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Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10points 46Cultureinabroadsensemeansthetotalwayoflifeofapeopleincludingthepatternsofbeliefcustomsinstitutionstechniquesandlanguagethatcharacterizethelifeofthegroup.Ascultureissoinclusiveitpermeatesvirtuallyeveryaspectofhumanlifeandinfluencespredominantlypeople’sbehaviorincludinglinguisticbehavior. 47Whenwelearnanewwordwetendtolookforitsmeaningintheworditself;howeverinadditiontoitsdictionarymeaningsthesamewordmaystirupdifferentassociationsindifferentpeople.Taketheworddogforexample.IntheUnitedStatestheworddoginmostinstancesconjuresupanimageofafurrydomesticatedfamilypet.InsomeareasoftheworldsuchasSouthKoreahoweverdogsareconsideredtobeaculinaryamenityandoftenareeaten.Thereforetheworddogelicitsaquitedifferentmeaningbecauseofdifferentculturalexperiences.Thisexampleindicatesthatlanguageisheavilytintedwithitsculture. 48Fromtheabovewecaninferthatalanguagenotonlyexpressesfactsideasoreventswhichrepresentsharedworldknowledgeofitspeoplebutalsoreflectsthepeople’sattitudesbeliefsworldoutlooksetc.Inawordlanguageexpressesculturalreality.Whenachildacquireshismothertonguehealsoacquiresalanguage-specificcultureandbecomessocializedincertainways.Ifhemovestoanothercommunityorcountryhemayberecognizedeasilynotasamemberofthelocalcommunitygroupbutasanewcomerfromthewaysheuseshislanguage.Thisimpliesthatlanguageembodiesculturalidentity. Aslanguageistightlyintertwinedwithculturelearningalanguageisinseparablefromlearningitsculture.49Whenlearningaforeignlanguageweshouldnotonlylearnthemereimitationofthepronunciationgrammarwordsandidiomsbutalsolearntoseetheworldasnativespeakersdothatistosaylearnthewagsinwhichtheforeignlanguagereflectstheideascustomsandbehaviorofthatsocietylearntounderstandtheir"languageofthemind".Weneedtolearnenoughaboutthelanguage’sculturesothatwecancommunicateinthetargetlanguageproperlytoachievenotonlythelinguisticcompetencebutalsocommunicativecompetence.Thisisofgreatsignificanceinlearningaforeignlanguage.50Otherwisetheignoranceofculturaldifferencesbetweenmothertongueandtargetlanguagewillinevitablecreatebarriersinlearningthetargetlanguagethuscausingsomemisunderstandingsandconfusionsfrequently. Cultureinabroadsensemeansthetotalwayoflifeofapeopleincludingthepatternsofbeliefcustomsinstitutionstechniquesandlanguagethatcharacterizethelifeofthegroup.
Theevolutionaryprocessculminatinginmanwasfinallycompletedabout35000yearsagowiththeappearanceofHomoSapiensor"thinkingman."1inbroadestperspectivethisrepresentsthesecondmajorturning2inthecourseof3onthisplanet.Thefirstoccurredwhenlife4outofinorganicmatter.Afterthatmomentous5alllivingformsevolvedbyadapting6theirenvironmentaswasevidentduringtheclimateturmoilofthePleistocene.Butwiththe7ofmantheevolutionaryprocesswas8.Nolongerdidgenesadapttoenvironment.Insteadmanadaptedbychangingtheenvironmentto9hisgenes.Todayathird10turningpointappears11asman’sgrowingknowledgeofthestructureandfunctionofgenesmaysoonenablehimto12hisgenesaswellashisenvironment. Manandonlymanhasbeenabletocreateamade-to-orderenvironmentorcultureasitiscalled.Thereasonis13onlymancansymbolizeor14thingsandconceptsdivorcedfromhere-and-nowreality.Onlyhelaughsandonlyheknowsthathewilldie.Onlyhehaswondered15theuniverseanditsoriginsabouthisplaceinitandinthehereafter. Withtheseuniqueandrevolutionizingabilitiesmanhasbeenableto16withhisenvironmentwithoutalteration.HiscultureinthenewnobiologicalwayofhavingfurintheArcticwaterstorageinthedesertandfinsinthewater.Moreconcretelyculture17toolsclothingornamentsinstitutionslanguageartformsandreligiousbeliefsand18.Allthesehaveservedtoadaptmantohisphysicalenvironmentandtohisfellowman.Indeedstoryofmanissimplythestoryofa19ofculturesthathehascreatedformhisPaleolithic20tothepresentday. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Theevolutionaryprocessculminatinginmanwasfinallycompletedabout35000yearsagowiththeappearanceofHomoSapiensor"thinkingman."1inbroadestperspectivethisrepresentsthesecondmajorturning2inthecourseof3onthisplanet.Thefirstoccurredwhenlife4outofinorganicmatter.Afterthatmomentous5alllivingformsevolvedbyadapting6theirenvironmentaswasevidentduringtheclimateturmoilofthePleistocene.Butwiththe7ofmantheevolutionaryprocesswas8.Nolongerdidgenesadapttoenvironment.Insteadmanadaptedbychangingtheenvironmentto9hisgenes.Todayathird10turningpointappears11asman’sgrowingknowledgeofthestructureandfunctionofgenesmaysoonenablehimto12hisgenesaswellashisenvironment. Manandonlymanhasbeenabletocreateamade-to-orderenvironmentorcultureasitiscalled.Thereasonis13onlymancansymbolizeor14thingsandconceptsdivorcedfromhere-and-nowreality.Onlyhelaughsandonlyheknowsthathewilldie.Onlyhehaswondered15theuniverseanditsoriginsabouthisplaceinitandinthehereafter. Withtheseuniqueandrevolutionizingabilitiesmanhasbeenableto16withhisenvironmentwithoutalteration.HiscultureinthenewnobiologicalwayofhavingfurintheArcticwaterstorageinthedesertandfinsinthewater.Moreconcretelyculture17toolsclothingornamentsinstitutionslanguageartformsandreligiousbeliefsand18.Allthesehaveservedtoadaptmantohisphysicalenvironmentandtohisfellowman.Indeedstoryofmanissimplythestoryofa19ofculturesthathehascreatedformhisPaleolithic20tothepresentday. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Evenbeforecanaries特高频噪声werebroughtintocoalminestoalertworkerstothepresenceofpoisonousgasbirdsweregivingusearlywarningcallssignalingtheEarth’sdeterioratingenvironmentalhealth.Globalbirdpopulationshaveshrunkbyupto25%sincepreagricultural农业社会前的times.Overthepast300yearsfarmlandhasexpandedfromsixpercentoftheEarth’ssurfacetonearly33%. Todaythreequartersofthreatenedbirdspeciesdependonforestsastheirprincipalhabitat;eachyearhoweversome13000000hectaresofforestsaredestroyedanareathesizeofGreece.Nearlyhalfthewoodlandslostarerelativelyundisturbedprimaryforeststhatarehometoanumberofsensitivebirdsandothercreatures. Directexploitationincludinghuntingforfoodandcaptureforthepettradeisthesecondgreatestdangerafterhabitatlosswhilenextistheintentionaloraccidentalintroductionofnon-nativespecies.Aspeopletraveltoallpartsoftheglobesotoodothepestsandpetsthatpreyonout-competeoralterthehabitatofnativewildlife. Pollutionposesanadditionalriskaffecting12%ofthethreatenedbirdspecies.Inadditiontodirectpoisoningfromfertilizerandpesticideapplicationsrunoffofchemicalscontaminatesthewetlandsthatmigratingwaterfowlrelyon.Persistentorganicpollutantsaccumulateinthefoodchainandcanleadtodeformitiesreproductivefailureanddiseaseinbirds. Worldwideone-thirdofplantandanimalspeciescouldbecomeextinctby2050asaresultofclimatechangearelativelynewthreat.Globaltemperaturespikeshavebroughtseverealterationstothemigrationbreedingandhabitatrangesofsomebirds. Inadditiontotheseloomingdangerssevenpercentofthreatenedbirdspeciesareatriskfromincidentalmortality.Arapiddeclineinseabirdpopulationsoverthelast15yearscorrespondswiththegrowthincommerciallonglinefisheries.InEuropeCentralAsiaandAfricaelectrocutiononpowerlineshascausedthemassmortalityofraptors.Moreovercountlessbirdsdieeachyearfromcollisionswithwindowsthenumber-onecauseofU.S.avianmortality. Ifbirdsdisappearsodotheeconomicallyvaluableservicestheyprovide.Preventingtheextinctionofadditionalbirdpopulationsdependslargelyonprotectingtheworld’sremainingwildspacesandpreservingthehealthofournaturalandalteredecosystems. Reportsthattheivory-billedwoodpeckerlongthoughttobeextinctisstillwithusthrilledbirdwatchersandothersbutthissortofsecondchanceseldomoccursinnature.Evenwithcontinuedhabitatprotectiononcewildlifepopulationsdropdramaticallyareboundisfarfromguaranteed.Withoutstabilizingclimateandhumannumbersputtingfencesaroundalltheparksintheworldwillnotlieenoughtoprotectthreatenedspecies. Whichofthefollowingisnottrueofthetext
ThenewsfromAmerica’shousingmarketisgettingnobetter.AssalesdeclinesanddefaultsandforeclosuresclimbpessimistsfearthatoveramillionAmericanscouldbedrivenoutoftheirhomesasadjustable-ratemortgagesarereset.WhatshouldpolicymakersdoCongressiseagertodomore:hencethecallstoexpandtheroleofFannieMaeandFreddieMacthegiantgovernment-sponsoredenterprisesGSESthattoweroverAmerica’smortgagemarket. Fannie’sandFreddie’spoliticalallieswanttwothings.Thefirstistheraisingofthe$417000limitonthesizeofloansthatthepairmayhandle.Theseconddemandistheliftingofcapsontheamountofmortgagestheymaybuyandholdforthemselves.FannieandFreddiecouldthenridetotherescueofstrugglingborrowersinjectingliquidityintopartsofthemarketthathaveseizedup.TheirargumentsarewinningsupportandoppositionfromtheBushadministrationandtheGSES’regulatorissoftening.UnfortunatelytheideasarelikelytodomoreforFannieandFreddiethanforthemortgagemarket. Startwiththe$417000limit.LiftingthiscouldhelpifFannieandFreddiescouredtheupperbracketforborrowerswhowerestrugglingbutviable.Buttheirhistorysuggeststhattheywouldcherry-pickthosewhocouldgetrefinancedelsewhere.Andthehuge-mortgagemarketmaybecorrectingitselfanyway:spreadsoverGSE-backedloansthoughstillunusuallyhigharefalling. Itisalsoriskier.Whentheyholdamortgagetheytakeonnotonlycreditriskbutalsointerest-rateandprepaymentrisk.Theloanstheyguaranteeincontrastcarryonlycreditrisk.Soaswellasbeingjustaseffectivetheguaranteebusinessisalsosafer—andthusbetterforthetaxpayerwhounwittinglystandsbehindtheGSES. Moreovereveniftheygrownomorethemortgagegiantsposeaclearsystemicthreat.Theirportfoliosofretainedmortgagesandmortgage-backedsecuritiesadduptonolessthan$1.4trillion.Itisbadenoughthatthisisconcentratedintwoinstitutions.Nomatterhowmuchrisktheytakeorhowtheymanageittheycanborrowatrock-bottominterestrates.Iftheygotintotroublebanksaswellastaxpayerswouldbeonthehook.BanksmayholdasmuchGSEdebtastheywant.Manyhaveamountsthatexceedtheirregulatorycapital. Thegiantsweresetupdecadesagotohelpbankspoolconcentratedregionalmortgageriskandtomakehousingmoreaffordable.Butasthemarkethasgrowndeeperandmoresophisticatedhistoryhasleftthembehind—hencetheirdesiretogetintoanybitofthebusinessthatwillturnaprofit.Theeventualaimshouldbetoturnthemintonormalprivate-sectorcompaniesbystrippingthemofthechartersthatgiverisetotheimplicitgovernmentguaranteesandbreakthemintosmallerpieces. AccordingtotheauthortheproposaloftheCongressmostprobably
Evenbeforecanaries特高频噪声werebroughtintocoalminestoalertworkerstothepresenceofpoisonousgasbirdsweregivingusearlywarningcallssignalingtheEarth’sdeterioratingenvironmentalhealth.Globalbirdpopulationshaveshrunkbyupto25%sincepreagricultural农业社会前的times.Overthepast300yearsfarmlandhasexpandedfromsixpercentoftheEarth’ssurfacetonearly33%. Todaythreequartersofthreatenedbirdspeciesdependonforestsastheirprincipalhabitat;eachyearhoweversome13000000hectaresofforestsaredestroyedanareathesizeofGreece.Nearlyhalfthewoodlandslostarerelativelyundisturbedprimaryforeststhatarehometoanumberofsensitivebirdsandothercreatures. Directexploitationincludinghuntingforfoodandcaptureforthepettradeisthesecondgreatestdangerafterhabitatlosswhilenextistheintentionaloraccidentalintroductionofnon-nativespecies.Aspeopletraveltoallpartsoftheglobesotoodothepestsandpetsthatpreyonout-competeoralterthehabitatofnativewildlife. Pollutionposesanadditionalriskaffecting12%ofthethreatenedbirdspecies.Inadditiontodirectpoisoningfromfertilizerandpesticideapplicationsrunoffofchemicalscontaminatesthewetlandsthatmigratingwaterfowlrelyon.Persistentorganicpollutantsaccumulateinthefoodchainandcanleadtodeformitiesreproductivefailureanddiseaseinbirds. Worldwideone-thirdofplantandanimalspeciescouldbecomeextinctby2050asaresultofclimatechangearelativelynewthreat.Globaltemperaturespikeshavebroughtseverealterationstothemigrationbreedingandhabitatrangesofsomebirds. Inadditiontotheseloomingdangerssevenpercentofthreatenedbirdspeciesareatriskfromincidentalmortality.Arapiddeclineinseabirdpopulationsoverthelast15yearscorrespondswiththegrowthincommerciallonglinefisheries.InEuropeCentralAsiaandAfricaelectrocutiononpowerlineshascausedthemassmortalityofraptors.Moreovercountlessbirdsdieeachyearfromcollisionswithwindowsthenumber-onecauseofU.S.avianmortality. Ifbirdsdisappearsodotheeconomicallyvaluableservicestheyprovide.Preventingtheextinctionofadditionalbirdpopulationsdependslargelyonprotectingtheworld’sremainingwildspacesandpreservingthehealthofournaturalandalteredecosystems. Reportsthattheivory-billedwoodpeckerlongthoughttobeextinctisstillwithusthrilledbirdwatchersandothersbutthissortofsecondchanceseldomoccursinnature.Evenwithcontinuedhabitatprotectiononcewildlifepopulationsdropdramaticallyareboundisfarfromguaranteed.Withoutstabilizingclimateandhumannumbersputtingfencesaroundalltheparksintheworldwillnotlieenoughtoprotectthreatenedspecies. Byintroducingtheexampleoftheivory-billedwoodpeckertheauthorintendsto
Theevolutionaryprocessculminatinginmanwasfinallycompletedabout35000yearsagowiththeappearanceofHomoSapiensor"thinkingman."1inbroadestperspectivethisrepresentsthesecondmajorturning2inthecourseof3onthisplanet.Thefirstoccurredwhenlife4outofinorganicmatter.Afterthatmomentous5alllivingformsevolvedbyadapting6theirenvironmentaswasevidentduringtheclimateturmoilofthePleistocene.Butwiththe7ofmantheevolutionaryprocesswas8.Nolongerdidgenesadapttoenvironment.Insteadmanadaptedbychangingtheenvironmentto9hisgenes.Todayathird10turningpointappears11asman’sgrowingknowledgeofthestructureandfunctionofgenesmaysoonenablehimto12hisgenesaswellashisenvironment. Manandonlymanhasbeenabletocreateamade-to-orderenvironmentorcultureasitiscalled.Thereasonis13onlymancansymbolizeor14thingsandconceptsdivorcedfromhere-and-nowreality.Onlyhelaughsandonlyheknowsthathewilldie.Onlyhehaswondered15theuniverseanditsoriginsabouthisplaceinitandinthehereafter. Withtheseuniqueandrevolutionizingabilitiesmanhasbeenableto16withhisenvironmentwithoutalteration.HiscultureinthenewnobiologicalwayofhavingfurintheArcticwaterstorageinthedesertandfinsinthewater.Moreconcretelyculture17toolsclothingornamentsinstitutionslanguageartformsandreligiousbeliefsand18.Allthesehaveservedtoadaptmantohisphysicalenvironmentandtohisfellowman.Indeedstoryofmanissimplythestoryofa19ofculturesthathehascreatedformhisPaleolithic20tothepresentday. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Thepastfewyearshavebeenbusyonesforhuman-rightsorganisations.Inprosecutingtheso-calledwaronterrormanygovernmentsinWesterncountrieswherefreedomsseemedsecurehavebeentemptedtonibbleawayatthemwhiledoughtycampaignerssuchasAmnestyInternational国际特殊组织alsoexistfordefence.YetAmnestynolongermakesthesplashitusedtointherichworld.Theorganisationisasvocalasiteverwas.Butsomeyearsagoitdecidedtodiluteatraditionalfocusonpoliticalrightsbymixinginanewcategorycalledsocialandeconomicrights. Youmightsupposethatthemoreofrightsyoucampaignforthebetter.WhynotaddpressingsocialandeconomicconcernstostuffyoldpoliticalrightssuchasfreespeechandfreeelectionsWhatuseisavoteifyouarestarvingArenotaccesstojobshousinghealthcareandfoodbasicrightstooNo:fewrightsaretrulyuniversalandlettingthemmultiplyweakensthem. Foodjobsandhousingarecertainlynecessitiesbutthere’snousetocallthem"rights".Whenagovernmentlookssomeoneupwithoutafairtrialthevictimperpetratorandremedyareprettyclear.Thisclarityseldomappliestosocialandeconomic"rights".Whoshouldbeeducatedinwhichsubjectsforhowlongatwhatcostintaxpayers’moneyisapoliticalquestionbestsettledattheballotbox投票箱.Andnoeconomicsystemknowntomanguaranteesaproperjobforeveryoneallthetime. Itishardlyanaccidentthatthecountrieskeenesttousethelanguageofsocialandeconomicrightstendtobethosethatshowleastrespectforrightsofthetraditionalsort.Anditcouldnotbefurtherfromthetruth.Forpeopleinthepoorworldasforpeopleeverywherethemostreliablemethodyetinventedtoensurethatgovernmentsprovidepeoplewithsocialandeconomicnecessitiesarecalledpolitics.Thatiswhytherightsthatmakeopenpolitiespossible—freespeechdueprocessprotectionfromarbitrarypunishment—aresoprecious.Insistingontheirenforcementisworthmorethananynumberofgrandiloquentbutunenforceabledeclarationsdemandingjobseducationandhousingforall. Manydo-goodingoutfitssufferfromhavingtoobroadafocusandtoonarrowabase.Amnestyusedtoappealtopeopleofallpoliticalpersuasionsandnoneandconcentrateonahardcoreofwell-definedbasicliberties.HoweverbytryinginrecentyearstoborrowmoralauthorityfromthecampaignsandleadersofthepastandlendittothecauseofsocialreformAmnestyhassucceededonlyinmufflingwhatwasonceitscentralmessageattheverymomentwhengovernmentsintheWestneedtohearitagain. Towhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthormostlikelydisagree
Directions: Youaregoingtoroadalistofbeadingsandatextabouttheproplemofstaffrecruitmentofmostcompanies.ChooseaheadingfromthelistA—Fthatbestfitsthemeaningofeachnumberedpartofthetext41—45.Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereareoneextraheadingthatyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10points Thedifficultyofholdingontogoodexperiencedstaffhasalwaysbeenamajorissuewiththemajorityofcompanies.Highstaffturnovercanresultinmanyproblems.Oneofthemostseriousoftheseisthecostofcontinuallyhavingtofindandtrainreplacements. 41.______ Mostcompanieshopetorecruittherighttypeofpersoninthefirstplace.Howevertoomuchemphasisonqualificationsandnotenoughonpersonalityoftenleadstoacompanyattractingtherightstandard.butnottherightkindofperson.Selectiontestscanbeusedtoindicateacandidate’ssuitabilityforthejobtheyareapplyingfor.Theycanalsobeusedtoidentifyexistingstaffwhoaresuitablebutwhoinitiallymaynothavebeenconsidered. 42.______ Itisimportantforcompaniestounderstandwhyemployeesmoveontoanotheremployer.Thereasonsforstaffresigningandthebenefitsofferedbytheirnewemployermustberecorded.Theycanbethekeytoidentifyinganyproblemareasthatmightexistwithinanorganization.Itisessentialthereforethatemployeeswhoareabouttodisappearareinterviewedbeforetheydepartinordertodiscoverwhytheyareleaving. 43.______ Analysisoftheseinterviewshasshownthatalackofappreciationisoneofthemainfactorscausingemployeestolookelsewhereforwork.Managersshouldprovideregularfeedbacktotheirstaff.Forexamplewhengoodworkhasbeendoneitmustbepraised.Ifthisisnotdoneemployeeswillthinktheireffortsarenotappreciated. 44.______ Communicationswithintheorganizationareanotherconsideration.Ifthesearepooremployeeswillfeelleftout.Thiscanbeavoidedthroughregulardepartmentalandinter-departmentalmeetingswhichareextremelyvaluableasmeansofpassingoninformationthroughoutthecompanyandkeepingemployeesuptodatewithrecentdevelopments.Theyalsoservetoprovidetheopportunityforemployeestoexpresstheiropinions. 45.______ Payingstaffaccordingtohowtheyperformisanotherwayofrecognizingemployee’sefforts.Ifthecompanybenefitsfromanemployee’sextraeffortsitisonlyreasonablethattheemployeeshouldalsoreceivesomefinancialbenefit.Itishoweverimportanttoavoidofferingsomememberofstafftheopportunitytoimprovetheirpaywhileexcludingothers.Thereasonsforstaffresigningandthebenefitsofferedbytheirnewemployermustberecorded. Incaseswheresuchdifficultiesmightexistaplannedcareerprogressionforanindividualstaffmembermeansthatthepe4sonknowsexactlywhattoexpectfromthejobandwhatisrequiredfromthem [A]appreciationasthemainfactor [B]selectiontestshelpinrecruitment [C]praisethemenwhoactwell [D]toknowwhyemployeesleave [E]reasonablerewardandfairtreatment [F]exchangesinsidethecompany 42
Thoseofushurryingtofinishourtaxesbytomorrow’sdeadlinewillprobablybesubjectedtothoughtsoftheI.R.S.InternalRevenueServiceasanall-powerfulbully.Butthetruthisthegovernmentisnotalwaysamatchforthetaxadvisorsofwealthypeoplesoalotoftaxeswillgounpaidatthetopoftheincomescale. Lawyerswhorepresenthigh-incometaxpayersearnmorethan10timeswhatseniorgovernmentlawyersdo—anobviousdisadvantageforthegovernmentagenciesinattractingandretainingtoptalent.Thelawyerswhowriteourtaxrulesareoverworkedandsometimesinexperiencedsothattheyleaveloopholesthatareexploitedbymoreexperiencedprivatelawyers.Andthegovernmentalwayslosescaseswhichitshouldwinandprovidesprivatelawyerswithprecedents. Asthisviciouscycleshowsskimping节约ontaxadministrationisafalseeconomy.Insteadifwesubstantiallyincreasegovernmentsalariesandstaffinglevelswecanraisemorerevenuewithlowertaxratesandlesswaste.Fourreformsshouldbeadoptedimmediately. Firstthegovernmentshouldfocusonhiringtalentedyounglawyerssincethepaydisparitywiththeprivatesectorisnarrowerforthem.TheseeffortswillbemoreeffectiveifCongresshelpsnewgraduatesrepaystudentloanswhichoftenaremorethan$100000.Aloanrepaymentprogramwouldbeapowerfulrecruitingdevice. Secondthegovernmentshouldtapanotherpromisingtalentpool—recentretireesfromprivatepractice—tomentoryounglawyers.Thesalarygapislessofanissueforretireesandtheopportunitytogivebacktothetaxsystemcanbequiteappealing. Thirdthegovernmentshouldretainasmallteamofadozentoptaxlawyersatsalariesclosertothemarketrate.Theycanserveasarapidreactionforcedecidingwhethertoshutdownanewaggressivestrategyimmediatelyortoletitbeevaluatedthroughusualgovernmentchannels. Fourththegovernmentshouldretainprivatelawyerstohelpwithhigh-priorityprojects.Animportantconstraintisthatlawyerswhorepresentprivateclientsmayviewitasaconflicttohelpthegovernment.Butthisisnotalwaystrue. Throughbarassociationsprivatelawyersalreadyvolunteertoreviewproposedchangesinthetaxlawandofferwaystoimprovethem.Taxacademicscanalsobeavaluableandconflict-freesourceofexpertisesincetheyordinarilydonotrepresentclients.Andsometaxlitigators诉讼律师mayviewitasaprestigiousopportunityandapatrioticservicetorepresentthegovernmentinataxcasethatcouldsetanimportantprecedent. Thetaxsystemcanbeonlyasstrongasthepeoplewhorunitsothegovernmenthastorecruitandretainthemostpromisingtalent.Ataxsystemcanbefairandefficientonlywhenitisadministeredsoundly. Accordingtothetextthemostimportantfactortoperfecttaxsystemisto
Thepastfewyearshavebeenbusyonesforhuman-rightsorganisations.Inprosecutingtheso-calledwaronterrormanygovernmentsinWesterncountrieswherefreedomsseemedsecurehavebeentemptedtonibbleawayatthemwhiledoughtycampaignerssuchasAmnestyInternational国际特殊组织alsoexistfordefence.YetAmnestynolongermakesthesplashitusedtointherichworld.Theorganisationisasvocalasiteverwas.Butsomeyearsagoitdecidedtodiluteatraditionalfocusonpoliticalrightsbymixinginanewcategorycalledsocialandeconomicrights. Youmightsupposethatthemoreofrightsyoucampaignforthebetter.WhynotaddpressingsocialandeconomicconcernstostuffyoldpoliticalrightssuchasfreespeechandfreeelectionsWhatuseisavoteifyouarestarvingArenotaccesstojobshousinghealthcareandfoodbasicrightstooNo:fewrightsaretrulyuniversalandlettingthemmultiplyweakensthem. Foodjobsandhousingarecertainlynecessitiesbutthere’snousetocallthem"rights".Whenagovernmentlookssomeoneupwithoutafairtrialthevictimperpetratorandremedyareprettyclear.Thisclarityseldomappliestosocialandeconomic"rights".Whoshouldbeeducatedinwhichsubjectsforhowlongatwhatcostintaxpayers’moneyisapoliticalquestionbestsettledattheballotbox投票箱.Andnoeconomicsystemknowntomanguaranteesaproperjobforeveryoneallthetime. Itishardlyanaccidentthatthecountrieskeenesttousethelanguageofsocialandeconomicrightstendtobethosethatshowleastrespectforrightsofthetraditionalsort.Anditcouldnotbefurtherfromthetruth.Forpeopleinthepoorworldasforpeopleeverywherethemostreliablemethodyetinventedtoensurethatgovernmentsprovidepeoplewithsocialandeconomicnecessitiesarecalledpolitics.Thatiswhytherightsthatmakeopenpolitiespossible—freespeechdueprocessprotectionfromarbitrarypunishment—aresoprecious.Insistingontheirenforcementisworthmorethananynumberofgrandiloquentbutunenforceabledeclarationsdemandingjobseducationandhousingforall. Manydo-goodingoutfitssufferfromhavingtoobroadafocusandtoonarrowabase.Amnestyusedtoappealtopeopleofallpoliticalpersuasionsandnoneandconcentrateonahardcoreofwell-definedbasicliberties.HoweverbytryinginrecentyearstoborrowmoralauthorityfromthecampaignsandleadersofthepastandlendittothecauseofsocialreformAmnestyhassucceededonlyinmufflingwhatwasonceitscentralmessageattheverymomentwhengovernmentsintheWestneedtohearitagain. Thehuman-rightsorganizationsarenolongersoinfluentialinthat
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10points 46Cultureinabroadsensemeansthetotalwayoflifeofapeopleincludingthepatternsofbeliefcustomsinstitutionstechniquesandlanguagethatcharacterizethelifeofthegroup.Ascultureissoinclusiveitpermeatesvirtuallyeveryaspectofhumanlifeandinfluencespredominantlypeople’sbehaviorincludinglinguisticbehavior. 47Whenwelearnanewwordwetendtolookforitsmeaningintheworditself;howeverinadditiontoitsdictionarymeaningsthesamewordmaystirupdifferentassociationsindifferentpeople.Taketheworddogforexample.IntheUnitedStatestheworddoginmostinstancesconjuresupanimageofafurrydomesticatedfamilypet.InsomeareasoftheworldsuchasSouthKoreahoweverdogsareconsideredtobeaculinaryamenityandoftenareeaten.Thereforetheworddogelicitsaquitedifferentmeaningbecauseofdifferentculturalexperiences.Thisexampleindicatesthatlanguageisheavilytintedwithitsculture. 48Fromtheabovewecaninferthatalanguagenotonlyexpressesfactsideasoreventswhichrepresentsharedworldknowledgeofitspeoplebutalsoreflectsthepeople’sattitudesbeliefsworldoutlooksetc.Inawordlanguageexpressesculturalreality.Whenachildacquireshismothertonguehealsoacquiresalanguage-specificcultureandbecomessocializedincertainways.Ifhemovestoanothercommunityorcountryhemayberecognizedeasilynotasamemberofthelocalcommunitygroupbutasanewcomerfromthewaysheuseshislanguage.Thisimpliesthatlanguageembodiesculturalidentity. Aslanguageistightlyintertwinedwithculturelearningalanguageisinseparablefromlearningitsculture.49Whenlearningaforeignlanguageweshouldnotonlylearnthemereimitationofthepronunciationgrammarwordsandidiomsbutalsolearntoseetheworldasnativespeakersdothatistosaylearnthewagsinwhichtheforeignlanguagereflectstheideascustomsandbehaviorofthatsocietylearntounderstandtheir"languageofthemind".Weneedtolearnenoughaboutthelanguage’sculturesothatwecancommunicateinthetargetlanguageproperlytoachievenotonlythelinguisticcompetencebutalsocommunicativecompetence.Thisisofgreatsignificanceinlearningaforeignlanguage.50Otherwisetheignoranceofculturaldifferencesbetweenmothertongueandtargetlanguagewillinevitablecreatebarriersinlearningthetargetlanguagethuscausingsomemisunderstandingsandconfusionsfrequently. Fromtheabovewecaninferthatalanguagenotonlyexpressesfactsideasoreventswhichrepresentsharedworldknowledgeofitspeoplebutalsoreflectsthepeople’sattitudesbeliefsworldoutlooksetc
Theevolutionaryprocessculminatinginmanwasfinallycompletedabout35000yearsagowiththeappearanceofHomoSapiensor"thinkingman."1inbroadestperspectivethisrepresentsthesecondmajorturning2inthecourseof3onthisplanet.Thefirstoccurredwhenlife4outofinorganicmatter.Afterthatmomentous5alllivingformsevolvedbyadapting6theirenvironmentaswasevidentduringtheclimateturmoilofthePleistocene.Butwiththe7ofmantheevolutionaryprocesswas8.Nolongerdidgenesadapttoenvironment.Insteadmanadaptedbychangingtheenvironmentto9hisgenes.Todayathird10turningpointappears11asman’sgrowingknowledgeofthestructureandfunctionofgenesmaysoonenablehimto12hisgenesaswellashisenvironment. Manandonlymanhasbeenabletocreateamade-to-orderenvironmentorcultureasitiscalled.Thereasonis13onlymancansymbolizeor14thingsandconceptsdivorcedfromhere-and-nowreality.Onlyhelaughsandonlyheknowsthathewilldie.Onlyhehaswondered15theuniverseanditsoriginsabouthisplaceinitandinthehereafter. Withtheseuniqueandrevolutionizingabilitiesmanhasbeenableto16withhisenvironmentwithoutalteration.HiscultureinthenewnobiologicalwayofhavingfurintheArcticwaterstorageinthedesertandfinsinthewater.Moreconcretelyculture17toolsclothingornamentsinstitutionslanguageartformsandreligiousbeliefsand18.Allthesehaveservedtoadaptmantohisphysicalenvironmentandtohisfellowman.Indeedstoryofmanissimplythestoryofa19ofculturesthathehascreatedformhisPaleolithic20tothepresentday. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Theevolutionaryprocessculminatinginmanwasfinallycompletedabout35000yearsagowiththeappearanceofHomoSapiensor"thinkingman."1inbroadestperspectivethisrepresentsthesecondmajorturning2inthecourseof3onthisplanet.Thefirstoccurredwhenlife4outofinorganicmatter.Afterthatmomentous5alllivingformsevolvedbyadapting6theirenvironmentaswasevidentduringtheclimateturmoilofthePleistocene.Butwiththe7ofmantheevolutionaryprocesswas8.Nolongerdidgenesadapttoenvironment.Insteadmanadaptedbychangingtheenvironmentto9hisgenes.Todayathird10turningpointappears11asman’sgrowingknowledgeofthestructureandfunctionofgenesmaysoonenablehimto12hisgenesaswellashisenvironment. Manandonlymanhasbeenabletocreateamade-to-orderenvironmentorcultureasitiscalled.Thereasonis13onlymancansymbolizeor14thingsandconceptsdivorcedfromhere-and-nowreality.Onlyhelaughsandonlyheknowsthathewilldie.Onlyhehaswondered15theuniverseanditsoriginsabouthisplaceinitandinthehereafter. Withtheseuniqueandrevolutionizingabilitiesmanhasbeenableto16withhisenvironmentwithoutalteration.HiscultureinthenewnobiologicalwayofhavingfurintheArcticwaterstorageinthedesertandfinsinthewater.Moreconcretelyculture17toolsclothingornamentsinstitutionslanguageartformsandreligiousbeliefsand18.Allthesehaveservedtoadaptmantohisphysicalenvironmentandtohisfellowman.Indeedstoryofmanissimplythestoryofa19ofculturesthathehascreatedformhisPaleolithic20tothepresentday. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Thoseofushurryingtofinishourtaxesbytomorrow’sdeadlinewillprobablybesubjectedtothoughtsoftheI.R.S.InternalRevenueServiceasanall-powerfulbully.Butthetruthisthegovernmentisnotalwaysamatchforthetaxadvisorsofwealthypeoplesoalotoftaxeswillgounpaidatthetopoftheincomescale. Lawyerswhorepresenthigh-incometaxpayersearnmorethan10timeswhatseniorgovernmentlawyersdo—anobviousdisadvantageforthegovernmentagenciesinattractingandretainingtoptalent.Thelawyerswhowriteourtaxrulesareoverworkedandsometimesinexperiencedsothattheyleaveloopholesthatareexploitedbymoreexperiencedprivatelawyers.Andthegovernmentalwayslosescaseswhichitshouldwinandprovidesprivatelawyerswithprecedents. Asthisviciouscycleshowsskimping节约ontaxadministrationisafalseeconomy.Insteadifwesubstantiallyincreasegovernmentsalariesandstaffinglevelswecanraisemorerevenuewithlowertaxratesandlesswaste.Fourreformsshouldbeadoptedimmediately. Firstthegovernmentshouldfocusonhiringtalentedyounglawyerssincethepaydisparitywiththeprivatesectorisnarrowerforthem.TheseeffortswillbemoreeffectiveifCongresshelpsnewgraduatesrepaystudentloanswhichoftenaremorethan$100000.Aloanrepaymentprogramwouldbeapowerfulrecruitingdevice. Secondthegovernmentshouldtapanotherpromisingtalentpool—recentretireesfromprivatepractice—tomentoryounglawyers.Thesalarygapislessofanissueforretireesandtheopportunitytogivebacktothetaxsystemcanbequiteappealing. Thirdthegovernmentshouldretainasmallteamofadozentoptaxlawyersatsalariesclosertothemarketrate.Theycanserveasarapidreactionforcedecidingwhethertoshutdownanewaggressivestrategyimmediatelyortoletitbeevaluatedthroughusualgovernmentchannels. Fourththegovernmentshouldretainprivatelawyerstohelpwithhigh-priorityprojects.Animportantconstraintisthatlawyerswhorepresentprivateclientsmayviewitasaconflicttohelpthegovernment.Butthisisnotalwaystrue. Throughbarassociationsprivatelawyersalreadyvolunteertoreviewproposedchangesinthetaxlawandofferwaystoimprovethem.Taxacademicscanalsobeavaluableandconflict-freesourceofexpertisesincetheyordinarilydonotrepresentclients.Andsometaxlitigators诉讼律师mayviewitasaprestigiousopportunityandapatrioticservicetorepresentthegovernmentinataxcasethatcouldsetanimportantprecedent. Thetaxsystemcanbeonlyasstrongasthepeoplewhorunitsothegovernmenthastorecruitandretainthemostpromisingtalent.Ataxsystemcanbefairandefficientonlywhenitisadministeredsoundly. Privatelawyerscaneasilyexploitadvantagesincurrenttaxsystemmainlybecause
Theevolutionaryprocessculminatinginmanwasfinallycompletedabout35000yearsagowiththeappearanceofHomoSapiensor"thinkingman."1inbroadestperspectivethisrepresentsthesecondmajorturning2inthecourseof3onthisplanet.Thefirstoccurredwhenlife4outofinorganicmatter.Afterthatmomentous5alllivingformsevolvedbyadapting6theirenvironmentaswasevidentduringtheclimateturmoilofthePleistocene.Butwiththe7ofmantheevolutionaryprocesswas8.Nolongerdidgenesadapttoenvironment.Insteadmanadaptedbychangingtheenvironmentto9hisgenes.Todayathird10turningpointappears11asman’sgrowingknowledgeofthestructureandfunctionofgenesmaysoonenablehimto12hisgenesaswellashisenvironment. Manandonlymanhasbeenabletocreateamade-to-orderenvironmentorcultureasitiscalled.Thereasonis13onlymancansymbolizeor14thingsandconceptsdivorcedfromhere-and-nowreality.Onlyhelaughsandonlyheknowsthathewilldie.Onlyhehaswondered15theuniverseanditsoriginsabouthisplaceinitandinthehereafter. Withtheseuniqueandrevolutionizingabilitiesmanhasbeenableto16withhisenvironmentwithoutalteration.HiscultureinthenewnobiologicalwayofhavingfurintheArcticwaterstorageinthedesertandfinsinthewater.Moreconcretelyculture17toolsclothingornamentsinstitutionslanguageartformsandreligiousbeliefsand18.Allthesehaveservedtoadaptmantohisphysicalenvironmentandtohisfellowman.Indeedstoryofmanissimplythestoryofa19ofculturesthathehascreatedformhisPaleolithic20tothepresentday. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Thoseofushurryingtofinishourtaxesbytomorrow’sdeadlinewillprobablybesubjectedtothoughtsoftheI.R.S.InternalRevenueServiceasanall-powerfulbully.Butthetruthisthegovernmentisnotalwaysamatchforthetaxadvisorsofwealthypeoplesoalotoftaxeswillgounpaidatthetopoftheincomescale. Lawyerswhorepresenthigh-incometaxpayersearnmorethan10timeswhatseniorgovernmentlawyersdo—anobviousdisadvantageforthegovernmentagenciesinattractingandretainingtoptalent.Thelawyerswhowriteourtaxrulesareoverworkedandsometimesinexperiencedsothattheyleaveloopholesthatareexploitedbymoreexperiencedprivatelawyers.Andthegovernmentalwayslosescaseswhichitshouldwinandprovidesprivatelawyerswithprecedents. Asthisviciouscycleshowsskimping节约ontaxadministrationisafalseeconomy.Insteadifwesubstantiallyincreasegovernmentsalariesandstaffinglevelswecanraisemorerevenuewithlowertaxratesandlesswaste.Fourreformsshouldbeadoptedimmediately. Firstthegovernmentshouldfocusonhiringtalentedyounglawyerssincethepaydisparitywiththeprivatesectorisnarrowerforthem.TheseeffortswillbemoreeffectiveifCongresshelpsnewgraduatesrepaystudentloanswhichoftenaremorethan$100000.Aloanrepaymentprogramwouldbeapowerfulrecruitingdevice. Secondthegovernmentshouldtapanotherpromisingtalentpool—recentretireesfromprivatepractice—tomentoryounglawyers.Thesalarygapislessofanissueforretireesandtheopportunitytogivebacktothetaxsystemcanbequiteappealing. Thirdthegovernmentshouldretainasmallteamofadozentoptaxlawyersatsalariesclosertothemarketrate.Theycanserveasarapidreactionforcedecidingwhethertoshutdownanewaggressivestrategyimmediatelyortoletitbeevaluatedthroughusualgovernmentchannels. Fourththegovernmentshouldretainprivatelawyerstohelpwithhigh-priorityprojects.Animportantconstraintisthatlawyerswhorepresentprivateclientsmayviewitasaconflicttohelpthegovernment.Butthisisnotalwaystrue. Throughbarassociationsprivatelawyersalreadyvolunteertoreviewproposedchangesinthetaxlawandofferwaystoimprovethem.Taxacademicscanalsobeavaluableandconflict-freesourceofexpertisesincetheyordinarilydonotrepresentclients.Andsometaxlitigators诉讼律师mayviewitasaprestigiousopportunityandapatrioticservicetorepresentthegovernmentinataxcasethatcouldsetanimportantprecedent. Thetaxsystemcanbeonlyasstrongasthepeoplewhorunitsothegovernmenthastorecruitandretainthemostpromisingtalent.Ataxsystemcanbefairandefficientonlywhenitisadministeredsoundly. ThetextsuggeststhatthewealthypeopleintheU.S.
Thepastfewyearshavebeenbusyonesforhuman-rightsorganisations.Inprosecutingtheso-calledwaronterrormanygovernmentsinWesterncountrieswherefreedomsseemedsecurehavebeentemptedtonibbleawayatthemwhiledoughtycampaignerssuchasAmnestyInternational国际特殊组织alsoexistfordefence.YetAmnestynolongermakesthesplashitusedtointherichworld.Theorganisationisasvocalasiteverwas.Butsomeyearsagoitdecidedtodiluteatraditionalfocusonpoliticalrightsbymixinginanewcategorycalledsocialandeconomicrights. Youmightsupposethatthemoreofrightsyoucampaignforthebetter.WhynotaddpressingsocialandeconomicconcernstostuffyoldpoliticalrightssuchasfreespeechandfreeelectionsWhatuseisavoteifyouarestarvingArenotaccesstojobshousinghealthcareandfoodbasicrightstooNo:fewrightsaretrulyuniversalandlettingthemmultiplyweakensthem. Foodjobsandhousingarecertainlynecessitiesbutthere’snousetocallthem"rights".Whenagovernmentlookssomeoneupwithoutafairtrialthevictimperpetratorandremedyareprettyclear.Thisclarityseldomappliestosocialandeconomic"rights".Whoshouldbeeducatedinwhichsubjectsforhowlongatwhatcostintaxpayers’moneyisapoliticalquestionbestsettledattheballotbox投票箱.Andnoeconomicsystemknowntomanguaranteesaproperjobforeveryoneallthetime. Itishardlyanaccidentthatthecountrieskeenesttousethelanguageofsocialandeconomicrightstendtobethosethatshowleastrespectforrightsofthetraditionalsort.Anditcouldnotbefurtherfromthetruth.Forpeopleinthepoorworldasforpeopleeverywherethemostreliablemethodyetinventedtoensurethatgovernmentsprovidepeoplewithsocialandeconomicnecessitiesarecalledpolitics.Thatiswhytherightsthatmakeopenpolitiespossible—freespeechdueprocessprotectionfromarbitrarypunishment—aresoprecious.Insistingontheirenforcementisworthmorethananynumberofgrandiloquentbutunenforceabledeclarationsdemandingjobseducationandhousingforall. Manydo-goodingoutfitssufferfromhavingtoobroadafocusandtoonarrowabase.Amnestyusedtoappealtopeopleofallpoliticalpersuasionsandnoneandconcentrateonahardcoreofwell-definedbasicliberties.HoweverbytryinginrecentyearstoborrowmoralauthorityfromthecampaignsandleadersofthepastandlendittothecauseofsocialreformAmnestyhassucceededonlyinmufflingwhatwasonceitscentralmessageattheverymomentwhengovernmentsintheWestneedtohearitagain. TheunderlinedwordgrandiloquentLine6Paragraph4mostprobablymeans
Theevolutionaryprocessculminatinginmanwasfinallycompletedabout35000yearsagowiththeappearanceofHomoSapiensor"thinkingman."1inbroadestperspectivethisrepresentsthesecondmajorturning2inthecourseof3onthisplanet.Thefirstoccurredwhenlife4outofinorganicmatter.Afterthatmomentous5alllivingformsevolvedbyadapting6theirenvironmentaswasevidentduringtheclimateturmoilofthePleistocene.Butwiththe7ofmantheevolutionaryprocesswas8.Nolongerdidgenesadapttoenvironment.Insteadmanadaptedbychangingtheenvironmentto9hisgenes.Todayathird10turningpointappears11asman’sgrowingknowledgeofthestructureandfunctionofgenesmaysoonenablehimto12hisgenesaswellashisenvironment. Manandonlymanhasbeenabletocreateamade-to-orderenvironmentorcultureasitiscalled.Thereasonis13onlymancansymbolizeor14thingsandconceptsdivorcedfromhere-and-nowreality.Onlyhelaughsandonlyheknowsthathewilldie.Onlyhehaswondered15theuniverseanditsoriginsabouthisplaceinitandinthehereafter. Withtheseuniqueandrevolutionizingabilitiesmanhasbeenableto16withhisenvironmentwithoutalteration.HiscultureinthenewnobiologicalwayofhavingfurintheArcticwaterstorageinthedesertandfinsinthewater.Moreconcretelyculture17toolsclothingornamentsinstitutionslanguageartformsandreligiousbeliefsand18.Allthesehaveservedtoadaptmantohisphysicalenvironmentandtohisfellowman.Indeedstoryofmanissimplythestoryofa19ofculturesthathehascreatedformhisPaleolithic20tothepresentday. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
ThenewsfromAmerica’shousingmarketisgettingnobetter.AssalesdeclinesanddefaultsandforeclosuresclimbpessimistsfearthatoveramillionAmericanscouldbedrivenoutoftheirhomesasadjustable-ratemortgagesarereset.WhatshouldpolicymakersdoCongressiseagertodomore:hencethecallstoexpandtheroleofFannieMaeandFreddieMacthegiantgovernment-sponsoredenterprisesGSESthattoweroverAmerica’smortgagemarket. Fannie’sandFreddie’spoliticalallieswanttwothings.Thefirstistheraisingofthe$417000limitonthesizeofloansthatthepairmayhandle.Theseconddemandistheliftingofcapsontheamountofmortgagestheymaybuyandholdforthemselves.FannieandFreddiecouldthenridetotherescueofstrugglingborrowersinjectingliquidityintopartsofthemarketthathaveseizedup.TheirargumentsarewinningsupportandoppositionfromtheBushadministrationandtheGSES’regulatorissoftening.UnfortunatelytheideasarelikelytodomoreforFannieandFreddiethanforthemortgagemarket. Startwiththe$417000limit.LiftingthiscouldhelpifFannieandFreddiescouredtheupperbracketforborrowerswhowerestrugglingbutviable.Buttheirhistorysuggeststhattheywouldcherry-pickthosewhocouldgetrefinancedelsewhere.Andthehuge-mortgagemarketmaybecorrectingitselfanyway:spreadsoverGSE-backedloansthoughstillunusuallyhigharefalling. Itisalsoriskier.Whentheyholdamortgagetheytakeonnotonlycreditriskbutalsointerest-rateandprepaymentrisk.Theloanstheyguaranteeincontrastcarryonlycreditrisk.Soaswellasbeingjustaseffectivetheguaranteebusinessisalsosafer—andthusbetterforthetaxpayerwhounwittinglystandsbehindtheGSES. Moreovereveniftheygrownomorethemortgagegiantsposeaclearsystemicthreat.Theirportfoliosofretainedmortgagesandmortgage-backedsecuritiesadduptonolessthan$1.4trillion.Itisbadenoughthatthisisconcentratedintwoinstitutions.Nomatterhowmuchrisktheytakeorhowtheymanageittheycanborrowatrock-bottominterestrates.Iftheygotintotroublebanksaswellastaxpayerswouldbeonthehook.BanksmayholdasmuchGSEdebtastheywant.Manyhaveamountsthatexceedtheirregulatorycapital. Thegiantsweresetupdecadesagotohelpbankspoolconcentratedregionalmortgageriskandtomakehousingmoreaffordable.Butasthemarkethasgrowndeeperandmoresophisticatedhistoryhasleftthembehind—hencetheirdesiretogetintoanybitofthebusinessthatwillturnaprofit.Theeventualaimshouldbetoturnthemintonormalprivate-sectorcompaniesbystrippingthemofthechartersthatgiverisetotheimplicitgovernmentguaranteesandbreakthemintosmallerpieces. WhatcanbeinferredabouttheFannieandFreddiefromParagraph2and3
Theevolutionaryprocessculminatinginmanwasfinallycompletedabout35000yearsagowiththeappearanceofHomoSapiensor"thinkingman."1inbroadestperspectivethisrepresentsthesecondmajorturning2inthecourseof3onthisplanet.Thefirstoccurredwhenlife4outofinorganicmatter.Afterthatmomentous5alllivingformsevolvedbyadapting6theirenvironmentaswasevidentduringtheclimateturmoilofthePleistocene.Butwiththe7ofmantheevolutionaryprocesswas8.Nolongerdidgenesadapttoenvironment.Insteadmanadaptedbychangingtheenvironmentto9hisgenes.Todayathird10turningpointappears11asman’sgrowingknowledgeofthestructureandfunctionofgenesmaysoonenablehimto12hisgenesaswellashisenvironment. Manandonlymanhasbeenabletocreateamade-to-orderenvironmentorcultureasitiscalled.Thereasonis13onlymancansymbolizeor14thingsandconceptsdivorcedfromhere-and-nowreality.Onlyhelaughsandonlyheknowsthathewilldie.Onlyhehaswondered15theuniverseanditsoriginsabouthisplaceinitandinthehereafter. Withtheseuniqueandrevolutionizingabilitiesmanhasbeenableto16withhisenvironmentwithoutalteration.HiscultureinthenewnobiologicalwayofhavingfurintheArcticwaterstorageinthedesertandfinsinthewater.Moreconcretelyculture17toolsclothingornamentsinstitutionslanguageartformsandreligiousbeliefsand18.Allthesehaveservedtoadaptmantohisphysicalenvironmentandtohisfellowman.Indeedstoryofmanissimplythestoryofa19ofculturesthathehascreatedformhisPaleolithic20tothepresentday. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Theevolutionaryprocessculminatinginmanwasfinallycompletedabout35000yearsagowiththeappearanceofHomoSapiensor"thinkingman."1inbroadestperspectivethisrepresentsthesecondmajorturning2inthecourseof3onthisplanet.Thefirstoccurredwhenlife4outofinorganicmatter.Afterthatmomentous5alllivingformsevolvedbyadapting6theirenvironmentaswasevidentduringtheclimateturmoilofthePleistocene.Butwiththe7ofmantheevolutionaryprocesswas8.Nolongerdidgenesadapttoenvironment.Insteadmanadaptedbychangingtheenvironmentto9hisgenes.Todayathird10turningpointappears11asman’sgrowingknowledgeofthestructureandfunctionofgenesmaysoonenablehimto12hisgenesaswellashisenvironment. Manandonlymanhasbeenabletocreateamade-to-orderenvironmentorcultureasitiscalled.Thereasonis13onlymancansymbolizeor14thingsandconceptsdivorcedfromhere-and-nowreality.Onlyhelaughsandonlyheknowsthathewilldie.Onlyhehaswondered15theuniverseanditsoriginsabouthisplaceinitandinthehereafter. Withtheseuniqueandrevolutionizingabilitiesmanhasbeenableto16withhisenvironmentwithoutalteration.HiscultureinthenewnobiologicalwayofhavingfurintheArcticwaterstorageinthedesertandfinsinthewater.Moreconcretelyculture17toolsclothingornamentsinstitutionslanguageartformsandreligiousbeliefsand18.Allthesehaveservedtoadaptmantohisphysicalenvironmentandtohisfellowman.Indeedstoryofmanissimplythestoryofa19ofculturesthathehascreatedformhisPaleolithic20tothepresentday. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Directions: Youaregoingtoroadalistofbeadingsandatextabouttheproplemofstaffrecruitmentofmostcompanies.ChooseaheadingfromthelistA—Fthatbestfitsthemeaningofeachnumberedpartofthetext41—45.Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereareoneextraheadingthatyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10points Thedifficultyofholdingontogoodexperiencedstaffhasalwaysbeenamajorissuewiththemajorityofcompanies.Highstaffturnovercanresultinmanyproblems.Oneofthemostseriousoftheseisthecostofcontinuallyhavingtofindandtrainreplacements. 41.______ Mostcompanieshopetorecruittherighttypeofpersoninthefirstplace.Howevertoomuchemphasisonqualificationsandnotenoughonpersonalityoftenleadstoacompanyattractingtherightstandard.butnottherightkindofperson.Selectiontestscanbeusedtoindicateacandidate’ssuitabilityforthejobtheyareapplyingfor.Theycanalsobeusedtoidentifyexistingstaffwhoaresuitablebutwhoinitiallymaynothavebeenconsidered. 42.______ Itisimportantforcompaniestounderstandwhyemployeesmoveontoanotheremployer.Thereasonsforstaffresigningandthebenefitsofferedbytheirnewemployermustberecorded.Theycanbethekeytoidentifyinganyproblemareasthatmightexistwithinanorganization.Itisessentialthereforethatemployeeswhoareabouttodisappearareinterviewedbeforetheydepartinordertodiscoverwhytheyareleaving. 43.______ Analysisoftheseinterviewshasshownthatalackofappreciationisoneofthemainfactorscausingemployeestolookelsewhereforwork.Managersshouldprovideregularfeedbacktotheirstaff.Forexamplewhengoodworkhasbeendoneitmustbepraised.Ifthisisnotdoneemployeeswillthinktheireffortsarenotappreciated. 44.______ Communicationswithintheorganizationareanotherconsideration.Ifthesearepooremployeeswillfeelleftout.Thiscanbeavoidedthroughregulardepartmentalandinter-departmentalmeetingswhichareextremelyvaluableasmeansofpassingoninformationthroughoutthecompanyandkeepingemployeesuptodatewithrecentdevelopments.Theyalsoservetoprovidetheopportunityforemployeestoexpresstheiropinions. 45.______ Payingstaffaccordingtohowtheyperformisanotherwayofrecognizingemployee’sefforts.Ifthecompanybenefitsfromanemployee’sextraeffortsitisonlyreasonablethattheemployeeshouldalsoreceivesomefinancialbenefit.Itishoweverimportanttoavoidofferingsomememberofstafftheopportunitytoimprovetheirpaywhileexcludingothers.Thereasonsforstaffresigningandthebenefitsofferedbytheirnewemployermustberecorded. Incaseswheresuchdifficultiesmightexistaplannedcareerprogressionforanindividualstaffmembermeansthatthepe4sonknowsexactlywhattoexpectfromthejobandwhatisrequiredfromthem [A]appreciationasthemainfactor [B]selectiontestshelpinrecruitment [C]praisethemenwhoactwell [D]toknowwhyemployeesleave [E]reasonablerewardandfairtreatment [F]exchangesinsidethecompany 44
Theevolutionaryprocessculminatinginmanwasfinallycompletedabout35000yearsagowiththeappearanceofHomoSapiensor"thinkingman."1inbroadestperspectivethisrepresentsthesecondmajorturning2inthecourseof3onthisplanet.Thefirstoccurredwhenlife4outofinorganicmatter.Afterthatmomentous5alllivingformsevolvedbyadapting6theirenvironmentaswasevidentduringtheclimateturmoilofthePleistocene.Butwiththe7ofmantheevolutionaryprocesswas8.Nolongerdidgenesadapttoenvironment.Insteadmanadaptedbychangingtheenvironmentto9hisgenes.Todayathird10turningpointappears11asman’sgrowingknowledgeofthestructureandfunctionofgenesmaysoonenablehimto12hisgenesaswellashisenvironment. Manandonlymanhasbeenabletocreateamade-to-orderenvironmentorcultureasitiscalled.Thereasonis13onlymancansymbolizeor14thingsandconceptsdivorcedfromhere-and-nowreality.Onlyhelaughsandonlyheknowsthathewilldie.Onlyhehaswondered15theuniverseanditsoriginsabouthisplaceinitandinthehereafter. Withtheseuniqueandrevolutionizingabilitiesmanhasbeenableto16withhisenvironmentwithoutalteration.HiscultureinthenewnobiologicalwayofhavingfurintheArcticwaterstorageinthedesertandfinsinthewater.Moreconcretelyculture17toolsclothingornamentsinstitutionslanguageartformsandreligiousbeliefsand18.Allthesehaveservedtoadaptmantohisphysicalenvironmentandtohisfellowman.Indeedstoryofmanissimplythestoryofa19ofculturesthathehascreatedformhisPaleolithic20tothepresentday. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
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