首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置:
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
Text 2 IQ stands for Intelligence Quotient, which is a measure of a person’s intelligence found...
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《单项选择》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
8255A工作在方式1的输入状态时通过信号知道端口已经准备好了输入的数据
READY
ACK
OBF
INTE
8086用于中断请求输入的引脚信号是
INTR和NMI
INT和NMI
INTR和INTA
INTE和INET
对有适应性行为缺陷的儿童以下哪种情况考虑智力低下
IQ<70
IQ<80
IQ<85
IQ<90
IQ<95
Inte18086微处理器的段寄存器有DSCSES和
8086CPU用于中断请求输入的引脚信号是
INTR和NMI
INI和NMI
INTR和INTA
INTE和INET
Inte1CPU工作在内存的实地址模式时内存的物理地址由______和______两部分组成
--Inatextmessage88meansBye-byE.--Andanotherexample
that
who
whom
it
当Inte18255A被设定成方式1时其功能相当于
0线握手并行接口
1线握手并行接口
2线握手并行接口
多线握手并行接口
年龄智商IQ的公式是
IQ=CA/MA*100
IQ=MA/CA*100
IQ=CA/MA*100%
IQ=CA/MA*100%
—Inatextmessage88meansBye-byE.—Andanotherexampleis
that
who
whom
it
智商IQTerman提出的公式是
IQ=(CA/MA)100
IQ=(MA/CA)100
IQ=(CA/MA)100%
IQ=(MA/CA)100%
IQ=(CA/MA)/100
B-ISDN中的ISDN的意思是综合业务数字网Inte-gratedServiceDigitalNe
Inte18086微处理器的段寄存器有和
-Inatextmessage88meansBye-byE.-Andanotherexampleis
that
who
whom
it
目前我国微机使用的主流微处理器有等公司的产品
Inte
AMD
微软
康柏
8255的A口工作在方式1输入时其中断允许控制位INTE的开/关是通过对的按位置位/复位操作完成的
PC
0
PC
2
PC
4
PC
6
系统中外围设备请求总线控制都是通过进行的
NMI
INTE
INTR
HOLD
以下关于直播间手机/电脑配置的说法不正确的是
手机直播时,内存要足够充足
手机直播时,摄像头要足够清晰
手机直播时,建议主板不低于inte15
手机直播时,建议主板不低于inte17
奔腾Pentium是公司生产的一种CPU的型号______
IBM
Microsoft
Inte1
AMD
热门试题
更多
IstheUnitedStatesameltingpotInotherwordshaveimmigrantstotheUSAmergedwiththenativeAmericansand1tobeGermansJapanesePolesIrishetcIthasbeen2a"potofstew"mightbeamoresuitablewordthan"meltingpot"3inastewthemeatandvegetableskeeptheirowncharacteristicsbut4tothespicesandthe5itiscookedthestewhasadistinctiveflavorofitsown.Theimplicationsof"meltingpot"6Americansocialworkersandlanguageteachersmanyof7feelthatracialandnationalgroupsshouldbeencouragedto8theircustomstraditionsandlanguages.AtthesametimeitisagreedthatallAmericans9theiroriginsmustlearntospeakEnglishclearlyandfluentlyandtheymustlearnto10themselvestotheAmericanwayoflife. Howeverthereareethnicgroupswhostill11togetherwhospeaktheirownlanguagesandhavepreservedmanyoftheiroldcustoms.ThereareHispanic12e.g.MexicansCubansPuertoRicansmostofwhomstillspeakSpanishastheir13language.TherearetheAmericanIndiansand14Asiangroupsallofwhomspeaktheirownlanguages.Thentherearethe20millionblackswho15theyspeakEnglishforthemostpartliveseparately.Manyblacksarebeginningto16theirrootsrightbacktotheAfricantribes17whichtheirancestorsweretorninthedaysofslaveryandsomeofthemare18themselvesmoreandmorewithAfrica.Someblackleaders19remindingthemthattheircultureandtheirlanguagearenotAfrican.TheyareAmerican.Butmanyblacksare20bitteragainstwhiteculturetofeelAmerican. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Nikeisoneofthemostpowerfulmarketingcompaniesinthebusinessworldtodaybutithadverysmallbeginnings.Theglobalgiantcompanywithrevenuesin1996of$US6.4billionandprofitsof$553millionstartedinthe1960swiththecompany’sfounderssellingcheapJapanesesportsshoestoAmericanhighschoolathletesatschooltrackmeetingsusingasupplyofshoestheykeptintheircar. OneofNike’sfoundersPhillipHampsonKnighthadbeenatopathletewhenhewasattheUniversityofOregon.HemovedontobecomeastudentatStanfordBusinessSchoolbutretainedhisinterestinsport.41______ SubSequentlyKnightvisitedJapananddiscoveredamanufacturerwhofittedthemodeloftheidealfirm--OnituskaTigerCompanywhichmadeitsowninexpensivehigh-qualityrunningshoes. 42______Hesuggestedtohisoldcollegetrackcoach.BillBowermanthattheycouldworktogetherusingtheirskillsandinterestsinsportandbusinessandcapitaliseonthecheapercostofsportsshoesfromJapan.In1964theyeachcontributed$500toimportTigershoeswhichKnightbegansellingfromhiscarathigh-schooltrackmeets. 43______KnightandBowermandevelopedtheirownbrandnameNikenamedaftertheGreekwingedgoddessofvictory.TheypaidalocaldesignstudentatPortlandStateUniversity$35tocreatethefamous"Swoosh"logoandBowermancreatedtheinnovativepatterncalledthewaffle-soledesignbyusinghiswife’swaffleirontoimposethepatternonthesoleoftheshoe.By1972Nikebegan’designingitsownshoesandwascontractingproductionouttofactoriesinAsia.WithexcellenttimingandafairshareofgoodluckthefoundersofNikewereperfectlyplacedtocashinonAmerica’ssportsleisureboomduringthe1970swhenmillionsofAmericansbeganjoggingandrunningaspartoftheirpersonalcampaignstokeepfitandhealthy. 44______ButattheheartofitsconstantcampaignisthestarathleteaprinciplethatwasputinplaceearlyinthehugeAmericancompany’smarketingplans. 45______OtherendorsementscamesoonafterthatsuchasleadingAmericantennisplayerJimmyConnorswhowontheWimbledonandtheUSOpenGrandSlamtennistournamentsin1974wearingNiketennisshoes.In1985themanwhowouldbecomeoneofNike’sbiggestsuccessesChicagoBullsrookiebasketballplayerMichaelJordanendorsedhisfirstlineof"AirJordan"Shoes.TheendorsementsbystarplayersencouragingordinaryconsumerstobuythesportsgearofthestarsanddreamofbeingchampionsthemselvessawNikesellingcloseto$USIbillionworthofrunningbasketballandtennisshoesin1986whilecreatingtheirfirstsportsclothesundertheNikelabel. A.NowadaysNike’sproductsincludenotonlybasketballandtennisshoesbutalsosportsclothessportsbagssportscapsetc. B.BackintheUSKnightgottothinkthathecouldactuallyputhisknowledgeintopracticeandmakemoney. C.In1973thenewlyformedcompanyimplementeditsfirstandmostimportantmarketingstrategyendorsingitsfirststarathleterunningstarStevePrefontainewhointurnusedandpraisedNikefootwear. D.ToreinforceitsdominantworldwidepresenceNikespent$US642millionin1996onadvertisingandpromotion. E.ThenameofNikecomesfromthegoddessofvictoryinGreekmythology. F.AtStanfordhebroughthisenthusiasmfortracksportstohisstudieswritingapaperon howtocreateacheaperbetterrunningshoeusingJapaneselabourwhichwascheaperthanAmerican. G.WorriedthattheJapanesecompanymightfindamoreestablishedtlistributor. 41
Text2 Todaybusinesscardsaredistributedbyworkingpeopleofallsocialclassesillustratingnotonlytheuniquityofcommercialinterestsbutalsothefluidityoftheworldoftrade.Whetheroneisbuttonholingpotentialclientsforacarpentryserviceannouncingone’slatestacademicappointmentor“networking”withfellowexecutivesitispermissibletoadvertiseone’stalentsandavailabilitybyanoutstretchedhandandthestatement"H6re’smycard."AsRobertLouisStevensononceobservedeverybodymakeshislivingbysellingsomething.Businesscardsfacilitatethisendeavor. Ithasnotalwaysbeenthisway.Thecardsthatweusetodayforcommercialpurposesareavulgarizationofthenineteenth-centurysocialcallingcardsanartifactwithaquitedifferentpurpose.IntheGildedAgepossessingacallingcardindicatednotthatyouwereinterestedinformingbusinessrelationshipsbutthatyourmoneywassooldthatyouhadnoneedtomakealiving.Forthecalling-cardclasslifewasacontinualroundofsocialvisitsandtheprotocol礼遇governingthesevisitswasinextricablylinkedtotheproperuseofcards.PickupanyetiquettemanualpredatingWorldWarIandyouwillfindwholechaptersdevotedtosuchquestionsaswhetherasinglegentlemanmayleaveacardforalady;whenaladymustandmustnotturndowntheedgesofacard;andwhetheranunmarriedgirlofbetweenfourteenandseventeenmaycarrymorethansixorlessthanthirteencardsinherpurseinmonthsbeginningwitha"J".ThecallingcardsystemwasespeciallycherishedbythosewhomadenodistinctionbetweenmannersandmereformanditspreciousnesswaswelldefinedbyMrs.JohnSherwood.Her1887manualcalledthecard"thefieldmarkanddevice"ofcivilization. Thebusinessversionofthecallingcardcameinaroundthemmofthecenturywhentheformerlywelldefinedbordersbetweenthecommercialandthepersonalrealmswereusedwidelysocietymavens内行considereditunforgivabletofusethetworealms.EmilyPost’scontemporaryLilianEichlercalleditverypoortastetousebusinesscardsforsocialpurposesaridaslateas1967AmyVanderbiltcounseledthatthemerchant’smarker"mayneverdoubleforsocialpurposes. IntheGildedAgepeoplewhopossessedacallingcard
Text1 Aneweraisuponus.Callitwhatyouwill:theserviceeconomytheinformationagetheknowledgesociety.Itisalltranslatedtoafundamentalchangeinthewaywework.Alreadywe’vepartlybeenthere.ThepercentageofpeoplewhoearntheirlivingbymakingthingshasfallendramaticallyintheWesteniWorld.TodaythemajorityofjobsinAmericaEuropeandJapantwothirdsormoreinmanyofthesecountriesareintheserviceindustryandthenumberisontherise.Morewomenareintheworkforcethaneverbefore.Therearemoreparttimejobs.Morepeopleareself-employed.Butthebreadthoftheeconomictransformationcan’tbemeasuredbynumbersalonebecauseitisalsogivingrisetoaradicalnewwayofthinkingaboutthenatureofworkitself.Long-heldnotionsaboutjobsandcareerstheskillsneededtosucceedeventherelationbetweenindividualsandemployers--allthesearebeingchanged. WehaveonlytolookbehindustogetsomesenseofwhatmaylieaheadNoonelookingahead20yearspossiblycouldhaveforeseenthewaysinwhichdsingleinventionthechip蕊片wouldtransformourworldthankstoitsapplicationsinpersonalcomputersdigitalcommunicationsandfactoryrobots.Tomorrow’sachievementsinbiotechnologyartificialIntelligenceorevensomestillunimaginedtechnologycouldproduceasimilarwaveofdramaticchanges.Butonethingiscertain:informationandknowledgewillbecomeevenmorevitalandthepeoplewhopossessitwhethertheyworkinmanufacturingorserviceswillhavetheadvantageandproducethewealth.Computerknowledgewillbecomeasbasicarequirementastheabilitytoreadandwrite.Theabilitytosolveproblemsbyapplyinginformationinsteadofperformingroutinetaskswillbeaboveallelse.Ifyoucastyourmindahead10yearsinformationserviceswillbepredominant.Itwillbethewayyoudoyourjob. Acharacteristicoftheinformationageisthat
IstheUnitedStatesameltingpotInotherwordshaveimmigrantstotheUSAmergedwiththenativeAmericansand1tobeGermansJapanesePolesIrishetcIthasbeen2a"potofstew"mightbeamoresuitablewordthan"meltingpot"3inastewthemeatandvegetableskeeptheirowncharacteristicsbut4tothespicesandthe5itiscookedthestewhasadistinctiveflavorofitsown.Theimplicationsof"meltingpot"6Americansocialworkersandlanguageteachersmanyof7feelthatracialandnationalgroupsshouldbeencouragedto8theircustomstraditionsandlanguages.AtthesametimeitisagreedthatallAmericans9theiroriginsmustlearntospeakEnglishclearlyandfluentlyandtheymustlearnto10themselvestotheAmericanwayoflife. Howeverthereareethnicgroupswhostill11togetherwhospeaktheirownlanguagesandhavepreservedmanyoftheiroldcustoms.ThereareHispanic12e.g.MexicansCubansPuertoRicansmostofwhomstillspeakSpanishastheir13language.TherearetheAmericanIndiansand14Asiangroupsallofwhomspeaktheirownlanguages.Thentherearethe20millionblackswho15theyspeakEnglishforthemostpartliveseparately.Manyblacksarebeginningto16theirrootsrightbacktotheAfricantribes17whichtheirancestorsweretorninthedaysofslaveryandsomeofthemare18themselvesmoreandmorewithAfrica.Someblackleaders19remindingthemthattheircultureandtheirlanguagearenotAfrican.TheyareAmerican.Butmanyblacksare20bitteragainstwhiteculturetofeelAmerican. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Hewlett-PackardhasregardeditsproposedacquisitionofCompaqComputerasaboldmovetobuildaportfolioofcomputingsystemsandservicestotakeonIBMandDellComputer.Ithasarguedthatthe$24billiondealwouldstrengthenthecompany’ssalesofpersonalcomputersdata-servingcomputersandtechnologyconsulting. 46ButbehindthedealisanotherHewlett-Packardambition:toextendthereachofitsdominantprintingandimagingdivisionwhichregistered$20billioninsalesthisyear43percentofthecompany’srevenue. InthelasttwodecadesHewlett-Packardbuiltitselfintotheworld’slargestvendorofdesktopprinters.Ithaddonesounderth6commandofRichardA.HackbomnowaHewlett-Packardboardmemberandaleadingadvocateofthemerger.47Todaythecompanytestssomanyprintersinksandpapersthatifonecouldstackupallthetestsheetsprintedduringanaveragemonththepilewouldreach6000feet. 48Theprinterdivisioniswidelyregardedasthecompany’scrownjewelbuthowHewlettcarbestexploititisamatterofdispute.WalterHewletttheoldestsonofthecompany’sco-founderandothercriticsoftheCompaqacquisitionarguethatthedealwilldilutetheprintingbusinessbyburyingitinanevenlargerslower-movingcomputercompany.Thedivision’s$2billioninoperatingprofitsthisyearproppedupHewlett-Packard’ssaggingcomputerbusinesswhichlost$450million. 49SomeanalystshaveadvocatedthatinsteadofmergingtobecomealargercompanyHewlett-Packardshouldselloffitsotherbusinessesandfocusonsellingmoreprintersandimagingdeviceslikedigitalcamerasandscannerswhichincreasesalesofinkcartridgesandpaper. Thecompanyhoweversaysithasnointentionofnarrowingitsscope.InsteadproponentsofthemergersaytheacquisitionwillfixHewlett’scomputingbusinessfreeingupmoreresearchanddevelopmentmoneyfortheprintingdivisiontotacklenewmarketslikethe$400-billion-a-yearcommercialprintingbusiness. Hewlett-PackardwantstodrivethistransitiontodigitalpublishingmuchasIBMthroughacombinationofproductsandserviceshelpedbusinessespushintoonlinesalesinthelate-1990’s.50Ifthestrategyissuccessfulitwouldresultinasurgeindigitalfilesthatwouldstimulatesalesofthepowerfulcomputingsystemsneededtocreatestoreandmovethefiles.TodothatHewlett-Packardarguesitmustbecomelargerandstronger.Thebiggeritisthemoreinfluenceitwillhaveoncorporatetechnologymanagers. 47Todaythecompanytestssomanyprintersinksandpapersthatifonecouldstackupallthetestsheetsprintedduringanaveragemonththepilewouldreach6000feet.
Nikeisoneofthemostpowerfulmarketingcompaniesinthebusinessworldtodaybutithadverysmallbeginnings.Theglobalgiantcompanywithrevenuesin1996of$US6.4billionandprofitsof$553millionstartedinthe1960swiththecompany’sfounderssellingcheapJapanesesportsshoestoAmericanhighschoolathletesatschooltrackmeetingsusingasupplyofshoestheykeptintheircar. OneofNike’sfoundersPhillipHampsonKnighthadbeenatopathletewhenhewasattheUniversityofOregon.HemovedontobecomeastudentatStanfordBusinessSchoolbutretainedhisinterestinsport.41______ SubSequentlyKnightvisitedJapananddiscoveredamanufacturerwhofittedthemodeloftheidealfirm--OnituskaTigerCompanywhichmadeitsowninexpensivehigh-qualityrunningshoes. 42______Hesuggestedtohisoldcollegetrackcoach.BillBowermanthattheycouldworktogetherusingtheirskillsandinterestsinsportandbusinessandcapitaliseonthecheapercostofsportsshoesfromJapan.In1964theyeachcontributed$500toimportTigershoeswhichKnightbegansellingfromhiscarathigh-schooltrackmeets. 43______KnightandBowermandevelopedtheirownbrandnameNikenamedaftertheGreekwingedgoddessofvictory.TheypaidalocaldesignstudentatPortlandStateUniversity$35tocreatethefamous"Swoosh"logoandBowermancreatedtheinnovativepatterncalledthewaffle-soledesignbyusinghiswife’swaffleirontoimposethepatternonthesoleoftheshoe.By1972Nikebegan’designingitsownshoesandwascontractingproductionouttofactoriesinAsia.WithexcellenttimingandafairshareofgoodluckthefoundersofNikewereperfectlyplacedtocashinonAmerica’ssportsleisureboomduringthe1970swhenmillionsofAmericansbeganjoggingandrunningaspartoftheirpersonalcampaignstokeepfitandhealthy. 44______ButattheheartofitsconstantcampaignisthestarathleteaprinciplethatwasputinplaceearlyinthehugeAmericancompany’smarketingplans. 45______OtherendorsementscamesoonafterthatsuchasleadingAmericantennisplayerJimmyConnorswhowontheWimbledonandtheUSOpenGrandSlamtennistournamentsin1974wearingNiketennisshoes.In1985themanwhowouldbecomeoneofNike’sbiggestsuccessesChicagoBullsrookiebasketballplayerMichaelJordanendorsedhisfirstlineof"AirJordan"Shoes.TheendorsementsbystarplayersencouragingordinaryconsumerstobuythesportsgearofthestarsanddreamofbeingchampionsthemselvessawNikesellingcloseto$USIbillionworthofrunningbasketballandtennisshoesin1986whilecreatingtheirfirstsportsclothesundertheNikelabel. A.NowadaysNike’sproductsincludenotonlybasketballandtennisshoesbutalsosportsclothessportsbagssportscapsetc. B.BackintheUSKnightgottothinkthathecouldactuallyputhisknowledgeintopracticeandmakemoney. C.In1973thenewlyformedcompanyimplementeditsfirstandmostimportantmarketingstrategyendorsingitsfirststarathleterunningstarStevePrefontainewhointurnusedandpraisedNikefootwear. D.ToreinforceitsdominantworldwidepresenceNikespent$US642millionin1996onadvertisingandpromotion. E.ThenameofNikecomesfromthegoddessofvictoryinGreekmythology. F.AtStanfordhebroughthisenthusiasmfortracksportstohisstudieswritingapaperon howtocreateacheaperbetterrunningshoeusingJapaneselabourwhichwascheaperthanAmerican. G.WorriedthattheJapanesecompanymightfindamoreestablishedtlistributor. 43
Text2 Thetopicofthoughtisoneareaofpsychologyandmanyobservershaveconsideredthisaspectinconnecionwithrobotsandcomputers:someoftheoldworriesaboutAlartificialintelligencewerecloselylinkedtothequestionofwhether’computerscouldthink.Thefirstmassiveelectroniccomputerscapableofrapidifoftenunreliablecomputationandlittleornocreativeactivityweresoonnamed"electronicbrains".Areactiontothisterminologyquicklyfollowed.Toputthemintheirplacecomputerswerecalled"high-speedidiots"anefforttoprotecthumanvanity.Butnoteveryonerealizedtheimplicationsoftheexpression:"high-speedidiot".Ithasnotbeenpointedoutoftenenoughthateventhehumanidiotisoneofthemostintelligentlifeformsontheearth.Iftheearlycomputerswereeventhatintelligentitwasalreadyaremarkablestateofaffairs. Oneconsequencefromstudyingthepossibilityofcomputerthoughtwasthatwewereforcedtoexaminewithnewcaretheideaofthoughtingeneral.Itsoonbecameclearthatwewerenotsurewhatwemeantbysuchtermsasthoughtandthinking.Wetendtoassumethathumanbeingsthinksomemorethanothersthoughweoftencallpeoplethoughtlessorunthinking.Dreamscauseaproblempartlybecausetheyusuallyhappenoutsideourcontrol.TheyareobviouslysometypesofmentalexperiencebutaretheyatypeofthinkingAndthequestionofnonhumanlifeformsaddsfurtherproblems.Manyofuswouldmaintainthatsomeofthehigheranimals--dogscatsapesandsoon--arecapableofatleastbasicthoughtbutwhataboutfishandinsectsItiscertainlytruethatthehighermammalsshowcomplexbrainactivitywhentestedwiththeappropriateequipment.Ifthinkingisdemonstratedbyevidentelectricalactivityinthebrainthenmanyanimalspeciesarecapableofthought.’Oncewehaveformulatedclearideasonwhatthoughtisinbiologicalcreaturesitwillbeeasiertodiscussthequestionofthoughtinartificialmachines.OneofthegreatbenefitsofAIresearchisthatwearebeingforcedtoexaminemorecloselytheworkingofthehumanmind. Itisalreadyclearthatmachineshavesuperiormentalabilitiestomanylifeforms.Notreecanplaychessaswellaseventhesimplestcomputer;norcanfrogsrepaircarbodiesaswellasrobots.Itseemsthatviewedintermsofintellectthecomputershouldbesetwellaboveplantsandmostanimals.Onlythehigher’animalscancompetewithcomputerswithregardtointellect. ThewordidiotLine6ParA.1probablymeans
Text3 Aseveryoneknowswordsconstantlytakeonnewmeanings.Sincetheydonotnecessarilynorevenusuallytaketheplaceoftheoldonesweshouldpicturethisprocessastheanalogyofatreethrowingoutnewbrancheswhichthemselvesthrowoutsubordinatebranches.Thenewbranchessometimesovershadowandkilltheoldonebutbynomeansalways.Weshallagainandagainfindtheearliestsensesofawordflourishingforcenturiesdespiteavastovergrowthoflatersenseswhichmightbeexpectedtokillthem. Whenawordhasseveralmeaningshistoricalcircumstancesoftenmakeoneofthemdominantduringaparticularperiod.Thus"station"isnowmorelikelytomeanarailway-stationthananythingelse;"speculation"morelikelytobearitsfinancialsensethananyother.Untilthiscentury"plane"hadasitsdominantmeaning"aflatsurface"or"acarpenter’stooltomakeasurfacesmooth"butthemeaning"anaeroplane"isdominantnow.Thedominantsenseofawordliesuppermostinourminds.Wheneverwemeetthewordournaturalimpulseistogiveitthatsense.Weareoftendeceived.Inanoldauthorthewordmaymeansomethingdifferent. Oneofmyaimsistomakethereadingofoldbookseasyasfarascertainwordsareconcerned.Ifwereadanoldpoemwithinsufficientregardforthechangeofthedictionarymeaningsofwordswewontbeabletounderstandthepoemtheoldauthorintended.Andtoavoidthisknowledgeisnecessary. Weseegoodwordsorgood-sensesofwordslosingtheiredgeormorerarelygettinganewedgethatservessomedifferentpurposes.“Verbicide”themurderofawordhappensinmanyways.Inflationisthecommonest:thosewhotaughtustosay"awfully"for"very""tremendous"for"great"and"unthinkable"for"undesirable"wereverbicides. IshouldbegladifIsentanyreaderawaywithasenseofresponsibilitytothelanguage.Itisunnecessarytothinkwecandonothingaboutit.Ourconversationwillhavelittleeffectbutifwegetintoprint--perhapsespeciallyifweareleaderwritersorreporters--wecanhelptostrengthenorweakensomedisastrouswordscanencourageagoodandresistabadAmericanism.Formanythingsthepressprintstodaywillbetakenupbyagreatmassofpeopleinafewyears. Weareoftencheatedbysomewordsinthat
Text4 BoththenumberandthepercentageofpeopleintheUnitedStatesinvolvedinnonagriculturalpursuitexpandedrapidlyduringthehalfcenturyfollowingtheCivilWarwithsomeofthemostdramaticincreasesoccurringinthedomainsoftransportationmanufacturingandtradeanddistribution.Thedevelopmentoftherailroadandtelegraphsystemsduringthemiddleofthenineteenthcenturyledtosignificantimprovementsinthespeedvolumeandregularityofshipmentsandcommunicationsmakingpossibleafundamentaltransformationintheproductionanddistributionofgoods. Inagriculturethetransformationwasmarkedbytheemergenceofthegrainelevatorsthecottonpressesthewarehousesandthecommodityexchangesthatseemedtosomanyofthenation’sfarmersthevisiblesignofavastconspiracyagainstthem.Inmanufacturingthetransformationwasmarkedbytheemergenceofa"newfactorysystem"inwhichplantsbecamelargermorecomplexandmoresystematicallyorganizedandmanaged.Andindistributionthetransformationwasmarkedbytheemergenceofthejobber中间商thewholesalerand’themassretailer零售商.Thesechangesradicallyalteredthenatureofworkduringthehalfcenturybetween1870and1920. Tobesuretherewerestillsmallworkshopswhereskilledcraftspeoplemanufacturedproductsrangingfromnewspaperstocabinetstoplumbingfixtures.Therewerethesweatshopsincitytenementswheregroupsofmenandwomeninhouseholdsettingsmanufacturedclothingorcigarsonapieceworkbasis.Andtherewerefactoriesinoccupationssuchasmetalworkwhereindividualcontractorspresidedoverwhatwereessentiallyhandicraftproprietorshipsthatcoexisted withinasinglebuilding.Butasthenumberofwageearnersinmanufacturingrosefrom2.7millionin1888to4.5millionin1900to8.4millionin1920thenumberofhugeplantsliketheBaldwinLocomotiveWorksinPhiladelphiaburgeoned迅速成长asdidthesizeofaverageplant.TheBaldwinWorkshad600employeesin18553000in1875and8000in1900.By1920atleastinthenortheasternUnitedStateswheremostofthenation’smanufacturingwageearnerswereconcentratedthree-quartersofthoseworkedinfactorieswithmorethan100employeesand30percentworkedinfactorieswithmorethan100employees. Thewordfundamentalinline6Par1isclosestinmeaningto
IstheUnitedStatesameltingpotInotherwordshaveimmigrantstotheUSAmergedwiththenativeAmericansand1tobeGermansJapanesePolesIrishetcIthasbeen2a"potofstew"mightbeamoresuitablewordthan"meltingpot"3inastewthemeatandvegetableskeeptheirowncharacteristicsbut4tothespicesandthe5itiscookedthestewhasadistinctiveflavorofitsown.Theimplicationsof"meltingpot"6Americansocialworkersandlanguageteachersmanyof7feelthatracialandnationalgroupsshouldbeencouragedto8theircustomstraditionsandlanguages.AtthesametimeitisagreedthatallAmericans9theiroriginsmustlearntospeakEnglishclearlyandfluentlyandtheymustlearnto10themselvestotheAmericanwayoflife. Howeverthereareethnicgroupswhostill11togetherwhospeaktheirownlanguagesandhavepreservedmanyoftheiroldcustoms.ThereareHispanic12e.g.MexicansCubansPuertoRicansmostofwhomstillspeakSpanishastheir13language.TherearetheAmericanIndiansand14Asiangroupsallofwhomspeaktheirownlanguages.Thentherearethe20millionblackswho15theyspeakEnglishforthemostpartliveseparately.Manyblacksarebeginningto16theirrootsrightbacktotheAfricantribes17whichtheirancestorsweretorninthedaysofslaveryandsomeofthemare18themselvesmoreandmorewithAfrica.Someblackleaders19remindingthemthattheircultureandtheirlanguagearenotAfrican.TheyareAmerican.Butmanyblacksare20bitteragainstwhiteculturetofeelAmerican. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
IstheUnitedStatesameltingpotInotherwordshaveimmigrantstotheUSAmergedwiththenativeAmericansand1tobeGermansJapanesePolesIrishetcIthasbeen2a"potofstew"mightbeamoresuitablewordthan"meltingpot"3inastewthemeatandvegetableskeeptheirowncharacteristicsbut4tothespicesandthe5itiscookedthestewhasadistinctiveflavorofitsown.Theimplicationsof"meltingpot"6Americansocialworkersandlanguageteachersmanyof7feelthatracialandnationalgroupsshouldbeencouragedto8theircustomstraditionsandlanguages.AtthesametimeitisagreedthatallAmericans9theiroriginsmustlearntospeakEnglishclearlyandfluentlyandtheymustlearnto10themselvestotheAmericanwayoflife. Howeverthereareethnicgroupswhostill11togetherwhospeaktheirownlanguagesandhavepreservedmanyoftheiroldcustoms.ThereareHispanic12e.g.MexicansCubansPuertoRicansmostofwhomstillspeakSpanishastheir13language.TherearetheAmericanIndiansand14Asiangroupsallofwhomspeaktheirownlanguages.Thentherearethe20millionblackswho15theyspeakEnglishforthemostpartliveseparately.Manyblacksarebeginningto16theirrootsrightbacktotheAfricantribes17whichtheirancestorsweretorninthedaysofslaveryandsomeofthemare18themselvesmoreandmorewithAfrica.Someblackleaders19remindingthemthattheircultureandtheirlanguagearenotAfrican.TheyareAmerican.Butmanyblacksare20bitteragainstwhiteculturetofeelAmerican. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Text4 BoththenumberandthepercentageofpeopleintheUnitedStatesinvolvedinnonagriculturalpursuitexpandedrapidlyduringthehalfcenturyfollowingtheCivilWarwithsomeofthemostdramaticincreasesoccurringinthedomainsoftransportationmanufacturingandtradeanddistribution.Thedevelopmentoftherailroadandtelegraphsystemsduringthemiddleofthenineteenthcenturyledtosignificantimprovementsinthespeedvolumeandregularityofshipmentsandcommunicationsmakingpossibleafundamentaltransformationintheproductionanddistributionofgoods. Inagriculturethetransformationwasmarkedbytheemergenceofthegrainelevatorsthecottonpressesthewarehousesandthecommodityexchangesthatseemedtosomanyofthenation’sfarmersthevisiblesignofavastconspiracyagainstthem.Inmanufacturingthetransformationwasmarkedbytheemergenceofa"newfactorysystem"inwhichplantsbecamelargermorecomplexandmoresystematicallyorganizedandmanaged.Andindistributionthetransformationwasmarkedbytheemergenceofthejobber中间商thewholesalerand’themassretailer零售商.Thesechangesradicallyalteredthenatureofworkduringthehalfcenturybetween1870and1920. Tobesuretherewerestillsmallworkshopswhereskilledcraftspeoplemanufacturedproductsrangingfromnewspaperstocabinetstoplumbingfixtures.Therewerethesweatshopsincitytenementswheregroupsofmenandwomeninhouseholdsettingsmanufacturedclothingorcigarsonapieceworkbasis.Andtherewerefactoriesinoccupationssuchasmetalworkwhereindividualcontractorspresidedoverwhatwereessentiallyhandicraftproprietorshipsthatcoexisted withinasinglebuilding.Butasthenumberofwageearnersinmanufacturingrosefrom2.7millionin1888to4.5millionin1900to8.4millionin1920thenumberofhugeplantsliketheBaldwinLocomotiveWorksinPhiladelphiaburgeoned迅速成长asdidthesizeofaverageplant.TheBaldwinWorkshad600employeesin18553000in1875and8000in1900.By1920atleastinthenortheasternUnitedStateswheremostofthenation’smanufacturingwageearnerswereconcentratedthree-quartersofthoseworkedinfactorieswithmorethan100employeesand30percentworkedinfactorieswithmorethan100employees. WhichofthefollowingwasNOTmentionedaspartofthenewfactorysystem
Text1 Aneweraisuponus.Callitwhatyouwill:theserviceeconomytheinformationagetheknowledgesociety.Itisalltranslatedtoafundamentalchangeinthewaywework.Alreadywe’vepartlybeenthere.ThepercentageofpeoplewhoearntheirlivingbymakingthingshasfallendramaticallyintheWesteniWorld.TodaythemajorityofjobsinAmericaEuropeandJapantwothirdsormoreinmanyofthesecountriesareintheserviceindustryandthenumberisontherise.Morewomenareintheworkforcethaneverbefore.Therearemoreparttimejobs.Morepeopleareself-employed.Butthebreadthoftheeconomictransformationcan’tbemeasuredbynumbersalonebecauseitisalsogivingrisetoaradicalnewwayofthinkingaboutthenatureofworkitself.Long-heldnotionsaboutjobsandcareerstheskillsneededtosucceedeventherelationbetweenindividualsandemployers--allthesearebeingchanged. WehaveonlytolookbehindustogetsomesenseofwhatmaylieaheadNoonelookingahead20yearspossiblycouldhaveforeseenthewaysinwhichdsingleinventionthechip蕊片wouldtransformourworldthankstoitsapplicationsinpersonalcomputersdigitalcommunicationsandfactoryrobots.Tomorrow’sachievementsinbiotechnologyartificialIntelligenceorevensomestillunimaginedtechnologycouldproduceasimilarwaveofdramaticchanges.Butonethingiscertain:informationandknowledgewillbecomeevenmorevitalandthepeoplewhopossessitwhethertheyworkinmanufacturingorserviceswillhavetheadvantageandproducethewealth.Computerknowledgewillbecomeasbasicarequirementastheabilitytoreadandwrite.Theabilitytosolveproblemsbyapplyinginformationinsteadofperformingroutinetaskswillbeaboveallelse.Ifyoucastyourmindahead10yearsinformationserviceswillbepredominant.Itwillbethewayyoudoyourjob. Byreferringtocomputersandotherinventionstheauthormeanstosaythat
Text1 Asamediumofexchangemoneypermitstheseparationofexchangeintothetwodistinctactsofbuyingandsellingwithoutrequiringthesellertopurchasegoodsfromthepersonwhobuyshisproductsorviceversa.Henceproducerswhoknowtheywillbepaidinmoneycanconcentrateonfindingthemostsuitableoutletfortheirgoodswhilebuyerswhowillpayinmoneycanconcentrateonfindingthecheapestmarketforthethingstheywishtopurchase.specializationwhichisvitaltoanadvancedeconomyisencouragedbecausepeoplewhoseoutputisnotacompleteproductbutonlyapartofoneinwhichmanyothersareinvolvedcanbepaidanamountequivalenttotheirshareoftheproduct. Anotheradvantageofmoneyisthatitisameasureofvalue--thatisitservesasaunitintermsofwhichtherelativevaluesofdifferentproductscanbeexpressed.Inabartereconomyitwouldbenecessarytodeterminehowmanyplateswereworthonehundredweightofcottonorhowmanypensshouldbeexchangedforatonofcoalwhichwouldbeadifficultandtime-consumingtask.Theprocessofestablishingrelativevalueswouldhavetobeundertakenforeveryactofexchangeaccordingtowhatproductswerebeingofferedagainstoneanotherandaccordingtothetwoparties’desiresandpreferences.IfIamtryingtobarterfishforbananasforexamplealotwoulddependonwhetherthepersonwillingtoexchangebananasisorisnotkeenonfish. Thirdlymoneyactsasastoreofwealth.Itisdifficulttoimaginesavingunderabartersystem.Nooneengagedononlyonestageinthemanufactureofaproductcouldsavepartofhisoutputsincehewouldbeproducingnothingcomplete.Evenwhenapersonactuallyproducedacompleteproductthedifficultieswouldbeoverwhelming.Mostproductsdeterioratefairlyrapidlyeitherphysicallyorinvalueasaresultoflongstorage;evenifstoragewerepossiblethepracticeofstoringproductsforyearsonendwouldinvolveobviousdisadvantages--imagineacoal-minerattemptingtosaveenoughcoalwhichofcourseishisproducttokeephimforlife.Ifwealthcouldnotbesavedoronlywithgreatdifficultyfutureneedscouldnotbeprovidedfororcapitalaccumulatedtoraiseproductivity. Usingmoneyasamediumofexchangemeansthat
IstheUnitedStatesameltingpotInotherwordshaveimmigrantstotheUSAmergedwiththenativeAmericansand1tobeGermansJapanesePolesIrishetcIthasbeen2a"potofstew"mightbeamoresuitablewordthan"meltingpot"3inastewthemeatandvegetableskeeptheirowncharacteristicsbut4tothespicesandthe5itiscookedthestewhasadistinctiveflavorofitsown.Theimplicationsof"meltingpot"6Americansocialworkersandlanguageteachersmanyof7feelthatracialandnationalgroupsshouldbeencouragedto8theircustomstraditionsandlanguages.AtthesametimeitisagreedthatallAmericans9theiroriginsmustlearntospeakEnglishclearlyandfluentlyandtheymustlearnto10themselvestotheAmericanwayoflife. Howeverthereareethnicgroupswhostill11togetherwhospeaktheirownlanguagesandhavepreservedmanyoftheiroldcustoms.ThereareHispanic12e.g.MexicansCubansPuertoRicansmostofwhomstillspeakSpanishastheir13language.TherearetheAmericanIndiansand14Asiangroupsallofwhomspeaktheirownlanguages.Thentherearethe20millionblackswho15theyspeakEnglishforthemostpartliveseparately.Manyblacksarebeginningto16theirrootsrightbacktotheAfricantribes17whichtheirancestorsweretorninthedaysofslaveryandsomeofthemare18themselvesmoreandmorewithAfrica.Someblackleaders19remindingthemthattheircultureandtheirlanguagearenotAfrican.TheyareAmerican.Butmanyblacksare20bitteragainstwhiteculturetofeelAmerican. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
IstheUnitedStatesameltingpotInotherwordshaveimmigrantstotheUSAmergedwiththenativeAmericansand1tobeGermansJapanesePolesIrishetcIthasbeen2a"potofstew"mightbeamoresuitablewordthan"meltingpot"3inastewthemeatandvegetableskeeptheirowncharacteristicsbut4tothespicesandthe5itiscookedthestewhasadistinctiveflavorofitsown.Theimplicationsof"meltingpot"6Americansocialworkersandlanguageteachersmanyof7feelthatracialandnationalgroupsshouldbeencouragedto8theircustomstraditionsandlanguages.AtthesametimeitisagreedthatallAmericans9theiroriginsmustlearntospeakEnglishclearlyandfluentlyandtheymustlearnto10themselvestotheAmericanwayoflife. Howeverthereareethnicgroupswhostill11togetherwhospeaktheirownlanguagesandhavepreservedmanyoftheiroldcustoms.ThereareHispanic12e.g.MexicansCubansPuertoRicansmostofwhomstillspeakSpanishastheir13language.TherearetheAmericanIndiansand14Asiangroupsallofwhomspeaktheirownlanguages.Thentherearethe20millionblackswho15theyspeakEnglishforthemostpartliveseparately.Manyblacksarebeginningto16theirrootsrightbacktotheAfricantribes17whichtheirancestorsweretorninthedaysofslaveryandsomeofthemare18themselvesmoreandmorewithAfrica.Someblackleaders19remindingthemthattheircultureandtheirlanguagearenotAfrican.TheyareAmerican.Butmanyblacksare20bitteragainstwhiteculturetofeelAmerican. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Text2 Todaybusinesscardsaredistributedbyworkingpeopleofallsocialclassesillustratingnotonlytheuniquityofcommercialinterestsbutalsothefluidityoftheworldoftrade.Whetheroneisbuttonholingpotentialclientsforacarpentryserviceannouncingone’slatestacademicappointmentor“networking”withfellowexecutivesitispermissibletoadvertiseone’stalentsandavailabilitybyanoutstretchedhandandthestatement"H6re’smycard."AsRobertLouisStevensononceobservedeverybodymakeshislivingbysellingsomething.Businesscardsfacilitatethisendeavor. Ithasnotalwaysbeenthisway.Thecardsthatweusetodayforcommercialpurposesareavulgarizationofthenineteenth-centurysocialcallingcardsanartifactwithaquitedifferentpurpose.IntheGildedAgepossessingacallingcardindicatednotthatyouwereinterestedinformingbusinessrelationshipsbutthatyourmoneywassooldthatyouhadnoneedtomakealiving.Forthecalling-cardclasslifewasacontinualroundofsocialvisitsandtheprotocol礼遇governingthesevisitswasinextricablylinkedtotheproperuseofcards.PickupanyetiquettemanualpredatingWorldWarIandyouwillfindwholechaptersdevotedtosuchquestionsaswhetherasinglegentlemanmayleaveacardforalady;whenaladymustandmustnotturndowntheedgesofacard;andwhetheranunmarriedgirlofbetweenfourteenandseventeenmaycarrymorethansixorlessthanthirteencardsinherpurseinmonthsbeginningwitha"J".ThecallingcardsystemwasespeciallycherishedbythosewhomadenodistinctionbetweenmannersandmereformanditspreciousnesswaswelldefinedbyMrs.JohnSherwood.Her1887manualcalledthecard"thefieldmarkanddevice"ofcivilization. Thebusinessversionofthecallingcardcameinaroundthemmofthecenturywhentheformerlywelldefinedbordersbetweenthecommercialandthepersonalrealmswereusedwidelysocietymavens内行considereditunforgivabletofusethetworealms.EmilyPost’scontemporaryLilianEichlercalleditverypoortastetousebusinesscardsforsocialpurposesaridaslateas1967AmyVanderbiltcounseledthatthemerchant’smarker"mayneverdoubleforsocialpurposes. Thesentencethatyourmoneywassooldinthesecondparagraphmeans
Text3 Theimportanceandfocusoftheinterviewintheworkoftheprintandbroadcastjournalistisreflectedinseveralbooksthathavebeenwrittenonthetopic.Mostofthesebooksaswellasseveralchaptersmainlyinbutnotlimitedtojournalismandbroadcastinghandbooksandreportingtextsstressthe"flowto"aspectsofjournalisticinterviewingratherthantheconceptualaspectsoftheinterviewitscontextandimplications.Muchofthe"howto"materialisbasedonpersonalexperiencesandgeneralimpressions.Asweknowinjournalismasinotherfieldsmuchcanbelearnedfromthesystematicstudyofprofessionalpractice.Suchstudybringstogetherevidencefromwhichbroadgeneralizedprinciplescanbedeveloped. Thereisashasbeensuggestedagrowingbodyofresearchliteratureinjournalismandbroadcastingbutverylittlesignificantattentionhasbeendevotedtothestudyoftheinterviewitself.Ontheotherhandmanygeneraltextsaswellasnumerousresearcharticlesoninterviewinginfieldsotherthanjournalismhavebeenwritten.Manyofthesebooksandarticlespresentthetheoreticalandempiricalaspectsoftheinterviewaswellasthetrainingoftheinterviewers.Unhappilythisplentifulgeneralliteratureaboutinterviewingpayslittleattentiontothejournalisticinterviewwhichseemstobesurprisingfortworeasons.’FirstitseemslikelythatmostpeopleinmodemWesternsocietiesaremorefamiliaratleastinapositivemannerwithjournalisticinterviewingthananyotherformofinterviewing.Mostofusareprobablysomewhatfamiliarwiththeclinicalinterviewsuchasthatconductedbyphysiciansandpsychologists.Inthesesituationstheprofessionalpersonorinterviewerisinterestedingettinginformationnecessaryforthediagnosisandtreatmentofthepersonseekinghelp.Anotherfamiliarsituationisthejobinterview. Howeververyfewofushaveactuallybeeninterviewedpersonallybythemassmediaparticularlybytelevision.Andyetwehaveavividacquaintancewiththejournalisticinterviewbyvirtueofourrolesasreaders’listenersandviewers.Evensotheunderstandingofthejournalisticinterviewespeciallytelevisioninterviewsrequiresthoughtfulanalysesandevenstudyasthisbookindicates. Thearticleismostlikelyapartof
IstheUnitedStatesameltingpotInotherwordshaveimmigrantstotheUSAmergedwiththenativeAmericansand1tobeGermansJapanesePolesIrishetcIthasbeen2a"potofstew"mightbeamoresuitablewordthan"meltingpot"3inastewthemeatandvegetableskeeptheirowncharacteristicsbut4tothespicesandthe5itiscookedthestewhasadistinctiveflavorofitsown.Theimplicationsof"meltingpot"6Americansocialworkersandlanguageteachersmanyof7feelthatracialandnationalgroupsshouldbeencouragedto8theircustomstraditionsandlanguages.AtthesametimeitisagreedthatallAmericans9theiroriginsmustlearntospeakEnglishclearlyandfluentlyandtheymustlearnto10themselvestotheAmericanwayoflife. Howeverthereareethnicgroupswhostill11togetherwhospeaktheirownlanguagesandhavepreservedmanyoftheiroldcustoms.ThereareHispanic12e.g.MexicansCubansPuertoRicansmostofwhomstillspeakSpanishastheir13language.TherearetheAmericanIndiansand14Asiangroupsallofwhomspeaktheirownlanguages.Thentherearethe20millionblackswho15theyspeakEnglishforthemostpartliveseparately.Manyblacksarebeginningto16theirrootsrightbacktotheAfricantribes17whichtheirancestorsweretorninthedaysofslaveryandsomeofthemare18themselvesmoreandmorewithAfrica.Someblackleaders19remindingthemthattheircultureandtheirlanguagearenotAfrican.TheyareAmerican.Butmanyblacksare20bitteragainstwhiteculturetofeelAmerican. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Hewlett-PackardhasregardeditsproposedacquisitionofCompaqComputerasaboldmovetobuildaportfolioofcomputingsystemsandservicestotakeonIBMandDellComputer.Ithasarguedthatthe$24billiondealwouldstrengthenthecompany’ssalesofpersonalcomputersdata-servingcomputersandtechnologyconsulting. 46ButbehindthedealisanotherHewlett-Packardambition:toextendthereachofitsdominantprintingandimagingdivisionwhichregistered$20billioninsalesthisyear43percentofthecompany’srevenue. InthelasttwodecadesHewlett-Packardbuiltitselfintotheworld’slargestvendorofdesktopprinters.Ithaddonesounderth6commandofRichardA.HackbomnowaHewlett-Packardboardmemberandaleadingadvocateofthemerger.47Todaythecompanytestssomanyprintersinksandpapersthatifonecouldstackupallthetestsheetsprintedduringanaveragemonththepilewouldreach6000feet. 48Theprinterdivisioniswidelyregardedasthecompany’scrownjewelbuthowHewlettcarbestexploititisamatterofdispute.WalterHewletttheoldestsonofthecompany’sco-founderandothercriticsoftheCompaqacquisitionarguethatthedealwilldilutetheprintingbusinessbyburyingitinanevenlargerslower-movingcomputercompany.Thedivision’s$2billioninoperatingprofitsthisyearproppedupHewlett-Packard’ssaggingcomputerbusinesswhichlost$450million. 49SomeanalystshaveadvocatedthatinsteadofmergingtobecomealargercompanyHewlett-Packardshouldselloffitsotherbusinessesandfocusonsellingmoreprintersandimagingdeviceslikedigitalcamerasandscannerswhichincreasesalesofinkcartridgesandpaper. Thecompanyhoweversaysithasnointentionofnarrowingitsscope.InsteadproponentsofthemergersaytheacquisitionwillfixHewlett’scomputingbusinessfreeingupmoreresearchanddevelopmentmoneyfortheprintingdivisiontotacklenewmarketslikethe$400-billion-a-yearcommercialprintingbusiness. Hewlett-PackardwantstodrivethistransitiontodigitalpublishingmuchasIBMthroughacombinationofproductsandserviceshelpedbusinessespushintoonlinesalesinthelate-1990’s.50Ifthestrategyissuccessfulitwouldresultinasurgeindigitalfilesthatwouldstimulatesalesofthepowerfulcomputingsystemsneededtocreatestoreandmovethefiles.TodothatHewlett-Packardarguesitmustbecomelargerandstronger.Thebiggeritisthemoreinfluenceitwillhaveoncorporatetechnologymanagers. 49SomeanalystshaveadvocatedthatinsteadofmergingtobecomealargercompanyHewlett-Packardshouldselloffitsotherbusinessesandfocusonsellingmoreprintersandimagingdeviceslikedigitalcamerasandscannerswhichincreasesalesofinkcartridgesandpaper.
Directions: yougetthegoodnewsthatyourgoodfriendsgotmarriedrecently.Youwritetoshow: youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiuYu"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
Text3 Aseveryoneknowswordsconstantlytakeonnewmeanings.Sincetheydonotnecessarilynorevenusuallytaketheplaceoftheoldonesweshouldpicturethisprocessastheanalogyofatreethrowingoutnewbrancheswhichthemselvesthrowoutsubordinatebranches.Thenewbranchessometimesovershadowandkilltheoldonebutbynomeansalways.Weshallagainandagainfindtheearliestsensesofawordflourishingforcenturiesdespiteavastovergrowthoflatersenseswhichmightbeexpectedtokillthem. Whenawordhasseveralmeaningshistoricalcircumstancesoftenmakeoneofthemdominantduringaparticularperiod.Thus"station"isnowmorelikelytomeanarailway-stationthananythingelse;"speculation"morelikelytobearitsfinancialsensethananyother.Untilthiscentury"plane"hadasitsdominantmeaning"aflatsurface"or"acarpenter’stooltomakeasurfacesmooth"butthemeaning"anaeroplane"isdominantnow.Thedominantsenseofawordliesuppermostinourminds.Wheneverwemeetthewordournaturalimpulseistogiveitthatsense.Weareoftendeceived.Inanoldauthorthewordmaymeansomethingdifferent. Oneofmyaimsistomakethereadingofoldbookseasyasfarascertainwordsareconcerned.Ifwereadanoldpoemwithinsufficientregardforthechangeofthedictionarymeaningsofwordswewontbeabletounderstandthepoemtheoldauthorintended.Andtoavoidthisknowledgeisnecessary. Weseegoodwordsorgood-sensesofwordslosingtheiredgeormorerarelygettinganewedgethatservessomedifferentpurposes.“Verbicide”themurderofawordhappensinmanyways.Inflationisthecommonest:thosewhotaughtustosay"awfully"for"very""tremendous"for"great"and"unthinkable"for"undesirable"wereverbicides. IshouldbegladifIsentanyreaderawaywithasenseofresponsibilitytothelanguage.Itisunnecessarytothinkwecandonothingaboutit.Ourconversationwillhavelittleeffectbutifwegetintoprint--perhapsespeciallyifweareleaderwritersorreporters--wecanhelptostrengthenorweakensomedisastrouswordscanencourageagoodandresistabadAmericanism.Formanythingsthepressprintstodaywillbetakenupbyagreatmassofpeopleinafewyears. Bymentioningthetreethrowingoutnewbranchestheauthorhopesto
Text1 Aneweraisuponus.Callitwhatyouwill:theserviceeconomytheinformationagetheknowledgesociety.Itisalltranslatedtoafundamentalchangeinthewaywework.Alreadywe’vepartlybeenthere.ThepercentageofpeoplewhoearntheirlivingbymakingthingshasfallendramaticallyintheWesteniWorld.TodaythemajorityofjobsinAmericaEuropeandJapantwothirdsormoreinmanyofthesecountriesareintheserviceindustryandthenumberisontherise.Morewomenareintheworkforcethaneverbefore.Therearemoreparttimejobs.Morepeopleareself-employed.Butthebreadthoftheeconomictransformationcan’tbemeasuredbynumbersalonebecauseitisalsogivingrisetoaradicalnewwayofthinkingaboutthenatureofworkitself.Long-heldnotionsaboutjobsandcareerstheskillsneededtosucceedeventherelationbetweenindividualsandemployers--allthesearebeingchanged. WehaveonlytolookbehindustogetsomesenseofwhatmaylieaheadNoonelookingahead20yearspossiblycouldhaveforeseenthewaysinwhichdsingleinventionthechip蕊片wouldtransformourworldthankstoitsapplicationsinpersonalcomputersdigitalcommunicationsandfactoryrobots.Tomorrow’sachievementsinbiotechnologyartificialIntelligenceorevensomestillunimaginedtechnologycouldproduceasimilarwaveofdramaticchanges.Butonethingiscertain:informationandknowledgewillbecomeevenmorevitalandthepeoplewhopossessitwhethertheyworkinmanufacturingorserviceswillhavetheadvantageandproducethewealth.Computerknowledgewillbecomeasbasicarequirementastheabilitytoreadandwrite.Theabilitytosolveproblemsbyapplyinginformationinsteadofperformingroutinetaskswillbeaboveallelse.Ifyoucastyourmindahead10yearsinformationserviceswillbepredominant.Itwillbethewayyoudoyourjob. OneofthegreatchangesbroughtaboutbytheknowledgeSocietyisthat
IstheUnitedStatesameltingpotInotherwordshaveimmigrantstotheUSAmergedwiththenativeAmericansand1tobeGermansJapanesePolesIrishetcIthasbeen2a"potofstew"mightbeamoresuitablewordthan"meltingpot"3inastewthemeatandvegetableskeeptheirowncharacteristicsbut4tothespicesandthe5itiscookedthestewhasadistinctiveflavorofitsown.Theimplicationsof"meltingpot"6Americansocialworkersandlanguageteachersmanyof7feelthatracialandnationalgroupsshouldbeencouragedto8theircustomstraditionsandlanguages.AtthesametimeitisagreedthatallAmericans9theiroriginsmustlearntospeakEnglishclearlyandfluentlyandtheymustlearnto10themselvestotheAmericanwayoflife. Howeverthereareethnicgroupswhostill11togetherwhospeaktheirownlanguagesandhavepreservedmanyoftheiroldcustoms.ThereareHispanic12e.g.MexicansCubansPuertoRicansmostofwhomstillspeakSpanishastheir13language.TherearetheAmericanIndiansand14Asiangroupsallofwhomspeaktheirownlanguages.Thentherearethe20millionblackswho15theyspeakEnglishforthemostpartliveseparately.Manyblacksarebeginningto16theirrootsrightbacktotheAfricantribes17whichtheirancestorsweretorninthedaysofslaveryandsomeofthemare18themselvesmoreandmorewithAfrica.Someblackleaders19remindingthemthattheircultureandtheirlanguagearenotAfrican.TheyareAmerican.Butmanyblacksare20bitteragainstwhiteculturetofeelAmerican. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Text2 Thetopicofthoughtisoneareaofpsychologyandmanyobservershaveconsideredthisaspectinconnecionwithrobotsandcomputers:someoftheoldworriesaboutAlartificialintelligencewerecloselylinkedtothequestionofwhether’computerscouldthink.Thefirstmassiveelectroniccomputerscapableofrapidifoftenunreliablecomputationandlittleornocreativeactivityweresoonnamed"electronicbrains".Areactiontothisterminologyquicklyfollowed.Toputthemintheirplacecomputerswerecalled"high-speedidiots"anefforttoprotecthumanvanity.Butnoteveryonerealizedtheimplicationsoftheexpression:"high-speedidiot".Ithasnotbeenpointedoutoftenenoughthateventhehumanidiotisoneofthemostintelligentlifeformsontheearth.Iftheearlycomputerswereeventhatintelligentitwasalreadyaremarkablestateofaffairs. Oneconsequencefromstudyingthepossibilityofcomputerthoughtwasthatwewereforcedtoexaminewithnewcaretheideaofthoughtingeneral.Itsoonbecameclearthatwewerenotsurewhatwemeantbysuchtermsasthoughtandthinking.Wetendtoassumethathumanbeingsthinksomemorethanothersthoughweoftencallpeoplethoughtlessorunthinking.Dreamscauseaproblempartlybecausetheyusuallyhappenoutsideourcontrol.TheyareobviouslysometypesofmentalexperiencebutaretheyatypeofthinkingAndthequestionofnonhumanlifeformsaddsfurtherproblems.Manyofuswouldmaintainthatsomeofthehigheranimals--dogscatsapesandsoon--arecapableofatleastbasicthoughtbutwhataboutfishandinsectsItiscertainlytruethatthehighermammalsshowcomplexbrainactivitywhentestedwiththeappropriateequipment.Ifthinkingisdemonstratedbyevidentelectricalactivityinthebrainthenmanyanimalspeciesarecapableofthought.’Oncewehaveformulatedclearideasonwhatthoughtisinbiologicalcreaturesitwillbeeasiertodiscussthequestionofthoughtinartificialmachines.OneofthegreatbenefitsofAIresearchisthatwearebeingforcedtoexaminemorecloselytheworkingofthehumanmind. Itisalreadyclearthatmachineshavesuperiormentalabilitiestomanylifeforms.Notreecanplaychessaswellaseventhesimplestcomputer;norcanfrogsrepaircarbodiesaswellasrobots.Itseemsthatviewedintermsofintellectthecomputershouldbesetwellaboveplantsandmostanimals.Onlythehigher’animalscancompetewithcomputerswithregardtointellect. Thefirstmassiveelectroniccomputerswere
Nikeisoneofthemostpowerfulmarketingcompaniesinthebusinessworldtodaybutithadverysmallbeginnings.Theglobalgiantcompanywithrevenuesin1996of$US6.4billionandprofitsof$553millionstartedinthe1960swiththecompany’sfounderssellingcheapJapanesesportsshoestoAmericanhighschoolathletesatschooltrackmeetingsusingasupplyofshoestheykeptintheircar. OneofNike’sfoundersPhillipHampsonKnighthadbeenatopathletewhenhewasattheUniversityofOregon.HemovedontobecomeastudentatStanfordBusinessSchoolbutretainedhisinterestinsport.41______ SubSequentlyKnightvisitedJapananddiscoveredamanufacturerwhofittedthemodeloftheidealfirm--OnituskaTigerCompanywhichmadeitsowninexpensivehigh-qualityrunningshoes. 42______Hesuggestedtohisoldcollegetrackcoach.BillBowermanthattheycouldworktogetherusingtheirskillsandinterestsinsportandbusinessandcapitaliseonthecheapercostofsportsshoesfromJapan.In1964theyeachcontributed$500toimportTigershoeswhichKnightbegansellingfromhiscarathigh-schooltrackmeets. 43______KnightandBowermandevelopedtheirownbrandnameNikenamedaftertheGreekwingedgoddessofvictory.TheypaidalocaldesignstudentatPortlandStateUniversity$35tocreatethefamous"Swoosh"logoandBowermancreatedtheinnovativepatterncalledthewaffle-soledesignbyusinghiswife’swaffleirontoimposethepatternonthesoleoftheshoe.By1972Nikebegan’designingitsownshoesandwascontractingproductionouttofactoriesinAsia.WithexcellenttimingandafairshareofgoodluckthefoundersofNikewereperfectlyplacedtocashinonAmerica’ssportsleisureboomduringthe1970swhenmillionsofAmericansbeganjoggingandrunningaspartoftheirpersonalcampaignstokeepfitandhealthy. 44______ButattheheartofitsconstantcampaignisthestarathleteaprinciplethatwasputinplaceearlyinthehugeAmericancompany’smarketingplans. 45______OtherendorsementscamesoonafterthatsuchasleadingAmericantennisplayerJimmyConnorswhowontheWimbledonandtheUSOpenGrandSlamtennistournamentsin1974wearingNiketennisshoes.In1985themanwhowouldbecomeoneofNike’sbiggestsuccessesChicagoBullsrookiebasketballplayerMichaelJordanendorsedhisfirstlineof"AirJordan"Shoes.TheendorsementsbystarplayersencouragingordinaryconsumerstobuythesportsgearofthestarsanddreamofbeingchampionsthemselvessawNikesellingcloseto$USIbillionworthofrunningbasketballandtennisshoesin1986whilecreatingtheirfirstsportsclothesundertheNikelabel. A.NowadaysNike’sproductsincludenotonlybasketballandtennisshoesbutalsosportsclothessportsbagssportscapsetc. B.BackintheUSKnightgottothinkthathecouldactuallyputhisknowledgeintopracticeandmakemoney. C.In1973thenewlyformedcompanyimplementeditsfirstandmostimportantmarketingstrategyendorsingitsfirststarathleterunningstarStevePrefontainewhointurnusedandpraisedNikefootwear. D.ToreinforceitsdominantworldwidepresenceNikespent$US642millionin1996onadvertisingandpromotion. E.ThenameofNikecomesfromthegoddessofvictoryinGreekmythology. F.AtStanfordhebroughthisenthusiasmfortracksportstohisstudieswritingapaperon howtocreateacheaperbetterrunningshoeusingJapaneselabourwhichwascheaperthanAmerican. G.WorriedthattheJapanesecompanymightfindamoreestablishedtlistributor. 45
Text3 Aseveryoneknowswordsconstantlytakeonnewmeanings.Sincetheydonotnecessarilynorevenusuallytaketheplaceoftheoldonesweshouldpicturethisprocessastheanalogyofatreethrowingoutnewbrancheswhichthemselvesthrowoutsubordinatebranches.Thenewbranchessometimesovershadowandkilltheoldonebutbynomeansalways.Weshallagainandagainfindtheearliestsensesofawordflourishingforcenturiesdespiteavastovergrowthoflatersenseswhichmightbeexpectedtokillthem. Whenawordhasseveralmeaningshistoricalcircumstancesoftenmakeoneofthemdominantduringaparticularperiod.Thus"station"isnowmorelikelytomeanarailway-stationthananythingelse;"speculation"morelikelytobearitsfinancialsensethananyother.Untilthiscentury"plane"hadasitsdominantmeaning"aflatsurface"or"acarpenter’stooltomakeasurfacesmooth"butthemeaning"anaeroplane"isdominantnow.Thedominantsenseofawordliesuppermostinourminds.Wheneverwemeetthewordournaturalimpulseistogiveitthatsense.Weareoftendeceived.Inanoldauthorthewordmaymeansomethingdifferent. Oneofmyaimsistomakethereadingofoldbookseasyasfarascertainwordsareconcerned.Ifwereadanoldpoemwithinsufficientregardforthechangeofthedictionarymeaningsofwordswewontbeabletounderstandthepoemtheoldauthorintended.Andtoavoidthisknowledgeisnecessary. Weseegoodwordsorgood-sensesofwordslosingtheiredgeormorerarelygettinganewedgethatservessomedifferentpurposes.“Verbicide”themurderofawordhappensinmanyways.Inflationisthecommonest:thosewhotaughtustosay"awfully"for"very""tremendous"for"great"and"unthinkable"for"undesirable"wereverbicides. IshouldbegladifIsentanyreaderawaywithasenseofresponsibilitytothelanguage.Itisunnecessarytothinkwecandonothingaboutit.Ourconversationwillhavelittleeffectbutifwegetintoprint--perhapsespeciallyifweareleaderwritersorreporters--wecanhelptostrengthenorweakensomedisastrouswordscanencourageagoodandresistabadAmericanism.Formanythingsthepressprintstodaywillbetakenupbyagreatmassofpeopleinafewyears. Themainideaofthelastparagraphisthat
IstheUnitedStatesameltingpotInotherwordshaveimmigrantstotheUSAmergedwiththenativeAmericansand1tobeGermansJapanesePolesIrishetcIthasbeen2a"potofstew"mightbeamoresuitablewordthan"meltingpot"3inastewthemeatandvegetableskeeptheirowncharacteristicsbut4tothespicesandthe5itiscookedthestewhasadistinctiveflavorofitsown.Theimplicationsof"meltingpot"6Americansocialworkersandlanguageteachersmanyof7feelthatracialandnationalgroupsshouldbeencouragedto8theircustomstraditionsandlanguages.AtthesametimeitisagreedthatallAmericans9theiroriginsmustlearntospeakEnglishclearlyandfluentlyandtheymustlearnto10themselvestotheAmericanwayoflife. Howeverthereareethnicgroupswhostill11togetherwhospeaktheirownlanguagesandhavepreservedmanyoftheiroldcustoms.ThereareHispanic12e.g.MexicansCubansPuertoRicansmostofwhomstillspeakSpanishastheir13language.TherearetheAmericanIndiansand14Asiangroupsallofwhomspeaktheirownlanguages.Thentherearethe20millionblackswho15theyspeakEnglishforthemostpartliveseparately.Manyblacksarebeginningto16theirrootsrightbacktotheAfricantribes17whichtheirancestorsweretorninthedaysofslaveryandsomeofthemare18themselvesmoreandmorewithAfrica.Someblackleaders19remindingthemthattheircultureandtheirlanguagearenotAfrican.TheyareAmerican.Butmanyblacksare20bitteragainstwhiteculturetofeelAmerican. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
IstheUnitedStatesameltingpotInotherwordshaveimmigrantstotheUSAmergedwiththenativeAmericansand1tobeGermansJapanesePolesIrishetcIthasbeen2a"potofstew"mightbeamoresuitablewordthan"meltingpot"3inastewthemeatandvegetableskeeptheirowncharacteristicsbut4tothespicesandthe5itiscookedthestewhasadistinctiveflavorofitsown.Theimplicationsof"meltingpot"6Americansocialworkersandlanguageteachersmanyof7feelthatracialandnationalgroupsshouldbeencouragedto8theircustomstraditionsandlanguages.AtthesametimeitisagreedthatallAmericans9theiroriginsmustlearntospeakEnglishclearlyandfluentlyandtheymustlearnto10themselvestotheAmericanwayoflife. Howeverthereareethnicgroupswhostill11togetherwhospeaktheirownlanguagesandhavepreservedmanyoftheiroldcustoms.ThereareHispanic12e.g.MexicansCubansPuertoRicansmostofwhomstillspeakSpanishastheir13language.TherearetheAmericanIndiansand14Asiangroupsallofwhomspeaktheirownlanguages.Thentherearethe20millionblackswho15theyspeakEnglishforthemostpartliveseparately.Manyblacksarebeginningto16theirrootsrightbacktotheAfricantribes17whichtheirancestorsweretorninthedaysofslaveryandsomeofthemare18themselvesmoreandmorewithAfrica.Someblackleaders19remindingthemthattheircultureandtheirlanguagearenotAfrican.TheyareAmerican.Butmanyblacksare20bitteragainstwhiteculturetofeelAmerican. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
热门题库
更多
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
国际经济法
农村政策法规
行政法与行政诉讼法
仲裁法学