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On his fifty-fifth birthday the president decided to (1) some prisoners of the (2) age as a gestu...
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DoctorCarlwasaverybusyman.HealwaysworkedharD.Heoft
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Text2 Theuseofheatpumpshas’beenheldbacklargelybyskepticismaboutadvertisers’claimsthatheatpumpscanprovideasmanyasunitsofthermalenergyforeachunitofelectricalenergyusedthusapparentlycontradictingtheprincipleofenergyconservation.Heatpumpscirculateafluidrefrigerantthatcyclesalternativelyfromitsliquidphasetoitsvaporphaseinaclosedloop.Therefrigerantstartingasalow-temperaturelow-pressurevaporenterscompressordrivenbyanelectricmotor.Therefrigerantleavesthecompressorasahotdensevaporandflowsthroughaheatexchangercalledthecondenserwhichtransfersheatfromtherefrigeranttoabodyorair.Nowtherefrigerantasahigh-pressurecooledliquidconfrontsaflowrestrictionwhichcausesthepressuretodrop.Asthepressurefallstherefrigerantexpandsandpartiallyvaporizesbecomingchilled.Itthenpassesthroughasecondheatexchangertheevaporatorwhichtransfersheatfromtheairtotherefrigerantreducingthetemperatureofthissecondbodyofair.Ofthetwoheatexchangersoneislocatedinsideandtheotheroneoutsidethehousesoeachisincontactwithadifferentbodyofair:roomairandoutsideairrespectively. Theflowdirectionofrefrigerantthroughaheatpumpiscontrolledbyvalves.Whentherefrigerantflowisreversedtheheatexchangersswitchfunction.Thisflow-reversalcapabilityallowsheatpumps--eithertoheatorcoolroomair. NowifundercertainconditionsaheatpumpputsoutmorethermalenergythanitconsumesinelectricalenergyhasthelawofenergyconservationbeenchallengedNonotevenremotely:theadditionalinputofthermalenergyintothecirculatingrefrigerantviatheevaporatoraccountsforthedifferenceintheenergyequation. Unfortunatelythereisonerealproblem.Theheatingcapacityofaheatpumpdecreasesastheoutdoortemperaturefalls.Thedropincapacityiscausedbythelesseningamountofrefrigerantmassmovedthroughthecompressoratonetime.Theheatingcapacityisproportionaltothismassflowrate:thelessthemassofrefrigerantbeingcompressedthelessthethermalloaditcantransferthroughtheheat-pumpcycle.Thevolumeflowrateofrefrigerantvaporthroughthesingle-speedrotarycompressorusedinheatpumpsisapproximatelyconstant.Butcoldrefrigerantvaporenteringacompressorisatlowerpressurethanwarmervapor.Thereforethemassofcoldrefrigerant--andthusthethermalenergyitcarries--islessthaniftherefrigerantvaporwerewarmerbeforecompression. Herethenliesagenuinedrawbackofheatpumps:inextremelycoldclimates--wherethemostheatisneeded--heatpumpsareleastabletosupplyen6ughheat. Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto
Whenthepublicdemands“lawandorder”andwhennewspaperseditorialstalkaboutthe"risingtideofcrime“theyhaveinmindmostlystreetcrimecommittedbythepoor.EventhemassivereportofthePresident’sCrimeCommissiontheChallengeofCrimeinaFreeSocietydevotedonlytwopagestotheentiresubjectofwhite-collaroffendersandbusinesscrimes.Thedeepconcernwithstreetcrimesisunderstandable.Unlikeaswindlerwhomerelytakesthevictim’smoneyanarmedmuggerthreatens’physicalinjuryandevendeath.46YetthefactremainsthatagreatdealofcrimeinAmericansociety--perhapsmostcrimeandcertainlythemostcostlycrimeiscommittedbyrespectablemiddle-classandupper-classcitizens.Theterm“white-collarcrimewasfirstusedbyEdwinSutherlandinanaddresstotheAmericanffociologicalAssociationin1939.47“White-collarcrime”hedeclared“maybedefinedapproximatelyasacrimecommittedbyapersonofrespectabilityandhighstatusinthecourseofhisoccupation.”Sutherlanddocumentedtheexistenceofthisformofcrimewithastudyofthecareersof70largereputablecorporationswhichtogetherhadcommitted980violationsofthecriminallaworanaverageof14convictionsapiece.Behindtheoffensesoffalseadvertisingunfairlaborpracticesrestraintoftradeprice-fixingagreementsstockmanipulationcopyrightinfringementandoutrightswindleswereperfectlyrespectablemiddle-classexecutives.48Sociologistsnowusetheterm"white-collarcrime"torefernotonlytocrimescommittedinthecourseofbusinessactivitiesforcorporatebenefitbutalsotocrimessuchasembezzlementtypicallycommittedbypersonsofhighstatusforpersonalbenefits. AsSutherlandpointedoutthefullextentofwhite-collarcrimeisdifficulttoassess.Manycorporatemalpracticesgoundetectedandmanywealthypeopleareabletocommitcrimeslikeexpense-accountfraudforyearswithoutbeingfoundout.49Moreimportantwhite-collarcrimesareusuallyregardedassomehowlessseriousthanthecrimesofthelowerclassandtheyattractlessattentionfrompoliceandprosecutors.Eventhevictimsmaybeunwillingtoprosecutebecauseoftheoffender’s"standinginthecommunity"andwouldratheroutofcourt.Acompanythatfindsitssafehasbeenburgledinthenightwillimmediatelysummonthepolicebutitmightnotdosoifitfindsthatoneofitsexecutiveshasembezzledsomeofitsfunds.50Toavoidunwelcomepublicitythecompanyofficialsmaysimplyallowtheoffendertoresignaftermakinganarrangementtorepaythemissingmoney. Sociologistsnowusethetermwhite-collarcrimetorefernotonlytocrimescommittedinthecourseofbusinessactivitiesforcorporatebenefitbutalsotocrimessuchasembezzlementtypicallycommittedbypersonsofhighstatusforpersonalbenefits.
Allovertheearth’ssurfaceisalayerofairwhichextendsupwardsformanymiles.Thisair1theoxygenwithoutwhichneitherplantsnoranimals2live.Itsmovementstemperatureandpressure3theweatheranditisavehicle4thecloudsofwatervapour5condenseandfallasrain.Itformsablanketwhich6usfromtheextremeheatofthesunduringthedayand7theextremecoldwhenthesunhas8 Itischiefly9airthatsoundtravelssothatiftherewerenoairweshould10practicallynothing.Theatmosphereisheld11theearth’ssurfacebythegravitationalpulloftheearth--that.isithasweight.Highupitisthin12nearthesurfaceitiscompressedbythe13ofairaboveandismoredense.Theweightofairpressing14eachsquareinchofsurfaceatsea-levelisnearly15poundswhichmeansthatthetotalforce16theskinofanaveragemanisabout30000pounds.Heisnot17thisbecausethepressureisequalinalldirectionsandthepressureinsidehimisequal18-thatwithoutbutshouldhegoupinaballoontoaheightatwhichtheoutside-pressureis19hewouldsufferacutely.Itis20thisreasonthatthecabinsofaeroplanesare’pressurized’. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points16
Text4 Americaisthelandoftheautomobile.Thiscountryhasonly6percentoftheworld’spopulationbut46percentoftheworld’scars.Rightnowthereare97millionprivatelyownedcarsconsuming’75billiongallonsofgasolineandtravelinganestimated1000billionmilesayear.Thefiguresalsoaffirmsomethingweknoweverytimewerefillourgasolinetank.Theautomobileisaverythirstypieceoftechnology.OfthetotalpetroleumsupplyintheUnitedStates30percentgoestoquenchthatthirst.Everyyearforeachpassengercarabout800gallonsofgasolineareconsumed. Otheraspectsofourcommitmenttotheautomobilealsobearmentioninghereittakesagreatdealofenergytomanufactureoneautomobile--about150millionBTUsofenergy.Thisisequivalentto1200gallonsofgasolineenoughtorunacarforabout16000miles.Weexpendenergyintheprocessofshippingcarsfromfactoriestoshowroomsdisplayingthemforsalehandmakingreplacementpartsforrepairs.Oneoutofsixjobsinthenationisassociatedwiththeautomobilebusiness.Abouttwogallonsofgasolineareconsumedintheprocessofmakingeverytengallonsthatarepumpedintoanautomobile’sgastank. Buildinghighwaysandparkinglotshasusedupmuchofourland.Ithasbeenestimatedthatwehavepavedover21000squaremilesofthiscountry’ssurfacemostofittoaccommodatetheautomobile.Theautomobileisalsothelargestcontributortoournation’sairpollutionproblemandaveryseriousonebecausemostofitspollutantsareemittedinourlargemetropolitanareas. Asidefromthegreatimpactthatwouldoccurifeveryoneseriouslypractisedconservationoneshouldstopandthinkabouthisowncasualuseoftheautomobile.Therearenumeroussituationswherebetterplanningandawarenesscouldreallymakeadifferenceinenergysavingsanddollars.BecausetheautomobileusesthelargestpercentageofenergyinanaverageAmericanfamily’senergybudgetandalmosthalfofthedollarstheimpetusforsavingsistremendous. Theauthorsuggeststhatenergysavingscouldberealized
PartB Directions: A.Title:SMOKING B.Wordlimit:160-200words C.Timelimit:40minutes D.Youarerequiredtodevelopyouressayaccordingtothegiventopicsentenceofeach paragraph. 3.Itisimportanttosustainoureffortstobansmoking.
Allovertheearth’ssurfaceisalayerofairwhichextendsupwardsformanymiles.Thisair1theoxygenwithoutwhichneitherplantsnoranimals2live.Itsmovementstemperatureandpressure3theweatheranditisavehicle4thecloudsofwatervapour5condenseandfallasrain.Itformsablanketwhich6usfromtheextremeheatofthesunduringthedayand7theextremecoldwhenthesunhas8 Itischiefly9airthatsoundtravelssothatiftherewerenoairweshould10practicallynothing.Theatmosphereisheld11theearth’ssurfacebythegravitationalpulloftheearth--that.isithasweight.Highupitisthin12nearthesurfaceitiscompressedbythe13ofairaboveandismoredense.Theweightofairpressing14eachsquareinchofsurfaceatsea-levelisnearly15poundswhichmeansthatthetotalforce16theskinofanaveragemanisabout30000pounds.Heisnot17thisbecausethepressureisequalinalldirectionsandthepressureinsidehimisequal18-thatwithoutbutshouldhegoupinaballoontoaheightatwhichtheoutside-pressureis19hewouldsufferacutely.Itis20thisreasonthatthecabinsofaeroplanesare’pressurized’. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points12
Text4 Americaisthelandoftheautomobile.Thiscountryhasonly6percentoftheworld’spopulationbut46percentoftheworld’scars.Rightnowthereare97millionprivatelyownedcarsconsuming’75billiongallonsofgasolineandtravelinganestimated1000billionmilesayear.Thefiguresalsoaffirmsomethingweknoweverytimewerefillourgasolinetank.Theautomobileisaverythirstypieceoftechnology.OfthetotalpetroleumsupplyintheUnitedStates30percentgoestoquenchthatthirst.Everyyearforeachpassengercarabout800gallonsofgasolineareconsumed. Otheraspectsofourcommitmenttotheautomobilealsobearmentioninghereittakesagreatdealofenergytomanufactureoneautomobile--about150millionBTUsofenergy.Thisisequivalentto1200gallonsofgasolineenoughtorunacarforabout16000miles.Weexpendenergyintheprocessofshippingcarsfromfactoriestoshowroomsdisplayingthemforsalehandmakingreplacementpartsforrepairs.Oneoutofsixjobsinthenationisassociatedwiththeautomobilebusiness.Abouttwogallonsofgasolineareconsumedintheprocessofmakingeverytengallonsthatarepumpedintoanautomobile’sgastank. Buildinghighwaysandparkinglotshasusedupmuchofourland.Ithasbeenestimatedthatwehavepavedover21000squaremilesofthiscountry’ssurfacemostofittoaccommodatetheautomobile.Theautomobileisalsothelargestcontributortoournation’sairpollutionproblemandaveryseriousonebecausemostofitspollutantsareemittedinourlargemetropolitanareas. Asidefromthegreatimpactthatwouldoccurifeveryoneseriouslypractisedconservationoneshouldstopandthinkabouthisowncasualuseoftheautomobile.Therearenumeroussituationswherebetterplanningandawarenesscouldreallymakeadifferenceinenergysavingsanddollars.BecausetheautomobileusesthelargestpercentageofenergyinanaverageAmericanfamily’senergybudgetandalmosthalfofthedollarstheimpetusforsavingsistremendous. Accordingtotheauthorwhatdomostpeoplerealize
Text2 Theuseofheatpumpshas’beenheldbacklargelybyskepticismaboutadvertisers’claimsthatheatpumpscanprovideasmanyasunitsofthermalenergyforeachunitofelectricalenergyusedthusapparentlycontradictingtheprincipleofenergyconservation.Heatpumpscirculateafluidrefrigerantthatcyclesalternativelyfromitsliquidphasetoitsvaporphaseinaclosedloop.Therefrigerantstartingasalow-temperaturelow-pressurevaporenterscompressordrivenbyanelectricmotor.Therefrigerantleavesthecompressorasahotdensevaporandflowsthroughaheatexchangercalledthecondenserwhichtransfersheatfromtherefrigeranttoabodyorair.Nowtherefrigerantasahigh-pressurecooledliquidconfrontsaflowrestrictionwhichcausesthepressuretodrop.Asthepressurefallstherefrigerantexpandsandpartiallyvaporizesbecomingchilled.Itthenpassesthroughasecondheatexchangertheevaporatorwhichtransfersheatfromtheairtotherefrigerantreducingthetemperatureofthissecondbodyofair.Ofthetwoheatexchangersoneislocatedinsideandtheotheroneoutsidethehousesoeachisincontactwithadifferentbodyofair:roomairandoutsideairrespectively. Theflowdirectionofrefrigerantthroughaheatpumpiscontrolledbyvalves.Whentherefrigerantflowisreversedtheheatexchangersswitchfunction.Thisflow-reversalcapabilityallowsheatpumps--eithertoheatorcoolroomair. NowifundercertainconditionsaheatpumpputsoutmorethermalenergythanitconsumesinelectricalenergyhasthelawofenergyconservationbeenchallengedNonotevenremotely:theadditionalinputofthermalenergyintothecirculatingrefrigerantviatheevaporatoraccountsforthedifferenceintheenergyequation. Unfortunatelythereisonerealproblem.Theheatingcapacityofaheatpumpdecreasesastheoutdoortemperaturefalls.Thedropincapacityiscausedbythelesseningamountofrefrigerantmassmovedthroughthecompressoratonetime.Theheatingcapacityisproportionaltothismassflowrate:thelessthemassofrefrigerantbeingcompressedthelessthethermalloaditcantransferthroughtheheat-pumpcycle.Thevolumeflowrateofrefrigerantvaporthroughthesingle-speedrotarycompressorusedinheatpumpsisapproximatelyconstant.Butcoldrefrigerantvaporenteringacompressorisatlowerpressurethanwarmervapor.Thereforethemassofcoldrefrigerant--andthusthethermalenergyitcarries--islessthaniftherefrigerantvaporwerewarmerbeforecompression. Herethenliesagenuinedrawbackofheatpumps:inextremelycoldclimates--wherethemostheatisneeded--heatpumpsareleastabletosupplyen6ughheat. ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatinthecourseofaheatingseasontheheatingcapacityofhheatpumpisgreatestWhen
Allovertheearth’ssurfaceisalayerofairwhichextendsupwardsformanymiles.Thisair1theoxygenwithoutwhichneitherplantsnoranimals2live.Itsmovementstemperatureandpressure3theweatheranditisavehicle4thecloudsofwatervapour5condenseandfallasrain.Itformsablanketwhich6usfromtheextremeheatofthesunduringthedayand7theextremecoldwhenthesunhas8 Itischiefly9airthatsoundtravelssothatiftherewerenoairweshould10practicallynothing.Theatmosphereisheld11theearth’ssurfacebythegravitationalpulloftheearth--that.isithasweight.Highupitisthin12nearthesurfaceitiscompressedbythe13ofairaboveandismoredense.Theweightofairpressing14eachsquareinchofsurfaceatsea-levelisnearly15poundswhichmeansthatthetotalforce16theskinofanaveragemanisabout30000pounds.Heisnot17thisbecausethepressureisequalinalldirectionsandthepressureinsidehimisequal18-thatwithoutbutshouldhegoupinaballoontoaheightatwhichtheoutside-pressureis19hewouldsufferacutely.Itis20thisreasonthatthecabinsofaeroplanesare’pressurized’. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points18
Text1 Oneofthemajorproblemsofnuclearenergyistheinabilityofscientiststodiscoverasafewaytodisposeoftheradioactivewasteswhichoccurthroughoutthenuclearprocess.Manyofthesewastesremaindangerouslyactivefortensofthousandsofyearswhileothershavealifespanclosertoaquarterofamillionyears.Variousmethodshavebeenusedtodatebutallhaverevealedweaknessesforcingscientiststocontinuetheirsearch. Thenuclearprocessinvolvesseveralstageswiththedangerofradioactivityconstantlypresent.Fuelfornuclearreactorscomesfromuraniumorewhichwhenminedspontaneouslyproducesradioactivesubstancesasbyproducts.Thischaracteristicofuraniumorewentundetectedforalongtimeresultinginthedeathduetocancerofhundredsofuraniumminers. TheUnitedStatesattemptedtoburymuchofitsradioactivewastematerialincontainersmadeofsteelcoveredinconcreteandcapableofholdingamilliongallons.Foralongtimeitwasbelievedthatthenuclearwasteproblemhadbeensolveduntilsomeofthesetanksleakedallowingtheradioactivewastestoseepintotheenvironment.Canadapresentlystoresitsnuclearwasteinunderwatertankswiththelong-termeffectslargelyunknown. Howeverplansareunderconsiderationforabove-groundstorageofspentfuelfromreactors.Theseplansincludethebuildingofthreevastconcretecontainerswhichwouldbetwostorieshighandapproximatelythelengthandwidthoftwofootballfields.OthersuggestionsincludeenclosingthewasteinglassblocksandstoringtheminundergroundcavernsorplacinghotcontainersintheAntarcticregionwheretheywouldmelttheicetherebysinkingdownadverseeffectontheicesheets. Thebesttitleforthepassagemightbe
Text3 Ingeneraloursocietyisbecomingoneofgiantenterprisesdirectedbyabureaucraticmanagementinwhich’manbecomesasmallwell-oiledcoginthemachinery.Theoilingisdonewithhigherwageswell-ventilatedfactoriesandpipedmusicandbypsychologistsand"human-relations"experts;yetallthisoilingdoesnotalterthefactthatmanhasbecomepowerlessthathedoesnotwhole-heartedlyparticipateinhisworkandthatheisboredwithit.Infacttheblue-andthewhite-collarworkershavebecomeeconomicpuppetswhodancetothetuneofautomatedmachinesandbureaucraticmanagement. Theworkerandemployeeareanxiousnotonlybecausetheymightfindthemselvesoutofajob;theyareanxiousalsobecausetheyareunabletoacquireanyrealsatisfactionorinterestinlife.Theyliveanddiewithouteverhavingconfrontedthefundamentalrealities’ofhumanexistenceasemotionallyandintellectuallyindependentandproductivehumanbeings. Thosehigheruponthesocialladderarenolessanxious.Theirlivesarenolessemptythanthoseoftheirsubordinates.Theyareevenmoreinsecureinsomerespects.Theyareinahighlycompetitiverace. Tobepromotedortofallbehindisnotamatterofsalarybutevenmoreamatterofself-respect.Whentheyapplyfortheirfirstjobtheyaretestedforintelligenceaswellasfortherightmixtureofsubmissivenessandindependence.Fromthatmomentontheyareagainandagaintestedbythepsychologistsforwhomtestingisabigbusinessandbytheirsuperiorswhojudgetheirbehaviorsociabilitycapacitytogetalongetc.Thisconstantneedtoprovethatoneisasgoodasorbetterthanone’sfellow-competitorcreatesconstantanxietyandstresstheverycausesofunhappinessandillness. AmIsuggestingthatweshouldreturntothepreindustrialmodeofproductionortothenineteenthcenturytreeenterprise”capitalismCertainlynot.Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandfulldevelopmentofhispotentialities--thoseofloveandofreason--aretheaimsofallsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisendandshouldbepreventedfromrulingwan. Tosolvethepresentsocialproblemstheauthorsuggeststhatweshould
The1ofthefluorescenttube2amajorrevolutioninthedevelopmentofbetterandcheaperlighting.FirstshownattheNewYorkandSanFranciscoWorld3in1939thismoreefficientmorediffuselonger-livedlamphasbeen4improvedsothatslowlyit5thesupremacyoftheincandescenthouseholdglobe.Thefluorescenttube6Australianhomesshopsandfactoriestodayissevenoreighttimes7thetubesthatbroughtshadow-freelightingtomanyofBritain’swartimefactories.Its8tooismuchgreater—from2000hoursin1940tomc/rethan7500hourstoday. But9its10useformorethan30yearsthefluorescenttuberemainsa 11tomanyofitsusers.Itisbuilt12acompletelydifferent13fromtheincandescentlight.Intheincandescentbulbatungstenwire14thanahumanhairisbroughttowhite-hottemperaturebypassinganelectric15throughit.Inthefluorescenttubeastreamofelectronsbombardsagascontainingmercury16invisibleultravioletradiation.Theultravioletrayshitthefluorescentcoatingthat17thetube18ittogrow.A40watt’fluorescenttubegivestwiceasmuchlightasa100.watttungstenglobe19aboutfivetimesaslongandrunscoolenoughto20higherlevelsoflight. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
The1ofthefluorescenttube2amajorrevolutioninthedevelopmentofbetterandcheaperlighting.FirstshownattheNewYorkandSanFranciscoWorld3in1939thismoreefficientmorediffuselonger-livedlamphasbeen4improvedsothatslowlyit5thesupremacyoftheincandescenthouseholdglobe.Thefluorescenttube6Australianhomesshopsandfactoriestodayissevenoreighttimes7thetubesthatbroughtshadow-freelightingtomanyofBritain’swartimefactories.Its8tooismuchgreater—from2000hoursin1940tomc/rethan7500hourstoday. But9its10useformorethan30yearsthefluorescenttuberemainsa 11tomanyofitsusers.Itisbuilt12acompletelydifferent13fromtheincandescentlight.Intheincandescentbulbatungstenwire14thanahumanhairisbroughttowhite-hottemperaturebypassinganelectric15throughit.Inthefluorescenttubeastreamofelectronsbombardsagascontainingmercury16invisibleultravioletradiation.Theultravioletrayshitthefluorescentcoatingthat17thetube18ittogrow.A40watt’fluorescenttubegivestwiceasmuchlightasa100.watttungstenglobe19aboutfivetimesaslongandrunscoolenoughto20higherlevelsoflight. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Justas2001wascomingtoanendtheUSATODAY-CNN-GallupPoll盖洛普民意测验askedAmericansiftheyweresatisfiedwiththewaythingsaregoinginthecountry.Surprisingly70percentsaidyes.41______ Whatmakesthenumberevenmoreremarkableisthatthe70percentsatisfactionindex指数isamongthehighesttheGallupPollhasmeasuredinthenearly30yearsithasbeenaskingthequestion.Moreoverthesatisfactionratehasusuallybeenlowestintimesofeconomicdifficulty.ForexampleinJune1992withtheeconomyinrecessionjust14percentsaidtheyweresatisfiedwiththewaythingsweregoinginthecountry.ThistimearoundwhilemostAmericansareconcernedabouttheeconomyandtheaccompanyingthreatofjoblossesthey’renotlettingtheuncertaintygetthemdown.42______ 43______ Someanalystssuggestthatitismerelywhistlingpastthegraveyard.Butotheranalystssayitismoreareflectionoftheindomitable不屈不挠andgenerousAmericanspiritthatshoweditselfsodramaticallyintheaftermath不幸后果ofSept.119.11.RatherthanpulldowntheshadesandhideunderthebedinthefaceoffurtherterrorismthreatsandthegrimrealizationthattheunitedStatesisnotasinvulnerableasmostoncethoughtAmericanspouredintothestreetsandcametogetherinaunityofpurposeandresolvenotseensinceWorldWarII.Theyralliedaroundthepresidentandstronglysupportedtheuseofmilitaryforcetocombatterrorism.44______ Are70percentoftheAmericanpeoplereallysatisfiedwiththewaythingsaregoinginthecountryrightnow45______YetthereissomethingrunningthroughtheAm0ricanpsychethatcausesittorefusetogiveintodespair.Callitnaive.Callitfoolish.Callitwlfistlingpastthegraveyard.Whateveritisit’sgoodtosee.Withspiritlikethatwecanbesurethatthistoowillpass. A.AtthesametimeAmericansshowedtheircompassionnotonlyintheirgenerouscontributionstofundstoaidthethousandsoffamiliesofvictimsoftheattacksbutalsointheirsupportforsendinghumanitarianaidtothepeopleinwar-tornAfghanistanandtheirinsistencethatwomentherebegivenequalrightsWithmen. B.Threeof4saytheyexpecttheeconomytobebetterayearfromnow. C.Americansarenotfrightenedbyterrorismbutshowedaparticularmoodoranemotionalstatecharacterizedbyvigorandanimation. D.Sohowcanweexplainthisunexpectedexpressionofoptimismthatappearstobesweepingthroughthepopulation E.Probablynot.Terrorismthreatsarestillwithus.Unemploymentisupto5.8percent. F.Terrorismisunlawfuluseorthreateneduseofforceorviolencebyapersonoranorganizedgroupagainstpeopleorpropertywiththeintentionofintimidatingorcoercingsocietiesorgovernmentsoftenforideologicalorpoliticalreasons. G.Thinkaboutit.Lessthanfourmonthsafterthemostdevastatingforeignattackinthenation’shistoryandwithaneconomystillinrecessiononemightthinkmostAmericanswouldbeinasourmoodandunlikelytothinkpositivelyaboutmuchofanything.Yet7of10expressedanupbeatoutlook. 42
Allovertheearth’ssurfaceisalayerofairwhichextendsupwardsformanymiles.Thisair1theoxygenwithoutwhichneitherplantsnoranimals2live.Itsmovementstemperatureandpressure3theweatheranditisavehicle4thecloudsofwatervapour5condenseandfallasrain.Itformsablanketwhich6usfromtheextremeheatofthesunduringthedayand7theextremecoldwhenthesunhas8 Itischiefly9airthatsoundtravelssothatiftherewerenoairweshould10practicallynothing.Theatmosphereisheld11theearth’ssurfacebythegravitationalpulloftheearth--that.isithasweight.Highupitisthin12nearthesurfaceitiscompressedbythe13ofairaboveandismoredense.Theweightofairpressing14eachsquareinchofsurfaceatsea-levelisnearly15poundswhichmeansthatthetotalforce16theskinofanaveragemanisabout30000pounds.Heisnot17thisbecausethepressureisequalinalldirectionsandthepressureinsidehimisequal18-thatwithoutbutshouldhegoupinaballoontoaheightatwhichtheoutside-pressureis19hewouldsufferacutely.Itis20thisreasonthatthecabinsofaeroplanesare’pressurized’. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points8
Whenthepublicdemands“lawandorder”andwhennewspaperseditorialstalkaboutthe"risingtideofcrime“theyhaveinmindmostlystreetcrimecommittedbythepoor.EventhemassivereportofthePresident’sCrimeCommissiontheChallengeofCrimeinaFreeSocietydevotedonlytwopagestotheentiresubjectofwhite-collaroffendersandbusinesscrimes.Thedeepconcernwithstreetcrimesisunderstandable.Unlikeaswindlerwhomerelytakesthevictim’smoneyanarmedmuggerthreatens’physicalinjuryandevendeath.46YetthefactremainsthatagreatdealofcrimeinAmericansociety--perhapsmostcrimeandcertainlythemostcostlycrimeiscommittedbyrespectablemiddle-classandupper-classcitizens.Theterm“white-collarcrimewasfirstusedbyEdwinSutherlandinanaddresstotheAmericanffociologicalAssociationin1939.47“White-collarcrime”hedeclared“maybedefinedapproximatelyasacrimecommittedbyapersonofrespectabilityandhighstatusinthecourseofhisoccupation.”Sutherlanddocumentedtheexistenceofthisformofcrimewithastudyofthecareersof70largereputablecorporationswhichtogetherhadcommitted980violationsofthecriminallaworanaverageof14convictionsapiece.Behindtheoffensesoffalseadvertisingunfairlaborpracticesrestraintoftradeprice-fixingagreementsstockmanipulationcopyrightinfringementandoutrightswindleswereperfectlyrespectablemiddle-classexecutives.48Sociologistsnowusetheterm"white-collarcrime"torefernotonlytocrimescommittedinthecourseofbusinessactivitiesforcorporatebenefitbutalsotocrimessuchasembezzlementtypicallycommittedbypersonsofhighstatusforpersonalbenefits. AsSutherlandpointedoutthefullextentofwhite-collarcrimeisdifficulttoassess.Manycorporatemalpracticesgoundetectedandmanywealthypeopleareabletocommitcrimeslikeexpense-accountfraudforyearswithoutbeingfoundout.49Moreimportantwhite-collarcrimesareusuallyregardedassomehowlessseriousthanthecrimesofthelowerclassandtheyattractlessattentionfrompoliceandprosecutors.Eventhevictimsmaybeunwillingtoprosecutebecauseoftheoffender’s"standinginthecommunity"andwouldratheroutofcourt.Acompanythatfindsitssafehasbeenburgledinthenightwillimmediatelysummonthepolicebutitmightnotdosoifitfindsthatoneofitsexecutiveshasembezzledsomeofitsfunds.50Toavoidunwelcomepublicitythecompanyofficialsmaysimplyallowtheoffendertoresignaftermakinganarrangementtorepaythemissingmoney. YetthefactremainsthatagreatdealofcrimeinAmericansociety--perhapsmostcrimeandcertainlythemostcostlycrimeiscommittedbyrespectablemiddle-classandupper-classcitizens.
The1ofthefluorescenttube2amajorrevolutioninthedevelopmentofbetterandcheaperlighting.FirstshownattheNewYorkandSanFranciscoWorld3in1939thismoreefficientmorediffuselonger-livedlamphasbeen4improvedsothatslowlyit5thesupremacyoftheincandescenthouseholdglobe.Thefluorescenttube6Australianhomesshopsandfactoriestodayissevenoreighttimes7thetubesthatbroughtshadow-freelightingtomanyofBritain’swartimefactories.Its8tooismuchgreater—from2000hoursin1940tomc/rethan7500hourstoday. But9its10useformorethan30yearsthefluorescenttuberemainsa 11tomanyofitsusers.Itisbuilt12acompletelydifferent13fromtheincandescentlight.Intheincandescentbulbatungstenwire14thanahumanhairisbroughttowhite-hottemperaturebypassinganelectric15throughit.Inthefluorescenttubeastreamofelectronsbombardsagascontainingmercury16invisibleultravioletradiation.Theultravioletrayshitthefluorescentcoatingthat17thetube18ittogrow.A40watt’fluorescenttubegivestwiceasmuchlightasa100.watttungstenglobe19aboutfivetimesaslongandrunscoolenoughto20higherlevelsoflight. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Justas2001wascomingtoanendtheUSATODAY-CNN-GallupPoll盖洛普民意测验askedAmericansiftheyweresatisfiedwiththewaythingsaregoinginthecountry.Surprisingly70percentsaidyes.41______ Whatmakesthenumberevenmoreremarkableisthatthe70percentsatisfactionindex指数isamongthehighesttheGallupPollhasmeasuredinthenearly30yearsithasbeenaskingthequestion.Moreoverthesatisfactionratehasusuallybeenlowestintimesofeconomicdifficulty.ForexampleinJune1992withtheeconomyinrecessionjust14percentsaidtheyweresatisfiedwiththewaythingsweregoinginthecountry.ThistimearoundwhilemostAmericansareconcernedabouttheeconomyandtheaccompanyingthreatofjoblossesthey’renotlettingtheuncertaintygetthemdown.42______ 43______ Someanalystssuggestthatitismerelywhistlingpastthegraveyard.Butotheranalystssayitismoreareflectionoftheindomitable不屈不挠andgenerousAmericanspiritthatshoweditselfsodramaticallyintheaftermath不幸后果ofSept.119.11.RatherthanpulldowntheshadesandhideunderthebedinthefaceoffurtherterrorismthreatsandthegrimrealizationthattheunitedStatesisnotasinvulnerableasmostoncethoughtAmericanspouredintothestreetsandcametogetherinaunityofpurposeandresolvenotseensinceWorldWarII.Theyralliedaroundthepresidentandstronglysupportedtheuseofmilitaryforcetocombatterrorism.44______ Are70percentoftheAmericanpeoplereallysatisfiedwiththewaythingsaregoinginthecountryrightnow45______YetthereissomethingrunningthroughtheAm0ricanpsychethatcausesittorefusetogiveintodespair.Callitnaive.Callitfoolish.Callitwlfistlingpastthegraveyard.Whateveritisit’sgoodtosee.Withspiritlikethatwecanbesurethatthistoowillpass. A.AtthesametimeAmericansshowedtheircompassionnotonlyintheirgenerouscontributionstofundstoaidthethousandsoffamiliesofvictimsoftheattacksbutalsointheirsupportforsendinghumanitarianaidtothepeopleinwar-tornAfghanistanandtheirinsistencethatwomentherebegivenequalrightsWithmen. B.Threeof4saytheyexpecttheeconomytobebetterayearfromnow. C.Americansarenotfrightenedbyterrorismbutshowedaparticularmoodoranemotionalstatecharacterizedbyvigorandanimation. D.Sohowcanweexplainthisunexpectedexpressionofoptimismthatappearstobesweepingthroughthepopulation E.Probablynot.Terrorismthreatsarestillwithus.Unemploymentisupto5.8percent. F.Terrorismisunlawfuluseorthreateneduseofforceorviolencebyapersonoranorganizedgroupagainstpeopleorpropertywiththeintentionofintimidatingorcoercingsocietiesorgovernmentsoftenforideologicalorpoliticalreasons. G.Thinkaboutit.Lessthanfourmonthsafterthemostdevastatingforeignattackinthenation’shistoryandwithaneconomystillinrecessiononemightthinkmostAmericanswouldbeinasourmoodandunlikelytothinkpositivelyaboutmuchofanything.Yet7of10expressedanupbeatoutlook. 44
Allovertheearth’ssurfaceisalayerofairwhichextendsupwardsformanymiles.Thisair1theoxygenwithoutwhichneitherplantsnoranimals2live.Itsmovementstemperatureandpressure3theweatheranditisavehicle4thecloudsofwatervapour5condenseandfallasrain.Itformsablanketwhich6usfromtheextremeheatofthesunduringthedayand7theextremecoldwhenthesunhas8 Itischiefly9airthatsoundtravelssothatiftherewerenoairweshould10practicallynothing.Theatmosphereisheld11theearth’ssurfacebythegravitationalpulloftheearth--that.isithasweight.Highupitisthin12nearthesurfaceitiscompressedbythe13ofairaboveandismoredense.Theweightofairpressing14eachsquareinchofsurfaceatsea-levelisnearly15poundswhichmeansthatthetotalforce16theskinofanaveragemanisabout30000pounds.Heisnot17thisbecausethepressureisequalinalldirectionsandthepressureinsidehimisequal18-thatwithoutbutshouldhegoupinaballoontoaheightatwhichtheoutside-pressureis19hewouldsufferacutely.Itis20thisreasonthatthecabinsofaeroplanesare’pressurized’. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points6
Text4 Americaisthelandoftheautomobile.Thiscountryhasonly6percentoftheworld’spopulationbut46percentoftheworld’scars.Rightnowthereare97millionprivatelyownedcarsconsuming’75billiongallonsofgasolineandtravelinganestimated1000billionmilesayear.Thefiguresalsoaffirmsomethingweknoweverytimewerefillourgasolinetank.Theautomobileisaverythirstypieceoftechnology.OfthetotalpetroleumsupplyintheUnitedStates30percentgoestoquenchthatthirst.Everyyearforeachpassengercarabout800gallonsofgasolineareconsumed. Otheraspectsofourcommitmenttotheautomobilealsobearmentioninghereittakesagreatdealofenergytomanufactureoneautomobile--about150millionBTUsofenergy.Thisisequivalentto1200gallonsofgasolineenoughtorunacarforabout16000miles.Weexpendenergyintheprocessofshippingcarsfromfactoriestoshowroomsdisplayingthemforsalehandmakingreplacementpartsforrepairs.Oneoutofsixjobsinthenationisassociatedwiththeautomobilebusiness.Abouttwogallonsofgasolineareconsumedintheprocessofmakingeverytengallonsthatarepumpedintoanautomobile’sgastank. Buildinghighwaysandparkinglotshasusedupmuchofourland.Ithasbeenestimatedthatwehavepavedover21000squaremilesofthiscountry’ssurfacemostofittoaccommodatetheautomobile.Theautomobileisalsothelargestcontributortoournation’sairpollutionproblemandaveryseriousonebecausemostofitspollutantsareemittedinourlargemetropolitanareas. Asidefromthegreatimpactthatwouldoccurifeveryoneseriouslypractisedconservationoneshouldstopandthinkabouthisowncasualuseoftheautomobile.Therearenumeroussituationswherebetterplanningandawarenesscouldreallymakeadifferenceinenergysavingsanddollars.BecausetheautomobileusesthelargestpercentageofenergyinanaverageAmericanfamily’senergybudgetandalmosthalfofthedollarstheimpetusforsavingsistremendous. Mostpeopledonotrealizethat
Allovertheearth’ssurfaceisalayerofairwhichextendsupwardsformanymiles.Thisair1theoxygenwithoutwhichneitherplantsnoranimals2live.Itsmovementstemperatureandpressure3theweatheranditisavehicle4thecloudsofwatervapour5condenseandfallasrain.Itformsablanketwhich6usfromtheextremeheatofthesunduringthedayand7theextremecoldwhenthesunhas8 Itischiefly9airthatsoundtravelssothatiftherewerenoairweshould10practicallynothing.Theatmosphereisheld11theearth’ssurfacebythegravitationalpulloftheearth--that.isithasweight.Highupitisthin12nearthesurfaceitiscompressedbythe13ofairaboveandismoredense.Theweightofairpressing14eachsquareinchofsurfaceatsea-levelisnearly15poundswhichmeansthatthetotalforce16theskinofanaveragemanisabout30000pounds.Heisnot17thisbecausethepressureisequalinalldirectionsandthepressureinsidehimisequal18-thatwithoutbutshouldhegoupinaballoontoaheightatwhichtheoutside-pressureis19hewouldsufferacutely.Itis20thisreasonthatthecabinsofaeroplanesare’pressurized’. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points4
Whenthepublicdemands“lawandorder”andwhennewspaperseditorialstalkaboutthe"risingtideofcrime“theyhaveinmindmostlystreetcrimecommittedbythepoor.EventhemassivereportofthePresident’sCrimeCommissiontheChallengeofCrimeinaFreeSocietydevotedonlytwopagestotheentiresubjectofwhite-collaroffendersandbusinesscrimes.Thedeepconcernwithstreetcrimesisunderstandable.Unlikeaswindlerwhomerelytakesthevictim’smoneyanarmedmuggerthreatens’physicalinjuryandevendeath.46YetthefactremainsthatagreatdealofcrimeinAmericansociety--perhapsmostcrimeandcertainlythemostcostlycrimeiscommittedbyrespectablemiddle-classandupper-classcitizens.Theterm“white-collarcrimewasfirstusedbyEdwinSutherlandinanaddresstotheAmericanffociologicalAssociationin1939.47“White-collarcrime”hedeclared“maybedefinedapproximatelyasacrimecommittedbyapersonofrespectabilityandhighstatusinthecourseofhisoccupation.”Sutherlanddocumentedtheexistenceofthisformofcrimewithastudyofthecareersof70largereputablecorporationswhichtogetherhadcommitted980violationsofthecriminallaworanaverageof14convictionsapiece.Behindtheoffensesoffalseadvertisingunfairlaborpracticesrestraintoftradeprice-fixingagreementsstockmanipulationcopyrightinfringementandoutrightswindleswereperfectlyrespectablemiddle-classexecutives.48Sociologistsnowusetheterm"white-collarcrime"torefernotonlytocrimescommittedinthecourseofbusinessactivitiesforcorporatebenefitbutalsotocrimessuchasembezzlementtypicallycommittedbypersonsofhighstatusforpersonalbenefits. AsSutherlandpointedoutthefullextentofwhite-collarcrimeisdifficulttoassess.Manycorporatemalpracticesgoundetectedandmanywealthypeopleareabletocommitcrimeslikeexpense-accountfraudforyearswithoutbeingfoundout.49Moreimportantwhite-collarcrimesareusuallyregardedassomehowlessseriousthanthecrimesofthelowerclassandtheyattractlessattentionfrompoliceandprosecutors.Eventhevictimsmaybeunwillingtoprosecutebecauseoftheoffender’s"standinginthecommunity"andwouldratheroutofcourt.Acompanythatfindsitssafehasbeenburgledinthenightwillimmediatelysummonthepolicebutitmightnotdosoifitfindsthatoneofitsexecutiveshasembezzledsomeofitsfunds.50Toavoidunwelcomepublicitythecompanyofficialsmaysimplyallowtheoffendertoresignaftermakinganarrangementtorepaythemissingmoney. Toavoidunwelcomepublicitythecompanyofficialsmaysimplyallowtheoffendertoresignaftermakinganarrangementtorepaythemissingmoney.
Allovertheearth’ssurfaceisalayerofairwhichextendsupwardsformanymiles.Thisair1theoxygenwithoutwhichneitherplantsnoranimals2live.Itsmovementstemperatureandpressure3theweatheranditisavehicle4thecloudsofwatervapour5condenseandfallasrain.Itformsablanketwhich6usfromtheextremeheatofthesunduringthedayand7theextremecoldwhenthesunhas8 Itischiefly9airthatsoundtravelssothatiftherewerenoairweshould10practicallynothing.Theatmosphereisheld11theearth’ssurfacebythegravitationalpulloftheearth--that.isithasweight.Highupitisthin12nearthesurfaceitiscompressedbythe13ofairaboveandismoredense.Theweightofairpressing14eachsquareinchofsurfaceatsea-levelisnearly15poundswhichmeansthatthetotalforce16theskinofanaveragemanisabout30000pounds.Heisnot17thisbecausethepressureisequalinalldirectionsandthepressureinsidehimisequal18-thatwithoutbutshouldhegoupinaballoontoaheightatwhichtheoutside-pressureis19hewouldsufferacutely.Itis20thisreasonthatthecabinsofaeroplanesare’pressurized’. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points20
Text2 Theuseofheatpumpshas’beenheldbacklargelybyskepticismaboutadvertisers’claimsthatheatpumpscanprovideasmanyasunitsofthermalenergyforeachunitofelectricalenergyusedthusapparentlycontradictingtheprincipleofenergyconservation.Heatpumpscirculateafluidrefrigerantthatcyclesalternativelyfromitsliquidphasetoitsvaporphaseinaclosedloop.Therefrigerantstartingasalow-temperaturelow-pressurevaporenterscompressordrivenbyanelectricmotor.Therefrigerantleavesthecompressorasahotdensevaporandflowsthroughaheatexchangercalledthecondenserwhichtransfersheatfromtherefrigeranttoabodyorair.Nowtherefrigerantasahigh-pressurecooledliquidconfrontsaflowrestrictionwhichcausesthepressuretodrop.Asthepressurefallstherefrigerantexpandsandpartiallyvaporizesbecomingchilled.Itthenpassesthroughasecondheatexchangertheevaporatorwhichtransfersheatfromtheairtotherefrigerantreducingthetemperatureofthissecondbodyofair.Ofthetwoheatexchangersoneislocatedinsideandtheotheroneoutsidethehousesoeachisincontactwithadifferentbodyofair:roomairandoutsideairrespectively. Theflowdirectionofrefrigerantthroughaheatpumpiscontrolledbyvalves.Whentherefrigerantflowisreversedtheheatexchangersswitchfunction.Thisflow-reversalcapabilityallowsheatpumps--eithertoheatorcoolroomair. NowifundercertainconditionsaheatpumpputsoutmorethermalenergythanitconsumesinelectricalenergyhasthelawofenergyconservationbeenchallengedNonotevenremotely:theadditionalinputofthermalenergyintothecirculatingrefrigerantviatheevaporatoraccountsforthedifferenceintheenergyequation. Unfortunatelythereisonerealproblem.Theheatingcapacityofaheatpumpdecreasesastheoutdoortemperaturefalls.Thedropincapacityiscausedbythelesseningamountofrefrigerantmassmovedthroughthecompressoratonetime.Theheatingcapacityisproportionaltothismassflowrate:thelessthemassofrefrigerantbeingcompressedthelessthethermalloaditcantransferthroughtheheat-pumpcycle.Thevolumeflowrateofrefrigerantvaporthroughthesingle-speedrotarycompressorusedinheatpumpsisapproximatelyconstant.Butcoldrefrigerantvaporenteringacompressorisatlowerpressurethanwarmervapor.Thereforethemassofcoldrefrigerant--andthusthethermalenergyitcarries--islessthaniftherefrigerantvaporwerewarmerbeforecompression. Herethenliesagenuinedrawbackofheatpumps:inextremelycoldclimates--wherethemostheatisneeded--heatpumpsareleastabletosupplyen6ughheat. Theauthorregardsthenotionthatheatpumpshaveagenuinedrawbackasa
Allovertheearth’ssurfaceisalayerofairwhichextendsupwardsformanymiles.Thisair1theoxygenwithoutwhichneitherplantsnoranimals2live.Itsmovementstemperatureandpressure3theweatheranditisavehicle4thecloudsofwatervapour5condenseandfallasrain.Itformsablanketwhich6usfromtheextremeheatofthesunduringthedayand7theextremecoldwhenthesunhas8 Itischiefly9airthatsoundtravelssothatiftherewerenoairweshould10practicallynothing.Theatmosphereisheld11theearth’ssurfacebythegravitationalpulloftheearth--that.isithasweight.Highupitisthin12nearthesurfaceitiscompressedbythe13ofairaboveandismoredense.Theweightofairpressing14eachsquareinchofsurfaceatsea-levelisnearly15poundswhichmeansthatthetotalforce16theskinofanaveragemanisabout30000pounds.Heisnot17thisbecausethepressureisequalinalldirectionsandthepressureinsidehimisequal18-thatwithoutbutshouldhegoupinaballoontoaheightatwhichtheoutside-pressureis19hewouldsufferacutely.Itis20thisreasonthatthecabinsofaeroplanesare’pressurized’. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points2
Text1 Oneofthemajorproblemsofnuclearenergyistheinabilityofscientiststodiscoverasafewaytodisposeoftheradioactivewasteswhichoccurthroughoutthenuclearprocess.Manyofthesewastesremaindangerouslyactivefortensofthousandsofyearswhileothershavealifespanclosertoaquarterofamillionyears.Variousmethodshavebeenusedtodatebutallhaverevealedweaknessesforcingscientiststocontinuetheirsearch. Thenuclearprocessinvolvesseveralstageswiththedangerofradioactivityconstantlypresent.Fuelfornuclearreactorscomesfromuraniumorewhichwhenminedspontaneouslyproducesradioactivesubstancesasbyproducts.Thischaracteristicofuraniumorewentundetectedforalongtimeresultinginthedeathduetocancerofhundredsofuraniumminers. TheUnitedStatesattemptedtoburymuchofitsradioactivewastematerialincontainersmadeofsteelcoveredinconcreteandcapableofholdingamilliongallons.Foralongtimeitwasbelievedthatthenuclearwasteproblemhadbeensolveduntilsomeofthesetanksleakedallowingtheradioactivewastestoseepintotheenvironment.Canadapresentlystoresitsnuclearwasteinunderwatertankswiththelong-termeffectslargelyunknown. Howeverplansareunderconsiderationforabove-groundstorageofspentfuelfromreactors.Theseplansincludethebuildingofthreevastconcretecontainerswhichwouldbetwostorieshighandapproximatelythelengthandwidthoftwofootballfields.OthersuggestionsincludeenclosingthewasteinglassblocksandstoringtheminundergroundcavernsorplacinghotcontainersintheAntarcticregionwheretheywouldmelttheicetherebysinkingdownadverseeffectontheicesheets. HotcontainersofnuclearwastestobeputinAntarcticregionwould
Allovertheearth’ssurfaceisalayerofairwhichextendsupwardsformanymiles.Thisair1theoxygenwithoutwhichneitherplantsnoranimals2live.Itsmovementstemperatureandpressure3theweatheranditisavehicle4thecloudsofwatervapour5condenseandfallasrain.Itformsablanketwhich6usfromtheextremeheatofthesunduringthedayand7theextremecoldwhenthesunhas8 Itischiefly9airthatsoundtravelssothatiftherewerenoairweshould10practicallynothing.Theatmosphereisheld11theearth’ssurfacebythegravitationalpulloftheearth--that.isithasweight.Highupitisthin12nearthesurfaceitiscompressedbythe13ofairaboveandismoredense.Theweightofairpressing14eachsquareinchofsurfaceatsea-levelisnearly15poundswhichmeansthatthetotalforce16theskinofanaveragemanisabout30000pounds.Heisnot17thisbecausethepressureisequalinalldirectionsandthepressureinsidehimisequal18-thatwithoutbutshouldhegoupinaballoontoaheightatwhichtheoutside-pressureis19hewouldsufferacutely.Itis20thisreasonthatthecabinsofaeroplanesare’pressurized’. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points14
Allovertheearth’ssurfaceisalayerofairwhichextendsupwardsformanymiles.Thisair1theoxygenwithoutwhichneitherplantsnoranimals2live.Itsmovementstemperatureandpressure3theweatheranditisavehicle4thecloudsofwatervapour5condenseandfallasrain.Itformsablanketwhich6usfromtheextremeheatofthesunduringthedayand7theextremecoldwhenthesunhas8 Itischiefly9airthatsoundtravelssothatiftherewerenoairweshould10practicallynothing.Theatmosphereisheld11theearth’ssurfacebythegravitationalpulloftheearth--that.isithasweight.Highupitisthin12nearthesurfaceitiscompressedbythe13ofairaboveandismoredense.Theweightofairpressing14eachsquareinchofsurfaceatsea-levelisnearly15poundswhichmeansthatthetotalforce16theskinofanaveragemanisabout30000pounds.Heisnot17thisbecausethepressureisequalinalldirectionsandthepressureinsidehimisequal18-thatwithoutbutshouldhegoupinaballoontoaheightatwhichtheoutside-pressureis19hewouldsufferacutely.Itis20thisreasonthatthecabinsofaeroplanesare’pressurized’. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points10
Text3 Ingeneraloursocietyisbecomingoneofgiantenterprisesdirectedbyabureaucraticmanagementinwhich’manbecomesasmallwell-oiledcoginthemachinery.Theoilingisdonewithhigherwageswell-ventilatedfactoriesandpipedmusicandbypsychologistsand"human-relations"experts;yetallthisoilingdoesnotalterthefactthatmanhasbecomepowerlessthathedoesnotwhole-heartedlyparticipateinhisworkandthatheisboredwithit.Infacttheblue-andthewhite-collarworkershavebecomeeconomicpuppetswhodancetothetuneofautomatedmachinesandbureaucraticmanagement. Theworkerandemployeeareanxiousnotonlybecausetheymightfindthemselvesoutofajob;theyareanxiousalsobecausetheyareunabletoacquireanyrealsatisfactionorinterestinlife.Theyliveanddiewithouteverhavingconfrontedthefundamentalrealities’ofhumanexistenceasemotionallyandintellectuallyindependentandproductivehumanbeings. Thosehigheruponthesocialladderarenolessanxious.Theirlivesarenolessemptythanthoseoftheirsubordinates.Theyareevenmoreinsecureinsomerespects.Theyareinahighlycompetitiverace. Tobepromotedortofallbehindisnotamatterofsalarybutevenmoreamatterofself-respect.Whentheyapplyfortheirfirstjobtheyaretestedforintelligenceaswellasfortherightmixtureofsubmissivenessandindependence.Fromthatmomentontheyareagainandagaintestedbythepsychologistsforwhomtestingisabigbusinessandbytheirsuperiorswhojudgetheirbehaviorsociabilitycapacitytogetalongetc.Thisconstantneedtoprovethatoneisasgoodasorbetterthanone’sfellow-competitorcreatesconstantanxietyandstresstheverycausesofunhappinessandillness. AmIsuggestingthatweshouldreturntothepreindustrialmodeofproductionortothenineteenthcenturytreeenterprise”capitalismCertainlynot.Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandfulldevelopmentofhispotentialities--thoseofloveandofreason--aretheaimsofallsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisendandshouldbepreventedfromrulingwan. Byawell-oiledcoginthemachinerytheauthorintendstorendertheideathatmanis
The1ofthefluorescenttube2amajorrevolutioninthedevelopmentofbetterandcheaperlighting.FirstshownattheNewYorkandSanFranciscoWorld3in1939thismoreefficientmorediffuselonger-livedlamphasbeen4improvedsothatslowlyit5thesupremacyoftheincandescenthouseholdglobe.Thefluorescenttube6Australianhomesshopsandfactoriestodayissevenoreighttimes7thetubesthatbroughtshadow-freelightingtomanyofBritain’swartimefactories.Its8tooismuchgreater—from2000hoursin1940tomc/rethan7500hourstoday. But9its10useformorethan30yearsthefluorescenttuberemainsa 11tomanyofitsusers.Itisbuilt12acompletelydifferent13fromtheincandescentlight.Intheincandescentbulbatungstenwire14thanahumanhairisbroughttowhite-hottemperaturebypassinganelectric15throughit.Inthefluorescenttubeastreamofelectronsbombardsagascontainingmercury16invisibleultravioletradiation.Theultravioletrayshitthefluorescentcoatingthat17thetube18ittogrow.A40watt’fluorescenttubegivestwiceasmuchlightasa100.watttungstenglobe19aboutfivetimesaslongandrunscoolenoughto20higherlevelsoflight. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
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