandthendeliversthemorallyinarobot-like6throughaspeaker.Bypressingtheappropriatebuttons7Cyclops’skeyboardablindpersoncan"read"any8documentintheEnglishlanguage. Thisremarkableinventionrepresentsatremendous9forwardintheeducationofthehandicapped.AtpresentCyclopscosts$50000.10Mr.Kurzweilandhisassociatesarepreparingasmaller11improvedversionthatwillsell12lessthanhalfthatprice.WithinafewyearsKurzweil13thepricerangewillbelowenoughforeveryschoolandlibraryto14one.MichaelHingsonDirectoroftheNationalFederationfortheBlindhopesthat15willbeabletobuyhome16ofCyclopsforthepriceofagoodtelevisionset. Mr.Hingson’sorganizationpurchasedfivemachinesandisnowtestingtheminMarylandColoradoIowaCaliforniaandNewYork.Blindpeoplehavebeen17inthosetestsmakinglotsof18suggestionstotheengineerswhohelpedtoproduceCyclops. "Thisisthefirsttimethatblindpeoplehaveeverdoneindividualstudies19aproductwasputonthemarket"Hingsonsaid."Mostmanufacturersbelievedthathavingtheblindhelptheblindwasliketellingdisabledpeopletoteachotherdisabledpeople.Inthat20themanufacturershavebeentheblindones. 5
AlthoughtherearemanyskillfulBraillereadersthousandsofotherblindpeoplefinditdifficulttolearnthatsystem.Theyaretherebyshut1fromtheworldofbooksandnewspapershavingto2onfriendstoreadaloudtothem. AyoungscientistnamedRaymondKurzweilhasnowdesignedacomputerwhichisamajor3inprovidingaidtothe4.HismachineCyclopshasacamerathat5anypageinterpretstheprintintosoundsandthendeliversthemorallyinarobot-like6throughaspeaker.Bypressingtheappropriatebuttons7Cyclops’skeyboardablindpersoncan"read"any8documentintheEnglishlanguage. Thisremarkableinventionrepresentsatremendous9forwardintheeducationofthehandicapped.AtpresentCyclopscosts$50000.10Mr.Kurzweilandhisassociatesarepreparingasmaller11improvedversionthatwillsell12lessthanhalfthatprice.WithinafewyearsKurzweil13thepricerangewillbelowenoughforeveryschoolandlibraryto14one.MichaelHingsonDirectoroftheNationalFederationfortheBlindhopesthat15willbeabletobuyhome16ofCyclopsforthepriceofagoodtelevisionset. Mr.Hingson’sorganizationpurchasedfivemachinesandisnowtestingtheminMarylandColoradoIowaCaliforniaandNewYork.Blindpeoplehavebeen17inthosetestsmakinglotsof18suggestionstotheengineerswhohelpedtoproduceCyclops. "Thisisthefirsttimethatblindpeoplehaveeverdoneindividualstudies19aproductwasputonthemarket"Hingsonsaid."Mostmanufacturersbelievedthathavingtheblindhelptheblindwasliketellingdisabledpeopletoteachotherdisabledpeople.Inthat20themanufacturershavebeentheblindones. 1
Anynormalspecieswouldbedelightedattheprospectofcloning.NomorenastysurpriseslikesicklecellorDownsyndrome--justbatchafterbatchofhigh-gradeandgeneticallyspeakingimmortaloffspring!ButrepresentativesofthehumanspeciesarerespondingasifsomeonehadproposedaddingSatanismtothegrade-schoolCurriculum.Suddenlyperfectlysecularfolksarethrowingaroundwordslikesanctityandretrievingmedieval-eraargumentsagainsttheprideofscience.Noonehasproposedburninghimatthestakebutthepoorfellowwhoinducedahumanembryotodoubleitselfhasvirtuallyrecantedproclaiminghisreverenceforhumanlifeinavoicethismagazinereported"chokingwithemotion." Thereisanelementofhypocrisytomuchoftheanti-cloningfurororifnothypocrisysuperstition.Thefactiswearealreadywelldownthepathleadingtogeneticmanipulationofthecreepiestsort.Life-formscanbepatentedwhichmeanstheycanbeboughtandsoldandpotentiallytradedonthecommoditiesmarkets.Humanembryosarelife-formsandthereisnothingtostopanyonefrommarketingthemnowonthesameshelfwiththeCabbagePatchdolls. Infactanyculturethatencouragesinvitrofertilizationhasnorighttocomplainaboutamarketinembryos.Theassumptionbehindtheinvitroindustryisthatsomepeople’sgeneticmaterialisworthmorethanothers’anddeservestobereproducedatanyexpense.Millionsoflow-incomebabiesdieeveryyearfrompreventableillslikedysenterywhileheroiceffortsgointomaintainingyuppiezygotesintesttubesattheunicellularstage.Thisisthedread"nightmare”ofeugenicsinfamiliarmarketplaceformwhichinvolvesbreedingthebest-paidinsteadofthebest.Cloningtechnologyisanalmostinevitablebyproductofinvitrofertilization.Onceyoudecidetogotothetroubleofinvitrowithitspotentiallyhazardousmegadosesofhormonesforthefemalepartnerandvariousindignitiesforthemaleyoumightaswellmakeafewbackupcopiesofanyviableembryothat’sproduced.Andonceyou’vegotthebackuporgancopieswhynotkeepafewinthefreezerincaseJunioreverneedsanewkidneyorcornea Thecriticsofcloningsayweshouldknowwhatwe’regettingintowithallitsOrwellianimplications.Butifwedecidetooutlawcloningweshouldunderstandtheimplicationsofthat.Wewouldbesayingineffectthatweprefertoleavegeneticdestinytothecrapshootingofnaturedespitesickle-cellanemiaandTay-Sachsandalltherestbecauseultimatelywedon’ttrustthemarkettoregulatelifeitself.Andthismaybethehardestthingofalltoacknowledge:thatitisn’tsomuch21stcenturytechnologywefearaswhatwillhappentothattechnologyinthehandsofold-fashioned20thcenturycapitalism. Accordingtothetextwhatconcernstheauthormostisthewithrespecttocloningtechnique.
It’seasytogetthesensethesedaysthatyou’vestumbledintoapartywithsomepowerfuldrugthatdramaticallyaltersidentity.Thefacesarefamiliarbutthewordscomingoutofthemaren’t.Somethinghashappenedtoalotofpeopleyouusedtothinkyouknew.They’vechangedintosomethingliketheirownopposite. There’sBillGateswhothesedaysisspendinglesstimeearningmoneythangivingitaway--andpullingotherbillionairesintothedeependofglobalphilanthropy慈善事业withhim.There’shistorianFrancisFukuyamaleadingawholegangofdisaffectedfellowtravelersawayfromneoconservatism.Toflip-flopishuman.Itcanstillsometimesbeapoliticalliabilityevidenceofaflakydispositionorrankopportunism.Buttherearecircumstancesinwhichnottoreversecourseseemsalmostpathological病态的.He’samodelofconsistencyStephenColbertsaidlastyearofGeorgeW.Bush:"HebelievesthesamethingWednesdaythathebelievedonMonday--nomatterwhathappenedonTuesday." OverthepastthreeyearsIfoundpeoplewhohadpulledabigU-turnintheirlives.Oftentheinsightcameinaforehead-smitingmomentinthemiddleofthenight:I’vegotitallwrong. Itlookedatfirstlikeasprinklingofoutliersbeyondthecurveofnormalhumanexperience.Butwhenyousteppedbackapatternemerged.Whatthesepersonalturnshadincommonwastheapprehensionthatwe’reallconnected.Everythingleansonsomethingisbothdependentanddependedon. "Thedifferencebetweenyouandme"avisitingChinesestudenttoldUniversityofMichiganpsychologistRichardNisbettnotlongago"isthatIthinktheworldisacircleandyouthinkit’saline."TheremarkpromptedtheprofessortowriteabookTheGeographyofThoughtaboutthedifferencesbetweentheWesternandtheAsianmind. ToWesternthinkingtheworldislinear;youcanchopitupandanalyzeitandwecanallworkonourlittlepartoftheprojectindependentlyuntilit’ssolved.TheclassicallyEasternmindaccordingtoNisbettseesthingsdifferently:theworldisn’talengthofropebutavastclosedchainincomprehensiblycomplexandeverchanging.Whenyoulookatlifefromthissecondperspectivesomeunlikelyconnectionsrevealthemselves. IrealizedthiswaswhatalmostalltheU-turnshadincommon:peoplehadswungaroundtofaceEast.Theyhadstoppedthinkinginalineandstartedthinkinginacircle.Moralitywaslookinglesslikeasetofrulesandmorelikeastoryoneinwhichtheywerepartofanensemblecastnolongerthestar. Whatcanweinferfromfirsttwoparagraphs
[A]Storytellersfromantiquityknewthepowerofstar-crossedromanceandsodidAudreyNiffenegger.Her2003bestsellerTheTimeTraveler’sWifeissoplangentataleoffatallovewithtwoadorablepeoplefightingtobeattheoddsagainstthem.[B]Henryyouseehasthegiftorcurseoftime-traveling:disappearingfromonetemporalandspatialrealitytopopupnakedinanother.Thisscience-fictiontropewillbefamiliartofansofTheTerminatorbutHenryisnoaction-fantasygod.He’sjustaguywhosebodyhasawanderlusthecan’tharness.That’swhyashetellsthebesottedClareIneverwantedanythinginmylifethatIcouldn’tstandlosing.Ofcoursethey’redestinedtobeeachother’soneandonlyloves.[C]MyfriendandneighborthefilmmakerAlanWadehasaprovocativeexplanationforwhyTitanicstrucksuchastrongandreverberantchordwithhundredsofmillionsofmoviegoersespeciallywomen:theherodies.OKthatbreaksacardinalruleofmovieromance:thattheloverskisshappilyatthefinalfade-out.Mostexamplesofthegenreendwiththatrosyimageinpartbecausetheirmakersarereluctanttobumouttheiraudience.[D]HenryEricBanawhoworksinaChicagopubliclibraryisinthereadingroomwhenawomanhe’snevermetwalksuptohimandsaysdewilyI’velovedyouallmylife.She’sClareRachelMcAdamsayoungartistandinherpast--Henry’sfuture-hehasvisitedherandwonherundyingdevotion.[E]JamesCameronmusthavebeentemptedtoendhisfilmwithLeonardoDiCaprio’sJacksurvivingtheship’ssinkingandenjoyingalonglifewithKateWinslet’sRose.[F]Thatit’ssurprisingittooksixyearsforittogettothebigscreen.Maybeprospectiveproducerswerereluctanttobucktheprevailingwisdomofaconventionalhappyending.AnywayhereisthefilmversiondirectedbyRobertSchwentke.It’ssoppyenoughtosuittherequirementsoftheweepiegenreandthere’samusicscorethattriestocuealltheemotionsinviewersasifthey’reincapableoflocatingtheirownfeelings.Butthemoviealsohasanachingsoliditythatallowsyoutosurrendertoitscuddly-creepyfeelingswithouthatingyourselfinthemorning.[G]ButCameronrealizedthatbykillingoffJackhewasraisingthemovie’sstakesfromdomesticplatitudetoclassicromantictragedy.Jack’sdeathstampedbothfinalityandimmortalityonthelovers’shipboardtryst.Becauseheisgonetheirlovewillliveforever.Order:[*]
Inhomesandworkplacesaroundtheworldit’shardtofindsomeonewhoisnotcelebratingtheimminentarrivaloffootball’sWorldCupexceptformanygreenactivistswhoareconcernedabouttheenvironmentalimpactofthegatheringoffootball’sglobaltribe.41______.EvenallowingforthefactthestudyincludedtheimpactoftransporttoandfromtheWorldCupwhichGermanydidn’titstillrepresentsaheftycarbonfootprint.InresponsetheSouthAfricanauthoritieshaveinitiatedsubstantialoffsettingprogramsincludingurbantree-plantingbutforlocalenvironmentalactiviststhat’snotenough.Oncecarbonisproducedclaimingthatoffsettingis’neutralizing’thecarbonfootprintisnothingmorethan’greenwash’BobbyPeekFriendsoftheEarthSouthAfricatoldCNN.SadlyFriendsoftheEarthSouthAfricabelievesnothingcanbedonetolessenthecarbonfootprintdespitethereassurancesmadebythevariouscities.42______.InDurbantheconstructionofanentirelynewstadiumwasnotnecessaryconsideringthatthereweretwostadiumsalongsideeachotherwhichcouldhavebeenredevelopedratherthanonecompletelydemolishedtomakewayforanewconstructionhesaid.Thusthe’savingsmade’werenegatedbytheneedforvirgincement.ThecementindustryisoneofthemainproducersofCO2.Foreverytonofcementthereisonetonofcarbonproduced.43______.IthinkSouthAfricahasmissedatrickinnotseekingofitsownvolitiontohostthefirst’carbonneutral’mega-eventAntonCartwrightco-founderofPromotingAccesstoCarbonEquitytoldCNN.Itwouldhavecostthemabout$25millionhadtheymobilizedanationaleffortbutthisdidnothappen.HadSouthAfricaspentthismoneytheywouldhavesecuredtheevent’slegacyandkick-startedSouthAfrica’srenewableenergyandenergyefficientsectorandIamnotsurethereisenoughpublicawarenessorpoliticalleadershiponthisissueinSouthAfricatoappreciatequitewhatanopportunityhasbeenpassedup.44______.ForthedepartmentandSouthAfricathisisamilestonealongthecountry’ssustainabledevelopmentgrowthpathAlbiModiseSouthAfricanDepartmentofEnvironmentalAffairstoldCNN.Hesaysthatwhileresourceshavebeentighttherehavebeen200000treesplantedinJohannesburgaspartofacarbon-offsettingprogram25000inRustenberg86000inDurbanandatargetof400000inTshwane/Pretoria.TherehavealsobeencarbonreductionprojectsfocusingonenergyefficiencyinstreetlightinginDurbanCapeTownJohannesburgTshwaneRustenburgPolokwaneandPortElizabeth.SomeactivistsconcedetheremaybesomeindirectenvironmentalbenefitsfromtheWorldCup.45______.IntheCityofCapeTowntransportaccountsforalmost50percentofgreenhousegasemissionsandeffortstoreducethisareimportant.Theotherimportantlegacyispublicawareness—awarenessisaprerequisiteforthesolutionsthatwesobadlyneedandwhathasbeenmostlacking.saidCartwright.[A]Peekalsoclaimsthattherehavebeenunnecessaryconstructionprojectsusingthousandsoftonsofconcrete—oneofthemostcarbon-intensiveindustries.[B]OthersbelievetheWorldCupisalostopportunityforSouthAfricatobeaworldleaderinmakingsportgreener.[C]Oneofthemostpositivelegacieswillprobablycomeaboutinadvertentlyintheformofimprovedpublictransportandthebus-rapid-transportsystemspecifically.[D]MoneyhasbeenpassedfromFIFAtonationalgovernmenttohostcitiesandatthelocallevelnotenoughisbeingdoneinspiteofafewbravebutsmallexceptions.Hostcityeffortshavebeenvariablewithageneralover-relianceontreeplanting.[E]HowevertheSouthAfricanauthoritiesremainadamanttheyhavedonealltheycanwiththeresourcesavailablealthoughthereisalwaysroomforimprovementandlearningfrompastmistakes.[F]AstudyconductedbytheNorwegiangovernmentonbehalfoftheSouthAfricanauthoritiesestimatesthe2010competitionwillhaveacarbonfootprint6timesthesizeofthelastWorldCupinGermany.[G]CartwrightadmitsthatsomehostcitiesmostnotablyDurbanandCapeTownhavetriedtoinitiateprojectsbutsaysingeneralithasbeenlefttoolate.
AlthoughtherearemanyskillfulBraillereadersthousandsofotherblindpeoplefinditdifficulttolearnthatsystem.Theyaretherebyshut1fromtheworldofbooksandnewspapershavingto2onfriendstoreadaloudtothem. AyoungscientistnamedRaymondKurzweilhasnowdesignedacomputerwhichisamajor3inprovidingaidtothe4.HismachineCyclopshasacamerathat5anypageinterpretstheprintintosoundsandthendeliversthemorallyinarobot-like6throughaspeaker.Bypressingtheappropriatebuttons7Cyclops’skeyboardablindpersoncan"read"any8documentintheEnglishlanguage. Thisremarkableinventionrepresentsatremendous9forwardintheeducationofthehandicapped.AtpresentCyclopscosts$50000.10Mr.Kurzweilandhisassociatesarepreparingasmaller11improvedversionthatwillsell12lessthanhalfthatprice.WithinafewyearsKurzweil13thepricerangewillbelowenoughforeveryschoolandlibraryto14one.MichaelHingsonDirectoroftheNationalFederationfortheBlindhopesthat15willbeabletobuyhome16ofCyclopsforthepriceofagoodtelevisionset. Mr.Hingson’sorganizationpurchasedfivemachinesandisnowtestingtheminMarylandColoradoIowaCaliforniaandNewYork.Blindpeoplehavebeen17inthosetestsmakinglotsof18suggestionstotheengineerswhohelpedtoproduceCyclops. "Thisisthefirsttimethatblindpeoplehaveeverdoneindividualstudies19aproductwasputonthemarket"Hingsonsaid."Mostmanufacturersbelievedthathavingtheblindhelptheblindwasliketellingdisabledpeopletoteachotherdisabledpeople.Inthat20themanufacturershavebeentheblindones. 9
[A]Storytellersfromantiquityknewthepowerofstar-crossedromanceandsodidAudreyNiffenegger.Her2003bestsellerTheTimeTraveler’sWifeissoplangentataleoffatallovewithtwoadorablepeoplefightingtobeattheoddsagainstthem.[B]Henryyouseehasthegiftorcurseoftime-traveling:disappearingfromonetemporalandspatialrealitytopopupnakedinanother.Thisscience-fictiontropewillbefamiliartofansofTheTerminatorbutHenryisnoaction-fantasygod.He’sjustaguywhosebodyhasawanderlusthecan’tharness.That’swhyashetellsthebesottedClareIneverwantedanythinginmylifethatIcouldn’tstandlosing.Ofcoursethey’redestinedtobeeachother’soneandonlyloves.[C]MyfriendandneighborthefilmmakerAlanWadehasaprovocativeexplanationforwhyTitanicstrucksuchastrongandreverberantchordwithhundredsofmillionsofmoviegoersespeciallywomen:theherodies.OKthatbreaksacardinalruleofmovieromance:thattheloverskisshappilyatthefinalfade-out.Mostexamplesofthegenreendwiththatrosyimageinpartbecausetheirmakersarereluctanttobumouttheiraudience.[D]HenryEricBanawhoworksinaChicagopubliclibraryisinthereadingroomwhenawomanhe’snevermetwalksuptohimandsaysdewilyI’velovedyouallmylife.She’sClareRachelMcAdamsayoungartistandinherpast--Henry’sfuture-hehasvisitedherandwonherundyingdevotion.[E]JamesCameronmusthavebeentemptedtoendhisfilmwithLeonardoDiCaprio’sJacksurvivingtheship’ssinkingandenjoyingalonglifewithKateWinslet’sRose.[F]Thatit’ssurprisingittooksixyearsforittogettothebigscreen.Maybeprospectiveproducerswerereluctanttobucktheprevailingwisdomofaconventionalhappyending.AnywayhereisthefilmversiondirectedbyRobertSchwentke.It’ssoppyenoughtosuittherequirementsoftheweepiegenreandthere’samusicscorethattriestocuealltheemotionsinviewersasifthey’reincapableoflocatingtheirownfeelings.Butthemoviealsohasanachingsoliditythatallowsyoutosurrendertoitscuddly-creepyfeelingswithouthatingyourselfinthemorning.[G]ButCameronrealizedthatbykillingoffJackhewasraisingthemovie’sstakesfromdomesticplatitudetoclassicromantictragedy.Jack’sdeathstampedbothfinalityandimmortalityonthelovers’shipboardtryst.Becauseheisgonetheirlovewillliveforever.Order:[*]
Anynormalspecieswouldbedelightedattheprospectofcloning.NomorenastysurpriseslikesicklecellorDownsyndrome--justbatchafterbatchofhigh-gradeandgeneticallyspeakingimmortaloffspring!ButrepresentativesofthehumanspeciesarerespondingasifsomeonehadproposedaddingSatanismtothegrade-schoolCurriculum.Suddenlyperfectlysecularfolksarethrowingaroundwordslikesanctityandretrievingmedieval-eraargumentsagainsttheprideofscience.Noonehasproposedburninghimatthestakebutthepoorfellowwhoinducedahumanembryotodoubleitselfhasvirtuallyrecantedproclaiminghisreverenceforhumanlifeinavoicethismagazinereported"chokingwithemotion." Thereisanelementofhypocrisytomuchoftheanti-cloningfurororifnothypocrisysuperstition.Thefactiswearealreadywelldownthepathleadingtogeneticmanipulationofthecreepiestsort.Life-formscanbepatentedwhichmeanstheycanbeboughtandsoldandpotentiallytradedonthecommoditiesmarkets.Humanembryosarelife-formsandthereisnothingtostopanyonefrommarketingthemnowonthesameshelfwiththeCabbagePatchdolls. Infactanyculturethatencouragesinvitrofertilizationhasnorighttocomplainaboutamarketinembryos.Theassumptionbehindtheinvitroindustryisthatsomepeople’sgeneticmaterialisworthmorethanothers’anddeservestobereproducedatanyexpense.Millionsoflow-incomebabiesdieeveryyearfrompreventableillslikedysenterywhileheroiceffortsgointomaintainingyuppiezygotesintesttubesattheunicellularstage.Thisisthedread"nightmare”ofeugenicsinfamiliarmarketplaceformwhichinvolvesbreedingthebest-paidinsteadofthebest.Cloningtechnologyisanalmostinevitablebyproductofinvitrofertilization.Onceyoudecidetogotothetroubleofinvitrowithitspotentiallyhazardousmegadosesofhormonesforthefemalepartnerandvariousindignitiesforthemaleyoumightaswellmakeafewbackupcopiesofanyviableembryothat’sproduced.Andonceyou’vegotthebackuporgancopieswhynotkeepafewinthefreezerincaseJunioreverneedsanewkidneyorcornea Thecriticsofcloningsayweshouldknowwhatwe’regettingintowithallitsOrwellianimplications.Butifwedecidetooutlawcloningweshouldunderstandtheimplicationsofthat.Wewouldbesayingineffectthatweprefertoleavegeneticdestinytothecrapshootingofnaturedespitesickle-cellanemiaandTay-Sachsandalltherestbecauseultimatelywedon’ttrustthemarkettoregulatelifeitself.Andthismaybethehardestthingofalltoacknowledge:thatitisn’tsomuch21stcenturytechnologywefearaswhatwillhappentothattechnologyinthehandsofold-fashioned20thcenturycapitalism. Itisimpliedinthe3rdparagraphthatitis
AlthoughtherearemanyskillfulBraillereadersthousandsofotherblindpeoplefinditdifficulttolearnthatsystem.Theyaretherebyshut1fromtheworldofbooksandnewspapershavingto2onfriendstoreadaloudtothem. AyoungscientistnamedRaymondKurzweilhasnowdesignedacomputerwhichisamajor3inprovidingaidtothe4.HismachineCyclopshasacamerathat5anypageinterpretstheprintintosoundsandthendeliversthemorallyinarobot-like6throughaspeaker.Bypressingtheappropriatebuttons7Cyclops’skeyboardablindpersoncan"read"any8documentintheEnglishlanguage. Thisremarkableinventionrepresentsatremendous9forwardintheeducationofthehandicapped.AtpresentCyclopscosts$50000.10Mr.Kurzweilandhisassociatesarepreparingasmaller11improvedversionthatwillsell12lessthanhalfthatprice.WithinafewyearsKurzweil13thepricerangewillbelowenoughforeveryschoolandlibraryto14one.MichaelHingsonDirectoroftheNationalFederationfortheBlindhopesthat15willbeabletobuyhome16ofCyclopsforthepriceofagoodtelevisionset. Mr.Hingson’sorganizationpurchasedfivemachinesandisnowtestingtheminMarylandColoradoIowaCaliforniaandNewYork.Blindpeoplehavebeen17inthosetestsmakinglotsof18suggestionstotheengineerswhohelpedtoproduceCyclops. "Thisisthefirsttimethatblindpeoplehaveeverdoneindividualstudies19aproductwasputonthemarket"Hingsonsaid."Mostmanufacturersbelievedthathavingtheblindhelptheblindwasliketellingdisabledpeopletoteachotherdisabledpeople.Inthat20themanufacturershavebeentheblindones. 3
AlthoughtherearemanyskillfulBraillereadersthousandsofotherblindpeoplefinditdifficulttolearnthatsystem.Theyaretherebyshut1fromtheworldofbooksandnewspapershavingto2onfriendstoreadaloudtothem. AyoungscientistnamedRaymondKurzweilhasnowdesignedacomputerwhichisamajor3inprovidingaidtothe4.HismachineCyclopshasacamerathat5anypageinterpretstheprintintosoundsandthendeliversthemorallyinarobot-like6throughaspeaker.Bypressingtheappropriatebuttons7Cyclops’skeyboardablindpersoncan"read"any8documentintheEnglishlanguage. Thisremarkableinventionrepresentsatremendous9forwardintheeducationofthehandicapped.AtpresentCyclopscosts$50000.10Mr.Kurzweilandhisassociatesarepreparingasmaller11improvedversionthatwillsell12lessthanhalfthatprice.WithinafewyearsKurzweil13thepricerangewillbelowenoughforeveryschoolandlibraryto14one.MichaelHingsonDirectoroftheNationalFederationfortheBlindhopesthat15willbeabletobuyhome16ofCyclopsforthepriceofagoodtelevisionset. Mr.Hingson’sorganizationpurchasedfivemachinesandisnowtestingtheminMarylandColoradoIowaCaliforniaandNewYork.Blindpeoplehavebeen17inthosetestsmakinglotsof18suggestionstotheengineerswhohelpedtoproduceCyclops. "Thisisthefirsttimethatblindpeoplehaveeverdoneindividualstudies19aproductwasputonthemarket"Hingsonsaid."Mostmanufacturersbelievedthathavingtheblindhelptheblindwasliketellingdisabledpeopletoteachotherdisabledpeople.Inthat20themanufacturershavebeentheblindones. 15
Inhomesandworkplacesaroundtheworldit’shardtofindsomeonewhoisnotcelebratingtheimminentarrivaloffootball’sWorldCupexceptformanygreenactivistswhoareconcernedabouttheenvironmentalimpactofthegatheringoffootball’sglobaltribe.41______.EvenallowingforthefactthestudyincludedtheimpactoftransporttoandfromtheWorldCupwhichGermanydidn’titstillrepresentsaheftycarbonfootprint.InresponsetheSouthAfricanauthoritieshaveinitiatedsubstantialoffsettingprogramsincludingurbantree-plantingbutforlocalenvironmentalactiviststhat’snotenough.Oncecarbonisproducedclaimingthatoffsettingis’neutralizing’thecarbonfootprintisnothingmorethan’greenwash’BobbyPeekFriendsoftheEarthSouthAfricatoldCNN.SadlyFriendsoftheEarthSouthAfricabelievesnothingcanbedonetolessenthecarbonfootprintdespitethereassurancesmadebythevariouscities.42______.InDurbantheconstructionofanentirelynewstadiumwasnotnecessaryconsideringthatthereweretwostadiumsalongsideeachotherwhichcouldhavebeenredevelopedratherthanonecompletelydemolishedtomakewayforanewconstructionhesaid.Thusthe’savingsmade’werenegatedbytheneedforvirgincement.ThecementindustryisoneofthemainproducersofCO2.Foreverytonofcementthereisonetonofcarbonproduced.43______.IthinkSouthAfricahasmissedatrickinnotseekingofitsownvolitiontohostthefirst’carbonneutral’mega-eventAntonCartwrightco-founderofPromotingAccesstoCarbonEquitytoldCNN.Itwouldhavecostthemabout$25millionhadtheymobilizedanationaleffortbutthisdidnothappen.HadSouthAfricaspentthismoneytheywouldhavesecuredtheevent’slegacyandkick-startedSouthAfrica’srenewableenergyandenergyefficientsectorandIamnotsurethereisenoughpublicawarenessorpoliticalleadershiponthisissueinSouthAfricatoappreciatequitewhatanopportunityhasbeenpassedup.44______.ForthedepartmentandSouthAfricathisisamilestonealongthecountry’ssustainabledevelopmentgrowthpathAlbiModiseSouthAfricanDepartmentofEnvironmentalAffairstoldCNN.Hesaysthatwhileresourceshavebeentighttherehavebeen200000treesplantedinJohannesburgaspartofacarbon-offsettingprogram25000inRustenberg86000inDurbanandatargetof400000inTshwane/Pretoria.TherehavealsobeencarbonreductionprojectsfocusingonenergyefficiencyinstreetlightinginDurbanCapeTownJohannesburgTshwaneRustenburgPolokwaneandPortElizabeth.SomeactivistsconcedetheremaybesomeindirectenvironmentalbenefitsfromtheWorldCup.45______.IntheCityofCapeTowntransportaccountsforalmost50percentofgreenhousegasemissionsandeffortstoreducethisareimportant.Theotherimportantlegacyispublicawareness—awarenessisaprerequisiteforthesolutionsthatwesobadlyneedandwhathasbeenmostlacking.saidCartwright.[A]Peekalsoclaimsthattherehavebeenunnecessaryconstructionprojectsusingthousandsoftonsofconcrete—oneofthemostcarbon-intensiveindustries.[B]OthersbelievetheWorldCupisalostopportunityforSouthAfricatobeaworldleaderinmakingsportgreener.[C]Oneofthemostpositivelegacieswillprobablycomeaboutinadvertentlyintheformofimprovedpublictransportandthebus-rapid-transportsystemspecifically.[D]MoneyhasbeenpassedfromFIFAtonationalgovernmenttohostcitiesandatthelocallevelnotenoughisbeingdoneinspiteofafewbravebutsmallexceptions.Hostcityeffortshavebeenvariablewithageneralover-relianceontreeplanting.[E]HowevertheSouthAfricanauthoritiesremainadamanttheyhavedonealltheycanwiththeresourcesavailablealthoughthereisalwaysroomforimprovementandlearningfrompastmistakes.[F]AstudyconductedbytheNorwegiangovernmentonbehalfoftheSouthAfricanauthoritiesestimatesthe2010competitionwillhaveacarbonfootprint6timesthesizeofthelastWorldCupinGermany.[G]CartwrightadmitsthatsomehostcitiesmostnotablyDurbanandCapeTownhavetriedtoinitiateprojectsbutsaysingeneralithasbeenlefttoolate.
TheearliestevidenceofstandardizedtestingbasedonmeritcomesfromChinaduringtheHandynasty.TheconceptofastateruledbymenofabilityandvirtuewasanoutgrowthofConfucianphilosophy.StandardizedtestinghasnottraditionallybeenapartofEuropeanpedagogy.Basedontheskepticalandopen-endedtraditionofdebateinheritedfromAncientGreeceWesternacademiafavoredtheessay.TheuseofstandardizedtestingintheUnitedStatesisa20thcenturyphenomenonwithitsoriginsinWorldWarI. Oneofthemainadvantagesofstandardizedtestingisthattheresultscanbeempiricallydocumented;thereforethetestscorescanbeshowntohavearelativedegreeofvalidityandreliabilityaswellasresultswhicharegeneralizableandreplicable.Thisisoftencontrastedwithgradesonaschooltranscriptwhichareassignedbyindividualteachers.Anotheradvantageisaggregation.Awelldesignedstandardizedtestprovidesanassessmentofanindividual’smasteryofadomainofknowledgeorskillwhichatsomelevelofaggregationwillprovideusefulinformation. Thoughmanyeducatorsrecognizethatstandardizedtestshaveaplaceintoolsusedtoassessstudentachievementcriticsfeelthatoveruseandmisuseofthesetestsishavingseriousnegativeconsequencesonteachingandlearning.Thetemptationistousetheteststodefinecurriculumandfocusinstruction.Whatisnottestedisnottaughtandhowthesubjectistestedbecomesamodelforhowtoteachthesubject.Moreoverstandardizedtestscoresareproblematictoolsforschoolaccountabilitybecausetheexamineescoresareinfluencedbythreethings:whatkidslearninschoolwhatkidslearnoutsideofschoolandinnateintelligence.Criticsbelievethisisnotpossible.Whileitispossibletouseastandardizedtestandnotletitslimitscontrolcurriculumandinstructionthiscanresultinaschoolputtingitselfatriskforproducinglowertestscoreswithnegativepoliticalconsequences. Somecriticssaythatsomechildrendonotdowellonstandardizedtestsdespitemasteryofthematerialduetotestinganxietyorlackoftimemanagementortest-takingskills.Thisreflectsthefactthattestscannotdirectlymeasurestudentknowledgeonlytheabilityofstudentstoapplyknowledgeinastressfulsituation. Someparentsarewillingtopaythousandsofdollarstopreparetheirchildrenfortestsafinancialbarrierthatmaygivechildrenofmorewealthyparentsanadvantagecomparedtolessaffluentfamilies.Howeverthiscriticismwouldprobablyapplyevenmoretotestingalternativessuchasportfoliosoressays.Manystudiesalsoshowthattestcoachinghaslittleeffectonscoresonwell-buihtests.Theabilityofwealthyfamiliestopayforhigher-qualityeducationisnotspecificallyrelatedtostandardizedtesting. Thestandardizedtestingisadvantageousmainlybecauseitis
AlthoughtherearemanyskillfulBraillereadersthousandsofotherblindpeoplefinditdifficulttolearnthatsystem.Theyaretherebyshut1fromtheworldofbooksandnewspapershavingto2onfriendstoreadaloudtothem. AyoungscientistnamedRaymondKurzweilhasnowdesignedacomputerwhichisamajor3inprovidingaidtothe4.HismachineCyclopshasacamerathat5anypageinterpretstheprintintosoundsandthendeliversthemorallyinarobot-like6throughaspeaker.Bypressingtheappropriatebuttons7Cyclops’skeyboardablindpersoncan"read"any8documentintheEnglishlanguage. Thisremarkableinventionrepresentsatremendous9forwardintheeducationofthehandicapped.AtpresentCyclopscosts$50000.10Mr.Kurzweilandhisassociatesarepreparingasmaller11improvedversionthatwillsell12lessthanhalfthatprice.WithinafewyearsKurzweil13thepricerangewillbelowenoughforeveryschoolandlibraryto14one.MichaelHingsonDirectoroftheNationalFederationfortheBlindhopesthat15willbeabletobuyhome16ofCyclopsforthepriceofagoodtelevisionset. Mr.Hingson’sorganizationpurchasedfivemachinesandisnowtestingtheminMarylandColoradoIowaCaliforniaandNewYork.Blindpeoplehavebeen17inthosetestsmakinglotsof18suggestionstotheengineerswhohelpedtoproduceCyclops. "Thisisthefirsttimethatblindpeoplehaveeverdoneindividualstudies19aproductwasputonthemarket"Hingsonsaid."Mostmanufacturersbelievedthathavingtheblindhelptheblindwasliketellingdisabledpeopletoteachotherdisabledpeople.Inthat20themanufacturershavebeentheblindones. 11
WhenitcomestosuingdoctorsPhiladelphiaishardlythecityofbrotherlylove.AcombinationofsprightlylawyersandsympatheticjurieshasmadePhiladelphiaahotspotformedical-malpracticelawsuits.Since1995Pennsylvaniastatecourtshaveawardedanaverageof$2minsuchcasesaccordingtoJuryVerdictResearchasurveyfirm.Somemedicalspecialistshaveseentheirmalpracticeinsurancepremiumsnearlydoubleoverthepastyear.Obstetriciansarenowpayingupto$104000ayeartoprotectthemselves. Theinsuranceindustryislargelytoblame.CarolGolintheMonitor’seditorarguesthatinthe1990sinsurerstriedtograbmarketsharebyofferingartificiallylowratesbettingthatanylosseswouldbecoveredbygainsontheirinvestments.Thestock-marketcorrectioncoupledwiththelargelegalawardshaserodedtheinsurers’reserves.ThreeinPennsylvaniaalonehavegonebust. Afewdoctors--particularlyolderones--willquit.Therestareadapting.Someareabandoninglitigation-proneproceduressuchasdeliveringbabies.Othersaremovingpartsoftheirpracticetoneighboringstateswhereinsuranceratesarelower.SomefromPennsylvaniahaveopenedofficesinNewJersey.Newdoctorsmayalsobedeterredfromsettingupshopinlitigationhavenshoweverprestigious. DespiteaRepublicanpresidenttortreformhasgotnowhereatthefederallevel.IndeeddoctorscouldgetclobberedindirectlybyaPatients’BillofRightswhichwouldfurtherexposemanagedcarecompaniestolawsuits.ThisprospecthasfuelledinterestamongdoctorsinPennsylvania’snewmedicalmalpracticereformbillwhichwassignedintolawonMarch20th.Itwillamongotherthingsgivedoctors$40mofstatefundstooffsettheirinsurancepremiumsspreadthepaymentofawardsoutovertimeandprohibitindividualsfromdoubledipping--thatissuingadoctorfordamagesthathavealreadybeenpaidbytheirhealthinsurer. ButwillitreallyhelpRandallBovbjergahealthpolicyexpertattheUrbanInstitutearguesthattheonlyproperwaytoslowdownthelitigationmachinewouldbetolimitthecompensationforpainandsufferingso-called"non-monetarydamages".Needlesstosayafixedcaponsuchawardsisresistedbymosttriallawyers.ButMrBovbjergreckonsamorenuancedapproachwithaslidingscaleofpaymentsbasedonwell-definedmeasuresofinjuryisabetterwayforward.Inthemeantimedoctorsandinsurersarebracingthemselvesforacouplemoreroughyearsbeforetheinsurancecycleturns. Nobodydisputesthathospitalstaffmakemistakes:a1999InstituteofMedicinereportclaimedthaterrorskillatleast44000patientsayear.Butthereislittleevidencethatmalpracticelawsuitsontheirownwillsolvetheproblem. WecanlearnfromthebeginningofthetextthatdoctorsinPhiladelphia
TheearliestevidenceofstandardizedtestingbasedonmeritcomesfromChinaduringtheHandynasty.TheconceptofastateruledbymenofabilityandvirtuewasanoutgrowthofConfucianphilosophy.StandardizedtestinghasnottraditionallybeenapartofEuropeanpedagogy.Basedontheskepticalandopen-endedtraditionofdebateinheritedfromAncientGreeceWesternacademiafavoredtheessay.TheuseofstandardizedtestingintheUnitedStatesisa20thcenturyphenomenonwithitsoriginsinWorldWarI. Oneofthemainadvantagesofstandardizedtestingisthattheresultscanbeempiricallydocumented;thereforethetestscorescanbeshowntohavearelativedegreeofvalidityandreliabilityaswellasresultswhicharegeneralizableandreplicable.Thisisoftencontrastedwithgradesonaschooltranscriptwhichareassignedbyindividualteachers.Anotheradvantageisaggregation.Awelldesignedstandardizedtestprovidesanassessmentofanindividual’smasteryofadomainofknowledgeorskillwhichatsomelevelofaggregationwillprovideusefulinformation. Thoughmanyeducatorsrecognizethatstandardizedtestshaveaplaceintoolsusedtoassessstudentachievementcriticsfeelthatoveruseandmisuseofthesetestsishavingseriousnegativeconsequencesonteachingandlearning.Thetemptationistousetheteststodefinecurriculumandfocusinstruction.Whatisnottestedisnottaughtandhowthesubjectistestedbecomesamodelforhowtoteachthesubject.Moreoverstandardizedtestscoresareproblematictoolsforschoolaccountabilitybecausetheexamineescoresareinfluencedbythreethings:whatkidslearninschoolwhatkidslearnoutsideofschoolandinnateintelligence.Criticsbelievethisisnotpossible.Whileitispossibletouseastandardizedtestandnotletitslimitscontrolcurriculumandinstructionthiscanresultinaschoolputtingitselfatriskforproducinglowertestscoreswithnegativepoliticalconsequences. Somecriticssaythatsomechildrendonotdowellonstandardizedtestsdespitemasteryofthematerialduetotestinganxietyorlackoftimemanagementortest-takingskills.Thisreflectsthefactthattestscannotdirectlymeasurestudentknowledgeonlytheabilityofstudentstoapplyknowledgeinastressfulsituation. Someparentsarewillingtopaythousandsofdollarstopreparetheirchildrenfortestsafinancialbarrierthatmaygivechildrenofmorewealthyparentsanadvantagecomparedtolessaffluentfamilies.Howeverthiscriticismwouldprobablyapplyevenmoretotestingalternativessuchasportfoliosoressays.Manystudiesalsoshowthattestcoachinghaslittleeffectonscoresonwell-buihtests.Theabilityofwealthyfamiliestopayforhigher-qualityeducationisnotspecificallyrelatedtostandardizedtesting. WhichoneofthefollowingfactorsinfluencingtestscoresisNOTcriticizedbysomecritics
[A]Storytellersfromantiquityknewthepowerofstar-crossedromanceandsodidAudreyNiffenegger.Her2003bestsellerTheTimeTraveler’sWifeissoplangentataleoffatallovewithtwoadorablepeoplefightingtobeattheoddsagainstthem.[B]Henryyouseehasthegiftorcurseoftime-traveling:disappearingfromonetemporalandspatialrealitytopopupnakedinanother.Thisscience-fictiontropewillbefamiliartofansofTheTerminatorbutHenryisnoaction-fantasygod.He’sjustaguywhosebodyhasawanderlusthecan’tharness.That’swhyashetellsthebesottedClareIneverwantedanythinginmylifethatIcouldn’tstandlosing.Ofcoursethey’redestinedtobeeachother’soneandonlyloves.[C]MyfriendandneighborthefilmmakerAlanWadehasaprovocativeexplanationforwhyTitanicstrucksuchastrongandreverberantchordwithhundredsofmillionsofmoviegoersespeciallywomen:theherodies.OKthatbreaksacardinalruleofmovieromance:thattheloverskisshappilyatthefinalfade-out.Mostexamplesofthegenreendwiththatrosyimageinpartbecausetheirmakersarereluctanttobumouttheiraudience.[D]HenryEricBanawhoworksinaChicagopubliclibraryisinthereadingroomwhenawomanhe’snevermetwalksuptohimandsaysdewilyI’velovedyouallmylife.She’sClareRachelMcAdamsayoungartistandinherpast--Henry’sfuture-hehasvisitedherandwonherundyingdevotion.[E]JamesCameronmusthavebeentemptedtoendhisfilmwithLeonardoDiCaprio’sJacksurvivingtheship’ssinkingandenjoyingalonglifewithKateWinslet’sRose.[F]Thatit’ssurprisingittooksixyearsforittogettothebigscreen.Maybeprospectiveproducerswerereluctanttobucktheprevailingwisdomofaconventionalhappyending.AnywayhereisthefilmversiondirectedbyRobertSchwentke.It’ssoppyenoughtosuittherequirementsoftheweepiegenreandthere’samusicscorethattriestocuealltheemotionsinviewersasifthey’reincapableoflocatingtheirownfeelings.Butthemoviealsohasanachingsoliditythatallowsyoutosurrendertoitscuddly-creepyfeelingswithouthatingyourselfinthemorning.[G]ButCameronrealizedthatbykillingoffJackhewasraisingthemovie’sstakesfromdomesticplatitudetoclassicromantictragedy.Jack’sdeathstampedbothfinalityandimmortalityonthelovers’shipboardtryst.Becauseheisgonetheirlovewillliveforever.Order:[*]
46WhenNewmanpreparedhisdiscoursestheviewthatauniversitywasmorethanaplaceforteachinguniversalknowledgethatitwasalsoaplaceforprofessionaleducationandprimarilyaplacefortheendowmentoflearningorresearchwasprevalentenoughforhimtoreasserttheolderOxfordposition.HewasawareofthepressurebeingexertedonOxfordandCambridgetoprovidegreateropportunitiesforteachingthatwasrelatedtoinvestigationandnottocharacterformation.47Forcenturiesscholarsandscientistshadsoughtopeningswithinuniversitiesforworkthatwasnotnecessarilydirectlyrelatedtotheteachingofyoungpersonsoratleastteachingdominatedbyliterarytheologicalandmathematicalsubjects.ThereweresomesuccessesandnewhistoriesofOxfordandCambridgeuniversitiesareuncoveringmore.Evenwithinthecollegiatesystemwhereteachingtutorsratherthanresearchprofessorspredominatedresearchwasneveraltogetheroutofthequestionforuniversities.48Alifespentinteachingwillatsomepointshadeoverintoresearchorperhapsitisbettertosaystudysinceresearchissystematicstudyinagivenareaofknowledgeanditssubsequentdisseminationalthoughnotnecessarilythroughthemediumofthelecturehall.ButalthoughuniversityprofessorswrotebookssomeofthemoriginaltreatisesandnottextsandlearnedpaperswereproducedbyclassicistsphilosophersandscientiststheoverallintellectualenvironmentwasasNewmanwishedwhetherinEnglandorScotland.Theresearchfunctionhadnotbeenraisedtothelevelofanideology.Therewasnostrongcultureofresearchthatputapremiumonoriginalityandstressedtheimportanceofdiscoveryandadivisionofintellectuallabour.ItwasnotaneraofPh.D.candidatesandgraduateschoolsextra-muralgrantsandcontractresearch.Universityappointmentswerenotmadebecausepotentialfellowsandchairholderswereevaluatedfortheiroriginalcontributionstoknowledgeorcouldbepraisedforbeingonthecuttingedgeofintellectuallife.49Learned.yes;butthatmostoftenmeantanimpressivecommandofexistingknowledgewithnoexpectationthatscholarlyworkofseminalimportancetoaparticularfieldofinquirywassomedaylikelytoemergeand—mostimportantly—besystematicallydiffused.TheprincipalinstitutionalvictoriesofVictorianresearchersandtheirpredecessorslayelsewhereinthecreationoflearnedsocietiesbotanicalgardensmuseumslibrariesandspecializedinstitutions.Iftheobjectofauniversitywas...scientificandphilosophicaldiscoveryIdonotseewhyauniversityshouldhavestudentswroteNewman.TheteachingofstudentshadassumednewimportanceduringNewman’slifetime.InarguingforthetraditionalviewthatresearchwhileapossiblefunctionforuniversitiesshouldalwaysbesecondaryNewmanwasreflectingimportantinternaltransformationsthathadoccurredinhisyouth.50ThenewexaminationscultureintroducedatOxfordbythereformsof1800anddevelopedearlieratCambridgehadreinforcedteachingandstrengthenedtheholdofcollegesontheuniversity’spedagogicalmissionandanewgenerationofstudentsofwhichNewmanwasonehadineffectdemandedmoreattentionfromdonsandstimulatedmanyofthechangesthatimprovedtheintellectualstandingoftheancientuniversitiesofEngland.
46WhenNewmanpreparedhisdiscoursestheviewthatauniversitywasmorethanaplaceforteachinguniversalknowledgethatitwasalsoaplaceforprofessionaleducationandprimarilyaplacefortheendowmentoflearningorresearchwasprevalentenoughforhimtoreasserttheolderOxfordposition.HewasawareofthepressurebeingexertedonOxfordandCambridgetoprovidegreateropportunitiesforteachingthatwasrelatedtoinvestigationandnottocharacterformation.47Forcenturiesscholarsandscientistshadsoughtopeningswithinuniversitiesforworkthatwasnotnecessarilydirectlyrelatedtotheteachingofyoungpersonsoratleastteachingdominatedbyliterarytheologicalandmathematicalsubjects.ThereweresomesuccessesandnewhistoriesofOxfordandCambridgeuniversitiesareuncoveringmore.Evenwithinthecollegiatesystemwhereteachingtutorsratherthanresearchprofessorspredominatedresearchwasneveraltogetheroutofthequestionforuniversities.48Alifespentinteachingwillatsomepointshadeoverintoresearchorperhapsitisbettertosaystudysinceresearchissystematicstudyinagivenareaofknowledgeanditssubsequentdisseminationalthoughnotnecessarilythroughthemediumofthelecturehall.ButalthoughuniversityprofessorswrotebookssomeofthemoriginaltreatisesandnottextsandlearnedpaperswereproducedbyclassicistsphilosophersandscientiststheoverallintellectualenvironmentwasasNewmanwishedwhetherinEnglandorScotland.Theresearchfunctionhadnotbeenraisedtothelevelofanideology.Therewasnostrongcultureofresearchthatputapremiumonoriginalityandstressedtheimportanceofdiscoveryandadivisionofintellectuallabour.ItwasnotaneraofPh.D.candidatesandgraduateschoolsextra-muralgrantsandcontractresearch.Universityappointmentswerenotmadebecausepotentialfellowsandchairholderswereevaluatedfortheiroriginalcontributionstoknowledgeorcouldbepraisedforbeingonthecuttingedgeofintellectuallife.49Learned.yes;butthatmostoftenmeantanimpressivecommandofexistingknowledgewithnoexpectationthatscholarlyworkofseminalimportancetoaparticularfieldofinquirywassomedaylikelytoemergeand—mostimportantly—besystematicallydiffused.TheprincipalinstitutionalvictoriesofVictorianresearchersandtheirpredecessorslayelsewhereinthecreationoflearnedsocietiesbotanicalgardensmuseumslibrariesandspecializedinstitutions.Iftheobjectofauniversitywas...scientificandphilosophicaldiscoveryIdonotseewhyauniversityshouldhavestudentswroteNewman.TheteachingofstudentshadassumednewimportanceduringNewman’slifetime.InarguingforthetraditionalviewthatresearchwhileapossiblefunctionforuniversitiesshouldalwaysbesecondaryNewmanwasreflectingimportantinternaltransformationsthathadoccurredinhisyouth.50ThenewexaminationscultureintroducedatOxfordbythereformsof1800anddevelopedearlieratCambridgehadreinforcedteachingandstrengthenedtheholdofcollegesontheuniversity’spedagogicalmissionandanewgenerationofstudentsofwhichNewmanwasonehadineffectdemandedmoreattentionfromdonsandstimulatedmanyofthechangesthatimprovedtheintellectualstandingoftheancientuniversitiesofEngland.
AlthoughtherearemanyskillfulBraillereadersthousandsofotherblindpeoplefinditdifficulttolearnthatsystem.Theyaretherebyshut1fromtheworldofbooksandnewspapershavingto2onfriendstoreadaloudtothem. AyoungscientistnamedRaymondKurzweilhasnowdesignedacomputerwhichisamajor3inprovidingaidtothe4.HismachineCyclopshasacamerathat5anypageinterpretstheprintintosoundsandthendeliversthemorallyinarobot-like6throughaspeaker.Bypressingtheappropriatebuttons7Cyclops’skeyboardablindpersoncan"read"any8documentintheEnglishlanguage. Thisremarkableinventionrepresentsatremendous9forwardintheeducationofthehandicapped.AtpresentCyclopscosts$50000.10Mr.Kurzweilandhisassociatesarepreparingasmaller11improvedversionthatwillsell12lessthanhalfthatprice.WithinafewyearsKurzweil13thepricerangewillbelowenoughforeveryschoolandlibraryto14one.MichaelHingsonDirectoroftheNationalFederationfortheBlindhopesthat15willbeabletobuyhome16ofCyclopsforthepriceofagoodtelevisionset. Mr.Hingson’sorganizationpurchasedfivemachinesandisnowtestingtheminMarylandColoradoIowaCaliforniaandNewYork.Blindpeoplehavebeen17inthosetestsmakinglotsof18suggestionstotheengineerswhohelpedtoproduceCyclops. "Thisisthefirsttimethatblindpeoplehaveeverdoneindividualstudies19aproductwasputonthemarket"Hingsonsaid."Mostmanufacturersbelievedthathavingtheblindhelptheblindwasliketellingdisabledpeopletoteachotherdisabledpeople.Inthat20themanufacturershavebeentheblindones. 7
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