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“天癸”的产生取决于
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天癸的产生主要取决于
脾气的健运
肝血的充足
肾中精气的充盈
肾阳的蒸腾气化
天癸的产生取决于
肾中精气的充盈
水谷精微的充养
肾中阴阳的平衡
先天禀赋的充盛
天癸的产生主要取决于
肾精的充盈
脾气的健运
肾阳的蒸化
肝血的充足
肾阴的滋养
天癸的产生主要取决于
肾中精气的充盈
脾气的健运
肾阳的蒸腾气化
肝血的充足
精血的转化
天癸的产生是取决于
肾中精气的充盛
元气充沛
肾阳的蒸腾
肾阴的濡养滋润
肾之纳气
天癸的产生主要取决于
肾中精气的充盈
脾气的健运
肾阳的蒸化
肝血的充足
肾阴的滋养
天癸的产生取决于
肾中精气的充盛
正气充沛
肾阳的蒸腾
肾阴的濡养滋润
肾之纳气
天癸的产生主要取决于
肾精的充盛
肾阴的濡养
肾阳的温煦
肝血的充足
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ThemoleculesofcarbondioxideintheEarth’satmosphereaffecttheheatbalanceoftheEarthbyactingasaone-wayscreen.1thesemoleculesallowradiationatvisiblewavelengthswheremostoftheenergyofsunlightisconcernedtopass2theyabsorbsomeofthelonger-wave-lengthinfraredemissionsradiatedfromtheEarth’ssurfaceradiationthatwould3betransmittedbackintospace.FortheEarthtomaintainaconstantaveragetemperaturesuchemissionsfromtheplanetmust4incomingsolarradiation.Iftherewerenocarbondioxideintheatmosphereheatwould5fromtheEarthmuchmoreeasily. Today6thepotentialproblemistoomuchcarbondioxide.Couldtheincreaseincarbondioxide7aglobalriseinaveragetemperatureandcouldsucharisehaveserious8forhumansocietyMathematicalmodelsthatallowustocalculatetheriseintemperatureasafunctionoftheincrease9;thatthe10isprobablyyes. Onemathematicalmodel11thatdoublingtheatmosphericcarbondioxidewouldraisetheglobalmeansurfacetemperatureby2.5℃.Thismodelassumesthattheatmosphere’srelativehumidityremainsconstantandthetemperaturedecreaseswithaltitudeata12of6.5℃perkilometer.Theassumptionofconstantrelativehumidityisimportantbecausewatervaporintheatmosphereisanother13absorberorradiationatinfraredwavelengths.Becausewarmaircanholdmore14thancoolairtherelativehumiditywillbeconstant15theamountofwatervaporintheatmosphereincreases16thetemperaturerises.17moreinfraredradiationwouldbeabsorbedandreradiated18totheEarth’ssurface.Theresultantwarmingatthesurfacecouldbeexpectedtomeltsnowandice19theEarth’sreflectivity.Moresolarradiationwouldbeabsorbed20toafurtherincreaseintemperature. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Eversincetheywerefirststagedin19thcenturyEuropeworld’sfairshaveenabledpeoplefromaroundtheglobetovisitwondrouspavilionswheretheycandiscoverdistantlandsandnewtechnologies.The2006world’sfairisnoexceptionbutitalsohasadecidedlynew-eratwist:thewholeeventhappensincyberspace. AnonprofitprojectdreamedupbyAmericansCarlMalamudacomputerconsultantandVintonCerfandInternetpioneerandtelecommunications-companyvicepresidenttheInternet2006WorldExpositionisadigitalworkinprogressamulti-chamberedforumthatcybernautscanhelpbuildandrenovatethroughouttheyear--andperhapslongafterthefair’sofficialcloseinDecember. Whilehigh-techpavilionssetupbysponsoringcorporationsarefeaturedprominentlyasinrealfairsthisvirtualexpositioniscloserinspiritandrealitytoavastbustlingbazaaramarketplaceforthetalentsandofferingsofthousandsofindividualsandsmallgroups.Anyonewithacomputerandamodemcannotonly"attend"butalsoparticipateasanexhibitorbycreatinganindividualmultimediaWebsite. Gettingthefairupandrunningwasbynomeanseasy.Malamud36spentthepastyearshuttlingamong30countrieslobbyingcompaniesthatinitiallydismissedtheprojectasunwieldyandunworkable.WhilesomenationsimmediatelysupportedtheideaotherscompletelymissedthepointofMalamud’svision:tomakethefairapublic-worksprojectthatfocusesonwhattheInternetcanofferexpertornovice.Oncegrass-rootsgroupsstartedbackingtheprojectthoughbusinesseswerenotfarbehind.Bydonatingequipmentandservicesthesecompanieswillgainaccesstomillionsofpotentialconsumerseagertoseethefirms’latesttechnologies. Sincetheexposition’sJan.1launchasmanyas40000visitorseachdayfrommorethan40countrieshavetriedthemajorWebsites.MostvirtualvisitorslogonfromtheU.SandJapanbuttheUnitedArabEmiratesSwedenSingaporeandEstoniahavebeenrepresented.Commentsloggedinthefair’sguestbookareoverwhelminglypositive."Wowtheworldisshrinking"wroteavisitorfromtheNetherlands.Sincetheirinitialhesitancythemajorsponsors-primarilytelecommunicationsandsoftwarecompanies--havebecomefirmbelievers.Beyondthediversityofcontentandinternationalscopethefairisatechnologicalmarvel. ThefastestinternationallinkeverinstalledthispipelinecouldbethefirststeptowardlayingapermanentnetworkthatwilleventuallyhardwireeverynationintheworldintotheInternet.Theorganizershopethattheinfrastructure--andawareness-nurturedbythisexpositionwilllaunchaboominNetuse. Inthewriteropinionthevirtualexpositioninthenewerais
FormonthstheJapanesesearchedfitfullyfortherightwordtodescribewhatwashappening.AttheBankofJapanthenation’scentralbankofficialsspokeof"anadjustmentphase.’PrimeMinisteradmittedonlyto"adifficultsituation."TheEconomicPlanningAgencythegovernment’srecordkeeperreferreddelicatelytoa"retreat."Thentwoweeksagoforthefirsttimesince1997theagencydroppeditsboilerplatereferencetothe"expansion"fromitscloselywatchedMonthlyEconomicReportandthewordgamewasover.Japan’seconomytheworld’ssecondlargestconcededtheexpertswasinrecession. Thatadmissionconfirmedthebadnewsbusinessmenhadbeenreadingintheirspreadsheetsforseveralmonths."In2001onemarketafteranotherturnedbad"saysYoshihikoWakamotoseniorvicepresidentofToshibaCorp.whichnowadmitsthatitspretaxprofitsforfiscal2001endingMarch31maybedownawhopping42%.InAprilwhenmanyJapanesecompaniesannouncetheirresultsfor2001fiscalyearmostwillreportdecliningprofits.BluechipslikeSonyNECandMatsushitahaveallexperienceddropsofover40%inpretaxprofits.Japan’ssecurityhouseshitbydecliningcommissionsfromafallingstockmarketwillannounceevenmoredramaticdrops.NomuraSecuritiesonceJapan’smostprofitablecompanyistalkingaboutan80%declineinprofits.Automanufacturersbanksairlinessteelcompaniesdepartmentstores--allareinaslump. TechnicallywhatishappeningtotheJapaneseeconomydoesnotmeetAmericancriteriaforarecessionnormallydefinedasatleasttwoconsecutivequartersofnegativegrowth.WhileeconomicgrowthhasslowedinJapanithasnotceased.Governmenteconomistsarepredictinga3.5%increaseinGNPfor2002.Outsideexpertsarenotsooptimistic.ButnearlyeveryoneagreesthatGNPgrowthinJapanisunlikelytoslipintonegativenumbersasitdidlastyearintheU.S.andBritain."There’snoquestionthatweareinarecession"pronouncesKunioMiyamotochiefeconomistoftheSumitomo-LifeResearchInstitute."ButitisarecessionJapanese-style." Duringthelasthalfofthe1990sJapanesecompaniesbasedmuchoftheirexpansionaroundtheworldonthewildlyinflatedvaluesoftheTokyoStockExchangeandJapan’sfrenziedrealestatemarket.Nowboththosemarketshavecollapsed.Andwithlong-terminterestratesupfrom5%to7%Japanesecompaniesarelessabletosellvastquantitiesofhigh-qualitygoodsatrazor-thinprofitmargins.AddedtothisarepressuresfromshareholdersforagreaterreturnoninvestmentsfromJapan’stradingpartnersforrestraintsonitsaggressivetradepracticesandfromitsowncitizensforareductionintheirworkinghourssotheycanenjoythefruitsof40yearsofrelentlesstoil. WelearnfromthetextthatJapanesedefinitionofwhatwashappeninginJapanis
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. AllU.S.nuclearweaponsproductionfacilitiesarepresentlycloseddownandifthevariousagreementsareadheredtothosefacilitieswillneverberequiredexceptforonecriticalcapability.Allmodernnuclearweaponsuseuranium铀plutonium钚andtritium氚.Uraniumandplutoniumhaveverylonghalf-livesandthereislargesurplusofthesematerials. Tritiumhoweverhasarelativelyshorthalf-lifeofabout12.6yearssoabout5percentoftheamountonhandmustbereplacedeachyeartomaintainthecurrentinventory.46BecauseofthelargeretirementofnuclearweaponsbytheUnitedStatesincompliancewithearlyagreementsandnationalpolicytritiumfromretiredweaponshasbeenusedtomakeupthatlostthroughnaturaldecay.47Howeverinabout10to15yearsdependingonfuturenegotiationstheUnitedStateswillneedaguaranteedsupplyoftritiumtomaintainitsstockpileatwhateverlevelisagreedon. InanticipationofthisfutureneedtoproducetritiumDefenseOfficeExecutiveispursuingtwotechnologies.Oneusesanuclearreactorthatcouldalsoproduceelectricitywhosesalewouldrecovernotonlythecapitalcostofthereactorbutalsoitsannualoperationalcost.48UnfortunatelythepresentAdministrationhasadefinitebiasagainstnuclearpowersoanalternativemethodisalsobeingpursuedeventhoughitisagreedthatitwillcosttwiceasmuchasareactoranduseasmuchelectricityasareactorwouldproduce.Thistechnologyusesanacceleratortoproducehigh-energyprotonsthatinturnproduceneutrons. Themainargumentfortheacceleratoristhatitproducesnoconventionalnuclearwastes.49Proponentsreadilyadmitthatitwillproduceradioactivematerialsbutwitharelativelyshorthalf-lifecomparedwiththatofwastesfromspentnuclearfuel.Thefactthattheacceleratorwillrequiretheequivalentofanuclearpowerplanttosupplyitselectricityisignored. 50Proponents’alsoneglecttomentionthatabout22percentofallelectricalenergygeneratedintheUnitedStatescomesfromnuclearpowerplantssothat22percentofthepowerusedbytheacceleratorwillgenerateconventionalnuclearwastesinadditiontothosetheacceleratorproduces.ThereisanalternativetoeitherthereactorortheacceleratorwhichissimplytobuytherequiredtritiumfromCanadaorRussia. Howeverinabout10to15yearsdependingonfuturenegotiationstheUnitedStateswillneedaguaranteedsupplyoftritiumtomaintainitsstockpileatwhateverlevelisagreedon.
ThemoleculesofcarbondioxideintheEarth’satmosphereaffecttheheatbalanceoftheEarthbyactingasaone-wayscreen.1thesemoleculesallowradiationatvisiblewavelengthswheremostoftheenergyofsunlightisconcernedtopass2theyabsorbsomeofthelonger-wave-lengthinfraredemissionsradiatedfromtheEarth’ssurfaceradiationthatwould3betransmittedbackintospace.FortheEarthtomaintainaconstantaveragetemperaturesuchemissionsfromtheplanetmust4incomingsolarradiation.Iftherewerenocarbondioxideintheatmosphereheatwould5fromtheEarthmuchmoreeasily. Today6thepotentialproblemistoomuchcarbondioxide.Couldtheincreaseincarbondioxide7aglobalriseinaveragetemperatureandcouldsucharisehaveserious8forhumansocietyMathematicalmodelsthatallowustocalculatetheriseintemperatureasafunctionoftheincrease9;thatthe10isprobablyyes. Onemathematicalmodel11thatdoublingtheatmosphericcarbondioxidewouldraisetheglobalmeansurfacetemperatureby2.5℃.Thismodelassumesthattheatmosphere’srelativehumidityremainsconstantandthetemperaturedecreaseswithaltitudeata12of6.5℃perkilometer.Theassumptionofconstantrelativehumidityisimportantbecausewatervaporintheatmosphereisanother13absorberorradiationatinfraredwavelengths.Becausewarmaircanholdmore14thancoolairtherelativehumiditywillbeconstant15theamountofwatervaporintheatmosphereincreases16thetemperaturerises.17moreinfraredradiationwouldbeabsorbedandreradiated18totheEarth’ssurface.Theresultantwarmingatthesurfacecouldbeexpectedtomeltsnowandice19theEarth’sreflectivity.Moresolarradiationwouldbeabsorbed20toafurtherincreaseintemperature. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
ThemoleculesofcarbondioxideintheEarth’satmosphereaffecttheheatbalanceoftheEarthbyactingasaone-wayscreen.1thesemoleculesallowradiationatvisiblewavelengthswheremostoftheenergyofsunlightisconcernedtopass2theyabsorbsomeofthelonger-wave-lengthinfraredemissionsradiatedfromtheEarth’ssurfaceradiationthatwould3betransmittedbackintospace.FortheEarthtomaintainaconstantaveragetemperaturesuchemissionsfromtheplanetmust4incomingsolarradiation.Iftherewerenocarbondioxideintheatmosphereheatwould5fromtheEarthmuchmoreeasily. Today6thepotentialproblemistoomuchcarbondioxide.Couldtheincreaseincarbondioxide7aglobalriseinaveragetemperatureandcouldsucharisehaveserious8forhumansocietyMathematicalmodelsthatallowustocalculatetheriseintemperatureasafunctionoftheincrease9;thatthe10isprobablyyes. Onemathematicalmodel11thatdoublingtheatmosphericcarbondioxidewouldraisetheglobalmeansurfacetemperatureby2.5℃.Thismodelassumesthattheatmosphere’srelativehumidityremainsconstantandthetemperaturedecreaseswithaltitudeata12of6.5℃perkilometer.Theassumptionofconstantrelativehumidityisimportantbecausewatervaporintheatmosphereisanother13absorberorradiationatinfraredwavelengths.Becausewarmaircanholdmore14thancoolairtherelativehumiditywillbeconstant15theamountofwatervaporintheatmosphereincreases16thetemperaturerises.17moreinfraredradiationwouldbeabsorbedandreradiated18totheEarth’ssurface.Theresultantwarmingatthesurfacecouldbeexpectedtomeltsnowandice19theEarth’sreflectivity.Moresolarradiationwouldbeabsorbed20toafurtherincreaseintemperature. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
ThemoleculesofcarbondioxideintheEarth’satmosphereaffecttheheatbalanceoftheEarthbyactingasaone-wayscreen.1thesemoleculesallowradiationatvisiblewavelengthswheremostoftheenergyofsunlightisconcernedtopass2theyabsorbsomeofthelonger-wave-lengthinfraredemissionsradiatedfromtheEarth’ssurfaceradiationthatwould3betransmittedbackintospace.FortheEarthtomaintainaconstantaveragetemperaturesuchemissionsfromtheplanetmust4incomingsolarradiation.Iftherewerenocarbondioxideintheatmosphereheatwould5fromtheEarthmuchmoreeasily. Today6thepotentialproblemistoomuchcarbondioxide.Couldtheincreaseincarbondioxide7aglobalriseinaveragetemperatureandcouldsucharisehaveserious8forhumansocietyMathematicalmodelsthatallowustocalculatetheriseintemperatureasafunctionoftheincrease9;thatthe10isprobablyyes. Onemathematicalmodel11thatdoublingtheatmosphericcarbondioxidewouldraisetheglobalmeansurfacetemperatureby2.5℃.Thismodelassumesthattheatmosphere’srelativehumidityremainsconstantandthetemperaturedecreaseswithaltitudeata12of6.5℃perkilometer.Theassumptionofconstantrelativehumidityisimportantbecausewatervaporintheatmosphereisanother13absorberorradiationatinfraredwavelengths.Becausewarmaircanholdmore14thancoolairtherelativehumiditywillbeconstant15theamountofwatervaporintheatmosphereincreases16thetemperaturerises.17moreinfraredradiationwouldbeabsorbedandreradiated18totheEarth’ssurface.Theresultantwarmingatthesurfacecouldbeexpectedtomeltsnowandice19theEarth’sreflectivity.Moresolarradiationwouldbeabsorbed20toafurtherincreaseintemperature. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
ThemoleculesofcarbondioxideintheEarth’satmosphereaffecttheheatbalanceoftheEarthbyactingasaone-wayscreen.1thesemoleculesallowradiationatvisiblewavelengthswheremostoftheenergyofsunlightisconcernedtopass2theyabsorbsomeofthelonger-wave-lengthinfraredemissionsradiatedfromtheEarth’ssurfaceradiationthatwould3betransmittedbackintospace.FortheEarthtomaintainaconstantaveragetemperaturesuchemissionsfromtheplanetmust4incomingsolarradiation.Iftherewerenocarbondioxideintheatmosphereheatwould5fromtheEarthmuchmoreeasily. Today6thepotentialproblemistoomuchcarbondioxide.Couldtheincreaseincarbondioxide7aglobalriseinaveragetemperatureandcouldsucharisehaveserious8forhumansocietyMathematicalmodelsthatallowustocalculatetheriseintemperatureasafunctionoftheincrease9;thatthe10isprobablyyes. Onemathematicalmodel11thatdoublingtheatmosphericcarbondioxidewouldraisetheglobalmeansurfacetemperatureby2.5℃.Thismodelassumesthattheatmosphere’srelativehumidityremainsconstantandthetemperaturedecreaseswithaltitudeata12of6.5℃perkilometer.Theassumptionofconstantrelativehumidityisimportantbecausewatervaporintheatmosphereisanother13absorberorradiationatinfraredwavelengths.Becausewarmaircanholdmore14thancoolairtherelativehumiditywillbeconstant15theamountofwatervaporintheatmosphereincreases16thetemperaturerises.17moreinfraredradiationwouldbeabsorbedandreradiated18totheEarth’ssurface.Theresultantwarmingatthesurfacecouldbeexpectedtomeltsnowandice19theEarth’sreflectivity.Moresolarradiationwouldbeabsorbed20toafurtherincreaseintemperature. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
ThemoleculesofcarbondioxideintheEarth’satmosphereaffecttheheatbalanceoftheEarthbyactingasaone-wayscreen.1thesemoleculesallowradiationatvisiblewavelengthswheremostoftheenergyofsunlightisconcernedtopass2theyabsorbsomeofthelonger-wave-lengthinfraredemissionsradiatedfromtheEarth’ssurfaceradiationthatwould3betransmittedbackintospace.FortheEarthtomaintainaconstantaveragetemperaturesuchemissionsfromtheplanetmust4incomingsolarradiation.Iftherewerenocarbondioxideintheatmosphereheatwould5fromtheEarthmuchmoreeasily. Today6thepotentialproblemistoomuchcarbondioxide.Couldtheincreaseincarbondioxide7aglobalriseinaveragetemperatureandcouldsucharisehaveserious8forhumansocietyMathematicalmodelsthatallowustocalculatetheriseintemperatureasafunctionoftheincrease9;thatthe10isprobablyyes. Onemathematicalmodel11thatdoublingtheatmosphericcarbondioxidewouldraisetheglobalmeansurfacetemperatureby2.5℃.Thismodelassumesthattheatmosphere’srelativehumidityremainsconstantandthetemperaturedecreaseswithaltitudeata12of6.5℃perkilometer.Theassumptionofconstantrelativehumidityisimportantbecausewatervaporintheatmosphereisanother13absorberorradiationatinfraredwavelengths.Becausewarmaircanholdmore14thancoolairtherelativehumiditywillbeconstant15theamountofwatervaporintheatmosphereincreases16thetemperaturerises.17moreinfraredradiationwouldbeabsorbedandreradiated18totheEarth’ssurface.Theresultantwarmingatthesurfacecouldbeexpectedtomeltsnowandice19theEarth’sreflectivity.Moresolarradiationwouldbeabsorbed20toafurtherincreaseintemperature. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
KingRichardIIIwasamonster.HepoisonedhiswifestolethethronefromhistwoyoungnephewsandorderedthemtobesmotheredintheTowerofLondon.RichardwasasortofAntichristtheKing--"thatbottledspiderthatpoisonousbunchbackedtoad." AnywaythatwasShakespeare’sversion.Shakespearedidwhattheplaywrightdoes:heturnedhistoryintoavividarticulateorganizeddream-repeatablenightly.Heputthecrouchbackonstageandsoldtickets. AndwhoWouldsaythattherealRichardknowntofamilyandfriendswasnotidenticaltoShakespeare’smemorablyloathsomecreationTheactualRichardwentdimmingintothepastandvanished.Whenalltheeye-witnessesaregonetheartist’simaginationbeginstotwist. VariationsontheKingRichardEffectareatworkinOliverStone’sJFK.RichardIIIwasartbutitwaspropagandatoo.ShakespearetookthedetailsofhisplotfromTudorhistorianswhowantedtoblackenRichard’sname.SeveralcenturiespassedbeforeotherhistoriansbegantowriteaboutRichard’svirtuesandsuggestthathemayhavebeenavictimofTudormaliceandwhatisthecleverestconspiracyofall:art. JFKisalongandpowerfulharangueaboutthedeathoftheman--Stonekeepscalling"theslainyoungking.’WhataretherulesofStone’sgameIsStonefunctioningascommercialentertainerPropagandistDocumentaryfilmmakerHistorianJournalistFantasistSensationalistCrazyconspiracy-mongerLoneherocrusadingforthetruthagainstacorruptEstablishmentAnswer:someoftheabove. ThefirstsuperficialeffectofJFKistoraiseangrylittlescrupleslikeweltsintheconscience.Wouldn’titbeabsurdifagenerationofyoungerAmericanswithnomemoryof1963weretoformtheirideasaboutJohnKennedy’sassassinationfromOliverStone’sreportofitButworsethingshavehappened--includingperhapstheWarrenCommissionreport StoneusesasuspectmixedartformandJFKraisesthefamiliarethicalandhistoricalproblemsofdocudrama.ButsowhatArtistshavealwaysusedpubliceventsasrawmaterialhavetakenhistoryintotheirimaginationsandtransformedit.ThefallofTroyvanishedintotheIliad.TheBattleofBorodinofounditsmostmemorablepermanenceinTolstoy’simaginingofitinWarandPeace. Especiallyinaworldofinsatiableelectronicstorytellingrealhistoryprocreatesendlesslyconjuringnewversionsofitself.Publiclifehasbecomeametaphysicalbreederoffictions.Watergatebecameanalmostcontinuoustelevisionminiseries--althoughitisinterestingthatthemovieofWoodwardandBernstein’sAllThePresident’sMenstayedclosetotheknownfactsandunlikeJFKdidnotvalidatedarkconjecture. Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatpubliclife
AccordingtoDr.MarcieSchneiderandEricaLeon
ThemoleculesofcarbondioxideintheEarth’satmosphereaffecttheheatbalanceoftheEarthbyactingasaone-wayscreen.1thesemoleculesallowradiationatvisiblewavelengthswheremostoftheenergyofsunlightisconcernedtopass2theyabsorbsomeofthelonger-wave-lengthinfraredemissionsradiatedfromtheEarth’ssurfaceradiationthatwould3betransmittedbackintospace.FortheEarthtomaintainaconstantaveragetemperaturesuchemissionsfromtheplanetmust4incomingsolarradiation.Iftherewerenocarbondioxideintheatmosphereheatwould5fromtheEarthmuchmoreeasily. Today6thepotentialproblemistoomuchcarbondioxide.Couldtheincreaseincarbondioxide7aglobalriseinaveragetemperatureandcouldsucharisehaveserious8forhumansocietyMathematicalmodelsthatallowustocalculatetheriseintemperatureasafunctionoftheincrease9;thatthe10isprobablyyes. Onemathematicalmodel11thatdoublingtheatmosphericcarbondioxidewouldraisetheglobalmeansurfacetemperatureby2.5℃.Thismodelassumesthattheatmosphere’srelativehumidityremainsconstantandthetemperaturedecreaseswithaltitudeata12of6.5℃perkilometer.Theassumptionofconstantrelativehumidityisimportantbecausewatervaporintheatmosphereisanother13absorberorradiationatinfraredwavelengths.Becausewarmaircanholdmore14thancoolairtherelativehumiditywillbeconstant15theamountofwatervaporintheatmosphereincreases16thetemperaturerises.17moreinfraredradiationwouldbeabsorbedandreradiated18totheEarth’ssurface.Theresultantwarmingatthesurfacecouldbeexpectedtomeltsnowandice19theEarth’sreflectivity.Moresolarradiationwouldbeabsorbed20toafurtherincreaseintemperature. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
ThestudiescitedbytheNationalEatingDisordersAssociationaremadeamong
Eversincetheywerefirststagedin19thcenturyEuropeworld’sfairshaveenabledpeoplefromaroundtheglobetovisitwondrouspavilionswheretheycandiscoverdistantlandsandnewtechnologies.The2006world’sfairisnoexceptionbutitalsohasadecidedlynew-eratwist:thewholeeventhappensincyberspace. AnonprofitprojectdreamedupbyAmericansCarlMalamudacomputerconsultantandVintonCerfandInternetpioneerandtelecommunications-companyvicepresidenttheInternet2006WorldExpositionisadigitalworkinprogressamulti-chamberedforumthatcybernautscanhelpbuildandrenovatethroughouttheyear--andperhapslongafterthefair’sofficialcloseinDecember. Whilehigh-techpavilionssetupbysponsoringcorporationsarefeaturedprominentlyasinrealfairsthisvirtualexpositioniscloserinspiritandrealitytoavastbustlingbazaaramarketplaceforthetalentsandofferingsofthousandsofindividualsandsmallgroups.Anyonewithacomputerandamodemcannotonly"attend"butalsoparticipateasanexhibitorbycreatinganindividualmultimediaWebsite. Gettingthefairupandrunningwasbynomeanseasy.Malamud36spentthepastyearshuttlingamong30countrieslobbyingcompaniesthatinitiallydismissedtheprojectasunwieldyandunworkable.WhilesomenationsimmediatelysupportedtheideaotherscompletelymissedthepointofMalamud’svision:tomakethefairapublic-worksprojectthatfocusesonwhattheInternetcanofferexpertornovice.Oncegrass-rootsgroupsstartedbackingtheprojectthoughbusinesseswerenotfarbehind.Bydonatingequipmentandservicesthesecompanieswillgainaccesstomillionsofpotentialconsumerseagertoseethefirms’latesttechnologies. Sincetheexposition’sJan.1launchasmanyas40000visitorseachdayfrommorethan40countrieshavetriedthemajorWebsites.MostvirtualvisitorslogonfromtheU.SandJapanbuttheUnitedArabEmiratesSwedenSingaporeandEstoniahavebeenrepresented.Commentsloggedinthefair’sguestbookareoverwhelminglypositive."Wowtheworldisshrinking"wroteavisitorfromtheNetherlands.Sincetheirinitialhesitancythemajorsponsors-primarilytelecommunicationsandsoftwarecompanies--havebecomefirmbelievers.Beyondthediversityofcontentandinternationalscopethefairisatechnologicalmarvel. ThefastestinternationallinkeverinstalledthispipelinecouldbethefirststeptowardlayingapermanentnetworkthatwilleventuallyhardwireeverynationintheworldintotheInternet.Theorganizershopethattheinfrastructure--andawareness-nurturedbythisexpositionwilllaunchaboominNetuse. TheorganizersthinksthattheeffectonNetuseoftheg006world’sfairis
KingRichardIIIwasamonster.HepoisonedhiswifestolethethronefromhistwoyoungnephewsandorderedthemtobesmotheredintheTowerofLondon.RichardwasasortofAntichristtheKing--"thatbottledspiderthatpoisonousbunchbackedtoad." AnywaythatwasShakespeare’sversion.Shakespearedidwhattheplaywrightdoes:heturnedhistoryintoavividarticulateorganizeddream-repeatablenightly.Heputthecrouchbackonstageandsoldtickets. AndwhoWouldsaythattherealRichardknowntofamilyandfriendswasnotidenticaltoShakespeare’smemorablyloathsomecreationTheactualRichardwentdimmingintothepastandvanished.Whenalltheeye-witnessesaregonetheartist’simaginationbeginstotwist. VariationsontheKingRichardEffectareatworkinOliverStone’sJFK.RichardIIIwasartbutitwaspropagandatoo.ShakespearetookthedetailsofhisplotfromTudorhistorianswhowantedtoblackenRichard’sname.SeveralcenturiespassedbeforeotherhistoriansbegantowriteaboutRichard’svirtuesandsuggestthathemayhavebeenavictimofTudormaliceandwhatisthecleverestconspiracyofall:art. JFKisalongandpowerfulharangueaboutthedeathoftheman--Stonekeepscalling"theslainyoungking.’WhataretherulesofStone’sgameIsStonefunctioningascommercialentertainerPropagandistDocumentaryfilmmakerHistorianJournalistFantasistSensationalistCrazyconspiracy-mongerLoneherocrusadingforthetruthagainstacorruptEstablishmentAnswer:someoftheabove. ThefirstsuperficialeffectofJFKistoraiseangrylittlescrupleslikeweltsintheconscience.Wouldn’titbeabsurdifagenerationofyoungerAmericanswithnomemoryof1963weretoformtheirideasaboutJohnKennedy’sassassinationfromOliverStone’sreportofitButworsethingshavehappened--includingperhapstheWarrenCommissionreport StoneusesasuspectmixedartformandJFKraisesthefamiliarethicalandhistoricalproblemsofdocudrama.ButsowhatArtistshavealwaysusedpubliceventsasrawmaterialhavetakenhistoryintotheirimaginationsandtransformedit.ThefallofTroyvanishedintotheIliad.TheBattleofBorodinofounditsmostmemorablepermanenceinTolstoy’simaginingofitinWarandPeace. Especiallyinaworldofinsatiableelectronicstorytellingrealhistoryprocreatesendlesslyconjuringnewversionsofitself.Publiclifehasbecomeametaphysicalbreederoffictions.Watergatebecameanalmostcontinuoustelevisionminiseries--althoughitisinterestingthatthemovieofWoodwardandBernstein’sAllThePresident’sMenstayedclosetotheknownfactsandunlikeJFKdidnotvalidatedarkconjecture. Shakespeare’screationisusedinthetexttointroduce
KingRichardIIIwasamonster.HepoisonedhiswifestolethethronefromhistwoyoungnephewsandorderedthemtobesmotheredintheTowerofLondon.RichardwasasortofAntichristtheKing--"thatbottledspiderthatpoisonousbunchbackedtoad." AnywaythatwasShakespeare’sversion.Shakespearedidwhattheplaywrightdoes:heturnedhistoryintoavividarticulateorganizeddream-repeatablenightly.Heputthecrouchbackonstageandsoldtickets. AndwhoWouldsaythattherealRichardknowntofamilyandfriendswasnotidenticaltoShakespeare’smemorablyloathsomecreationTheactualRichardwentdimmingintothepastandvanished.Whenalltheeye-witnessesaregonetheartist’simaginationbeginstotwist. VariationsontheKingRichardEffectareatworkinOliverStone’sJFK.RichardIIIwasartbutitwaspropagandatoo.ShakespearetookthedetailsofhisplotfromTudorhistorianswhowantedtoblackenRichard’sname.SeveralcenturiespassedbeforeotherhistoriansbegantowriteaboutRichard’svirtuesandsuggestthathemayhavebeenavictimofTudormaliceandwhatisthecleverestconspiracyofall:art. JFKisalongandpowerfulharangueaboutthedeathoftheman--Stonekeepscalling"theslainyoungking.’WhataretherulesofStone’sgameIsStonefunctioningascommercialentertainerPropagandistDocumentaryfilmmakerHistorianJournalistFantasistSensationalistCrazyconspiracy-mongerLoneherocrusadingforthetruthagainstacorruptEstablishmentAnswer:someoftheabove. ThefirstsuperficialeffectofJFKistoraiseangrylittlescrupleslikeweltsintheconscience.Wouldn’titbeabsurdifagenerationofyoungerAmericanswithnomemoryof1963weretoformtheirideasaboutJohnKennedy’sassassinationfromOliverStone’sreportofitButworsethingshavehappened--includingperhapstheWarrenCommissionreport StoneusesasuspectmixedartformandJFKraisesthefamiliarethicalandhistoricalproblemsofdocudrama.ButsowhatArtistshavealwaysusedpubliceventsasrawmaterialhavetakenhistoryintotheirimaginationsandtransformedit.ThefallofTroyvanishedintotheIliad.TheBattleofBorodinofounditsmostmemorablepermanenceinTolstoy’simaginingofitinWarandPeace. Especiallyinaworldofinsatiableelectronicstorytellingrealhistoryprocreatesendlesslyconjuringnewversionsofitself.Publiclifehasbecomeametaphysicalbreederoffictions.Watergatebecameanalmostcontinuoustelevisionminiseries--althoughitisinterestingthatthemovieofWoodwardandBernstein’sAllThePresident’sMenstayedclosetotheknownfactsandunlikeJFKdidnotvalidatedarkconjecture. ThewordharanguePara.5connotes
WhichofthefollowingmayNOTbethereasonofeatingdisorders
FormonthstheJapanesesearchedfitfullyfortherightwordtodescribewhatwashappening.AttheBankofJapanthenation’scentralbankofficialsspokeof"anadjustmentphase.’PrimeMinisteradmittedonlyto"adifficultsituation."TheEconomicPlanningAgencythegovernment’srecordkeeperreferreddelicatelytoa"retreat."Thentwoweeksagoforthefirsttimesince1997theagencydroppeditsboilerplatereferencetothe"expansion"fromitscloselywatchedMonthlyEconomicReportandthewordgamewasover.Japan’seconomytheworld’ssecondlargestconcededtheexpertswasinrecession. Thatadmissionconfirmedthebadnewsbusinessmenhadbeenreadingintheirspreadsheetsforseveralmonths."In2001onemarketafteranotherturnedbad"saysYoshihikoWakamotoseniorvicepresidentofToshibaCorp.whichnowadmitsthatitspretaxprofitsforfiscal2001endingMarch31maybedownawhopping42%.InAprilwhenmanyJapanesecompaniesannouncetheirresultsfor2001fiscalyearmostwillreportdecliningprofits.BluechipslikeSonyNECandMatsushitahaveallexperienceddropsofover40%inpretaxprofits.Japan’ssecurityhouseshitbydecliningcommissionsfromafallingstockmarketwillannounceevenmoredramaticdrops.NomuraSecuritiesonceJapan’smostprofitablecompanyistalkingaboutan80%declineinprofits.Automanufacturersbanksairlinessteelcompaniesdepartmentstores--allareinaslump. TechnicallywhatishappeningtotheJapaneseeconomydoesnotmeetAmericancriteriaforarecessionnormallydefinedasatleasttwoconsecutivequartersofnegativegrowth.WhileeconomicgrowthhasslowedinJapanithasnotceased.Governmenteconomistsarepredictinga3.5%increaseinGNPfor2002.Outsideexpertsarenotsooptimistic.ButnearlyeveryoneagreesthatGNPgrowthinJapanisunlikelytoslipintonegativenumbersasitdidlastyearintheU.S.andBritain."There’snoquestionthatweareinarecession"pronouncesKunioMiyamotochiefeconomistoftheSumitomo-LifeResearchInstitute."ButitisarecessionJapanese-style." Duringthelasthalfofthe1990sJapanesecompaniesbasedmuchoftheirexpansionaroundtheworldonthewildlyinflatedvaluesoftheTokyoStockExchangeandJapan’sfrenziedrealestatemarket.Nowboththosemarketshavecollapsed.Andwithlong-terminterestratesupfrom5%to7%Japanesecompaniesarelessabletosellvastquantitiesofhigh-qualitygoodsatrazor-thinprofitmargins.AddedtothisarepressuresfromshareholdersforagreaterreturnoninvestmentsfromJapan’stradingpartnersforrestraintsonitsaggressivetradepracticesandfromitsowncitizensforareductionintheirworkinghourssotheycanenjoythefruitsof40yearsofrelentlesstoil. WhichofthefollowingcanbestsubstitutethewordTechnicallyPara.3withoutchangingitsfunctioninthecontext
ThemoleculesofcarbondioxideintheEarth’satmosphereaffecttheheatbalanceoftheEarthbyactingasaone-wayscreen.1thesemoleculesallowradiationatvisiblewavelengthswheremostoftheenergyofsunlightisconcernedtopass2theyabsorbsomeofthelonger-wave-lengthinfraredemissionsradiatedfromtheEarth’ssurfaceradiationthatwould3betransmittedbackintospace.FortheEarthtomaintainaconstantaveragetemperaturesuchemissionsfromtheplanetmust4incomingsolarradiation.Iftherewerenocarbondioxideintheatmosphereheatwould5fromtheEarthmuchmoreeasily. Today6thepotentialproblemistoomuchcarbondioxide.Couldtheincreaseincarbondioxide7aglobalriseinaveragetemperatureandcouldsucharisehaveserious8forhumansocietyMathematicalmodelsthatallowustocalculatetheriseintemperatureasafunctionoftheincrease9;thatthe10isprobablyyes. Onemathematicalmodel11thatdoublingtheatmosphericcarbondioxidewouldraisetheglobalmeansurfacetemperatureby2.5℃.Thismodelassumesthattheatmosphere’srelativehumidityremainsconstantandthetemperaturedecreaseswithaltitudeata12of6.5℃perkilometer.Theassumptionofconstantrelativehumidityisimportantbecausewatervaporintheatmosphereisanother13absorberorradiationatinfraredwavelengths.Becausewarmaircanholdmore14thancoolairtherelativehumiditywillbeconstant15theamountofwatervaporintheatmosphereincreases16thetemperaturerises.17moreinfraredradiationwouldbeabsorbedandreradiated18totheEarth’ssurface.Theresultantwarmingatthesurfacecouldbeexpectedtomeltsnowandice19theEarth’sreflectivity.Moresolarradiationwouldbeabsorbed20toafurtherincreaseintemperature. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Directions: YouaregoingtoreadatextaboutTheBigMeltfollowedbyalistofexamples.ChoosethebestexamplefromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedsubheading41-45.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Saygoodbyetotheworld’stropicalglaciersandicecaps.Manywillvanishwithin20years.WhenLonnieThompsonvisitedPeru’sQuelccayaicecapin1977hecouldn’thelpnoticingaschool-bus-sizeboulderthatwasupendedbyicepushingagainstit.Thompsonreturnedtothesamespotlastyearandtheboulderwasstilltherebutitwaslyingonitsside.Theicethatoncesupportedthemassiverockhadretreatedfarintothedistanceleavingbehindagiantlakeasitmeltedaway. FoeThompsonageologistwithOhioStateUniversity’sByrdPolarResearchCentertherolled-backrockwasanobvioussignofclimatechangeintheAndesMountains."Observingthatover25yearspersonallyreallybringsithome"hesays."Yourdon’thavetobeabelieveringlobalwarmingtoseewhat’shappening." 41.Thawedicecapsinthetropics. Quelccayaisthelargesticecapinthetropicsbutitisn’ttheonlyonethatismeltingaccordingtodecadesofresearchbyThompson’steam.NotropicalglaciersarecurrentlyknowntobeadvancingandThompsonpredictsthatmanymountaintopswillbecompletelymeltedwithinthenext20years. 42.Situationinareasotherthanthetropics. Thephenomenonisn’tconfinedtothetropics.GlaciersinEuropeRussianewZealandtheUnitedStatesandelsewherearealsomelting. 43.Theworseningeffectsofglobalwarming. Formanyscientiststhewidespreadmelt-downisaclearsignthathumansareaffectingglobalclimateprimarilybyraisingthelevelsofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegasesintheatmosphere. 44.Recedingicecaps. That’snottosaythatglacierscurrentlyfoundoneverycontinentexceptAustraliahaven’tmeltedinthepastasaresultofnaturalvariability.Theseriversoficeexistinadelicatebalancebetweeninputsaccumulatingsnowandiceandoutputsmeltingand"calving"oflargechunksofice.Overtimethebalancecantiltineitherdirectioncausingglacierstoadvanceorretreat.What’sdifferentnowisthespeedatwhichthescaleshavetipped."We’vebeensurprisedathowrapidtherateofretreathasbeen"saysThompson.HisteambeganmappingoneofthemainglaciersflowingoutoftheQuelccayaicecapin1978usingsatelliteimagesandgroundsurveys. 45.Thinningicecores. Andits’notjustthemarginoftheicecapthatismelting.AtQuelccayaandMountKilimanjarotheresearchershavefoundthattheicefieldsarethinningaswell.BesidesmappingicecapsandglaciersThompsonandhiscolleagueshavetakencoresamplesfromQuelccayasince1976whentheiceatthedrillinglocationwas154metersthick. ThompsonandhiscolleagueshavealsodrilledicecoresfromotherlocationsinSouthAmericaAfricaandChina.Trappedwithineachofthesecoresisaclimaterecordspanningmorethan8000years.Itshowsthatthepast50yearsarethewarmestinhistory. The4-inch-thickicecoresarenowstoredinfreezersatOhioState.OnthefuturesaysThompsonthatmaybetheonlyplacetoseewhat’sleftoftheglaciersofAfricaandPeru. [A]ThelatestreportfromtheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangepreparedbyhundredsofscientistsandapprovedbygovernmentdelegatesfrommorethan100nationsstates."Thereisnewandstrongerevidencethatmostofthewarmingobservedoverthelast50yearsisattributabletohumanactivities."ThereportreleasedinJanuarysaysthattheplanet’saveragesurfacetemperatureincreasedbyabout0.6℃duringthe20thcenturyandisprojectedtoincreaseanother1.4℃to5.8℃by2100.Thatrateofwarmingis"with-outprecedentduringatleastthelast10000years"saystheIPCC. [B]Alaska’smassiveBeringandColumbiaGlacierslocatedinnontropicalregionsforexamplehaverecededbymorethan10kilometersduringthepastcentury.AndastudybygeologistsattheUniversityofColoradoatBoulderpredictsthatGlacierNationalParkinMontanaundertheinfluenceofmeltingwillloseallofitsglaciersby2070. [C]Forexampleabout97percentoftheplanet’swaterisseawater.Another2percentislockedinicecapsandglaciers.Therearealsoreservesoffreshwaterundertheearth’ssurfacebutthesearetoodeepforustouseeconomically. [D]ForexampleAfrica’sMountKilimanjarointropicalareashaslost82percentofitsicefieldsinceitwasfirstmappedin1912.ThatyearKilimanjarohad12.1squarekilometersofice.Bylastyeartheicecoveredonly2.2squarekilometers.AtthecurrentrateofmeltingthesnowsofKilimanjarothatErnestHemingwaywroteaboutwillbegonewithin15yearsThompsonestimates."Butitprobablywillhappensoonerbecausetherateisspeedingup." [E]"Ifullyexpecttobeabletoreturnthereinadozenyearsorsoandseethemarksontherockwhereourdrillbitpunchedthroughtheice"saysThompson.Ifthathappensitwillmeanthatalayeroficemorethan500feetthickhasvanishedintothinair. [F]TheglacierQoriKaliswasthenretreatingby4.9metersperyear.EverytimethescientistsreturnedQoriKaliswasmeltingfaster.Between1998and2000itwasretreatingatarateof155metersperyearsmorethanafootperday32timesfasterthanin1978."Youcanalmostsitthereandwatchitmove"saysThompson. 41
Directions: YouaregoingtoreadatextaboutTheBigMeltfollowedbyalistofexamples.ChoosethebestexamplefromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedsubheading41-45.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Saygoodbyetotheworld’stropicalglaciersandicecaps.Manywillvanishwithin20years.WhenLonnieThompsonvisitedPeru’sQuelccayaicecapin1977hecouldn’thelpnoticingaschool-bus-sizeboulderthatwasupendedbyicepushingagainstit.Thompsonreturnedtothesamespotlastyearandtheboulderwasstilltherebutitwaslyingonitsside.Theicethatoncesupportedthemassiverockhadretreatedfarintothedistanceleavingbehindagiantlakeasitmeltedaway. FoeThompsonageologistwithOhioStateUniversity’sByrdPolarResearchCentertherolled-backrockwasanobvioussignofclimatechangeintheAndesMountains."Observingthatover25yearspersonallyreallybringsithome"hesays."Yourdon’thavetobeabelieveringlobalwarmingtoseewhat’shappening." 41.Thawedicecapsinthetropics. Quelccayaisthelargesticecapinthetropicsbutitisn’ttheonlyonethatismeltingaccordingtodecadesofresearchbyThompson’steam.NotropicalglaciersarecurrentlyknowntobeadvancingandThompsonpredictsthatmanymountaintopswillbecompletelymeltedwithinthenext20years. 42.Situationinareasotherthanthetropics. Thephenomenonisn’tconfinedtothetropics.GlaciersinEuropeRussianewZealandtheUnitedStatesandelsewherearealsomelting. 43.Theworseningeffectsofglobalwarming. Formanyscientiststhewidespreadmelt-downisaclearsignthathumansareaffectingglobalclimateprimarilybyraisingthelevelsofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegasesintheatmosphere. 44.Recedingicecaps. That’snottosaythatglacierscurrentlyfoundoneverycontinentexceptAustraliahaven’tmeltedinthepastasaresultofnaturalvariability.Theseriversoficeexistinadelicatebalancebetweeninputsaccumulatingsnowandiceandoutputsmeltingand"calving"oflargechunksofice.Overtimethebalancecantiltineitherdirectioncausingglacierstoadvanceorretreat.What’sdifferentnowisthespeedatwhichthescaleshavetipped."We’vebeensurprisedathowrapidtherateofretreathasbeen"saysThompson.HisteambeganmappingoneofthemainglaciersflowingoutoftheQuelccayaicecapin1978usingsatelliteimagesandgroundsurveys. 45.Thinningicecores. Andits’notjustthemarginoftheicecapthatismelting.AtQuelccayaandMountKilimanjarotheresearchershavefoundthattheicefieldsarethinningaswell.BesidesmappingicecapsandglaciersThompsonandhiscolleagueshavetakencoresamplesfromQuelccayasince1976whentheiceatthedrillinglocationwas154metersthick. ThompsonandhiscolleagueshavealsodrilledicecoresfromotherlocationsinSouthAmericaAfricaandChina.Trappedwithineachofthesecoresisaclimaterecordspanningmorethan8000years.Itshowsthatthepast50yearsarethewarmestinhistory. The4-inch-thickicecoresarenowstoredinfreezersatOhioState.OnthefuturesaysThompsonthatmaybetheonlyplacetoseewhat’sleftoftheglaciersofAfricaandPeru. [A]ThelatestreportfromtheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangepreparedbyhundredsofscientistsandapprovedbygovernmentdelegatesfrommorethan100nationsstates."Thereisnewandstrongerevidencethatmostofthewarmingobservedoverthelast50yearsisattributabletohumanactivities."ThereportreleasedinJanuarysaysthattheplanet’saveragesurfacetemperatureincreasedbyabout0.6℃duringthe20thcenturyandisprojectedtoincreaseanother1.4℃to5.8℃by2100.Thatrateofwarmingis"with-outprecedentduringatleastthelast10000years"saystheIPCC. [B]Alaska’smassiveBeringandColumbiaGlacierslocatedinnontropicalregionsforexamplehaverecededbymorethan10kilometersduringthepastcentury.AndastudybygeologistsattheUniversityofColoradoatBoulderpredictsthatGlacierNationalParkinMontanaundertheinfluenceofmeltingwillloseallofitsglaciersby2070. [C]Forexampleabout97percentoftheplanet’swaterisseawater.Another2percentislockedinicecapsandglaciers.Therearealsoreservesoffreshwaterundertheearth’ssurfacebutthesearetoodeepforustouseeconomically. [D]ForexampleAfrica’sMountKilimanjarointropicalareashaslost82percentofitsicefieldsinceitwasfirstmappedin1912.ThatyearKilimanjarohad12.1squarekilometersofice.Bylastyeartheicecoveredonly2.2squarekilometers.AtthecurrentrateofmeltingthesnowsofKilimanjarothatErnestHemingwaywroteaboutwillbegonewithin15yearsThompsonestimates."Butitprobablywillhappensoonerbecausetherateisspeedingup." [E]"Ifullyexpecttobeabletoreturnthereinadozenyearsorsoandseethemarksontherockwhereourdrillbitpunchedthroughtheice"saysThompson.Ifthathappensitwillmeanthatalayeroficemorethan500feetthickhasvanishedintothinair. [F]TheglacierQoriKaliswasthenretreatingby4.9metersperyear.EverytimethescientistsreturnedQoriKaliswasmeltingfaster.Between1998and2000itwasretreatingatarateof155metersperyearsmorethanafootperday32timesfasterthanin1978."Youcanalmostsitthereandwatchitmove"saysThompson. 43
Itwasthebestoftimesordependingonyourpoliticalandphilosophicaloutlookoneofthefoulestandmostdepraved.Rebellionseemedtobeleapingfromcitytocitycontinenttocontinentbysomefieryprocessofcontagion.RadicalstudentsfilledthestreetsofMexicocityBerlinTokyoPrague.IntheU.S.ChicagoswirledintonearanarchyascopsbattledantiwardemonstratorsgatheredattheDemocraticConvention.AndeverywherefromAmsterdamtoHaight-Ashburyagenerationwasgettinghighactingup. Soclearlyitwastheyearfromhell--acollective"diveintoextensivesocialandpersonaldysfunction"astheWallStreetJournaleditorializedrecently.Ordependingagainonyouroutlookaglobalbreakthroughforthehumanspirit.Onthisthe25thanniversaryof1968probablytheonlythingwecanallagreeonisthat’68marksthebeginningofthe"culturewars"whichhavedividedAmericaeversince. Boththesidesofthe"culturewars"ofthe’80sand’90stookforminthecriticalyearof’68.Thekeyissuesaredifferentnow--abortionandgayrightsforexampleasopposedtoVietnamandracism--buttheunderlyingthemesstillechotheclashesof’68:Diversityvs.conformitytraditionvs.iconoclasmself-expressionvs.deferencetonorms."Questionauthority"inotherwordsvs."Fatherknowsbest." The25thanniversaryof’68isagoodtimetoreflectcalmlyandphilosophicallyonthesedeepunderlyingchoices.Ononehandweknowthatanti-authoritarianismforitsownsakeeasilydegeneratesintoarudeandunfocuseddefiance:RevolutionasAbbieHoffmanputit"forthehellofit."Certainly’68haditswretchedexcessesaswellasitsmomentsofglory:thepersonaltragedyoflivesundonebydrugsandsextheheavycostofriotsanddestruction.Onemighteasilyconcludethattheancientrulesandhierarchiesarethereforareason--they’reworkedmoreorlessforuntoldmillenniumssothere’snopointinchangingthemnow. Butit’salsotruethatwhat"worked"forthousandsofyearsmaynotbethebestwayofdoingthings.Democracyafterallwasoneeafar-outsubversivenotioncondemnedbykingsandpriests.Inourowncountryittookallkindsofhell-raisingincludingawartogetacrossthesimplenotionthatnopersonismorallyentitledtoownanother.Onegeneration’shallowedtradition--slaveryorthedivinerightofkings--maybeanothergeneration’sobjectlessoninhumanfolly. ’68wasonemoreawkwardstumblinghalf-stepforwardinwhatDutschkecalledthe"longmarch"towardhumanfreedom.Actuallyithelpedinspiretheworldwidefeministmovement. Fromthetextwelearnthatthe’68Warwasbestcharacterizedby
ThemoleculesofcarbondioxideintheEarth’satmosphereaffecttheheatbalanceoftheEarthbyactingasaone-wayscreen.1thesemoleculesallowradiationatvisiblewavelengthswheremostoftheenergyofsunlightisconcernedtopass2theyabsorbsomeofthelonger-wave-lengthinfraredemissionsradiatedfromtheEarth’ssurfaceradiationthatwould3betransmittedbackintospace.FortheEarthtomaintainaconstantaveragetemperaturesuchemissionsfromtheplanetmust4incomingsolarradiation.Iftherewerenocarbondioxideintheatmosphereheatwould5fromtheEarthmuchmoreeasily. Today6thepotentialproblemistoomuchcarbondioxide.Couldtheincreaseincarbondioxide7aglobalriseinaveragetemperatureandcouldsucharisehaveserious8forhumansocietyMathematicalmodelsthatallowustocalculatetheriseintemperatureasafunctionoftheincrease9;thatthe10isprobablyyes. Onemathematicalmodel11thatdoublingtheatmosphericcarbondioxidewouldraisetheglobalmeansurfacetemperatureby2.5℃.Thismodelassumesthattheatmosphere’srelativehumidityremainsconstantandthetemperaturedecreaseswithaltitudeata12of6.5℃perkilometer.Theassumptionofconstantrelativehumidityisimportantbecausewatervaporintheatmosphereisanother13absorberorradiationatinfraredwavelengths.Becausewarmaircanholdmore14thancoolairtherelativehumiditywillbeconstant15theamountofwatervaporintheatmosphereincreases16thetemperaturerises.17moreinfraredradiationwouldbeabsorbedandreradiated18totheEarth’ssurface.Theresultantwarmingatthesurfacecouldbeexpectedtomeltsnowandice19theEarth’sreflectivity.Moresolarradiationwouldbeabsorbed20toafurtherincreaseintemperature. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Eversincetheywerefirststagedin19thcenturyEuropeworld’sfairshaveenabledpeoplefromaroundtheglobetovisitwondrouspavilionswheretheycandiscoverdistantlandsandnewtechnologies.The2006world’sfairisnoexceptionbutitalsohasadecidedlynew-eratwist:thewholeeventhappensincyberspace. AnonprofitprojectdreamedupbyAmericansCarlMalamudacomputerconsultantandVintonCerfandInternetpioneerandtelecommunications-companyvicepresidenttheInternet2006WorldExpositionisadigitalworkinprogressamulti-chamberedforumthatcybernautscanhelpbuildandrenovatethroughouttheyear--andperhapslongafterthefair’sofficialcloseinDecember. Whilehigh-techpavilionssetupbysponsoringcorporationsarefeaturedprominentlyasinrealfairsthisvirtualexpositioniscloserinspiritandrealitytoavastbustlingbazaaramarketplaceforthetalentsandofferingsofthousandsofindividualsandsmallgroups.Anyonewithacomputerandamodemcannotonly"attend"butalsoparticipateasanexhibitorbycreatinganindividualmultimediaWebsite. Gettingthefairupandrunningwasbynomeanseasy.Malamud36spentthepastyearshuttlingamong30countrieslobbyingcompaniesthatinitiallydismissedtheprojectasunwieldyandunworkable.WhilesomenationsimmediatelysupportedtheideaotherscompletelymissedthepointofMalamud’svision:tomakethefairapublic-worksprojectthatfocusesonwhattheInternetcanofferexpertornovice.Oncegrass-rootsgroupsstartedbackingtheprojectthoughbusinesseswerenotfarbehind.Bydonatingequipmentandservicesthesecompanieswillgainaccesstomillionsofpotentialconsumerseagertoseethefirms’latesttechnologies. Sincetheexposition’sJan.1launchasmanyas40000visitorseachdayfrommorethan40countrieshavetriedthemajorWebsites.MostvirtualvisitorslogonfromtheU.SandJapanbuttheUnitedArabEmiratesSwedenSingaporeandEstoniahavebeenrepresented.Commentsloggedinthefair’sguestbookareoverwhelminglypositive."Wowtheworldisshrinking"wroteavisitorfromtheNetherlands.Sincetheirinitialhesitancythemajorsponsors-primarilytelecommunicationsandsoftwarecompanies--havebecomefirmbelievers.Beyondthediversityofcontentandinternationalscopethefairisatechnologicalmarvel. ThefastestinternationallinkeverinstalledthispipelinecouldbethefirststeptowardlayingapermanentnetworkthatwilleventuallyhardwireeverynationintheworldintotheInternet.Theorganizershopethattheinfrastructure--andawareness-nurturedbythisexpositionwilllaunchaboominNetuse. Thetechnologicalfairisintendedbyitsorganizerstobe
Whichofthefollowingmaybethebesttitleofthepassage
ThemoleculesofcarbondioxideintheEarth’satmosphereaffecttheheatbalanceoftheEarthbyactingasaone-wayscreen.1thesemoleculesallowradiationatvisiblewavelengthswheremostoftheenergyofsunlightisconcernedtopass2theyabsorbsomeofthelonger-wave-lengthinfraredemissionsradiatedfromtheEarth’ssurfaceradiationthatwould3betransmittedbackintospace.FortheEarthtomaintainaconstantaveragetemperaturesuchemissionsfromtheplanetmust4incomingsolarradiation.Iftherewerenocarbondioxideintheatmosphereheatwould5fromtheEarthmuchmoreeasily. Today6thepotentialproblemistoomuchcarbondioxide.Couldtheincreaseincarbondioxide7aglobalriseinaveragetemperatureandcouldsucharisehaveserious8forhumansocietyMathematicalmodelsthatallowustocalculatetheriseintemperatureasafunctionoftheincrease9;thatthe10isprobablyyes. Onemathematicalmodel11thatdoublingtheatmosphericcarbondioxidewouldraisetheglobalmeansurfacetemperatureby2.5℃.Thismodelassumesthattheatmosphere’srelativehumidityremainsconstantandthetemperaturedecreaseswithaltitudeata12of6.5℃perkilometer.Theassumptionofconstantrelativehumidityisimportantbecausewatervaporintheatmosphereisanother13absorberorradiationatinfraredwavelengths.Becausewarmaircanholdmore14thancoolairtherelativehumiditywillbeconstant15theamountofwatervaporintheatmosphereincreases16thetemperaturerises.17moreinfraredradiationwouldbeabsorbedandreradiated18totheEarth’ssurface.Theresultantwarmingatthesurfacecouldbeexpectedtomeltsnowandice19theEarth’sreflectivity.Moresolarradiationwouldbeabsorbed20toafurtherincreaseintemperature. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Directions: YouaregoingtoreadatextaboutTheBigMeltfollowedbyalistofexamples.ChoosethebestexamplefromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedsubheading41-45.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Saygoodbyetotheworld’stropicalglaciersandicecaps.Manywillvanishwithin20years.WhenLonnieThompsonvisitedPeru’sQuelccayaicecapin1977hecouldn’thelpnoticingaschool-bus-sizeboulderthatwasupendedbyicepushingagainstit.Thompsonreturnedtothesamespotlastyearandtheboulderwasstilltherebutitwaslyingonitsside.Theicethatoncesupportedthemassiverockhadretreatedfarintothedistanceleavingbehindagiantlakeasitmeltedaway. FoeThompsonageologistwithOhioStateUniversity’sByrdPolarResearchCentertherolled-backrockwasanobvioussignofclimatechangeintheAndesMountains."Observingthatover25yearspersonallyreallybringsithome"hesays."Yourdon’thavetobeabelieveringlobalwarmingtoseewhat’shappening." 41.Thawedicecapsinthetropics. Quelccayaisthelargesticecapinthetropicsbutitisn’ttheonlyonethatismeltingaccordingtodecadesofresearchbyThompson’steam.NotropicalglaciersarecurrentlyknowntobeadvancingandThompsonpredictsthatmanymountaintopswillbecompletelymeltedwithinthenext20years. 42.Situationinareasotherthanthetropics. Thephenomenonisn’tconfinedtothetropics.GlaciersinEuropeRussianewZealandtheUnitedStatesandelsewherearealsomelting. 43.Theworseningeffectsofglobalwarming. Formanyscientiststhewidespreadmelt-downisaclearsignthathumansareaffectingglobalclimateprimarilybyraisingthelevelsofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegasesintheatmosphere. 44.Recedingicecaps. That’snottosaythatglacierscurrentlyfoundoneverycontinentexceptAustraliahaven’tmeltedinthepastasaresultofnaturalvariability.Theseriversoficeexistinadelicatebalancebetweeninputsaccumulatingsnowandiceandoutputsmeltingand"calving"oflargechunksofice.Overtimethebalancecantiltineitherdirectioncausingglacierstoadvanceorretreat.What’sdifferentnowisthespeedatwhichthescaleshavetipped."We’vebeensurprisedathowrapidtherateofretreathasbeen"saysThompson.HisteambeganmappingoneofthemainglaciersflowingoutoftheQuelccayaicecapin1978usingsatelliteimagesandgroundsurveys. 45.Thinningicecores. Andits’notjustthemarginoftheicecapthatismelting.AtQuelccayaandMountKilimanjarotheresearchershavefoundthattheicefieldsarethinningaswell.BesidesmappingicecapsandglaciersThompsonandhiscolleagueshavetakencoresamplesfromQuelccayasince1976whentheiceatthedrillinglocationwas154metersthick. ThompsonandhiscolleagueshavealsodrilledicecoresfromotherlocationsinSouthAmericaAfricaandChina.Trappedwithineachofthesecoresisaclimaterecordspanningmorethan8000years.Itshowsthatthepast50yearsarethewarmestinhistory. The4-inch-thickicecoresarenowstoredinfreezersatOhioState.OnthefuturesaysThompsonthatmaybetheonlyplacetoseewhat’sleftoftheglaciersofAfricaandPeru. [A]ThelatestreportfromtheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangepreparedbyhundredsofscientistsandapprovedbygovernmentdelegatesfrommorethan100nationsstates."Thereisnewandstrongerevidencethatmostofthewarmingobservedoverthelast50yearsisattributabletohumanactivities."ThereportreleasedinJanuarysaysthattheplanet’saveragesurfacetemperatureincreasedbyabout0.6℃duringthe20thcenturyandisprojectedtoincreaseanother1.4℃to5.8℃by2100.Thatrateofwarmingis"with-outprecedentduringatleastthelast10000years"saystheIPCC. [B]Alaska’smassiveBeringandColumbiaGlacierslocatedinnontropicalregionsforexamplehaverecededbymorethan10kilometersduringthepastcentury.AndastudybygeologistsattheUniversityofColoradoatBoulderpredictsthatGlacierNationalParkinMontanaundertheinfluenceofmeltingwillloseallofitsglaciersby2070. [C]Forexampleabout97percentoftheplanet’swaterisseawater.Another2percentislockedinicecapsandglaciers.Therearealsoreservesoffreshwaterundertheearth’ssurfacebutthesearetoodeepforustouseeconomically. [D]ForexampleAfrica’sMountKilimanjarointropicalareashaslost82percentofitsicefieldsinceitwasfirstmappedin1912.ThatyearKilimanjarohad12.1squarekilometersofice.Bylastyeartheicecoveredonly2.2squarekilometers.AtthecurrentrateofmeltingthesnowsofKilimanjarothatErnestHemingwaywroteaboutwillbegonewithin15yearsThompsonestimates."Butitprobablywillhappensoonerbecausetherateisspeedingup." [E]"Ifullyexpecttobeabletoreturnthereinadozenyearsorsoandseethemarksontherockwhereourdrillbitpunchedthroughtheice"saysThompson.Ifthathappensitwillmeanthatalayeroficemorethan500feetthickhasvanishedintothinair. [F]TheglacierQoriKaliswasthenretreatingby4.9metersperyear.EverytimethescientistsreturnedQoriKaliswasmeltingfaster.Between1998and2000itwasretreatingatarateof155metersperyearsmorethanafootperday32timesfasterthanin1978."Youcanalmostsitthereandwatchitmove"saysThompson. 45
Itwasthebestoftimesordependingonyourpoliticalandphilosophicaloutlookoneofthefoulestandmostdepraved.Rebellionseemedtobeleapingfromcitytocitycontinenttocontinentbysomefieryprocessofcontagion.RadicalstudentsfilledthestreetsofMexicocityBerlinTokyoPrague.IntheU.S.ChicagoswirledintonearanarchyascopsbattledantiwardemonstratorsgatheredattheDemocraticConvention.AndeverywherefromAmsterdamtoHaight-Ashburyagenerationwasgettinghighactingup. Soclearlyitwastheyearfromhell--acollective"diveintoextensivesocialandpersonaldysfunction"astheWallStreetJournaleditorializedrecently.Ordependingagainonyouroutlookaglobalbreakthroughforthehumanspirit.Onthisthe25thanniversaryof1968probablytheonlythingwecanallagreeonisthat’68marksthebeginningofthe"culturewars"whichhavedividedAmericaeversince. Boththesidesofthe"culturewars"ofthe’80sand’90stookforminthecriticalyearof’68.Thekeyissuesaredifferentnow--abortionandgayrightsforexampleasopposedtoVietnamandracism--buttheunderlyingthemesstillechotheclashesof’68:Diversityvs.conformitytraditionvs.iconoclasmself-expressionvs.deferencetonorms."Questionauthority"inotherwordsvs."Fatherknowsbest." The25thanniversaryof’68isagoodtimetoreflectcalmlyandphilosophicallyonthesedeepunderlyingchoices.Ononehandweknowthatanti-authoritarianismforitsownsakeeasilydegeneratesintoarudeandunfocuseddefiance:RevolutionasAbbieHoffmanputit"forthehellofit."Certainly’68haditswretchedexcessesaswellasitsmomentsofglory:thepersonaltragedyoflivesundonebydrugsandsextheheavycostofriotsanddestruction.Onemighteasilyconcludethattheancientrulesandhierarchiesarethereforareason--they’reworkedmoreorlessforuntoldmillenniumssothere’snopointinchangingthemnow. Butit’salsotruethatwhat"worked"forthousandsofyearsmaynotbethebestwayofdoingthings.Democracyafterallwasoneeafar-outsubversivenotioncondemnedbykingsandpriests.Inourowncountryittookallkindsofhell-raisingincludingawartogetacrossthesimplenotionthatnopersonismorallyentitledtoownanother.Onegeneration’shallowedtradition--slaveryorthedivinerightofkings--maybeanothergeneration’sobjectlessoninhumanfolly. ’68wasonemoreawkwardstumblinghalf-stepforwardinwhatDutschkecalledthe"longmarch"towardhumanfreedom.Actuallyithelpedinspiretheworldwidefeministmovement. Towhichofthefollowingisthewritermostlikelytoagree
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