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Ludwig Van Beethoven ? ?Ludwig van Beethoven, a major composer of the nineteenth century, overcame m...
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LudwigVanBeethovenLudwigVanBeethovenamajorcomposer
.5分LudwigvanBeethoven贝多芬isoneofthemostfamousmusici
LudwigVanBeethovenLudwigVanBeethovenamajorcomposer
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密斯·凡·德·罗LudwigMiesvanderRohe1886～1969年主要建筑作品之一西班牙巴
1959年
1952年
1946年
1929年
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看图短文填空阅读下面短文并借助图和上下文补充所缺信息每个空只能填写一个形式正确.意义相符的单词Can
LudwigvanBeethovenwasoneofthegreatestcomposersinmu
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LudwigvanBeethovenoneoftheworld'sgreatestmusicians
AMajorComposer??LudwigvanBeethovenamajorcomposerof
LudwigVanBeethovenLudwigVanBeethovenamajorcomposer
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{{*HTML*}}KeepingCutFlowers??1?Whileeverybodyenjoysfreshcutflowersaroundhishousefewpeopleknowhowtokeepthemforaslongaspossible.Thismaybedonebykeepinginmindafewsimplefacts.??2?Animportantthingtorememberaboutcutflowersisthattheyaresensitivetotemperature.Forexamplestudieshaveshownthatcutcarnations康乃馨retaintheirfreshnesseighttimeslongerwhenkeptat12℃thanwhenkeptat26℃.Keepingfreshlyharvestedflowersattherighttemperaturesisprobablythemostimportantaspectofflowercare.??3?Flowersarenotintendedbynaturetoliveverylong.Theirbiologicalpurposeissimplytoattractbirdsorinsectssuchasbeesforpollination授粉Afterthattheyquicklydryupanddie.Theprocessbywhichflowersconsumeoxygenandproducecarbondioxide二氧化碳calledrespiration呼吸generatestheenergytheflowerneedstogivethefloweritsshapeandcolour.Themakingofseedsalsodependsonthisenergy.Whilealllivingthingsrespireflowershaveahighlevelofrespiration.Aresultofallthisrespirationisheatandforflowersthelevelofheatrelativetothemassoftheflowerisveryhigh.Respirationalsobringsabouttheeventualdeathoftheflower.Thusthegreaterthelevelofrespirationthesoonertheflowerdies.??4?Howthentocontroltherateatwhichflowersdie?Bycontrollingrespiration.Howisrespirationcontrolled?Bycontrollingtemperature.Weknowthatrespirationproducesheatbutthereverseisalsotrue.Thusbymaintaininglowtemperaturesrespirationisreducedandthecutflowerwillagemoreslowly.??5?Anothervitalfactorinkeepingcutflowersisthequalityofthewaterinwhichtheyareplaced.Flowersfinditdifficulttodrinkwaterthatisdirtyorotherwisepolluted.Evenwhenwaterlooksandsmellscleanitalmostcertainlycontainsharmfulsubstancesthatcanendangertheflowers.Toridthewateroftheseunwantedsubstanceshouseholdchlorinebleach含氯漂白剂canbeusedinsmallquantities.Itisrecommendedthat15dropsofchlorinebleachat4%solutionbeaddedtoeachlitreofwater.Thewaterandsolutionshouldalsobereplacedeachday.{{*HTML*}}A.bykeepingitsoriginalshapeandcolour??B.inthelifeofthecutflower??C.toproducecarbondioxide??D.foraslongaspossible??E.bycontrollingtemperature??F.toreplacethewaterandsolutioneveryday??Afewsimplefactswillhelpyoukeepcutflowers______.
{{*HTML*}}Thereisadifferencebetweenscienceandtechnology.?46?Sciencehastodowithdiscoveringthefactsandrelationshipsbetweenobservablephenomenainnatureandwithestablishingtheoriesthatservetoorganizethesefactsandrelationships;technologyhastodowithtoolstechniquesandproceduresforapplyingthefindingsofscience.?47???Progressinscienceexcludesthehumanfactor.Scientistswhoseektounderstandtheuniverseandknowthetruthwithinthehighestdegreeofaccuracyandcertaintycannotpayattentiontotheirownorotherpeople’slikesordislikesortopopularideasaboutthefitnessofthings.?48?Butevenanunpleasanttruthismorethanlikelytobeuseful;besideswehavethechoiceofrefusingtobelieveit!Buthardlysowithtechnology;wedonothavethechoiceofrefusingtohearthesoundproducedbyasupersonic超音速的aircraftflyingoverhead;wecannotrefusetobreathepollutedair.?49?Thepurposeoftechnologyistoservepeople-peopleingeneralnotmerelysomepeople;andfuturegenerationsnotmerelythosewhopresentlywishtogainadvantageforthemselves.???50?Manypeopleblametechnologyitselfforwidespreadpollutionresourcedepletion枯竭andevensocialdecayingeneral-somuchsothatthepromiseoftechnologyisobscured?Thatpromiseisacleanerandhealthierworld.Ifwiseapplicationsofscienceandtechnologydonotleadtoabetterworldwhatelsewill???A.Anotherdistinctionbetweenscienceandtechnologyhastodowiththeprogressineach.??B.Unlikescienceprogressintechnologymustbemeasuredintermsofthehumanfactor.??C.Whatscientistsdiscovermayshockorangerpeople-asdidDarwin’stheoryofevolution.??D.Scienceandtechnologyaredifferent.??E.Weareallfamiliarwiththeimproperuseoftechnology.??F.Scienceisamethodofansweringtheoreticalquestions;technologyisamethodofsolvingpracticalproblems.
CostasaFactorinSupply Inapurelycompetitivemarketthesupplierofgoodsandserviceshasnocontroloverthemarketpricebecauseheproducestoolittletoinfluencemarketconditions.Withnodifferencebetweenhisproductsandtheproducts51hiscompetitorshewillsellnothingifhechargesabovethemarketpriceandhewillsellallifhechargesator52themarketprice.Howeverinconsideringthepricehemusttakethe53ofproductionintoconsideration.Therearetimeswhenhemaybewillingtosellbelowhiscost.Thismighthappenwhenpricestumblefor54hebelieveswillbeashorttime.Howevernobusinesspersoncan55tolosemoneyforaprolongedperiod.Hemustbeconstantly56ofhiscostsinrelationtothemarketpriceifheistocompetesuccessfullyandearnaprofit. Manypeoplehavetheimpressionthatasproductionincreasescostsperunitdecrease.57massproductionhasmadethistrueincertainindustriesandatcertainlevelsofproduction58logicandpracticalexperienceshaveshownthatcostsperunitbegintorisebeyondacertainlevelofproduction.Someeconomists59tothisprincipleasthelawofincreasingcosts. Thereasoncostsriseasproductiongoesupis60.Howeveritiseasytorecognizethatasproductiongoesuptheneedforadditionalfactorsofproductionwillalsogrow61competitivebiddinginthemarketplaceforthefactorsofproduction.Ifaproducerneeds62skilledlabortoproducemoreandnoneofthislaborisunemployedtheproducerwillhavetoget63fromothersources.Thiscanbedoneby64higherwages.Higherbiddingwouldalsoapplytotheotherfactorsofproduction.Wemustalsorecognizethatnotalllaborisequallyproductive65notalllandisequallyfertileandnotallore矿石isequallyrichinthemineralwanted. 59
TheScienceofPersuasion Ifleadershipconsistsofgettingthingsdonethroughothersthenpersuasionisoneoftheleader’sessentialtools.Manyexecutiveshaveassumedthatthistoolisbeyondtheirgraspavailableonlytothecharismatic有魅力的andtheeloquent.Overthepastseveraldecadesthoughexperimentalpsychologistshavelearnedwhichmethodsreliablyleadpeopletoconcedecomplyorchange.Theirresearchshowsthatpersuasionisgovernedbyseveralprinciplesthatcanbetaughtandapplied. Thefirstprincipleisthatpeoplearemorelikelytofollowsomeonewhoissimilartothemthansomeonewhoisnot.Wisemanagersthenaskpeerstohelpmaketheircases.Secondpeoplearemorewillingtocooperatewiththosewhoarenotonlylikethembutwholikethemaswell.Soit’sworththetimetouncoverrealsimilaritiesandoffergenuinepraise. Thirdexperimentsconfirmtheintuitivetruththatpeopletendtotreatyouthewayyoutreatthem.It’ssoundpolicytodoafavorbeforeseekingone.Fourthindividualsaremorelikelytokeeppromisestheymakevoluntarilyandclearly.Themessageformanagershereistogetcommitmentsinwriting.Fifthstudiesshowthatpeoplereallydodeferto服从experts.Sobeforetheyattempttoexertinfluenceexecutivesshouldtakepainstoestablishtheirownexpertiseandnotassumethatit’sself-evident.Finallypeoplewantmoreofacommoditywhenit’sscarce;itfollowsthenthatexclusiveinformationismorepersuasivethanwidelyavailabledata. Thereisnoneedforamanagertofindoutthemeritsofhisemployees.
"Salty"RicePlantBoostsHarvests Britishscientistsarebreedinganewgenerationofriceplantsthatwillbeabletogrowinsoilcontainingsaltwater.Theirworkmayenableabandonedfarmstobecomeproductiveoncemore. TimFlowersandTonyYeofromSussexUniversity’sSchoolofBiologicalScienceshavespentseveralyearsresearchinghowcropssuchasricecouldbemadetogrowinwaterthathasbecomesalty. Thepairhaverecentlybegunathree-yearprogrammefundedbytheBiotechnologyandBiologicalSciencesResearchCounciltoestablishwhichgenesenablesomeplantstosurvivesaltyconditions.Theaimistobreedthiscapabilityintocropsstartingwithrice. Itisestimatedthateachyearmorethan10mhectares公顷ofagriculturallandarelostbecausesaltgetsintothesoilandstunts妨碍生长plants.Theproblemiscausedbyseveralfactors.Inthetropicsmangroves红树林thatcreateswamps沼泽andtraditionallyformedbarrierstoseawaterhavebeencutdown.IntheMediterraneanaseriesofdroughtshavecausedthewatertabletodropallowingseawatertoseep浸透in.InLatinAmericairrigationoftencausesproblemswhenwaterisevaporated蒸发bytheheatleavingsaltdepositsbehind. Excesssaltthenenterstheplantsandpreventsthemfunctioningnormally.Heavyconcentrationsofmineralsintheplantsstopthemdrawingupthewatertheyneedtosurvive. ToovercometheseproblemsFlowersandYeodecidedtobreedriceplantsthattakeinverylittlesaltandstorewhattheydoabsorbincellsthatdonotaffecttheplants’growth.Theyhavestartedtobreedthesecharacteristicsintoanewricecropbutitwilltakeabouteightharvestsbeforetheresultingseedsarereadytobeconsideredforcommercialuse. OncethecharacteristicsforsurvivingsaltysoilareknownFlowersandYeowilltrytobreedtheappropriategenesintoallmannersofcropsandplants.Landthathasbeenabandonedtonaturewillthenbeabletobloomagainprovidingmuchneededfoodinthepoorercountriesoftheworld. WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutFlowersandYeoistrue
"Salty"RicePlantBoostsHarvests Britishscientistsarebreedinganewgenerationofriceplantsthatwillbeabletogrowinsoilcontainingsaltwater.Theirworkmayenableabandonedfarmstobecomeproductiveoncemore. TimFlowersandTonyYeofromSussexUniversity’sSchoolofBiologicalScienceshavespentseveralyearsresearchinghowcropssuchasricecouldbemadetogrowinwaterthathasbecomesalty. Thepairhaverecentlybegunathree-yearprogrammefundedbytheBiotechnologyandBiologicalSciencesResearchCounciltoestablishwhichgenesenablesomeplantstosurvivesaltyconditions.Theaimistobreedthiscapabilityintocropsstartingwithrice. Itisestimatedthateachyearmorethan10mhectares公顷ofagriculturallandarelostbecausesaltgetsintothesoilandstunts妨碍生长plants.Theproblemiscausedbyseveralfactors.Inthetropicsmangroves红树林thatcreateswamps沼泽andtraditionallyformedbarrierstoseawaterhavebeencutdown.IntheMediterraneanaseriesofdroughtshavecausedthewatertabletodropallowingseawatertoseep浸透in.InLatinAmericairrigationoftencausesproblemswhenwaterisevaporated蒸发bytheheatleavingsaltdepositsbehind. Excesssaltthenenterstheplantsandpreventsthemfunctioningnormally.Heavyconcentrationsofmineralsintheplantsstopthemdrawingupthewatertheyneedtosurvive. ToovercometheseproblemsFlowersandYeodecidedtobreedriceplantsthattakeinverylittlesaltandstorewhattheydoabsorbincellsthatdonotaffecttheplants’growth.Theyhavestartedtobreedthesecharacteristicsintoanewricecropbutitwilltakeabouteightharvestsbeforetheresultingseedsarereadytobeconsideredforcommercialuse. OncethecharacteristicsforsurvivingsaltysoilareknownFlowersandYeowilltrytobreedtheappropriategenesintoallmannersofcropsandplants.Landthathasbeenabandonedtonaturewillthenbeabletobloomagainprovidingmuchneededfoodinthepoorercountriesoftheworld. WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasacauseoftheproblemdiscussedinthepassage
CostasaFactorinSupply Inapurelycompetitivemarketthesupplierofgoodsandserviceshasnocontroloverthemarketpricebecauseheproducestoolittletoinfluencemarketconditions.Withnodifferencebetweenhisproductsandtheproducts51hiscompetitorshewillsellnothingifhechargesabovethemarketpriceandhewillsellallifhechargesator52themarketprice.Howeverinconsideringthepricehemusttakethe53ofproductionintoconsideration.Therearetimeswhenhemaybewillingtosellbelowhiscost.Thismighthappenwhenpricestumblefor54hebelieveswillbeashorttime.Howevernobusinesspersoncan55tolosemoneyforaprolongedperiod.Hemustbeconstantly56ofhiscostsinrelationtothemarketpriceifheistocompetesuccessfullyandearnaprofit. Manypeoplehavetheimpressionthatasproductionincreasescostsperunitdecrease.57massproductionhasmadethistrueincertainindustriesandatcertainlevelsofproduction58logicandpracticalexperienceshaveshownthatcostsperunitbegintorisebeyondacertainlevelofproduction.Someeconomists59tothisprincipleasthelawofincreasingcosts. Thereasoncostsriseasproductiongoesupis60.Howeveritiseasytorecognizethatasproductiongoesuptheneedforadditionalfactorsofproductionwillalsogrow61competitivebiddinginthemarketplaceforthefactorsofproduction.Ifaproducerneeds62skilledlabortoproducemoreandnoneofthislaborisunemployedtheproducerwillhavetoget63fromothersources.Thiscanbedoneby64higherwages.Higherbiddingwouldalsoapplytotheotherfactorsofproduction.Wemustalsorecognizethatnotalllaborisequallyproductive65notalllandisequallyfertileandnotallore矿石isequallyrichinthemineralwanted. 65
{{*HTML*}}Thereisadifferencebetweenscienceandtechnology.?46?Sciencehastodowithdiscoveringthefactsandrelationshipsbetweenobservablephenomenainnatureandwithestablishingtheoriesthatservetoorganizethesefactsandrelationships;technologyhastodowithtoolstechniquesandproceduresforapplyingthefindingsofscience.?47???Progressinscienceexcludesthehumanfactor.Scientistswhoseektounderstandtheuniverseandknowthetruthwithinthehighestdegreeofaccuracyandcertaintycannotpayattentiontotheirownorotherpeople’slikesordislikesortopopularideasaboutthefitnessofthings.?48?Butevenanunpleasanttruthismorethanlikelytobeuseful;besideswehavethechoiceofrefusingtobelieveit!Buthardlysowithtechnology;wedonothavethechoiceofrefusingtohearthesoundproducedbyasupersonic超音速的aircraftflyingoverhead;wecannotrefusetobreathepollutedair.?49?Thepurposeoftechnologyistoservepeople-peopleingeneralnotmerelysomepeople;andfuturegenerationsnotmerelythosewhopresentlywishtogainadvantageforthemselves.???50?Manypeopleblametechnologyitselfforwidespreadpollutionresourcedepletion枯竭andevensocialdecayingeneral-somuchsothatthepromiseoftechnologyisobscured?Thatpromiseisacleanerandhealthierworld.Ifwiseapplicationsofscienceandtechnologydonotleadtoabetterworldwhatelsewill???A.Anotherdistinctionbetweenscienceandtechnologyhastodowiththeprogressineach.??B.Unlikescienceprogressintechnologymustbemeasuredintermsofthehumanfactor.??C.Whatscientistsdiscovermayshockorangerpeople-asdidDarwin’stheoryofevolution.??D.Scienceandtechnologyaredifferent.??E.Weareallfamiliarwiththeimproperuseoftechnology.??F.Scienceisamethodofansweringtheoreticalquestions;technologyisamethodofsolvingpracticalproblems.
Ford’sAssemblyLine WhenitcomestosinglingoutthosewhohavemadeadifferenceinallourlivesyoucannotoverlookHenryFord.AhistorianacenturyfromnowmightwellconcludethatitwasFordwhomostinfluencedallmanufacturingeverywhereeventothisdaybyintroducinganewwaytomakecars-onestrangetosaythatoriginatedinslaughterhouses屠宰场. Backintheearly1900’sslaughterhousesusedwhatcouldhavebeencalleda"disassemblyline".Fordreversedthisprocesstoseeifitwouldspeedupproductionofapartofanautomobileenginecalledamagneto.Ratherthanhaveeachworkercomplelelyassembleamagnetooneofitselementswasplacedonaconveyerandeachworkerasitpassedaddedanothercomponenttoitthesameoneeachtime.ProfessorDavidHounshelloftheUniversityofDelawareanexpertonindustrialdevelopmenttellswhathappened: "Thepreviousdayworkerscarryingouttheentireprocesshadaveragedoneassemblyevery20minutes.Butonthatdayonthelinetheassemblyteamaveragedoneevery13minutesand10secondsperperson." Withinayearthetimehadbeenreducedtofiveminutes.In1913Fordwentalltheway.Hookedtogetherbyropespartiallyassembledvehiclesweretowed拖拉pastworkerswhocompletedthemonepieceatatime.Itwasn’tlongbeforeFordwasturningoutseveralhundredthousandcarsayeararemarkableachievementthen.Andsoefficientandeconomicalwasthisnewsystemthathecutthepriceofhiscarsinhalfto$260puttingthemwithinreachofallthosewhoupuntilthattimecouldnotaffordthem.Soonautomakerstheworldovercopiedhim.InfactheencouragedthemtodosobywritingabookaboutallofhisinnovationsentitledTodayandTomorrow.TheAgeoftheAutomobilehasarrived.Todayaidedbyrobotsandotherformsofautomation自动化everythingfromtoasterstoperfumesismadeonassemblylines. Thephraseturningoutinthelastparagraphcouldbebestreplacedby
IfImadeamistakeIwilltrytoremedyit.
CostasaFactorinSupply Inapurelycompetitivemarketthesupplierofgoodsandserviceshasnocontroloverthemarketpricebecauseheproducestoolittletoinfluencemarketconditions.Withnodifferencebetweenhisproductsandtheproducts51hiscompetitorshewillsellnothingifhechargesabovethemarketpriceandhewillsellallifhechargesator52themarketprice.Howeverinconsideringthepricehemusttakethe53ofproductionintoconsideration.Therearetimeswhenhemaybewillingtosellbelowhiscost.Thismighthappenwhenpricestumblefor54hebelieveswillbeashorttime.Howevernobusinesspersoncan55tolosemoneyforaprolongedperiod.Hemustbeconstantly56ofhiscostsinrelationtothemarketpriceifheistocompetesuccessfullyandearnaprofit. Manypeoplehavetheimpressionthatasproductionincreasescostsperunitdecrease.57massproductionhasmadethistrueincertainindustriesandatcertainlevelsofproduction58logicandpracticalexperienceshaveshownthatcostsperunitbegintorisebeyondacertainlevelofproduction.Someeconomists59tothisprincipleasthelawofincreasingcosts. Thereasoncostsriseasproductiongoesupis60.Howeveritiseasytorecognizethatasproductiongoesuptheneedforadditionalfactorsofproductionwillalsogrow61competitivebiddinginthemarketplaceforthefactorsofproduction.Ifaproducerneeds62skilledlabortoproducemoreandnoneofthislaborisunemployedtheproducerwillhavetoget63fromothersources.Thiscanbedoneby64higherwages.Higherbiddingwouldalsoapplytotheotherfactorsofproduction.Wemustalsorecognizethatnotalllaborisequallyproductive65notalllandisequallyfertileandnotallore矿石isequallyrichinthemineralwanted. 53
{{*HTML*}}KeepingCutFlowers??1?Whileeverybodyenjoysfreshcutflowersaroundhishousefewpeopleknowhowtokeepthemforaslongaspossible.Thismaybedonebykeepinginmindafewsimplefacts.??2?Animportantthingtorememberaboutcutflowersisthattheyaresensitivetotemperature.Forexamplestudieshaveshownthatcutcarnations康乃馨retaintheirfreshnesseighttimeslongerwhenkeptat12℃thanwhenkeptat26℃.Keepingfreshlyharvestedflowersattherighttemperaturesisprobablythemostimportantaspectofflowercare.??3?Flowersarenotintendedbynaturetoliveverylong.Theirbiologicalpurposeissimplytoattractbirdsorinsectssuchasbeesforpollination授粉Afterthattheyquicklydryupanddie.Theprocessbywhichflowersconsumeoxygenandproducecarbondioxide二氧化碳calledrespiration呼吸generatestheenergytheflowerneedstogivethefloweritsshapeandcolour.Themakingofseedsalsodependsonthisenergy.Whilealllivingthingsrespireflowershaveahighlevelofrespiration.Aresultofallthisrespirationisheatandforflowersthelevelofheatrelativetothemassoftheflowerisveryhigh.Respirationalsobringsabouttheeventualdeathoftheflower.Thusthegreaterthelevelofrespirationthesoonertheflowerdies.??4?Howthentocontroltherateatwhichflowersdie?Bycontrollingrespiration.Howisrespirationcontrolled?Bycontrollingtemperature.Weknowthatrespirationproducesheatbutthereverseisalsotrue.Thusbymaintaininglowtemperaturesrespirationisreducedandthecutflowerwillagemoreslowly.??5?Anothervitalfactorinkeepingcutflowersisthequalityofthewaterinwhichtheyareplaced.Flowersfinditdifficulttodrinkwaterthatisdirtyorotherwisepolluted.Evenwhenwaterlooksandsmellscleanitalmostcertainlycontainsharmfulsubstancesthatcanendangertheflowers.Toridthewateroftheseunwantedsubstanceshouseholdchlorinebleach含氯漂白剂canbeusedinsmallquantities.Itisrecommendedthat15dropsofchlorinebleachat4%solutionbeaddedtoeachlitreofwater.Thewaterandsolutionshouldalsobereplacedeachday.Theagingofcutflowerscanbesloweddown______.
"Salty"RicePlantBoostsHarvests Britishscientistsarebreedinganewgenerationofriceplantsthatwillbeabletogrowinsoilcontainingsaltwater.Theirworkmayenableabandonedfarmstobecomeproductiveoncemore. TimFlowersandTonyYeofromSussexUniversity’sSchoolofBiologicalScienceshavespentseveralyearsresearchinghowcropssuchasricecouldbemadetogrowinwaterthathasbecomesalty. Thepairhaverecentlybegunathree-yearprogrammefundedbytheBiotechnologyandBiologicalSciencesResearchCounciltoestablishwhichgenesenablesomeplantstosurvivesaltyconditions.Theaimistobreedthiscapabilityintocropsstartingwithrice. Itisestimatedthateachyearmorethan10mhectares公顷ofagriculturallandarelostbecausesaltgetsintothesoilandstunts妨碍生长plants.Theproblemiscausedbyseveralfactors.Inthetropicsmangroves红树林thatcreateswamps沼泽andtraditionallyformedbarrierstoseawaterhavebeencutdown.IntheMediterraneanaseriesofdroughtshavecausedthewatertabletodropallowingseawatertoseep浸透in.InLatinAmericairrigationoftencausesproblemswhenwaterisevaporated蒸发bytheheatleavingsaltdepositsbehind. Excesssaltthenenterstheplantsandpreventsthemfunctioningnormally.Heavyconcentrationsofmineralsintheplantsstopthemdrawingupthewatertheyneedtosurvive. ToovercometheseproblemsFlowersandYeodecidedtobreedriceplantsthattakeinverylittlesaltandstorewhattheydoabsorbincellsthatdonotaffecttheplants’growth.Theyhavestartedtobreedthesecharacteristicsintoanewricecropbutitwilltakeabouteightharvestsbeforetheresultingseedsarereadytobeconsideredforcommercialuse. OncethecharacteristicsforsurvivingsaltysoilareknownFlowersandYeowilltrytobreedtheappropriategenesintoallmannersofcropsandplants.Landthathasbeenabandonedtonaturewillthenbeabletobloomagainprovidingmuchneededfoodinthepoorercountriesoftheworld. Theattitudeoftheauthortowardstheresearchprojectis
Fiveminuteslefttheoutcomeofthematchwasstillindoubt.
TheScienceofPersuasion Ifleadershipconsistsofgettingthingsdonethroughothersthenpersuasionisoneoftheleader’sessentialtools.Manyexecutiveshaveassumedthatthistoolisbeyondtheirgraspavailableonlytothecharismatic有魅力的andtheeloquent.Overthepastseveraldecadesthoughexperimentalpsychologistshavelearnedwhichmethodsreliablyleadpeopletoconcedecomplyorchange.Theirresearchshowsthatpersuasionisgovernedbyseveralprinciplesthatcanbetaughtandapplied. Thefirstprincipleisthatpeoplearemorelikelytofollowsomeonewhoissimilartothemthansomeonewhoisnot.Wisemanagersthenaskpeerstohelpmaketheircases.Secondpeoplearemorewillingtocooperatewiththosewhoarenotonlylikethembutwholikethemaswell.Soit’sworththetimetouncoverrealsimilaritiesandoffergenuinepraise. Thirdexperimentsconfirmtheintuitivetruththatpeopletendtotreatyouthewayyoutreatthem.It’ssoundpolicytodoafavorbeforeseekingone.Fourthindividualsaremorelikelytokeeppromisestheymakevoluntarilyandclearly.Themessageformanagershereistogetcommitmentsinwriting.Fifthstudiesshowthatpeoplereallydodeferto服从experts.Sobeforetheyattempttoexertinfluenceexecutivesshouldtakepainstoestablishtheirownexpertiseandnotassumethatit’sself-evident.Finallypeoplewantmoreofacommoditywhenit’sscarce;itfollowsthenthatexclusiveinformationismorepersuasivethanwidelyavailabledata. Thereareasmanywisemanagersastherearestupidones.
Play Playistheprincipalbusinessofchildhoodandinrecentyearsresearchhasshownthegreatimportanceofplayinthedevelopmentofahumanbeing.Fromearliestinfancyeverychildneedsopportunityandtherightmaterialsforplayandthemaintoolsofplayaretoys.Theirmainfunctionistosuggestencourageandassistplay.Tosucceedinthistheymustbegoodtoyswhichchildrenwillplaywithoftenandwillcomebacktoagainandagain.Thereforeitisimportanttochoosesuitabletoysfordifferentstagesofachild’sdevelopment. Inrecentyearsresearchoninfantdevelopmenthasshownthatthestandardachildislikelytoreachwithintherangeofhisinheritedabilitiesislargelydeterminedinthefirstthreeyearsofhislife.Soababy’sabilitytoprofitfromtherightplaymaterialsshouldnotbeunderestimated.Ababywhoisencouragedandstimulatedtalkedtoandshownthingsandplayedwithhasthebestchanceofgrowingupsuccessfully. Inthenextstagefromthreetofiveyearsoldcuriosityknowsnobounds.Everytypeofsuitabletoyshouldbemadeavailabletothechildfortryingoutexperimentingandlearningfordiscoveringhisownparticularability.Bricksandjigsaws七巧板andconstructiontoys;paintingscribbling涂鸦andmakingthings;sandandwaterplay;toysforimaginativeandpretendingplay;thefirstsocialgamesforlearningtoplayandgetonwithothers. Bythethirdstageofplaydevelopment-fromfivetosevenoreightyears-thechildisatschool.Butforafewmoreyearsplayisstillthebestwayoflearningathomeoratschool.Itiseasiertoseewhichtypeoftoysthechildmostenjoys. Untiltheageofsevenoreightplayandworkmeanmuchthesametoachild.Butoncereadinghasbeenmasteredthenbooksandschoolbecomethemainsourceoflearning.Toysarestillinterestingandvaluabletheyleadontonewhobbiesbuttheirsignificancehaschanged-toachildofnineortenyearstoysandgamesmeanastoadultsrelaxationandfun. Whohavethebestchanceofgrowingupsuccessfully
Hissolemotivewastomakeherhappy.
CostasaFactorinSupply Inapurelycompetitivemarketthesupplierofgoodsandserviceshasnocontroloverthemarketpricebecauseheproducestoolittletoinfluencemarketconditions.Withnodifferencebetweenhisproductsandtheproducts51hiscompetitorshewillsellnothingifhechargesabovethemarketpriceandhewillsellallifhechargesator52themarketprice.Howeverinconsideringthepricehemusttakethe53ofproductionintoconsideration.Therearetimeswhenhemaybewillingtosellbelowhiscost.Thismighthappenwhenpricestumblefor54hebelieveswillbeashorttime.Howevernobusinesspersoncan55tolosemoneyforaprolongedperiod.Hemustbeconstantly56ofhiscostsinrelationtothemarketpriceifheistocompetesuccessfullyandearnaprofit. Manypeoplehavetheimpressionthatasproductionincreasescostsperunitdecrease.57massproductionhasmadethistrueincertainindustriesandatcertainlevelsofproduction58logicandpracticalexperienceshaveshownthatcostsperunitbegintorisebeyondacertainlevelofproduction.Someeconomists59tothisprincipleasthelawofincreasingcosts. Thereasoncostsriseasproductiongoesupis60.Howeveritiseasytorecognizethatasproductiongoesuptheneedforadditionalfactorsofproductionwillalsogrow61competitivebiddinginthemarketplaceforthefactorsofproduction.Ifaproducerneeds62skilledlabortoproducemoreandnoneofthislaborisunemployedtheproducerwillhavetoget63fromothersources.Thiscanbedoneby64higherwages.Higherbiddingwouldalsoapplytotheotherfactorsofproduction.Wemustalsorecognizethatnotalllaborisequallyproductive65notalllandisequallyfertileandnotallore矿石isequallyrichinthemineralwanted. 57
Thesefactorsinteractintimatelyandcannotbeseparated.
Ford’sAssemblyLine WhenitcomestosinglingoutthosewhohavemadeadifferenceinallourlivesyoucannotoverlookHenryFord.AhistorianacenturyfromnowmightwellconcludethatitwasFordwhomostinfluencedallmanufacturingeverywhereeventothisdaybyintroducinganewwaytomakecars-onestrangetosaythatoriginatedinslaughterhouses屠宰场. Backintheearly1900’sslaughterhousesusedwhatcouldhavebeencalleda"disassemblyline".Fordreversedthisprocesstoseeifitwouldspeedupproductionofapartofanautomobileenginecalledamagneto.Ratherthanhaveeachworkercomplelelyassembleamagnetooneofitselementswasplacedonaconveyerandeachworkerasitpassedaddedanothercomponenttoitthesameoneeachtime.ProfessorDavidHounshelloftheUniversityofDelawareanexpertonindustrialdevelopmenttellswhathappened: "Thepreviousdayworkerscarryingouttheentireprocesshadaveragedoneassemblyevery20minutes.Butonthatdayonthelinetheassemblyteamaveragedoneevery13minutesand10secondsperperson." Withinayearthetimehadbeenreducedtofiveminutes.In1913Fordwentalltheway.Hookedtogetherbyropespartiallyassembledvehiclesweretowed拖拉pastworkerswhocompletedthemonepieceatatime.Itwasn’tlongbeforeFordwasturningoutseveralhundredthousandcarsayeararemarkableachievementthen.Andsoefficientandeconomicalwasthisnewsystemthathecutthepriceofhiscarsinhalfto$260puttingthemwithinreachofallthosewhoupuntilthattimecouldnotaffordthem.Soonautomakerstheworldovercopiedhim.InfactheencouragedthemtodosobywritingabookaboutallofhisinnovationsentitledTodayandTomorrow.TheAgeoftheAutomobilehasarrived.Todayaidedbyrobotsandotherformsofautomation自动化everythingfromtoasterstoperfumesismadeonassemblylines. Thewritermentionsslaughterhousesbecausetheyweretheplaceswhere
TheScienceofPersuasion Ifleadershipconsistsofgettingthingsdonethroughothersthenpersuasionisoneoftheleader’sessentialtools.Manyexecutiveshaveassumedthatthistoolisbeyondtheirgraspavailableonlytothecharismatic有魅力的andtheeloquent.Overthepastseveraldecadesthoughexperimentalpsychologistshavelearnedwhichmethodsreliablyleadpeopletoconcedecomplyorchange.Theirresearchshowsthatpersuasionisgovernedbyseveralprinciplesthatcanbetaughtandapplied. Thefirstprincipleisthatpeoplearemorelikelytofollowsomeonewhoissimilartothemthansomeonewhoisnot.Wisemanagersthenaskpeerstohelpmaketheircases.Secondpeoplearemorewillingtocooperatewiththosewhoarenotonlylikethembutwholikethemaswell.Soit’sworththetimetouncoverrealsimilaritiesandoffergenuinepraise. Thirdexperimentsconfirmtheintuitivetruththatpeopletendtotreatyouthewayyoutreatthem.It’ssoundpolicytodoafavorbeforeseekingone.Fourthindividualsaremorelikelytokeeppromisestheymakevoluntarilyandclearly.Themessageformanagershereistogetcommitmentsinwriting.Fifthstudiesshowthatpeoplereallydodeferto服从experts.Sobeforetheyattempttoexertinfluenceexecutivesshouldtakepainstoestablishtheirownexpertiseandnotassumethatit’sself-evident.Finallypeoplewantmoreofacommoditywhenit’sscarce;itfollowsthenthatexclusiveinformationismorepersuasivethanwidelyavailabledata. Peoplearemorelikelytocooperatewiththosewholikethem.
Play Playistheprincipalbusinessofchildhoodandinrecentyearsresearchhasshownthegreatimportanceofplayinthedevelopmentofahumanbeing.Fromearliestinfancyeverychildneedsopportunityandtherightmaterialsforplayandthemaintoolsofplayaretoys.Theirmainfunctionistosuggestencourageandassistplay.Tosucceedinthistheymustbegoodtoyswhichchildrenwillplaywithoftenandwillcomebacktoagainandagain.Thereforeitisimportanttochoosesuitabletoysfordifferentstagesofachild’sdevelopment. Inrecentyearsresearchoninfantdevelopmenthasshownthatthestandardachildislikelytoreachwithintherangeofhisinheritedabilitiesislargelydeterminedinthefirstthreeyearsofhislife.Soababy’sabilitytoprofitfromtherightplaymaterialsshouldnotbeunderestimated.Ababywhoisencouragedandstimulatedtalkedtoandshownthingsandplayedwithhasthebestchanceofgrowingupsuccessfully. Inthenextstagefromthreetofiveyearsoldcuriosityknowsnobounds.Everytypeofsuitabletoyshouldbemadeavailabletothechildfortryingoutexperimentingandlearningfordiscoveringhisownparticularability.Bricksandjigsaws七巧板andconstructiontoys;paintingscribbling涂鸦andmakingthings;sandandwaterplay;toysforimaginativeandpretendingplay;thefirstsocialgamesforlearningtoplayandgetonwithothers. Bythethirdstageofplaydevelopment-fromfivetosevenoreightyears-thechildisatschool.Butforafewmoreyearsplayisstillthebestwayoflearningathomeoratschool.Itiseasiertoseewhichtypeoftoysthechildmostenjoys. Untiltheageofsevenoreightplayandworkmeanmuchthesametoachild.Butoncereadinghasbeenmasteredthenbooksandschoolbecomethemainsourceoflearning.Toysarestillinterestingandvaluabletheyleadontonewhobbiesbuttheirsignificancehaschanged-toachildofnineortenyearstoysandgamesmeanastoadultsrelaxationandfun. Thepassageismainlyabout
CostasaFactorinSupply Inapurelycompetitivemarketthesupplierofgoodsandserviceshasnocontroloverthemarketpricebecauseheproducestoolittletoinfluencemarketconditions.Withnodifferencebetweenhisproductsandtheproducts51hiscompetitorshewillsellnothingifhechargesabovethemarketpriceandhewillsellallifhechargesator52themarketprice.Howeverinconsideringthepricehemusttakethe53ofproductionintoconsideration.Therearetimeswhenhemaybewillingtosellbelowhiscost.Thismighthappenwhenpricestumblefor54hebelieveswillbeashorttime.Howevernobusinesspersoncan55tolosemoneyforaprolongedperiod.Hemustbeconstantly56ofhiscostsinrelationtothemarketpriceifheistocompetesuccessfullyandearnaprofit. Manypeoplehavetheimpressionthatasproductionincreasescostsperunitdecrease.57massproductionhasmadethistrueincertainindustriesandatcertainlevelsofproduction58logicandpracticalexperienceshaveshownthatcostsperunitbegintorisebeyondacertainlevelofproduction.Someeconomists59tothisprincipleasthelawofincreasingcosts. Thereasoncostsriseasproductiongoesupis60.Howeveritiseasytorecognizethatasproductiongoesuptheneedforadditionalfactorsofproductionwillalsogrow61competitivebiddinginthemarketplaceforthefactorsofproduction.Ifaproducerneeds62skilledlabortoproducemoreandnoneofthislaborisunemployedtheproducerwillhavetoget63fromothersources.Thiscanbedoneby64higherwages.Higherbiddingwouldalsoapplytotheotherfactorsofproduction.Wemustalsorecognizethatnotalllaborisequallyproductive65notalllandisequallyfertileandnotallore矿石isequallyrichinthemineralwanted. 61
{{*HTML*}}KeepingCutFlowers??1?Whileeverybodyenjoysfreshcutflowersaroundhishousefewpeopleknowhowtokeepthemforaslongaspossible.Thismaybedonebykeepinginmindafewsimplefacts.??2?Animportantthingtorememberaboutcutflowersisthattheyaresensitivetotemperature.Forexamplestudieshaveshownthatcutcarnations康乃馨retaintheirfreshnesseighttimeslongerwhenkeptat12℃thanwhenkeptat26℃.Keepingfreshlyharvestedflowersattherighttemperaturesisprobablythemostimportantaspectofflowercare.??3?Flowersarenotintendedbynaturetoliveverylong.Theirbiologicalpurposeissimplytoattractbirdsorinsectssuchasbeesforpollination授粉Afterthattheyquicklydryupanddie.Theprocessbywhichflowersconsumeoxygenandproducecarbondioxide二氧化碳calledrespiration呼吸generatestheenergytheflowerneedstogivethefloweritsshapeandcolour.Themakingofseedsalsodependsonthisenergy.Whilealllivingthingsrespireflowershaveahighlevelofrespiration.Aresultofallthisrespirationisheatandforflowersthelevelofheatrelativetothemassoftheflowerisveryhigh.Respirationalsobringsabouttheeventualdeathoftheflower.Thusthegreaterthelevelofrespirationthesoonertheflowerdies.??4?Howthentocontroltherateatwhichflowersdie?Bycontrollingrespiration.Howisrespirationcontrolled?Bycontrollingtemperature.Weknowthatrespirationproducesheatbutthereverseisalsotrue.Thusbymaintaininglowtemperaturesrespirationisreducedandthecutflowerwillagemoreslowly.??5?Anothervitalfactorinkeepingcutflowersisthequalityofthewaterinwhichtheyareplaced.Flowersfinditdifficulttodrinkwaterthatisdirtyorotherwisepolluted.Evenwhenwaterlooksandsmellscleanitalmostcertainlycontainsharmfulsubstancesthatcanendangertheflowers.Toridthewateroftheseunwantedsubstanceshouseholdchlorinebleach含氯漂白剂canbeusedinsmallquantities.Itisrecommendedthat15dropsofchlorinebleachat4%solutionbeaddedtoeachlitreofwater.Thewaterandsolutionshouldalsobereplacedeachday.Paragraph4______
Hemadeaconsiderablesumofmoneyinrealestate.
CostasaFactorinSupply Inapurelycompetitivemarketthesupplierofgoodsandserviceshasnocontroloverthemarketpricebecauseheproducestoolittletoinfluencemarketconditions.Withnodifferencebetweenhisproductsandtheproducts51hiscompetitorshewillsellnothingifhechargesabovethemarketpriceandhewillsellallifhechargesator52themarketprice.Howeverinconsideringthepricehemusttakethe53ofproductionintoconsideration.Therearetimeswhenhemaybewillingtosellbelowhiscost.Thismighthappenwhenpricestumblefor54hebelieveswillbeashorttime.Howevernobusinesspersoncan55tolosemoneyforaprolongedperiod.Hemustbeconstantly56ofhiscostsinrelationtothemarketpriceifheistocompetesuccessfullyandearnaprofit. Manypeoplehavetheimpressionthatasproductionincreasescostsperunitdecrease.57massproductionhasmadethistrueincertainindustriesandatcertainlevelsofproduction58logicandpracticalexperienceshaveshownthatcostsperunitbegintorisebeyondacertainlevelofproduction.Someeconomists59tothisprincipleasthelawofincreasingcosts. Thereasoncostsriseasproductiongoesupis60.Howeveritiseasytorecognizethatasproductiongoesuptheneedforadditionalfactorsofproductionwillalsogrow61competitivebiddinginthemarketplaceforthefactorsofproduction.Ifaproducerneeds62skilledlabortoproducemoreandnoneofthislaborisunemployedtheproducerwillhavetoget63fromothersources.Thiscanbedoneby64higherwages.Higherbiddingwouldalsoapplytotheotherfactorsofproduction.Wemustalsorecognizethatnotalllaborisequallyproductive65notalllandisequallyfertileandnotallore矿石isequallyrichinthemineralwanted. 63
CostasaFactorinSupply Inapurelycompetitivemarketthesupplierofgoodsandserviceshasnocontroloverthemarketpricebecauseheproducestoolittletoinfluencemarketconditions.Withnodifferencebetweenhisproductsandtheproducts51hiscompetitorshewillsellnothingifhechargesabovethemarketpriceandhewillsellallifhechargesator52themarketprice.Howeverinconsideringthepricehemusttakethe53ofproductionintoconsideration.Therearetimeswhenhemaybewillingtosellbelowhiscost.Thismighthappenwhenpricestumblefor54hebelieveswillbeashorttime.Howevernobusinesspersoncan55tolosemoneyforaprolongedperiod.Hemustbeconstantly56ofhiscostsinrelationtothemarketpriceifheistocompetesuccessfullyandearnaprofit. Manypeoplehavetheimpressionthatasproductionincreasescostsperunitdecrease.57massproductionhasmadethistrueincertainindustriesandatcertainlevelsofproduction58logicandpracticalexperienceshaveshownthatcostsperunitbegintorisebeyondacertainlevelofproduction.Someeconomists59tothisprincipleasthelawofincreasingcosts. Thereasoncostsriseasproductiongoesupis60.Howeveritiseasytorecognizethatasproductiongoesuptheneedforadditionalfactorsofproductionwillalsogrow61competitivebiddinginthemarketplaceforthefactorsofproduction.Ifaproducerneeds62skilledlabortoproducemoreandnoneofthislaborisunemployedtheproducerwillhavetoget63fromothersources.Thiscanbedoneby64higherwages.Higherbiddingwouldalsoapplytotheotherfactorsofproduction.Wemustalsorecognizethatnotalllaborisequallyproductive65notalllandisequallyfertileandnotallore矿石isequallyrichinthemineralwanted. 55
Play Playistheprincipalbusinessofchildhoodandinrecentyearsresearchhasshownthegreatimportanceofplayinthedevelopmentofahumanbeing.Fromearliestinfancyeverychildneedsopportunityandtherightmaterialsforplayandthemaintoolsofplayaretoys.Theirmainfunctionistosuggestencourageandassistplay.Tosucceedinthistheymustbegoodtoyswhichchildrenwillplaywithoftenandwillcomebacktoagainandagain.Thereforeitisimportanttochoosesuitabletoysfordifferentstagesofachild’sdevelopment. Inrecentyearsresearchoninfantdevelopmenthasshownthatthestandardachildislikelytoreachwithintherangeofhisinheritedabilitiesislargelydeterminedinthefirstthreeyearsofhislife.Soababy’sabilitytoprofitfromtherightplaymaterialsshouldnotbeunderestimated.Ababywhoisencouragedandstimulatedtalkedtoandshownthingsandplayedwithhasthebestchanceofgrowingupsuccessfully. Inthenextstagefromthreetofiveyearsoldcuriosityknowsnobounds.Everytypeofsuitabletoyshouldbemadeavailabletothechildfortryingoutexperimentingandlearningfordiscoveringhisownparticularability.Bricksandjigsaws七巧板andconstructiontoys;paintingscribbling涂鸦andmakingthings;sandandwaterplay;toysforimaginativeandpretendingplay;thefirstsocialgamesforlearningtoplayandgetonwithothers. Bythethirdstageofplaydevelopment-fromfivetosevenoreightyears-thechildisatschool.Butforafewmoreyearsplayisstillthebestwayoflearningathomeoratschool.Itiseasiertoseewhichtypeoftoysthechildmostenjoys. Untiltheageofsevenoreightplayandworkmeanmuchthesametoachild.Butoncereadinghasbeenmasteredthenbooksandschoolbecomethemainsourceoflearning.Toysarestillinterestingandvaluabletheyleadontonewhobbiesbuttheirsignificancehaschanged-toachildofnineortenyearstoysandgamesmeanastoadultsrelaxationandfun. Thepassagetellsusthatasachildgrowsup
{{*HTML*}}KeepingCutFlowers??1?Whileeverybodyenjoysfreshcutflowersaroundhishousefewpeopleknowhowtokeepthemforaslongaspossible.Thismaybedonebykeepinginmindafewsimplefacts.??2?Animportantthingtorememberaboutcutflowersisthattheyaresensitivetotemperature.Forexamplestudieshaveshownthatcutcarnations康乃馨retaintheirfreshnesseighttimeslongerwhenkeptat12℃thanwhenkeptat26℃.Keepingfreshlyharvestedflowersattherighttemperaturesisprobablythemostimportantaspectofflowercare.??3?Flowersarenotintendedbynaturetoliveverylong.Theirbiologicalpurposeissimplytoattractbirdsorinsectssuchasbeesforpollination授粉Afterthattheyquicklydryupanddie.Theprocessbywhichflowersconsumeoxygenandproducecarbondioxide二氧化碳calledrespiration呼吸generatestheenergytheflowerneedstogivethefloweritsshapeandcolour.Themakingofseedsalsodependsonthisenergy.Whilealllivingthingsrespireflowershaveahighlevelofrespiration.Aresultofallthisrespirationisheatandforflowersthelevelofheatrelativetothemassoftheflowerisveryhigh.Respirationalsobringsabouttheeventualdeathoftheflower.Thusthegreaterthelevelofrespirationthesoonertheflowerdies.??4?Howthentocontroltherateatwhichflowersdie?Bycontrollingrespiration.Howisrespirationcontrolled?Bycontrollingtemperature.Weknowthatrespirationproducesheatbutthereverseisalsotrue.Thusbymaintaininglowtemperaturesrespirationisreducedandthecutflowerwillagemoreslowly.??5?Anothervitalfactorinkeepingcutflowersisthequalityofthewaterinwhichtheyareplaced.Flowersfinditdifficulttodrinkwaterthatisdirtyorotherwisepolluted.Evenwhenwaterlooksandsmellscleanitalmostcertainlycontainsharmfulsubstancesthatcanendangertheflowers.Toridthewateroftheseunwantedsubstanceshouseholdchlorinebleach含氯漂白剂canbeusedinsmallquantities.Itisrecommendedthat15dropsofchlorinebleachat4%solutionbeaddedtoeachlitreofwater.Thewaterandsolutionshouldalsobereplacedeachday.{{*HTML*}}A.ControlofRespiration??B.BeautyofFreshCutFlowers??C.RoleofRespiration??D.MostImportantAspectofFlowerCare??E.NeedforCleanWater??F.WaysofStoppingRespiration??Paragraph2______
CostasaFactorinSupply Inapurelycompetitivemarketthesupplierofgoodsandserviceshasnocontroloverthemarketpricebecauseheproducestoolittletoinfluencemarketconditions.Withnodifferencebetweenhisproductsandtheproducts51hiscompetitorshewillsellnothingifhechargesabovethemarketpriceandhewillsellallifhechargesator52themarketprice.Howeverinconsideringthepricehemusttakethe53ofproductionintoconsideration.Therearetimeswhenhemaybewillingtosellbelowhiscost.Thismighthappenwhenpricestumblefor54hebelieveswillbeashorttime.Howevernobusinesspersoncan55tolosemoneyforaprolongedperiod.Hemustbeconstantly56ofhiscostsinrelationtothemarketpriceifheistocompetesuccessfullyandearnaprofit. Manypeoplehavetheimpressionthatasproductionincreasescostsperunitdecrease.57massproductionhasmadethistrueincertainindustriesandatcertainlevelsofproduction58logicandpracticalexperienceshaveshownthatcostsperunitbegintorisebeyondacertainlevelofproduction.Someeconomists59tothisprincipleasthelawofincreasingcosts. Thereasoncostsriseasproductiongoesupis60.Howeveritiseasytorecognizethatasproductiongoesuptheneedforadditionalfactorsofproductionwillalsogrow61competitivebiddinginthemarketplaceforthefactorsofproduction.Ifaproducerneeds62skilledlabortoproducemoreandnoneofthislaborisunemployedtheproducerwillhavetoget63fromothersources.Thiscanbedoneby64higherwages.Higherbiddingwouldalsoapplytotheotherfactorsofproduction.Wemustalsorecognizethatnotalllaborisequallyproductive65notalllandisequallyfertileandnotallore矿石isequallyrichinthemineralwanted. 51
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