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Last weekend, sportsmen and women of an unusually hardy disposition descended on Sherborne, a pre...
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ArecentpollindicatedthathalftheteenagersintheUnitedStatesbelievethatcommunicationbetweenthemandtheirparentsis1andfurtherthatoneoftheprimecausesofthisgapis2listeningbehavior.Asaan3inpointoneparentbelievedthatherdaughterhadasevere4problem.Shewasso5thatshetookhertoanaudiologisttohavehereartested.Theaudiologistcarefullytestedbothearsandreportedbacktotheparent:"There’snothingwrongwithherhearing.She’sjust6youout." Aleadingcauseofthe7divorceratemorethanhalfofallmarriagesendindivorceisthefailureofhusbandsandwivesto8effectively.Theydon’tlistentoeachother.Neitherperson9totheactualmessagesentbytheother. In10fashionpoliticalscientistsreportthatagrowingnumberofpeoplebelievethattheirelectedand11officialsareoutof12withtheconstituentstheyaresupposedly13WhyBecausetheydon’tbelievethattheylistentothem.Infactitseemsthatsometimesourpoliticiansdon’tevenlistentothemselves.Thefollowingisatruestory:Atanational14conferenceheldinAlbuquerquesomeyearsagothenSenatorJosephMontoyawas15acopyofapressreleasebyapressaideshortlybeforehegotupbeforetheaudienceto16aspeech.Whenherosetospeak17thehorrorofthepressaideandthe18ofhisaudienceMontoyabeganreadingthepressreleasenothisspeech.Hebegan"Forimmediaterelease.SenatorJosephM.MontoyaDemocratofNewMexicolastnighttoldtheNational..."Montoyareadtheentiresixpagerelease19withthestatementthathe"wasrepeatedly20byapplause. 3
Malthusianfearsthatpopulationgrowthwilloutstripfoodsupplieshavebeenwidelydiscountedasfoodproductionhaskeptwellaheadofgrowinghumannumbersinthelasthalfcentury.Whilepopulationdoubledfoodsupplytripledandlifeexpectancyincreasedfrom46inthe1950stoaround65today.Butmorerecentlysomeexpertshaveonceagainbeensoundingthealarmaboutapossiblefoodcrisis. Thereasonliesinthecombinedimpactofmanyfactorsincludingclimatechangeforestdenudationlanddegradationwatershortagedecliningoilsuppliesspeciesextinctiondestructionofcoastalecosystemsandthegrowingdemandsforameat-richdietfromnewlydevelopedpartsoftheworld. Attherootofalltheseproblemshasbeentheruthlessexploitationoftheearth’sresourcesfuelledbygrowingaffluenceinsomepartsoftheworldanddesperatepovertyinothers.Between1980and2000globalpopulationrosefrom4.4billionto6.1billionwhilefoodproductionincreased50percent.By2050thepopulationisexpectedtoreach9billion. DatashowsthatwhilegrainyieldsperacrehavebeenincreasingtherateofincreasehasbeenslowingsincethedaysoftheGreenRevolutioninthe1970s.Mostofthebenefitsofirrigationmachineryfertilizerandplantbreedinghavealreadybeenrealized.Theproductionofgrainperacreisclosetothemaximumobtainablethroughphotosynthesis. Tokeepupwiththegrowthinhumanpopulationmorefoodwillhavetobeproducedoverthenext50yearsthanhasbeenduringthepast10000yearscombinedsaidtheparticipantsoftherecentUN-backedforuminIcelandonsustainabledevelopment.Itisofcoursepossiblethatnewtechnologiessmartenvironmentalmanagementandsensitivesocialpolicieswillcombinetogoodeffecttousherinanewgreenrevolution.Butasgrainreserveshavefallentotheirlowestlevelformanyyearsthiscannotbeguaranteed. Atthe1996WorldFoodSummitpoliticalleadersfrom186countriespledgedtohalvethenumberofhungrypeopleintheworldbytheyear2015orareductionof20millioneachyear.Atthattimeabout800millionpeoplewerereportedtosufferfromunder-nourishment.In2007estimatesfromtheUNFoodandAgricultureOrganizationFAOsuggestthatthereare854millionpeoplewhodonotgetenoughtoeateveryday."Farfromdecreasingthenumberofhungrypeopleintheworldiscurrentlyincreasing"saidFAODirector-GeneralJacquesDiouf.Ofcourseworldpopulationhasincreasedbysome800millioninthattimesofoodsupplieshavekeptuprelativelywellbuthavefailedtoreachanincreasingnumberletalonereducethetotalgoinghungry. Thefoodcrisismaycomeasaresultof
Prettyinpink:adultwomendonotrememberbeingsoobsessedwiththecolouryetitispervasiveinouryounggirls’lives.Itisnotthatpinkisintrinsicallybadbutitissuchatinysliceoftherainbowandthoughitmaycelebrategirlhoodinonewayitalsorepeatedlyandfirmlyfusesgirls’identitytoappearance.Thenitpresentsthatconnectionevenamongtwo-year-oldsbetweengirlsasnotonlyinnocentbutasevidenceofinnocence.Lookingaroundldespairedatthesingularlackofimaginationaboutgirls’livesandinterests. Girls’attractiontopinkmayseemunavoidablesomehowencodedintheirDNAbutaccordingtoJoPaolettianassociateprofessorofAmericanStudiesitisnot.Childrenwerenotcolour-codedatalluntiltheearly20thcentury:intheerabeforedomesticwashingmachinesallbabiesworewhiteasapracticalmattersincetheonlywayofgettingclothescleanwastoboilthem.What’smorebothboysandgirlsworewhatwerethoughtofasgender-neutraldresses.Whennurserycolourswereintroducedpinkwasactuallyconsideredthemoremasculinecolourapastelversionofredwhichwasassociatedwithstrength.BluewithitsintimationsoftheVirginMaryconstancyandfaithfulnesssymbolisedfemininity.Itwasnotuntilthemid-1980swhenamplifyingageandsexdifferencesbecameadominantchildren’smarketingstrategythatpinkfullyCameintoitsownwhenitbegantoseeminherentlyattractivetogirlspartofwhatdefinedthemasfemaleatleastforthefirstfewcriticalyears. Ihadnotrealisedhowprofoundlymarketingtrendsdictatedourperceptionofwhatisnaturaltokinsincludingourcorebeliefsabouttheirpsychologicaldevelopment.Takethetoddler.Iassumedthatphasewassomethingexpertsdevelopedafteryearsofresearchintochildren’sbehaviour:wrong.TurnsoutaccordingtoDanielCookahistorianofchildhoodconsumerismitwaspopularisedasamarketingtrickbyclothingmanufacturersinthe1930s. Tradepublicationscounselleddepartmentstoresthatinordertoincreasesalestheyshouldcreatea"thirdsteppingstone"betweeninfantwearandolderkids’clothes.Itwasonlyafter"toddler"becameacommonshoppers’termthatitevolvedintoabroadlyaccepteddevelopmentalstage.Splittingkidsoradultsintoever-tiniercategorieshasprovedasure-firewaytoboostprofits.Andoneoftheeasiestwaystosegmentamarketistomagnifygenderdifferences—orinventthemwheretheydidnotpreviouslyexist. AccordingtoParagraph2whichofthefollowingistrueofcolours
Prettyinpink:adultwomendonotrememberbeingsoobsessedwiththecolouryetitispervasiveinouryounggirls’lives.Itisnotthatpinkisintrinsicallybadbutitissuchatinysliceoftherainbowandthoughitmaycelebrategirlhoodinonewayitalsorepeatedlyandfirmlyfusesgirls’identitytoappearance.Thenitpresentsthatconnectionevenamongtwo-year-oldsbetweengirlsasnotonlyinnocentbutasevidenceofinnocence.Lookingaroundldespairedatthesingularlackofimaginationaboutgirls’livesandinterests. Girls’attractiontopinkmayseemunavoidablesomehowencodedintheirDNAbutaccordingtoJoPaolettianassociateprofessorofAmericanStudiesitisnot.Childrenwerenotcolour-codedatalluntiltheearly20thcentury:intheerabeforedomesticwashingmachinesallbabiesworewhiteasapracticalmattersincetheonlywayofgettingclothescleanwastoboilthem.What’smorebothboysandgirlsworewhatwerethoughtofasgender-neutraldresses.Whennurserycolourswereintroducedpinkwasactuallyconsideredthemoremasculinecolourapastelversionofredwhichwasassociatedwithstrength.BluewithitsintimationsoftheVirginMaryconstancyandfaithfulnesssymbolisedfemininity.Itwasnotuntilthemid-1980swhenamplifyingageandsexdifferencesbecameadominantchildren’smarketingstrategythatpinkfullyCameintoitsownwhenitbegantoseeminherentlyattractivetogirlspartofwhatdefinedthemasfemaleatleastforthefirstfewcriticalyears. Ihadnotrealisedhowprofoundlymarketingtrendsdictatedourperceptionofwhatisnaturaltokinsincludingourcorebeliefsabouttheirpsychologicaldevelopment.Takethetoddler.Iassumedthatphasewassomethingexpertsdevelopedafteryearsofresearchintochildren’sbehaviour:wrong.TurnsoutaccordingtoDanielCookahistorianofchildhoodconsumerismitwaspopularisedasamarketingtrickbyclothingmanufacturersinthe1930s. Tradepublicationscounselleddepartmentstoresthatinordertoincreasesalestheyshouldcreatea"thirdsteppingstone"betweeninfantwearandolderkids’clothes.Itwasonlyafter"toddler"becameacommonshoppers’termthatitevolvedintoabroadlyaccepteddevelopmentalstage.Splittingkidsoradultsintoever-tiniercategorieshasprovedasure-firewaytoboostprofits.Andoneoftheeasiestwaystosegmentamarketistomagnifygenderdifferences—orinventthemwheretheydidnotpreviouslyexist. WemaylearnfromParagraph4thatdepartmentstoreswereadvisedto
Directions: ProfessorWangyourseniormiddleschoolEnglishteacherhasbeenteachingforexactlythirtyyears.Yourformerclassmatesaregoingtoholdapartytocelebratethisspecialoccasion.Youcannotattendthepartyforacertainreason.SoyouaregoingtowritealettertoProfessorWangtoexpressyourcongratulationsaswellasyourapologyforfailingtoshowupintheparty. Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;use"LiMing"instead. Donotwritetheaddress.
HERE’SATALEOFTWOCOMPANIES.Bothareforeignownedbothareembroiledinscandalsareforeignownedbothareembroiledinscandalsinvolvingallegationsofsexualharassment.CompanyAisconfrontedwiththeproblemandpunishestopexecs.CompanyBstonewallsandmountsanaggressivecampaigntodiscredititsaccusersandportrayitselfasavictimofcorporateslander.41Forbusinessschoolslookingforafewgoodcasestudiesindamagecontrollastweekwasaboutasgoodasitgets.OnewasSwedishpharmaceuticalscompanyAstraUSAamakerofasthmamedicationsandthepopularanestheticXylocaine.FacingsimilarchargesMitsubishiMotormanufacturingofAmericaoptedforinyour-facedenial.WhodiditrightIt’stoosoontoknowforsure.Astra’sstrategymayseemsmarter.FinanciallyspeakingatleastonecanseewhyMitsubishiisreluctanttoissueapublicmeaculpa.Fessingupcouldexposeittoasmuchas$200millionindamages.Suchcontroversiesarenoraritythesedays.TheEqualEmploymentOpportunitycommissionalonereceivedmorethan15000complaintsofsexualharassmentlastyearmorethantwiceasmanyasin1991.ItssuitagainstMitsubishifiledlastmonthmayturnouttobebyfarthebiggestever—andcouldeventuallyinvolveasmanyastwothirdsofthecompany’s900femaleworkers.42Mitsubishi’sresponsewasclearfromthebeginning.WhentheEEOCannounceditscaseagainsttheIllinoisautomakerthecompanydispatchedbusloadsofworkerstopickettheagency’sChicagooffices.AttorneysforMitsubishiwillnodoubtprobetheprivatelivesofthewomenlodgingcomplaintsandmayevenaccusethemofJapanbashing.Mitsubishi’sbrassinTokyoseemedabittakenabackbytheferocityofthecounteroffensivetothepointofsuggestingthatmaybethecasecouldbequietlysettled.43CouldsuchtacticsbeeffectiveIfaggressivePRmakespeopledoubttheallegationsagainstthecompanyorencouragesfederalinvestigatorstosettleonmorefavorabletermsthenthestrategywillhavesucceeded.ButtherearerisksespeciallyforconsumercompanieslikeMitsubishi.44That’snosmallthreatconsideringthatMitsubishiisstrugglingtoturnaprofitinthiscountry.45Astra’sstrategyseemssavier.Itsopennessandpromptresponsemighthelpitevadepunitivedamagesshouldanyofthecomplaintsgotoajury.Infactthatmaybeachiefreasonthecompanyactedevenbeforeitcompleteditsowninvestigation.ThatsaidAstraisinthesouptobeginwithbecauseithadnoadequatemechanismsforreportingincidentsandbecauseitfailedtodealwithitsproblemsbeforetheybecamepublic.Womenhavecomplainedofharassmentatthecompanyformorethanadecade.BusinessWeekreportsincidentsrangingfromgropingsatcompanyretreatstosuggestionsthatfemalesalesrepscouldadvancetheircareersbyputtingoutsexuallyfortheirbosses—includingtheheadofthecompanyLarsBildman.Hislawyerdeniestheallegationsasdotheotherexecutives.SofarAstraitselfhasofferednoevidencesuggestinganyofthethreeareguilty.Bothcompaniesnowpromisetodobetter.Astraisoverhaulingitscorporatepersonnelpoliciesandplanstotrainmanagersonhowtohandleissuesofsexualdiscrimination.SoisMitsubishi.Saystheautomaker’sgeneralcounselGaryShultz:Wearegoingtobecomethemodelinhandingsexual-harassmentand-discriminationcases.Thatremainstobeseen.Ifthesesortsofscandalsforcecompaniestosetuprulesthatactuallyworkthatmaybethebestcasestudyofall.[A]That’spreciselywhatthecompanydidinresponsetoapriorsexual-harassmentsuitfiledby29womenin1994.[B]Agreatdealofattentionshouldbepaidtotheseaffairs.SaysMitsubishis’sspokesman.[C]Butwe’retakingtheseallegationsveryseriouslysaysAstraspokesmanBenjaminKincannon.[D]Outragedbytheautomaker’sseemingdisregardofitsproblemsperennialpresidentialhopefulJesseJacksonandtheNationalOrganizationforWomencalledoncarbuyerstoboycottthecompany.[E]WhenbusinessWeekpublishedtalesofwide-rangingabuseatAstra’sAmericansubsidiaryoutsideBostonthecompanyquicklyfaceduptotheproblemandsuspendeditsU.S.chiefexecutivealongwithtwotoplieutenants.[F]Prof.MartinStolleracrisis-managementexpertatNorthwesternUniversitythinksso.Theaimofcrisismanagementistostoptheattackershesays.
Sincetheindustrialrevolutiongovernmentsocietyandindustryhaveattemptedtochanneltechnologicalprogressinusefuldirections.WhetheritistheprintingpressthecottongintheautomobileortheInternettechnologicalinnovationsoftenhaveprofoundeconomicandsocialeffects.Toharnessthebenefitsandminimizethemoreharmfuleffectsofnewtechnologiesmoderngovernmentsusefourbasicapproaches:specificdirectionmarketincentivescriminalprohibitionandbehaviormodification. SpecificdirectionstartswithgovernmentsidentifyingoneormorekeyfactorsintheR&Dphase.Thenusingavarietyofmeansrangingfromadministrativeregulationtooutrightstateownershipthegovernmentseekstocontroltheimplementationofthetechnology. Marketincentivesarethedeliberatemanipulationofthemarketbythegovernmenttocontrolhowaparticularlytechnologyisdistributedandused.Forexamplesomegovernmentsimposetaxestocoverthehiddencostsassociatedwiththeuseofaparticulartechnology.Forexampleraisinggasolinetaxestopayforhighwayimprovements.Othermethodsincludethegrantingofsubsidiestoprivateresearchersorthestrengtheningofintellectualpropertylawstogiveaddedincentivestodevelopers. Criminalprohibitionusuallytakesplacewhenstrongoppositionexiststoaparticulartechnologyorfieldofresearch.Inrecentyearsmostdevelopedcountrieshaveenactedlegislationtobanthecloningofhumanbeings.Otherexamplesaretheenforcementofcleanairregulationsthatforcepowerplantstoemitfewergreenhousegasses. Finallybehaviormodificationincludestheuseofthemediaadvertisingandgovernmentandcorporateleadershiptoencourageaparticularsocietytouseatechnologyinabeneficialway.ForexamplewhilethereislimitedgovernmentregulationoftheInternetwebsitesareencouragedtoinstallsafeguardstopreventchildrenfromviewinginappropriatematerial.ArecentnationaladvertisingcampaignrecentlyboostedthepercentageofNewYorkresidentswhorecycledbyalmost25%.Suchcampaignsdonotusedirectgovernmentregulationbutinsteadappealtotheuser’ssenseofcivicdutyorsocialresponsibility. OfallnewtechnologiesperhapsnonehaschangedthelandscapeandcharacterofAmericanlifemorethantheautomobile.YetthecostsofthistechnologyarenotalwaysreflectedinthepriceofUsingthetechnology.Forexampleitcostsanoilcompany$0.89pergallonofgasproduced.ThissameliterissoldtoU.S.consumersatabout$1.20pergallon.Yetwhilethispricereflectsthecostofproductionplusaprofitfortheoilcompanyitdoesnotreflecttheactualcostofusingthetechnology.Forthatwemustfactorintheenvironmentalcostsassociatedwithairpollutionincreasedhealthcareenvironmentaldegradationandthepoliticalcostsdependenceonforeignoilenergyshortages.Inshortinordertobeeffectiveallofthesestrategiesforchannelingtechnologytobenefitsocietymustincorporateallthecostsassociatedwithusage. Thekeyfactorthatguidesthefourstrategiesisto
ArecentpollindicatedthathalftheteenagersintheUnitedStatesbelievethatcommunicationbetweenthemandtheirparentsis1andfurtherthatoneoftheprimecausesofthisgapis2listeningbehavior.Asaan3inpointoneparentbelievedthatherdaughterhadasevere4problem.Shewasso5thatshetookhertoanaudiologisttohavehereartested.Theaudiologistcarefullytestedbothearsandreportedbacktotheparent:"There’snothingwrongwithherhearing.She’sjust6youout." Aleadingcauseofthe7divorceratemorethanhalfofallmarriagesendindivorceisthefailureofhusbandsandwivesto8effectively.Theydon’tlistentoeachother.Neitherperson9totheactualmessagesentbytheother. In10fashionpoliticalscientistsreportthatagrowingnumberofpeoplebelievethattheirelectedand11officialsareoutof12withtheconstituentstheyaresupposedly13WhyBecausetheydon’tbelievethattheylistentothem.Infactitseemsthatsometimesourpoliticiansdon’tevenlistentothemselves.Thefollowingisatruestory:Atanational14conferenceheldinAlbuquerquesomeyearsagothenSenatorJosephMontoyawas15acopyofapressreleasebyapressaideshortlybeforehegotupbeforetheaudienceto16aspeech.Whenherosetospeak17thehorrorofthepressaideandthe18ofhisaudienceMontoyabeganreadingthepressreleasenothisspeech.Hebegan"Forimmediaterelease.SenatorJosephM.MontoyaDemocratofNewMexicolastnighttoldtheNational..."Montoyareadtheentiresixpagerelease19withthestatementthathe"wasrepeatedly20byapplause. 11
Somepeopletalkaboutimmigrationintermsofpoliticssomeintermsofhistory.Butthecoreofthematterisnumbers.TheLaborDepartmentsaysthatimmigrantsmakeupabout15percentoftheworkforce.It’sestimatedthatathirdofthoseareundocumentedworkers.ThePewHispanicCenterestimatesthatoneinfourfarmhandsintheUnitedStatesisanundocumentedimmigrantandthattheymakeupasignificantportionofthepeoplewhobuildourhousescleanourofficebuildingsandprepareourfood. Americahasbecomeanationdependentonthepresenceofnewcomersboththosewithgreencardsandthosewithout.Businessleaderssayagricultureconstructionmeatpackingandotherindustrieswouldcollapsewithoutthem. Sureitwouldbegreatifeveryonewereherelegallyiftheimmigrationserviceweren’tsuchadisasterthatgettingagreencardisalife’swork.Itwouldbegreatifothernationshadeconomiesrobustenoughtosupporttheircitizenssoleavinghomewasn’ttheonlyanswer.Butatacertainpointpublicpolicymeansdealingnotonlywithhowthingsoughttobebutwithhowtheyare.Here’showtheyare:thesepeopleworkthejobswedon’twantsometimestwoandthreejobsatatime.Theydoitonthecheapwhichistoughsothattheirchildrenwon’thavetowhichisgood.Theyuseserviceslikehospitalsandschoolswhichisadrainonpubliccoffersandtheypaytaxeswhichcontributetothem. Immigrationisneverabouttodayalwaysabouttomorrowanexerciseinthatthingsomenative-bornAmericansseemtohavelosttheknackfor:deferredgratification.It’stheeducatedmanwhoarrivedintheWashingtonD.C.areaandtookajobdoinglandscapingthenfoundworkasapainterthenwashiredtofixupanentireapartmentcomplexbysomeonewholikedhisworkethic.Hestartedhisownbusinessandwoundupemployingothers.Doesitmatterthathearrivedinthiscountrywithnoworkvisaifheisnowsupportingthenation’seconomy Ifanytownswhoseagingpopulationswereonthewanebeforetheimmigrantsarrivedsucceedindrivingnewcomersawaythosewhoremainwillfindthemselvessurroundedbyemptystorefrontsdesertedrestaurantsandhousesthatwillnotsell.It’sthecivicequivalentofstarvingtodeathbecauseyoudon’tcareforthefood.ButatleasteveryoneinvolvedcantellthemselvestheirtownwastedawaywhiletheywerespeakingEnglish. TheexampleoftheyoungmaninWashingtonD.C.hasshownthat
Themajorityofsuccessfulseniormanagersdonotcloselyfollowtheclassicalrationalmodeloffirstclarifyinggoalsassessingtheproblemformulatingoptionsestimatinglikelihoodsofsuccessmakingadecisionandonlythentakingactiontoimplementthedecision.Ratherintheirday-by-daytacticalmaneuverstheseseniorexecutivesrelyonwhatisvaguelytermed"intuition"tomanageanetworkofinterrelatedproblemsthatrequirethemtodealwithambiguityinconsistencynoveltyandsurprise;andtointegrateactionintotheprocesstothinking. Generationsofwritersonmanagementhaverecognizedthatsomepracticingmanagersrelyheavilyonintuition.Ingeneralhoweversuchwritersdisplayapoorgraspofwhatintuitionis.Someseeitastheoppositeofrationality;othersviewitasanexcuseforcapriciousness. Isenberg’srecentresearchonthecognitiveprocessesofseniormanagersrevealsthatmanagers’intuitionisneitherofthese.Ratherseniormanagersuseintuitioninatleastfivedistinctways.Firsttheyintuitivelysensewhenaproblemexists.Secondmanagersrelyonintuitiontoperformwell-learnedbehaviorpatternsrapidly.Thisintuitionisnotarbitraryorirrationalbutisbasedonyearsofpainstakingpracticeandhands-onexperiencethatbuildskills.Athirdfunctionofintuitionistosynthesizeisolatedbitsofdataandpracticeintoanintegratedpictureofteninan"Aha!"experience.Fourthsomemanagersuseintuitionasacheckontheresultsofmorerationalanalysis.MostseniorexecutivesarefamiliarwiththeformaldecisionanalysismodelsandtoolsandthosewhousesuchsystematicmethodsforreachingdecisionsareoccasionallyleeryofsolutionssuggestedbythesemethodswhichruncountertotheirsenseofthecorrectcourseofactionFinallymanagerscanuseintuitiontobypassin-depthanalysisandmoverapidlytoengenderaplausiblesolution.Usedinthiswayintuitionisanalmostinstantaneouscognitiveprocessinwhichamanagerrecognizesfamiliarpatterns. Oneoftheimplicationsoftheintuitivestyleofexecutivemanagementisthat"thinking"isinseparablefromacting.Sincemanagersoften"know"whatisrightbeforetheycananalyzeandexplainittheyfrequentlyactfirstandexplainlater.Analysisisinextricablytiedtoactioninthinking/actingcyclesinwhichmanagersdevelopthoughtsabouttheircompaniesandorganizationsnotbyanalyzingaproblematicsituationandthenactingbutbyactingandanalyzingincloseconcert. GiventhegreatuncertaintyofmanyofthemanagementissuesthattheyfaceseniormanagersofteninstigateacourseofactionsimplytolearnmoreaboutanissueTheythenusetheresultsoftheactiontodevelopamorecompleteunderstandingoftheissue.Oneimplicationofthinking/actingcyclesisthatactionisoftenpartofdefiningtheproblemnotjustofimplementingthesolution. ThepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutthewritersonmanagementLine1Para.2
ArecentpollindicatedthathalftheteenagersintheUnitedStatesbelievethatcommunicationbetweenthemandtheirparentsis1andfurtherthatoneoftheprimecausesofthisgapis2listeningbehavior.Asaan3inpointoneparentbelievedthatherdaughterhadasevere4problem.Shewasso5thatshetookhertoanaudiologisttohavehereartested.Theaudiologistcarefullytestedbothearsandreportedbacktotheparent:"There’snothingwrongwithherhearing.She’sjust6youout." Aleadingcauseofthe7divorceratemorethanhalfofallmarriagesendindivorceisthefailureofhusbandsandwivesto8effectively.Theydon’tlistentoeachother.Neitherperson9totheactualmessagesentbytheother. In10fashionpoliticalscientistsreportthatagrowingnumberofpeoplebelievethattheirelectedand11officialsareoutof12withtheconstituentstheyaresupposedly13WhyBecausetheydon’tbelievethattheylistentothem.Infactitseemsthatsometimesourpoliticiansdon’tevenlistentothemselves.Thefollowingisatruestory:Atanational14conferenceheldinAlbuquerquesomeyearsagothenSenatorJosephMontoyawas15acopyofapressreleasebyapressaideshortlybeforehegotupbeforetheaudienceto16aspeech.Whenherosetospeak17thehorrorofthepressaideandthe18ofhisaudienceMontoyabeganreadingthepressreleasenothisspeech.Hebegan"Forimmediaterelease.SenatorJosephM.MontoyaDemocratofNewMexicolastnighttoldtheNational..."Montoyareadtheentiresixpagerelease19withthestatementthathe"wasrepeatedly20byapplause. 15
LongbeforemanlivedontheEarththerewerefishesreptilesbirdsinsectsandsomemammals.Althoughsomeoftheseanimalswereancestorsofkindslivingtodayothersarenowextinctthatistheyhavenodescendantsalivenow.Neverthelessweknowagreatdealaboutmanyofthembecausetheirbonesandshellshavebeenpreservedintherocksasfossils.41.______Thatkindofrockinwhichtheremainsarefoundtellsusmuchaboutthenatureoftheoriginallandoftenoftheplantsthatgrewonitandevenofitsclimate.Whenananimaldiesthebodyitsbonesorshellmayoftenbecarriedawaybystreamsintolakesortheseaandtheregetcoveredupbymud.Iftheanimallivedintheseaitsbodywouldprobablysinkandbecoveredwithmud.Moreandmoremudwouldfalluponituntilthebonesorshellbecomeembeddedandpreserved.42．______Thusitfollowsthattheremustbemanykindsofmammalsbirdsandinsectsofwhichweknownothing43．______Laterformsaremorecomplexandamongthesearethesea-liliesrelationsofthestar-fisheswhichhadlongarmsandwereattachedbyalongstalktotheseabedortorocks.Therewerealsocrab-likecreatureswhosebodieswerecoveredwithahornysubstanceThebodysegmentseachhadtwopairsoflegsonepairforwalkingonthesandybottomtheotherforswimming.Theheadwasakindofshieldwithapairofcompoundeyesoftenwiththousandsoflenses.Theywereusuallyaninchortwolongbutsomewere2feet.Theshellfishhavealonghistoryintherockandmanydifferentkindsareknown.Ofthesetheammonitesareveryinterestingandimportant.Theyhaveashellcomposedofmanychamberseachrepresentingatemporaryhomeoftheanimal.Astheyounggrewlargeritgrewanewchamberandsealedoffthepreviousone.ThousandsofthesecanbeseenintherocksontheDorsetCoast.Thefirstanimalswithtruebackboneswerefishesfirstknownintherocksof375millionyearsago.About300millionyearsagotheamphibianstheanimalsabletolivebothonlandandinwaterappeared.Theyweregiantsometimes8feetlongandmanyofthemlivedintheswampypoolsinwhichourcoalseamorlayerformed.44．______About75millionyearsagotheAgeofReptileswasoverandmostofthegroupsdiedout.Themammalsquicklydevelopedandwecantracetheevolutionofmanyfamiliaranimalssuchastheelephantandhorse.45．______[A]Thebestindexfossilstendtobemarinecreatures.Theseanimalsevolvedrapidlyandspreadoverlargeareasoftheworld.[B]Theamphibiansgaverisetothereptilesandfornearly150millionyearstheseweretheprincipalformsoflifeonlandintheseaandintheair.[C]Manyofthelatermammalsthoughnowextinctwereknowntoprimitivemanandwerefeaturedbyhimincavepaintingsandonbonecarvings.[D]Nearlyallofthefossilsthatweknowwerepreservedinrocksformedbywateractionandmostoftheseareofanimalsthatlivedinornearwater.[E]Theearliestanimalswhoseremainshavebeenfoundwereallverysimplekindsandlivedinthesea.[F]Manyfactorscaninfluencehowfossilsarepreservedinrocks.Remainsofanorganismmaybereplacedbymineralsdissolvedbyanacidicsolutiontoleaveonlytheirimpressionorsimplyreducedtoamorestableform.[G]Fromthemwecantelltheirsizeandshapehowtheywalkedthekindoffoodtheyate.Veryoccasionallytherocksshowimpressionofskinsothatapartfromcolorwecanbuildupareasonablyaccuratepictureofananimalthatdiedmillionsofyearsago.
Thesimpleactofsurrenderingatelephonenumbertoastoreclerkmayseeminnocuous—somuchsothatmanyconsumersdoitwithnoquestionsasked.Yetthatoneactioncansetinmotionacascadeofsilenteventsasthatdatapointisacquiredanalyzedcategorizedstoredandsoldoverandoveragain.Futureattacksonyourprivacymaycomefromanywherefromanyonewithmoneytopurchasethatphonenumberyousurrendered.Ifyoudoubtthemultipliereffectconsideryoure-mailinbox.Ifit’sloadedwithspamit’sundoubtedlybecauseatsomepointintimeyouunknowinglysurrenderedyoure-mailtothewrongWebsite. DoyouthinkyourtelephonenumberoraddressarehandleddifferentlyAcottageindustryofsmallcompanieswithnamesyou’veprobablyneverheardof—likeAcxiomorMerlin—buyandsellyourpersonalinformationthewayothercommoditieslikecornorcattlefuturesarebartered.Youmaythinkyourcellphoneisunlistedbutifyou’veeverorderedapizzaitmightnotbe.Merlinisoneofmanycommercialdatabrokersthatadvertisessaleofunlistedphonenumberscompiledfromvarioussources—includingpizzadeliverycompanies.Theseunintendedunpredictableconsequencesthatflowfromsimpleactionsmakeprivacyissuesdifficulttograspandgrapplewith. Inalargersenseprivacyalsoisoftencastasataleof"BigBrother"—thegovernmentiswatchingyouorabigcorporationiswatchingyou.Butprivacyissuesdon’tnecessarilyinvolvelargefacelessinstitutions:Aspousetakesacasualglanceatherhusband’sBlackberryaco-workerlooksate-mailoveryourshoulderorafriendglancesatacellphonetextmessagefromthenextseatonthebus.Whileverylittleofthisisnewstoanyone—peoplearenowwellawaretherearevideocamerasandInternetcookieseverywhere—thereisabundantevidencethatpeoplelivetheirlivesignorantofthemonitoringassumingamythicallevelofprivacy.Peoplewritee-mailsandtypeinstantmessagestheyneverexpectanyonetosee.JustaskMarkFoleyorevenBillGateswhosee-mailswereacornerstoneoftheJusticeDepartment’santitrustcaseagainstMicrosoft. AndpollsandstudieshaverepeatedlyshownthatAmericansareindifferenttoprivacyconcerns.Thegeneraldefenseforsuchindifferenceissummedupasinglephrase:"Ihavenothingtohide."Ifyouhavenothingtohidewhyshouldn’tthegovernmentbeabletopeekatyourphonerecordsyourwifeseeyoure-mailoracompanysendyoujunkmailIt’sapowerfulargumentonethatprivacyadvocatesspendconsiderabletimediscussingandstrategizingover. Itishardtodenyhoweverthatpeoplebehavedifferentwhenthey’rebeingwatched.AnditisalsoimpossibletodenythatAmericansarenowbeingwatchedmorethanatanytimeinhistory. Theemailexampleshows
ArecentpollindicatedthathalftheteenagersintheUnitedStatesbelievethatcommunicationbetweenthemandtheirparentsis1andfurtherthatoneoftheprimecausesofthisgapis2listeningbehavior.Asaan3inpointoneparentbelievedthatherdaughterhadasevere4problem.Shewasso5thatshetookhertoanaudiologisttohavehereartested.Theaudiologistcarefullytestedbothearsandreportedbacktotheparent:"There’snothingwrongwithherhearing.She’sjust6youout." Aleadingcauseofthe7divorceratemorethanhalfofallmarriagesendindivorceisthefailureofhusbandsandwivesto8effectively.Theydon’tlistentoeachother.Neitherperson9totheactualmessagesentbytheother. In10fashionpoliticalscientistsreportthatagrowingnumberofpeoplebelievethattheirelectedand11officialsareoutof12withtheconstituentstheyaresupposedly13WhyBecausetheydon’tbelievethattheylistentothem.Infactitseemsthatsometimesourpoliticiansdon’tevenlistentothemselves.Thefollowingisatruestory:Atanational14conferenceheldinAlbuquerquesomeyearsagothenSenatorJosephMontoyawas15acopyofapressreleasebyapressaideshortlybeforehegotupbeforetheaudienceto16aspeech.Whenherosetospeak17thehorrorofthepressaideandthe18ofhisaudienceMontoyabeganreadingthepressreleasenothisspeech.Hebegan"Forimmediaterelease.SenatorJosephM.MontoyaDemocratofNewMexicolastnighttoldtheNational..."Montoyareadtheentiresixpagerelease19withthestatementthathe"wasrepeatedly20byapplause. 9
Themajorityofsuccessfulseniormanagersdonotcloselyfollowtheclassicalrationalmodeloffirstclarifyinggoalsassessingtheproblemformulatingoptionsestimatinglikelihoodsofsuccessmakingadecisionandonlythentakingactiontoimplementthedecision.Ratherintheirday-by-daytacticalmaneuverstheseseniorexecutivesrelyonwhatisvaguelytermed"intuition"tomanageanetworkofinterrelatedproblemsthatrequirethemtodealwithambiguityinconsistencynoveltyandsurprise;andtointegrateactionintotheprocesstothinking. Generationsofwritersonmanagementhaverecognizedthatsomepracticingmanagersrelyheavilyonintuition.Ingeneralhoweversuchwritersdisplayapoorgraspofwhatintuitionis.Someseeitastheoppositeofrationality;othersviewitasanexcuseforcapriciousness. Isenberg’srecentresearchonthecognitiveprocessesofseniormanagersrevealsthatmanagers’intuitionisneitherofthese.Ratherseniormanagersuseintuitioninatleastfivedistinctways.Firsttheyintuitivelysensewhenaproblemexists.Secondmanagersrelyonintuitiontoperformwell-learnedbehaviorpatternsrapidly.Thisintuitionisnotarbitraryorirrationalbutisbasedonyearsofpainstakingpracticeandhands-onexperiencethatbuildskills.Athirdfunctionofintuitionistosynthesizeisolatedbitsofdataandpracticeintoanintegratedpictureofteninan"Aha!"experience.Fourthsomemanagersuseintuitionasacheckontheresultsofmorerationalanalysis.MostseniorexecutivesarefamiliarwiththeformaldecisionanalysismodelsandtoolsandthosewhousesuchsystematicmethodsforreachingdecisionsareoccasionallyleeryofsolutionssuggestedbythesemethodswhichruncountertotheirsenseofthecorrectcourseofactionFinallymanagerscanuseintuitiontobypassin-depthanalysisandmoverapidlytoengenderaplausiblesolution.Usedinthiswayintuitionisanalmostinstantaneouscognitiveprocessinwhichamanagerrecognizesfamiliarpatterns. Oneoftheimplicationsoftheintuitivestyleofexecutivemanagementisthat"thinking"isinseparablefromacting.Sincemanagersoften"know"whatisrightbeforetheycananalyzeandexplainittheyfrequentlyactfirstandexplainlater.Analysisisinextricablytiedtoactioninthinking/actingcyclesinwhichmanagersdevelopthoughtsabouttheircompaniesandorganizationsnotbyanalyzingaproblematicsituationandthenactingbutbyactingandanalyzingincloseconcert. GiventhegreatuncertaintyofmanyofthemanagementissuesthattheyfaceseniormanagersofteninstigateacourseofactionsimplytolearnmoreaboutanissueTheythenusetheresultsoftheactiontodevelopamorecompleteunderstandingoftheissue.Oneimplicationofthinking/actingcyclesisthatactionisoftenpartofdefiningtheproblemnotjustofimplementingthesolution. ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichofthefollowingwouldmostprobablybeonemajordifferenceinbehaviorbetweenManagerXwhousesintuitiontoreachdecisionsandManagerYwhousesonlyformaldecisionanalysis
ArecentpollindicatedthathalftheteenagersintheUnitedStatesbelievethatcommunicationbetweenthemandtheirparentsis1andfurtherthatoneoftheprimecausesofthisgapis2listeningbehavior.Asaan3inpointoneparentbelievedthatherdaughterhadasevere4problem.Shewasso5thatshetookhertoanaudiologisttohavehereartested.Theaudiologistcarefullytestedbothearsandreportedbacktotheparent:"There’snothingwrongwithherhearing.She’sjust6youout." Aleadingcauseofthe7divorceratemorethanhalfofallmarriagesendindivorceisthefailureofhusbandsandwivesto8effectively.Theydon’tlistentoeachother.Neitherperson9totheactualmessagesentbytheother. In10fashionpoliticalscientistsreportthatagrowingnumberofpeoplebelievethattheirelectedand11officialsareoutof12withtheconstituentstheyaresupposedly13WhyBecausetheydon’tbelievethattheylistentothem.Infactitseemsthatsometimesourpoliticiansdon’tevenlistentothemselves.Thefollowingisatruestory:Atanational14conferenceheldinAlbuquerquesomeyearsagothenSenatorJosephMontoyawas15acopyofapressreleasebyapressaideshortlybeforehegotupbeforetheaudienceto16aspeech.Whenherosetospeak17thehorrorofthepressaideandthe18ofhisaudienceMontoyabeganreadingthepressreleasenothisspeech.Hebegan"Forimmediaterelease.SenatorJosephM.MontoyaDemocratofNewMexicolastnighttoldtheNational..."Montoyareadtheentiresixpagerelease19withthestatementthathe"wasrepeatedly20byapplause. 1
ArecentpollindicatedthathalftheteenagersintheUnitedStatesbelievethatcommunicationbetweenthemandtheirparentsis1andfurtherthatoneoftheprimecausesofthisgapis2listeningbehavior.Asaan3inpointoneparentbelievedthatherdaughterhadasevere4problem.Shewasso5thatshetookhertoanaudiologisttohavehereartested.Theaudiologistcarefullytestedbothearsandreportedbacktotheparent:"There’snothingwrongwithherhearing.She’sjust6youout." Aleadingcauseofthe7divorceratemorethanhalfofallmarriagesendindivorceisthefailureofhusbandsandwivesto8effectively.Theydon’tlistentoeachother.Neitherperson9totheactualmessagesentbytheother. In10fashionpoliticalscientistsreportthatagrowingnumberofpeoplebelievethattheirelectedand11officialsareoutof12withtheconstituentstheyaresupposedly13WhyBecausetheydon’tbelievethattheylistentothem.Infactitseemsthatsometimesourpoliticiansdon’tevenlistentothemselves.Thefollowingisatruestory:Atanational14conferenceheldinAlbuquerquesomeyearsagothenSenatorJosephMontoyawas15acopyofapressreleasebyapressaideshortlybeforehegotupbeforetheaudienceto16aspeech.Whenherosetospeak17thehorrorofthepressaideandthe18ofhisaudienceMontoyabeganreadingthepressreleasenothisspeech.Hebegan"Forimmediaterelease.SenatorJosephM.MontoyaDemocratofNewMexicolastnighttoldtheNational..."Montoyareadtheentiresixpagerelease19withthestatementthathe"wasrepeatedly20byapplause. 7
Somepeopletalkaboutimmigrationintermsofpoliticssomeintermsofhistory.Butthecoreofthematterisnumbers.TheLaborDepartmentsaysthatimmigrantsmakeupabout15percentoftheworkforce.It’sestimatedthatathirdofthoseareundocumentedworkers.ThePewHispanicCenterestimatesthatoneinfourfarmhandsintheUnitedStatesisanundocumentedimmigrantandthattheymakeupasignificantportionofthepeoplewhobuildourhousescleanourofficebuildingsandprepareourfood. Americahasbecomeanationdependentonthepresenceofnewcomersboththosewithgreencardsandthosewithout.Businessleaderssayagricultureconstructionmeatpackingandotherindustrieswouldcollapsewithoutthem. Sureitwouldbegreatifeveryonewereherelegallyiftheimmigrationserviceweren’tsuchadisasterthatgettingagreencardisalife’swork.Itwouldbegreatifothernationshadeconomiesrobustenoughtosupporttheircitizenssoleavinghomewasn’ttheonlyanswer.Butatacertainpointpublicpolicymeansdealingnotonlywithhowthingsoughttobebutwithhowtheyare.Here’showtheyare:thesepeopleworkthejobswedon’twantsometimestwoandthreejobsatatime.Theydoitonthecheapwhichistoughsothattheirchildrenwon’thavetowhichisgood.Theyuseserviceslikehospitalsandschoolswhichisadrainonpubliccoffersandtheypaytaxeswhichcontributetothem. Immigrationisneverabouttodayalwaysabouttomorrowanexerciseinthatthingsomenative-bornAmericansseemtohavelosttheknackfor:deferredgratification.It’stheeducatedmanwhoarrivedintheWashingtonD.C.areaandtookajobdoinglandscapingthenfoundworkasapainterthenwashiredtofixupanentireapartmentcomplexbysomeonewholikedhisworkethic.Hestartedhisownbusinessandwoundupemployingothers.Doesitmatterthathearrivedinthiscountrywithnoworkvisaifheisnowsupportingthenation’seconomy Ifanytownswhoseagingpopulationswereonthewanebeforetheimmigrantsarrivedsucceedindrivingnewcomersawaythosewhoremainwillfindthemselvessurroundedbyemptystorefrontsdesertedrestaurantsandhousesthatwillnotsell.It’sthecivicequivalentofstarvingtodeathbecauseyoudon’tcareforthefood.ButatleasteveryoneinvolvedcantellthemselvestheirtownwastedawaywhiletheywerespeakingEnglish. Accordingtothetextifallthenewcomersaredrivenawayfromacityitwouldbepossiblethat
Somepeopletalkaboutimmigrationintermsofpoliticssomeintermsofhistory.Butthecoreofthematterisnumbers.TheLaborDepartmentsaysthatimmigrantsmakeupabout15percentoftheworkforce.It’sestimatedthatathirdofthoseareundocumentedworkers.ThePewHispanicCenterestimatesthatoneinfourfarmhandsintheUnitedStatesisanundocumentedimmigrantandthattheymakeupasignificantportionofthepeoplewhobuildourhousescleanourofficebuildingsandprepareourfood. Americahasbecomeanationdependentonthepresenceofnewcomersboththosewithgreencardsandthosewithout.Businessleaderssayagricultureconstructionmeatpackingandotherindustrieswouldcollapsewithoutthem. Sureitwouldbegreatifeveryonewereherelegallyiftheimmigrationserviceweren’tsuchadisasterthatgettingagreencardisalife’swork.Itwouldbegreatifothernationshadeconomiesrobustenoughtosupporttheircitizenssoleavinghomewasn’ttheonlyanswer.Butatacertainpointpublicpolicymeansdealingnotonlywithhowthingsoughttobebutwithhowtheyare.Here’showtheyare:thesepeopleworkthejobswedon’twantsometimestwoandthreejobsatatime.Theydoitonthecheapwhichistoughsothattheirchildrenwon’thavetowhichisgood.Theyuseserviceslikehospitalsandschoolswhichisadrainonpubliccoffersandtheypaytaxeswhichcontributetothem. Immigrationisneverabouttodayalwaysabouttomorrowanexerciseinthatthingsomenative-bornAmericansseemtohavelosttheknackfor:deferredgratification.It’stheeducatedmanwhoarrivedintheWashingtonD.C.areaandtookajobdoinglandscapingthenfoundworkasapainterthenwashiredtofixupanentireapartmentcomplexbysomeonewholikedhisworkethic.Hestartedhisownbusinessandwoundupemployingothers.Doesitmatterthathearrivedinthiscountrywithnoworkvisaifheisnowsupportingthenation’seconomy Ifanytownswhoseagingpopulationswereonthewanebeforetheimmigrantsarrivedsucceedindrivingnewcomersawaythosewhoremainwillfindthemselvessurroundedbyemptystorefrontsdesertedrestaurantsandhousesthatwillnotsell.It’sthecivicequivalentofstarvingtodeathbecauseyoudon’tcareforthefood.ButatleasteveryoneinvolvedcantellthemselvestheirtownwastedawaywhiletheywerespeakingEnglish. ItisestimatedthatofUSworkforceismadeupofundocumentedimmigrants.
Inasensethenewprotectionismisnotprotectionismatallatleastnotinthetraditionalsenseoftheterm.Theoldprotectionismreferredonlytotrade-restrictingandtrade-expandingdevicessuchasthetarifforexportsubsidy.Thenewprotectionismismuchbroaderthanthis;itincludesinterventionsintoforeigntradebutisnotlimitedtothem.46Thenewprotectionisminfactreferstohowthewholeofgovernmentinterventionintotheprivateeconomyaffectsinternationaltrade.Theemphasisontradeisstilltherethuscamethetermprotection.Butwhatisnewistherealizationthatvirtuallyallgovernmentactivitiescanaffectinternationaleconomicrelations.47TheemergenceofthenewprotectionismintheWesternworldreflectsthevictoryoftheinterventionistorwelfareeconomyoverthemarketeconomy.JabTumilerwritesTheoldprotectionismcoexistedwithoutanyapparentintellectualdifficultywiththeacceptableofthemarketasanationalaswellasaninternationaleconomicdistributionmechanism-indeedprotectionistsaswellasifnotmorethanfreetradersstoodforlaissez-faire放任政策.48Nowasinthe1930’sprotectionismisanexpressionofaprofoundskepticismastotheabilityofthemarkettodistributeresourcesandincomestosocietiessatisfaction.Itispreciselythisprofoundskepticismofthemarketeconomythatisresponsiblefortheprotectionism.Inamarketeconomyeconomicchangeofvariouscolorsimpliesredistributionsofresourcesandincomes.Thesameopinioninmanycommunitiesapparentlyisthatsuchredistributionsoftenarenotproper.Thereforethegovernmentintervenestobringaboutamoredesiredresult.ThevictoryofthewelfarestateisalmostcompleteinnorthernEurope.InSwedenNorwayFinlandDenmarkandtheNetherlandsgovernmentinterventioninalmostallaspectsofeconomicandsociallifeisconsiderednormal.49InGreatBritainthisisonlysomewhatlesstrue.GovernmenttraditionallyhasplayedaveryactiveroleineconomiclifeinFranceandcontinuedtodoso.OnlyGermanydarestogoagainstthetidetowardsexcessiveinterventionisminWesternEurope.ItalsohappenstobethemostsuccessfulWesternEuropeaneconomy.50ThewelfarestatehasmadesignificantprogressintheUnitedStagesaswellasinWesternEurope.Socialsecurityunemploymentinsuranceminimum-wagelawsandrentcontrolarebynowtraditionalwelfarestateelementsontheAmericanscene.
ArecentpollindicatedthathalftheteenagersintheUnitedStatesbelievethatcommunicationbetweenthemandtheirparentsis1andfurtherthatoneoftheprimecausesofthisgapis2listeningbehavior.Asaan3inpointoneparentbelievedthatherdaughterhadasevere4problem.Shewasso5thatshetookhertoanaudiologisttohavehereartested.Theaudiologistcarefullytestedbothearsandreportedbacktotheparent:"There’snothingwrongwithherhearing.She’sjust6youout." Aleadingcauseofthe7divorceratemorethanhalfofallmarriagesendindivorceisthefailureofhusbandsandwivesto8effectively.Theydon’tlistentoeachother.Neitherperson9totheactualmessagesentbytheother. In10fashionpoliticalscientistsreportthatagrowingnumberofpeoplebelievethattheirelectedand11officialsareoutof12withtheconstituentstheyaresupposedly13WhyBecausetheydon’tbelievethattheylistentothem.Infactitseemsthatsometimesourpoliticiansdon’tevenlistentothemselves.Thefollowingisatruestory:Atanational14conferenceheldinAlbuquerquesomeyearsagothenSenatorJosephMontoyawas15acopyofapressreleasebyapressaideshortlybeforehegotupbeforetheaudienceto16aspeech.Whenherosetospeak17thehorrorofthepressaideandthe18ofhisaudienceMontoyabeganreadingthepressreleasenothisspeech.Hebegan"Forimmediaterelease.SenatorJosephM.MontoyaDemocratofNewMexicolastnighttoldtheNational..."Montoyareadtheentiresixpagerelease19withthestatementthathe"wasrepeatedly20byapplause. 19
Inasensethenewprotectionismisnotprotectionismatallatleastnotinthetraditionalsenseoftheterm.Theoldprotectionismreferredonlytotrade-restrictingandtrade-expandingdevicessuchasthetarifforexportsubsidy.Thenewprotectionismismuchbroaderthanthis;itincludesinterventionsintoforeigntradebutisnotlimitedtothem.46Thenewprotectionisminfactreferstohowthewholeofgovernmentinterventionintotheprivateeconomyaffectsinternationaltrade.Theemphasisontradeisstilltherethuscamethetermprotection.Butwhatisnewistherealizationthatvirtuallyallgovernmentactivitiescanaffectinternationaleconomicrelations.47TheemergenceofthenewprotectionismintheWesternworldreflectsthevictoryoftheinterventionistorwelfareeconomyoverthemarketeconomy.JabTumilerwritesTheoldprotectionismcoexistedwithoutanyapparentintellectualdifficultywiththeacceptableofthemarketasanationalaswellasaninternationaleconomicdistributionmechanism-indeedprotectionistsaswellasifnotmorethanfreetradersstoodforlaissez-faire放任政策.48Nowasinthe1930’sprotectionismisanexpressionofaprofoundskepticismastotheabilityofthemarkettodistributeresourcesandincomestosocietiessatisfaction.Itispreciselythisprofoundskepticismofthemarketeconomythatisresponsiblefortheprotectionism.Inamarketeconomyeconomicchangeofvariouscolorsimpliesredistributionsofresourcesandincomes.Thesameopinioninmanycommunitiesapparentlyisthatsuchredistributionsoftenarenotproper.Thereforethegovernmentintervenestobringaboutamoredesiredresult.ThevictoryofthewelfarestateisalmostcompleteinnorthernEurope.InSwedenNorwayFinlandDenmarkandtheNetherlandsgovernmentinterventioninalmostallaspectsofeconomicandsociallifeisconsiderednormal.49InGreatBritainthisisonlysomewhatlesstrue.GovernmenttraditionallyhasplayedaveryactiveroleineconomiclifeinFranceandcontinuedtodoso.OnlyGermanydarestogoagainstthetidetowardsexcessiveinterventionisminWesternEurope.ItalsohappenstobethemostsuccessfulWesternEuropeaneconomy.50ThewelfarestatehasmadesignificantprogressintheUnitedStagesaswellasinWesternEurope.Socialsecurityunemploymentinsuranceminimum-wagelawsandrentcontrolarebynowtraditionalwelfarestateelementsontheAmericanscene.
Thesimpleactofsurrenderingatelephonenumbertoastoreclerkmayseeminnocuous—somuchsothatmanyconsumersdoitwithnoquestionsasked.Yetthatoneactioncansetinmotionacascadeofsilenteventsasthatdatapointisacquiredanalyzedcategorizedstoredandsoldoverandoveragain.Futureattacksonyourprivacymaycomefromanywherefromanyonewithmoneytopurchasethatphonenumberyousurrendered.Ifyoudoubtthemultipliereffectconsideryoure-mailinbox.Ifit’sloadedwithspamit’sundoubtedlybecauseatsomepointintimeyouunknowinglysurrenderedyoure-mailtothewrongWebsite. DoyouthinkyourtelephonenumberoraddressarehandleddifferentlyAcottageindustryofsmallcompanieswithnamesyou’veprobablyneverheardof—likeAcxiomorMerlin—buyandsellyourpersonalinformationthewayothercommoditieslikecornorcattlefuturesarebartered.Youmaythinkyourcellphoneisunlistedbutifyou’veeverorderedapizzaitmightnotbe.Merlinisoneofmanycommercialdatabrokersthatadvertisessaleofunlistedphonenumberscompiledfromvarioussources—includingpizzadeliverycompanies.Theseunintendedunpredictableconsequencesthatflowfromsimpleactionsmakeprivacyissuesdifficulttograspandgrapplewith. Inalargersenseprivacyalsoisoftencastasataleof"BigBrother"—thegovernmentiswatchingyouorabigcorporationiswatchingyou.Butprivacyissuesdon’tnecessarilyinvolvelargefacelessinstitutions:Aspousetakesacasualglanceatherhusband’sBlackberryaco-workerlooksate-mailoveryourshoulderorafriendglancesatacellphonetextmessagefromthenextseatonthebus.Whileverylittleofthisisnewstoanyone—peoplearenowwellawaretherearevideocamerasandInternetcookieseverywhere—thereisabundantevidencethatpeoplelivetheirlivesignorantofthemonitoringassumingamythicallevelofprivacy.Peoplewritee-mailsandtypeinstantmessagestheyneverexpectanyonetosee.JustaskMarkFoleyorevenBillGateswhosee-mailswereacornerstoneoftheJusticeDepartment’santitrustcaseagainstMicrosoft. AndpollsandstudieshaverepeatedlyshownthatAmericansareindifferenttoprivacyconcerns.Thegeneraldefenseforsuchindifferenceissummedupasinglephrase:"Ihavenothingtohide."Ifyouhavenothingtohidewhyshouldn’tthegovernmentbeabletopeekatyourphonerecordsyourwifeseeyoure-mailoracompanysendyoujunkmailIt’sapowerfulargumentonethatprivacyadvocatesspendconsiderabletimediscussingandstrategizingover. Itishardtodenyhoweverthatpeoplebehavedifferentwhenthey’rebeingwatched.AnditisalsoimpossibletodenythatAmericansarenowbeingwatchedmorethanatanytimeinhistory. Whatadvicemighttheauthorgivetotheordinarypeople
Thesimpleactofsurrenderingatelephonenumbertoastoreclerkmayseeminnocuous—somuchsothatmanyconsumersdoitwithnoquestionsasked.Yetthatoneactioncansetinmotionacascadeofsilenteventsasthatdatapointisacquiredanalyzedcategorizedstoredandsoldoverandoveragain.Futureattacksonyourprivacymaycomefromanywherefromanyonewithmoneytopurchasethatphonenumberyousurrendered.Ifyoudoubtthemultipliereffectconsideryoure-mailinbox.Ifit’sloadedwithspamit’sundoubtedlybecauseatsomepointintimeyouunknowinglysurrenderedyoure-mailtothewrongWebsite. DoyouthinkyourtelephonenumberoraddressarehandleddifferentlyAcottageindustryofsmallcompanieswithnamesyou’veprobablyneverheardof—likeAcxiomorMerlin—buyandsellyourpersonalinformationthewayothercommoditieslikecornorcattlefuturesarebartered.Youmaythinkyourcellphoneisunlistedbutifyou’veeverorderedapizzaitmightnotbe.Merlinisoneofmanycommercialdatabrokersthatadvertisessaleofunlistedphonenumberscompiledfromvarioussources—includingpizzadeliverycompanies.Theseunintendedunpredictableconsequencesthatflowfromsimpleactionsmakeprivacyissuesdifficulttograspandgrapplewith. Inalargersenseprivacyalsoisoftencastasataleof"BigBrother"—thegovernmentiswatchingyouorabigcorporationiswatchingyou.Butprivacyissuesdon’tnecessarilyinvolvelargefacelessinstitutions:Aspousetakesacasualglanceatherhusband’sBlackberryaco-workerlooksate-mailoveryourshoulderorafriendglancesatacellphonetextmessagefromthenextseatonthebus.Whileverylittleofthisisnewstoanyone—peoplearenowwellawaretherearevideocamerasandInternetcookieseverywhere—thereisabundantevidencethatpeoplelivetheirlivesignorantofthemonitoringassumingamythicallevelofprivacy.Peoplewritee-mailsandtypeinstantmessagestheyneverexpectanyonetosee.JustaskMarkFoleyorevenBillGateswhosee-mailswereacornerstoneoftheJusticeDepartment’santitrustcaseagainstMicrosoft. AndpollsandstudieshaverepeatedlyshownthatAmericansareindifferenttoprivacyconcerns.Thegeneraldefenseforsuchindifferenceissummedupasinglephrase:"Ihavenothingtohide."Ifyouhavenothingtohidewhyshouldn’tthegovernmentbeabletopeekatyourphonerecordsyourwifeseeyoure-mailoracompanysendyoujunkmailIt’sapowerfulargumentonethatprivacyadvocatesspendconsiderabletimediscussingandstrategizingover. Itishardtodenyhoweverthatpeoplebehavedifferentwhenthey’rebeingwatched.AnditisalsoimpossibletodenythatAmericansarenowbeingwatchedmorethanatanytimeinhistory. Wecaninferfromthethirdparagraphthat
ArecentpollindicatedthathalftheteenagersintheUnitedStatesbelievethatcommunicationbetweenthemandtheirparentsis1andfurtherthatoneoftheprimecausesofthisgapis2listeningbehavior.Asaan3inpointoneparentbelievedthatherdaughterhadasevere4problem.Shewasso5thatshetookhertoanaudiologisttohavehereartested.Theaudiologistcarefullytestedbothearsandreportedbacktotheparent:"There’snothingwrongwithherhearing.She’sjust6youout." Aleadingcauseofthe7divorceratemorethanhalfofallmarriagesendindivorceisthefailureofhusbandsandwivesto8effectively.Theydon’tlistentoeachother.Neitherperson9totheactualmessagesentbytheother. In10fashionpoliticalscientistsreportthatagrowingnumberofpeoplebelievethattheirelectedand11officialsareoutof12withtheconstituentstheyaresupposedly13WhyBecausetheydon’tbelievethattheylistentothem.Infactitseemsthatsometimesourpoliticiansdon’tevenlistentothemselves.Thefollowingisatruestory:Atanational14conferenceheldinAlbuquerquesomeyearsagothenSenatorJosephMontoyawas15acopyofapressreleasebyapressaideshortlybeforehegotupbeforetheaudienceto16aspeech.Whenherosetospeak17thehorrorofthepressaideandthe18ofhisaudienceMontoyabeganreadingthepressreleasenothisspeech.Hebegan"Forimmediaterelease.SenatorJosephM.MontoyaDemocratofNewMexicolastnighttoldtheNational..."Montoyareadtheentiresixpagerelease19withthestatementthathe"wasrepeatedly20byapplause. 13
Malthusianfearsthatpopulationgrowthwilloutstripfoodsupplieshavebeenwidelydiscountedasfoodproductionhaskeptwellaheadofgrowinghumannumbersinthelasthalfcentury.Whilepopulationdoubledfoodsupplytripledandlifeexpectancyincreasedfrom46inthe1950stoaround65today.Butmorerecentlysomeexpertshaveonceagainbeensoundingthealarmaboutapossiblefoodcrisis. Thereasonliesinthecombinedimpactofmanyfactorsincludingclimatechangeforestdenudationlanddegradationwatershortagedecliningoilsuppliesspeciesextinctiondestructionofcoastalecosystemsandthegrowingdemandsforameat-richdietfromnewlydevelopedpartsoftheworld. Attherootofalltheseproblemshasbeentheruthlessexploitationoftheearth’sresourcesfuelledbygrowingaffluenceinsomepartsoftheworldanddesperatepovertyinothers.Between1980and2000globalpopulationrosefrom4.4billionto6.1billionwhilefoodproductionincreased50percent.By2050thepopulationisexpectedtoreach9billion. DatashowsthatwhilegrainyieldsperacrehavebeenincreasingtherateofincreasehasbeenslowingsincethedaysoftheGreenRevolutioninthe1970s.Mostofthebenefitsofirrigationmachineryfertilizerandplantbreedinghavealreadybeenrealized.Theproductionofgrainperacreisclosetothemaximumobtainablethroughphotosynthesis. Tokeepupwiththegrowthinhumanpopulationmorefoodwillhavetobeproducedoverthenext50yearsthanhasbeenduringthepast10000yearscombinedsaidtheparticipantsoftherecentUN-backedforuminIcelandonsustainabledevelopment.Itisofcoursepossiblethatnewtechnologiessmartenvironmentalmanagementandsensitivesocialpolicieswillcombinetogoodeffecttousherinanewgreenrevolution.Butasgrainreserveshavefallentotheirlowestlevelformanyyearsthiscannotbeguaranteed. Atthe1996WorldFoodSummitpoliticalleadersfrom186countriespledgedtohalvethenumberofhungrypeopleintheworldbytheyear2015orareductionof20millioneachyear.Atthattimeabout800millionpeoplewerereportedtosufferfromunder-nourishment.In2007estimatesfromtheUNFoodandAgricultureOrganizationFAOsuggestthatthereare854millionpeoplewhodonotgetenoughtoeateveryday."Farfromdecreasingthenumberofhungrypeopleintheworldiscurrentlyincreasing"saidFAODirector-GeneralJacquesDiouf.Ofcourseworldpopulationhasincreasedbysome800millioninthattimesofoodsupplieshavekeptuprelativelywellbuthavefailedtoreachanincreasingnumberletalonereducethetotalgoinghungry. Fromthepassageitcanbeinferredthatanewgreenrevolution
HERE’SATALEOFTWOCOMPANIES.Bothareforeignownedbothareembroiledinscandalsareforeignownedbothareembroiledinscandalsinvolvingallegationsofsexualharassment.CompanyAisconfrontedwiththeproblemandpunishestopexecs.CompanyBstonewallsandmountsanaggressivecampaigntodiscredititsaccusersandportrayitselfasavictimofcorporateslander.41Forbusinessschoolslookingforafewgoodcasestudiesindamagecontrollastweekwasaboutasgoodasitgets.OnewasSwedishpharmaceuticalscompanyAstraUSAamakerofasthmamedicationsandthepopularanestheticXylocaine.FacingsimilarchargesMitsubishiMotormanufacturingofAmericaoptedforinyour-facedenial.WhodiditrightIt’stoosoontoknowforsure.Astra’sstrategymayseemsmarter.FinanciallyspeakingatleastonecanseewhyMitsubishiisreluctanttoissueapublicmeaculpa.Fessingupcouldexposeittoasmuchas$200millionindamages.Suchcontroversiesarenoraritythesedays.TheEqualEmploymentOpportunitycommissionalonereceivedmorethan15000complaintsofsexualharassmentlastyearmorethantwiceasmanyasin1991.ItssuitagainstMitsubishifiledlastmonthmayturnouttobebyfarthebiggestever—andcouldeventuallyinvolveasmanyastwothirdsofthecompany’s900femaleworkers.42Mitsubishi’sresponsewasclearfromthebeginning.WhentheEEOCannounceditscaseagainsttheIllinoisautomakerthecompanydispatchedbusloadsofworkerstopickettheagency’sChicagooffices.AttorneysforMitsubishiwillnodoubtprobetheprivatelivesofthewomenlodgingcomplaintsandmayevenaccusethemofJapanbashing.Mitsubishi’sbrassinTokyoseemedabittakenabackbytheferocityofthecounteroffensivetothepointofsuggestingthatmaybethecasecouldbequietlysettled.43CouldsuchtacticsbeeffectiveIfaggressivePRmakespeopledoubttheallegationsagainstthecompanyorencouragesfederalinvestigatorstosettleonmorefavorabletermsthenthestrategywillhavesucceeded.ButtherearerisksespeciallyforconsumercompanieslikeMitsubishi.44That’snosmallthreatconsideringthatMitsubishiisstrugglingtoturnaprofitinthiscountry.45Astra’sstrategyseemssavier.Itsopennessandpromptresponsemighthelpitevadepunitivedamagesshouldanyofthecomplaintsgotoajury.Infactthatmaybeachiefreasonthecompanyactedevenbeforeitcompleteditsowninvestigation.ThatsaidAstraisinthesouptobeginwithbecauseithadnoadequatemechanismsforreportingincidentsandbecauseitfailedtodealwithitsproblemsbeforetheybecamepublic.Womenhavecomplainedofharassmentatthecompanyformorethanadecade.BusinessWeekreportsincidentsrangingfromgropingsatcompanyretreatstosuggestionsthatfemalesalesrepscouldadvancetheircareersbyputtingoutsexuallyfortheirbosses—includingtheheadofthecompanyLarsBildman.Hislawyerdeniestheallegationsasdotheotherexecutives.SofarAstraitselfhasofferednoevidencesuggestinganyofthethreeareguilty.Bothcompaniesnowpromisetodobetter.Astraisoverhaulingitscorporatepersonnelpoliciesandplanstotrainmanagersonhowtohandleissuesofsexualdiscrimination.SoisMitsubishi.Saystheautomaker’sgeneralcounselGaryShultz:Wearegoingtobecomethemodelinhandingsexual-harassmentand-discriminationcases.Thatremainstobeseen.Ifthesesortsofscandalsforcecompaniestosetuprulesthatactuallyworkthatmaybethebestcasestudyofall.[A]That’spreciselywhatthecompanydidinresponsetoapriorsexual-harassmentsuitfiledby29womenin1994.[B]Agreatdealofattentionshouldbepaidtotheseaffairs.SaysMitsubishis’sspokesman.[C]Butwe’retakingtheseallegationsveryseriouslysaysAstraspokesmanBenjaminKincannon.[D]Outragedbytheautomaker’sseemingdisregardofitsproblemsperennialpresidentialhopefulJesseJacksonandtheNationalOrganizationforWomencalledoncarbuyerstoboycottthecompany.[E]WhenbusinessWeekpublishedtalesofwide-rangingabuseatAstra’sAmericansubsidiaryoutsideBostonthecompanyquicklyfaceduptotheproblemandsuspendeditsU.S.chiefexecutivealongwithtwotoplieutenants.[F]Prof.MartinStolleracrisis-managementexpertatNorthwesternUniversitythinksso.Theaimofcrisismanagementistostoptheattackershesays.
ArecentpollindicatedthathalftheteenagersintheUnitedStatesbelievethatcommunicationbetweenthemandtheirparentsis1andfurtherthatoneoftheprimecausesofthisgapis2listeningbehavior.Asaan3inpointoneparentbelievedthatherdaughterhadasevere4problem.Shewasso5thatshetookhertoanaudiologisttohavehereartested.Theaudiologistcarefullytestedbothearsandreportedbacktotheparent:"There’snothingwrongwithherhearing.She’sjust6youout." Aleadingcauseofthe7divorceratemorethanhalfofallmarriagesendindivorceisthefailureofhusbandsandwivesto8effectively.Theydon’tlistentoeachother.Neitherperson9totheactualmessagesentbytheother. In10fashionpoliticalscientistsreportthatagrowingnumberofpeoplebelievethattheirelectedand11officialsareoutof12withtheconstituentstheyaresupposedly13WhyBecausetheydon’tbelievethattheylistentothem.Infactitseemsthatsometimesourpoliticiansdon’tevenlistentothemselves.Thefollowingisatruestory:Atanational14conferenceheldinAlbuquerquesomeyearsagothenSenatorJosephMontoyawas15acopyofapressreleasebyapressaideshortlybeforehegotupbeforetheaudienceto16aspeech.Whenherosetospeak17thehorrorofthepressaideandthe18ofhisaudienceMontoyabeganreadingthepressreleasenothisspeech.Hebegan"Forimmediaterelease.SenatorJosephM.MontoyaDemocratofNewMexicolastnighttoldtheNational..."Montoyareadtheentiresixpagerelease19withthestatementthathe"wasrepeatedly20byapplause. 17
ArecentpollindicatedthathalftheteenagersintheUnitedStatesbelievethatcommunicationbetweenthemandtheirparentsis1andfurtherthatoneoftheprimecausesofthisgapis2listeningbehavior.Asaan3inpointoneparentbelievedthatherdaughterhadasevere4problem.Shewasso5thatshetookhertoanaudiologisttohavehereartested.Theaudiologistcarefullytestedbothearsandreportedbacktotheparent:"There’snothingwrongwithherhearing.She’sjust6youout." Aleadingcauseofthe7divorceratemorethanhalfofallmarriagesendindivorceisthefailureofhusbandsandwivesto8effectively.Theydon’tlistentoeachother.Neitherperson9totheactualmessagesentbytheother. In10fashionpoliticalscientistsreportthatagrowingnumberofpeoplebelievethattheirelectedand11officialsareoutof12withtheconstituentstheyaresupposedly13WhyBecausetheydon’tbelievethattheylistentothem.Infactitseemsthatsometimesourpoliticiansdon’tevenlistentothemselves.Thefollowingisatruestory:Atanational14conferenceheldinAlbuquerquesomeyearsagothenSenatorJosephMontoyawas15acopyofapressreleasebyapressaideshortlybeforehegotupbeforetheaudienceto16aspeech.Whenherosetospeak17thehorrorofthepressaideandthe18ofhisaudienceMontoyabeganreadingthepressreleasenothisspeech.Hebegan"Forimmediaterelease.SenatorJosephM.MontoyaDemocratofNewMexicolastnighttoldtheNational..."Montoyareadtheentiresixpagerelease19withthestatementthathe"wasrepeatedly20byapplause. 5
HERE’SATALEOFTWOCOMPANIES.Bothareforeignownedbothareembroiledinscandalsareforeignownedbothareembroiledinscandalsinvolvingallegationsofsexualharassment.CompanyAisconfrontedwiththeproblemandpunishestopexecs.CompanyBstonewallsandmountsanaggressivecampaigntodiscredititsaccusersandportrayitselfasavictimofcorporateslander.41Forbusinessschoolslookingforafewgoodcasestudiesindamagecontrollastweekwasaboutasgoodasitgets.OnewasSwedishpharmaceuticalscompanyAstraUSAamakerofasthmamedicationsandthepopularanestheticXylocaine.FacingsimilarchargesMitsubishiMotormanufacturingofAmericaoptedforinyour-facedenial.WhodiditrightIt’stoosoontoknowforsure.Astra’sstrategymayseemsmarter.FinanciallyspeakingatleastonecanseewhyMitsubishiisreluctanttoissueapublicmeaculpa.Fessingupcouldexposeittoasmuchas$200millionindamages.Suchcontroversiesarenoraritythesedays.TheEqualEmploymentOpportunitycommissionalonereceivedmorethan15000complaintsofsexualharassmentlastyearmorethantwiceasmanyasin1991.ItssuitagainstMitsubishifiledlastmonthmayturnouttobebyfarthebiggestever—andcouldeventuallyinvolveasmanyastwothirdsofthecompany’s900femaleworkers.42Mitsubishi’sresponsewasclearfromthebeginning.WhentheEEOCannounceditscaseagainsttheIllinoisautomakerthecompanydispatchedbusloadsofworkerstopickettheagency’sChicagooffices.AttorneysforMitsubishiwillnodoubtprobetheprivatelivesofthewomenlodgingcomplaintsandmayevenaccusethemofJapanbashing.Mitsubishi’sbrassinTokyoseemedabittakenabackbytheferocityofthecounteroffensivetothepointofsuggestingthatmaybethecasecouldbequietlysettled.43CouldsuchtacticsbeeffectiveIfaggressivePRmakespeopledoubttheallegationsagainstthecompanyorencouragesfederalinvestigatorstosettleonmorefavorabletermsthenthestrategywillhavesucceeded.ButtherearerisksespeciallyforconsumercompanieslikeMitsubishi.44That’snosmallthreatconsideringthatMitsubishiisstrugglingtoturnaprofitinthiscountry.45Astra’sstrategyseemssavier.Itsopennessandpromptresponsemighthelpitevadepunitivedamagesshouldanyofthecomplaintsgotoajury.Infactthatmaybeachiefreasonthecompanyactedevenbeforeitcompleteditsowninvestigation.ThatsaidAstraisinthesouptobeginwithbecauseithadnoadequatemechanismsforreportingincidentsandbecauseitfailedtodealwithitsproblemsbeforetheybecamepublic.Womenhavecomplainedofharassmentatthecompanyformorethanadecade.BusinessWeekreportsincidentsrangingfromgropingsatcompanyretreatstosuggestionsthatfemalesalesrepscouldadvancetheircareersbyputtingoutsexuallyfortheirbosses—includingtheheadofthecompanyLarsBildman.Hislawyerdeniestheallegationsasdotheotherexecutives.SofarAstraitselfhasofferednoevidencesuggestinganyofthethreeareguilty.Bothcompaniesnowpromisetodobetter.Astraisoverhaulingitscorporatepersonnelpoliciesandplanstotrainmanagersonhowtohandleissuesofsexualdiscrimination.SoisMitsubishi.Saystheautomaker’sgeneralcounselGaryShultz:Wearegoingtobecomethemodelinhandingsexual-harassmentand-discriminationcases.Thatremainstobeseen.Ifthesesortsofscandalsforcecompaniestosetuprulesthatactuallyworkthatmaybethebestcasestudyofall.[A]That’spreciselywhatthecompanydidinresponsetoapriorsexual-harassmentsuitfiledby29womenin1994.[B]Agreatdealofattentionshouldbepaidtotheseaffairs.SaysMitsubishis’sspokesman.[C]Butwe’retakingtheseallegationsveryseriouslysaysAstraspokesmanBenjaminKincannon.[D]Outragedbytheautomaker’sseemingdisregardofitsproblemsperennialpresidentialhopefulJesseJacksonandtheNationalOrganizationforWomencalledoncarbuyerstoboycottthecompany.[E]WhenbusinessWeekpublishedtalesofwide-rangingabuseatAstra’sAmericansubsidiaryoutsideBostonthecompanyquicklyfaceduptotheproblemandsuspendeditsU.S.chiefexecutivealongwithtwotoplieutenants.[F]Prof.MartinStolleracrisis-managementexpertatNorthwesternUniversitythinksso.Theaimofcrisismanagementistostoptheattackershesays.
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