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肢体运动功能障碍患者在康复期功能锻炼恢复自主运动前可作______或______出现自主运动后应以_
不自主运动有哪些常见的临床类型
简述什么是不自主运动临床上多见的不自主运动有哪些?
视觉的运动错觉包括
似动
诱导运动
联动
自主运动
关于风湿热的舞蹈病下列哪项不符
女童多见
四肢不自主运动
入睡后症状消失
面部无目的，不自主运动
入睡后病症加重
常见的锥体外系不自主运动?
不自主运动
迟发性运动障碍的临床表现为
颊肌不自主运动
舌肌不自主运动
咀嚼肌不自主运动
__不能
震颤
什么叫不自主运动?试述临床上有几种多见的不自主运动?
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Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1. Justhowdoesapersonarriveatan ideaofthekindofpersonthatheisHedevelopsthis1 ofselfthroughagradualandcomplicated2which continuesthroughoutlife.Thenotionisan3thatone establishesonlywiththehelpofothers.4theelementary knowledgethatoneisshortortallisacomparativejudgmentthatwecannot make5wehavetheopportunityto6 ourselveswithothers.One’sideaofqualitieswhichareharderto 7isevenmoredependentuponotherpeople’sideas. Whetheroneisintelligentorstupid;attractiveorugly;theseandmany otherideasoftheselfare8fromthereactionsofpeople withwhomwe9.Thisprocessof10 thenatureoftheselffromthereactionofothershasbeenlabeledthe Looking-glassSelfbyCooleywhocarefullyanalyzedthispsychological 11ofself-discovery.Justasthepicturein themirrorgivesanimageofthephysicalself12the perceptionofthereactionsofothersgivesanimageofthesocialself.We know13thatwearegoodatcertainthingsandnotat others.This14cametousfromthereactionsofother personsfirstourparentsandthenotherindividuals15in life.Itshouldberememberedthatasotherpeople’sreactionscouldbe 16andunderstoodinmorethanonewaythelooking-glassself withwhichtheindividual17mayeasilydifferfromthe imageothershaveactuallyformedofhis18.Clearlyit isourperceptionoftheresponsesofothersandnottheir19 responsesthat20ourself-imageandthese perceptionsareoftennotaccurate.
Text2 Untilrecentlymobileradiowasto wirelesscommunicationswhattheYugowastotransportation.Withamixed clientelerangingfromtruckersusingCBstopolicearmedwithwalkie-talkiesto taxidriversdispatchedbyradioitwasviewedasanunglamorousbusinessanda technologicalbackwater.Butspecializedmobileradioasitis knownhasbeenrediscovered.Itisnowconsideredoneofthebiggestprizesin theall-outwarforthepublicairwaves.Thereason:high-techcompanieshave figuredouthowtoprofitablyrebuildtheantiquateddispatchingsystemintoan advancedcellular-telephonenetworkthatcantakeonthelikesofAT＆Tandthe giantBabyBells.UpstartNextelCommunicationssentshockwavesthroughthe industrylastweekwhenitagreedtobuyMotorola’sSMRfrequenciesfor＄1.8 billion.Thatcouldposeaseriousthreattocellularhegemony. AlthoughbothsystemsarebasedonthesamebasictechnologySMRsystemsare digitalandcoveralmost25timesasmuchareaastheaveragecellularnetwork. SMRhandsetswon’tworkoncellularsystemsandtendtobebulkierthancellular phonesthoughtheyprovidemorefeatureslikeadigitalpagerservice.And whilecellulargrowthhastripledtosome13millionsubscriberssince2000the technologyhasbeenlosingground.Itisrunningoutofchannelcapacityso fastinfactthat40%ofcellularcallsinhigh-densityareaslikeManhattan andLosAngelesfailtobecompleted.SMRshavecapacitytospareandservice couldeventuallybepriced10%to15%lessthancellular.Dispatcherspredict theywillhaveatleast10millionsubscribersbytheendofthedecade.There arenowabout1.5millionusersofSMRs.Theadditionofanother contendertoanalreadycrowdedfieldoftelephonesystemswillsurelymultiply theconfusion.Bytheyear2010consumerswillbeabletochoosefromatleast halfadozenvendorsofadizzyingarrayofwireless-communicationsservices includingpagersvoicemailansweringmachinesandcellularphones.Phoneand cabletelevisionoperatorssuchasBellSouthMCIandCoxEnterprisesare developingso-calledpersonal-communicationsnetworksorPCNsahighly advancedportable-phonesystemthatisexpectedtocoverawiderareaconnect toagreatervarietyofservicesandbecheapertooperatethanconventional cellular.Andmanycompaniesthathavegambledonthewrong technologicalstandardsandinvestedbillionstryingtodevelopthesame marketswillundoubtedlyloseagreatdealofmoneybeforetheshakeoutis over.ThewinnerssaysNextelchairmanMorganO’Brienwillbethosewhocan makethechoiceforconsumerseasy.Withalltheanticipatedconfusion--mindful oftheearlyyearsofpersonalcomputers--itislikelytobeyearsbeforeanyone callsthepurchaseofwirelessproductsaneasy choice.Fromthetextwecanseethatthewriterseems
Text4 Shouldanyonemuchcarewhetheran AmericanboylivingoverseasgetssixviciousthwacksonhisbacksideSomuch hasbeenarguedrejoinedandrehashedaboutthecaseofMichaelFayan 18-year-oldconvictedofvandalismandsentencedtoacaninginSingaporethat anotherwisesorrylittleepisodehasshadedintoacertifiedInternational IncidentcompletewithintercessionsbytheU.S.headofstate.Anaffairhas outragedAmericanlibertariansevenasithasanimatedageneraldebateabout moralityEastandWestandtheproperfunctioningofU.S.lawand order.WhichtoallappearancesiswhatSingaporewanted.The questionofwhetheranyoneshouldcareaboutMichaelFayisidle:though Singaporeofficialsprofessshockattheattentionhiscasehaddrawntheyknow Americanscaredeeplyaboutthemanysidesofthisissue.Doesateenager convictedofsprayingcarswitheasilyremovablepaintdeservehalfadozen powerfulstrokesAtwhatpointdoesswiftsurepunishmentbecometortureBy whatmoralauthoritycanAmericawithitshighratesoflawlessnessand licensepreachofasafesocietyabouthumanrightsThecaning sentencehasconcentratedmindswondrouslyonanalreadylivelydomesticdebate overwhatconstitutesaduebalancebetweenindividualandmajorityrights.Too badMichaelFayhasbecomeafocusforthisdiscussion.Notonlydoesheseem destinedtobepummeledandimmobilizedbuttheuseofSingaporeasastandard forjudginganyothersocietyletalonethecacophonousU.S.is fairlyworthless.TobeginwithSingaporeisanoffshore republicthattightlylimitsimmigration.Imaginecrime-riddenLOSAngelesto whichSingaporeissometimescontrastedwithhardlyanyinflowofthe hard-luckoftendesperatefortuneseekerswhoflocktobigcities.Evenwithout itsgovernment’sdisciplinarymeasuresSingaporemorethanplausiblywouldbe muchthesameasitisnow.Anacademiccommonplacetodayisthatthemajor factordeterminingsocialpeaceandprosperityisculture--asenseofcommon identitytraditionandvalues.UnlikeSingaporethoughtheU. S.todayisanationinsearchofacommonculturetryingtobeauniversal societythatassimilatesthetraditionsofpeoplefromallovertheworld. Effortstosafeguardminorityaswellasindividualrightshaveproduceda gridlockinthejusticesystem.Itstroublesstemmorefromthedecayoffamily lifethanfromanygovernmentfailures.Fewsocietiescanaffordtolookon complacently.AstraveleasesandculturesintermixtheAmericanexperienceis becomingtheworld’s.Thecircumstancesofthis affair--evidentlynoSingaporeanhaseverbeenpunishedundertheVandalismAct fordefacingprivateproperty--suggestthatSingaporehasusedFayasan unwillingpointmaninagrowingquarrelbetweenEastandWestabouthuman rights.ThewordcacophonousPara.3mostprobablymeans
PartADirections:Readingthefollowingfourtexts. AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyouranswers onANSWERSHEET1.Text1 Howdidthecompanycometoproducea recordglorifyingthemurderofpolicewhichisentitledCopKillerbythe rapperIce-TonthealbumBobyCountThealbumisreleasedbyWarnerBros. RecordspartoftheTimeWarnermediaandentertainmentconglomerate. InaWallStreetJournalopedpiecelayingoutthecompany’sposition TimeWarnerco-CEOGeraldLevinmakestwodefenses.FirstIce-T’sCopKiller ismisunderstood.Itdoesn’tinduceorglorifyviolence...It’shis fictionalizedattempttogetinsideacharacter’shead...CopKillerisnomore acallforgunningdownthepolicethanFrankieandJohnnyisasummonsfor jiltedloverstoshootoneanother.Insteadoffindingwaystosilencethe messengerweshouldbeheedingtheanguishedcrycontainedinhis message.Thisdefenseisself-contradictory.Frankieand Johnnydoesnotpretendtohaveapoliticalmessagethatmustbeheeded.If CopKillerhasamessageitisthatthemurderofpolicemenisajustified responsetopolicebrutality.Andnotinself-defensebutinpremeditated actsofrevengeagainstrandomcops.Killingpolicemenisagoodthing--thatis theplainmeaningofthesongandnolargerunderstandingofblackculture therageofthestreetsoranythingelsecanexplainitaway.Asinmuchof today’spopularmusicthelinebetweenperformerandperformanceispurposely blurred.Thesearepoliticalsermonettesclearlyintendedtosupportthe sentimentsbeingexpressed.TraeyMarrowIce-ThimselfhassaidIscaredthe policeandtheyneedtobescared.Thatseemsclear.The company’sseconddefenseofCopKilleristheclassiconeoffreeexpression: Westandforcreativefreedom.Webelievethattheworthofwhatanartistor journalisthastosaydoesnotdependonpreapprovalfromagovernmentofficial oracorporatecensor.OfcourseIce-Thastherighttosay whateverhewants.Butthatdoesn’trequireanycompanytoprovidehiman outlet.Anditdoesn’trelieveacompanyofresponsibilityforthemessagesit choosestopromote.Judgmentisnotcensorship.Manyananguishedcrygoes unrecorded.Thisonewasrecordedandpromotedbecauseasuccessfulartist undercontractwantedtorecordit.Nothingwrongwithmakingmoneybuta companycannottakethemoneyandrunfromtheresponsibility. ThefounderofTimeHenryLucewouldhavescornedthenotionthathis companyprovidedavalue-freeforumfortheexchangeofideas.InLuce’ssystem editorsweresupposedtomakevaluejudgmentsandpromotethetruthastheysaw it.TheauthorassertsthatGeraldLevin’sdefensesofCopKillerare
PartADirections:Readingthefollowingfourtexts. AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyouranswers onANSWERSHEET1.Text1 Howdidthecompanycometoproducea recordglorifyingthemurderofpolicewhichisentitledCopKillerbythe rapperIce-TonthealbumBobyCountThealbumisreleasedbyWarnerBros. RecordspartoftheTimeWarnermediaandentertainmentconglomerate. InaWallStreetJournalopedpiecelayingoutthecompany’sposition TimeWarnerco-CEOGeraldLevinmakestwodefenses.FirstIce-T’sCopKiller ismisunderstood.Itdoesn’tinduceorglorifyviolence...It’shis fictionalizedattempttogetinsideacharacter’shead...CopKillerisnomore acallforgunningdownthepolicethanFrankieandJohnnyisasummonsfor jiltedloverstoshootoneanother.Insteadoffindingwaystosilencethe messengerweshouldbeheedingtheanguishedcrycontainedinhis message.Thisdefenseisself-contradictory.Frankieand Johnnydoesnotpretendtohaveapoliticalmessagethatmustbeheeded.If CopKillerhasamessageitisthatthemurderofpolicemenisajustified responsetopolicebrutality.Andnotinself-defensebutinpremeditated actsofrevengeagainstrandomcops.Killingpolicemenisagoodthing--thatis theplainmeaningofthesongandnolargerunderstandingofblackculture therageofthestreetsoranythingelsecanexplainitaway.Asinmuchof today’spopularmusicthelinebetweenperformerandperformanceispurposely blurred.Thesearepoliticalsermonettesclearlyintendedtosupportthe sentimentsbeingexpressed.TraeyMarrowIce-ThimselfhassaidIscaredthe policeandtheyneedtobescared.Thatseemsclear.The company’sseconddefenseofCopKilleristheclassiconeoffreeexpression: Westandforcreativefreedom.Webelievethattheworthofwhatanartistor journalisthastosaydoesnotdependonpreapprovalfromagovernmentofficial oracorporatecensor.OfcourseIce-Thastherighttosay whateverhewants.Butthatdoesn’trequireanycompanytoprovidehiman outlet.Anditdoesn’trelieveacompanyofresponsibilityforthemessagesit choosestopromote.Judgmentisnotcensorship.Manyananguishedcrygoes unrecorded.Thisonewasrecordedandpromotedbecauseasuccessfulartist undercontractwantedtorecordit.Nothingwrongwithmakingmoneybuta companycannottakethemoneyandrunfromtheresponsibility. ThefounderofTimeHenryLucewouldhavescornedthenotionthathis companyprovidedavalue-freeforumfortheexchangeofideas.InLuce’ssystem editorsweresupposedtomakevaluejudgmentsandpromotethetruthastheysaw it.GeraldLevinmentionsthecaseofFrankieandJohnnytojustify
Directions:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeen removed.Forquestions41--45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA--G tofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdo notfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Nonverbalcommunicationishugelyimportant:inany interactionwithothers;itsimportanceismultipliedacrosscultures. Thisisbecausewetendtolookfornonverbalcueswhenverbalmessagesare unclearorambiguousastheyaremorelikelytobeacrosscultures. 41_____________________.Low-contextculturesliketheUnited StatesandCanadatendtogiverelativelylessemphasistononverbal communication.Thisdoesnotmeanthatnonverbalcommunicationdoesnothappen orthatitisunimportantbutthatpeopleinthesesettingstendtoplaceless importanceonitthanontheliteralmeaningsofwordsthemselves.In high-contextsettingssuchasJapanorColombiaunderstandingthenonverbal componentsofcommunicationisrelativelymoreimportanttoreceivingthe intendedmeaningofthecommunicationasawhole. 42_____________________.Forinstanceitmaybemoresocially acceptableinsomesettingsintheUnitedStatesforwomentoshowfearbutnot angerandformentodisplayangerbutnotfear.Atthesametime interpretationoffacialexpressionsacrossculturesisdifficult.InChinaand Japanforexampleafacialexpressionthatwouldberecognizedaroundthe worldasconveyinghappinessmayactuallyexpressangerormasksadnessbothof whichareunacceptabletoshowovertly. 43_____________________.ForaWesternerwhounderstandssmilestomean friendlinessandhappinessthissmilemayseemoutofplaceandevencold underthecircumstances.Eventhoughsomefacialexpressionsmaybesimilar acrossculturestheirinterpretationsremainculturespecific.Itisimportant tounderstandsomethingaboutculturalstarting-pointsandvaluesinorderto interpretemotionsexpressedincross-cultural interactions.44_____________________.Inacomparisonof NorthAmericanandFrenchchildrenonabeacharesearchernoticedthatthe Frenchchildrentendedtostayinarelativelysmallspaceneartheirparents whileUSchildrenrangedupanddownalargeareaofthebeach. 45_____________________.Theseexamplesofdifferences relatedtononverbalcommunicationareonlythetipoftheiceberg.Careful observationongoingstudyfromavarietyofsourcesandcultivating relationshipsacrosscultureswillallhelpdeveloptheculturalfluencytowork effectivelywithnonverbalcommunicationdifferences.[A]These differencesofinterpretationmayleadtoconflict.SupposeaJapanesepersonis explainingherabsencefromnegotiationsduetoadeathinherfamily.Shemay dosowithasmilebasedonherculturalbeliefthatitisnotappropriateto inflictthepainofgriefonothers.[B]Anothervariableacrosscultureshas todowithwaysofrelatingtospace.Crossingculturesweencountervery differentideasaboutpolitespaceforconversationsandnegotiations.North Americanstendtopreferalargeamountofspaceperhapsbecausetheyare surroundedbyitintheirhomesandcountryside.Europeanstendtostandmore closelywitheachotherwhentalkingandareaccustomedtosmallerpersonal spaces.[C]Americansareseriousaboutstandinginlinesinaccordancewith theirbeliefsindemocracyandtheprincipleoffirstcomefirstserved.The Frenchontheotherhandhaveapracticeoflinejumpingthatirritatesmany BritishandUSAmericans.[D]Sincenonverbalbehaviorarisesfromour culturalcommonsenseweusedifferentsystemsofunderstandinggestures posturesilencespatialrelationsemotionalexpressiontouchphysical appearanceandothernonverbalcues.Culturesalsoattributedifferentdegrees ofimportancetoverbalandnonverbalbehavior.[E]Thedifficultywithspace preferencesisnotthattheyexistbutthejudgmentsthatgetattachedtothem. Ifsomeoneisaccustomedtostandingorsittingveryclosewhentheyaretalking withanothertheymayseetheother’sattempttocreatemorespaceasevidence ofcoldnessoralackofinterest.[F]ItissaidthataGermanexecutive workingintheUnitedStatesbecamesoupsetwithvisitorstohisofficemoving theguestchairtosuitthemselvesthathehaditboltedtothefloor.[G] Someelementsofnonverbalcommunicationareconsistentacrosscultures.For exampleresearchhasshownthattheemotionsofenjoymentangerfear sadnessdisgustandsurpriseareexpressedinsimilarwaysbypeoplearound theworld.Differencessurfacewithrespecttowhichemotionsareacceptableto displayinvariousculturalsettingsandbywhom.
Text3 Thedaywasstar-crossed:Fridaythe 13thinthemonthofOctoberontheeveofthesecondloominganniversaryofa devastatingmarketcrash.I’mtellingyoupsychologyisreallyfunny.People getcrazyinsituationslikethatsaidportfoliostrategistElaineGarzarelli. LastweekFridaythe13thliveduptoitsfrightfulreputation.Afterdrifting loweratasleepypaceformostofthedaytheDowJonesindustrialaverage abruptlylurchedintoahair-raisingskydiveinthefinalhourof trading.TheBushAdministrationmovedswiftlytoavertany senseofcrisisafterthemarketClosed.DeclaredTreasurySecretaryNicholas Brady:It’simportanttorecognizethattoday’sstockmarketdeclinedoesn’t signalanyfundamentalchangeintheconditionoftheeconomy.Theeconomy remainswellbalancedandtheoutlookisforcontinuedmoderategrowth.But MassachusettsDemocratEdwardMarkeywhochairsaHousesubcommitteeon telecommunicationsandfinancevowedtoholdhearingsthisweekonthestock marketslide.Saidhe:Thisisthesecondheartattack.Myhopeisthatbefore wehavetheinevitablethirdheartattackwepayattentiontothese problems.Expertsfoundnoshortageofculpritstoblamefor thelatestshipwreck.Aseriesofdownbeatrealizationsconvergedon Fridayrangingfromsignsofanewburstofinflationtosaggingcorporate profitstotroublesinthejunk-bondmarketthathasfueledmajortakeovers.The singulareventthatshookinvestorswasthefalteringofa＄6.75billionlabor managementbuyoutofUALtheparentcompanyofUnitedAirlinesthesecond largestU.S.carrier.OnonepointmostthoughtfulWall Streetersagreed:themarkethadreachedsuchdizzyingheightsthatacorrection ofsomesortseemedalmostinevitable.Propelledbyfavorableeconomicnewsand awaveofmultibillion-dollartakeoversstockshadsoaredmorethan1000 pointssincethe1987crash.ButbylastAugustsomeWallstreeterswereclearly worried.TheheaviestblowtothemarketcameFridayafternoon. Inathree-paragraphstatementUALsaidalabor-managementgroupheadedby ChairmanStephenWolfhadfailedtogetenoughfinancingtoacquireUnited. Severalbankshadapparentlybalkedatthedealwhichwastobepartlyfinanced throughjunkbonds.Thetake-overgroupsaiditwouldsubmitarevisedbidin theneartermbuttheannouncementstunnedinvestorswhohadcometoviewthe Uniteddealasthelatestsurethinginthe1980sbuyoutbinge.SaidJohn DowneyatraderattheChicagoBoardOptionsExchange:Theairlinestockshave lookedlikeattractivetakeovertargets.ButwiththeUniteddealintrouble everyonestartedtowonderwhatotherdealsmightnotgothrough. Howdothepublicfeelaboutthecurrenteconomicsituation
Text4 Shouldanyonemuchcarewhetheran AmericanboylivingoverseasgetssixviciousthwacksonhisbacksideSomuch hasbeenarguedrejoinedandrehashedaboutthecaseofMichaelFayan 18-year-oldconvictedofvandalismandsentencedtoacaninginSingaporethat anotherwisesorrylittleepisodehasshadedintoacertifiedInternational IncidentcompletewithintercessionsbytheU.S.headofstate.Anaffairhas outragedAmericanlibertariansevenasithasanimatedageneraldebateabout moralityEastandWestandtheproperfunctioningofU.S.lawand order.WhichtoallappearancesiswhatSingaporewanted.The questionofwhetheranyoneshouldcareaboutMichaelFayisidle:though Singaporeofficialsprofessshockattheattentionhiscasehaddrawntheyknow Americanscaredeeplyaboutthemanysidesofthisissue.Doesateenager convictedofsprayingcarswitheasilyremovablepaintdeservehalfadozen powerfulstrokesAtwhatpointdoesswiftsurepunishmentbecometortureBy whatmoralauthoritycanAmericawithitshighratesoflawlessnessand licensepreachofasafesocietyabouthumanrightsThecaning sentencehasconcentratedmindswondrouslyonanalreadylivelydomesticdebate overwhatconstitutesaduebalancebetweenindividualandmajorityrights.Too badMichaelFayhasbecomeafocusforthisdiscussion.Notonlydoesheseem destinedtobepummeledandimmobilizedbuttheuseofSingaporeasastandard forjudginganyothersocietyletalonethecacophonousU.S.is fairlyworthless.TobeginwithSingaporeisanoffshore republicthattightlylimitsimmigration.Imaginecrime-riddenLOSAngelesto whichSingaporeissometimescontrastedwithhardlyanyinflowofthe hard-luckoftendesperatefortuneseekerswhoflocktobigcities.Evenwithout itsgovernment’sdisciplinarymeasuresSingaporemorethanplausiblywouldbe muchthesameasitisnow.Anacademiccommonplacetodayisthatthemajor factordeterminingsocialpeaceandprosperityisculture--asenseofcommon identitytraditionandvalues.UnlikeSingaporethoughtheU. S.todayisanationinsearchofacommonculturetryingtobeauniversal societythatassimilatesthetraditionsofpeoplefromallovertheworld. Effortstosafeguardminorityaswellasindividualrightshaveproduceda gridlockinthejusticesystem.Itstroublesstemmorefromthedecayoffamily lifethanfromanygovernmentfailures.Fewsocietiescanaffordtolookon complacently.AstraveleasesandculturesintermixtheAmericanexperienceis becomingtheworld’s.Thecircumstancesofthis affair--evidentlynoSingaporeanhaseverbeenpunishedundertheVandalismAct fordefacingprivateproperty--suggestthatSingaporehasusedFayasan unwillingpointmaninagrowingquarrelbetweenEastandWestabouthuman rights.WhatdidthewritersayhappenedtoMichaelFayinSingapore
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1. Justhowdoesapersonarriveatan ideaofthekindofpersonthatheisHedevelopsthis1 ofselfthroughagradualandcomplicated2which continuesthroughoutlife.Thenotionisan3thatone establishesonlywiththehelpofothers.4theelementary knowledgethatoneisshortortallisacomparativejudgmentthatwecannot make5wehavetheopportunityto6 ourselveswithothers.One’sideaofqualitieswhichareharderto 7isevenmoredependentuponotherpeople’sideas. Whetheroneisintelligentorstupid;attractiveorugly;theseandmany otherideasoftheselfare8fromthereactionsofpeople withwhomwe9.Thisprocessof10 thenatureoftheselffromthereactionofothershasbeenlabeledthe Looking-glassSelfbyCooleywhocarefullyanalyzedthispsychological 11ofself-discovery.Justasthepicturein themirrorgivesanimageofthephysicalself12the perceptionofthereactionsofothersgivesanimageofthesocialself.We know13thatwearegoodatcertainthingsandnotat others.This14cametousfromthereactionsofother personsfirstourparentsandthenotherindividuals15in life.Itshouldberememberedthatasotherpeople’sreactionscouldbe 16andunderstoodinmorethanonewaythelooking-glassself withwhichtheindividual17mayeasilydifferfromthe imageothershaveactuallyformedofhis18.Clearlyit isourperceptionoftheresponsesofothersandnottheir19 responsesthat20ourself-imageandthese perceptionsareoftennotaccurate.
Directions:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeen removed.Forquestions41--45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA--G tofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdo notfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Nonverbalcommunicationishugelyimportant:inany interactionwithothers;itsimportanceismultipliedacrosscultures. Thisisbecausewetendtolookfornonverbalcueswhenverbalmessagesare unclearorambiguousastheyaremorelikelytobeacrosscultures. 41_____________________.Low-contextculturesliketheUnited StatesandCanadatendtogiverelativelylessemphasistononverbal communication.Thisdoesnotmeanthatnonverbalcommunicationdoesnothappen orthatitisunimportantbutthatpeopleinthesesettingstendtoplaceless importanceonitthanontheliteralmeaningsofwordsthemselves.In high-contextsettingssuchasJapanorColombiaunderstandingthenonverbal componentsofcommunicationisrelativelymoreimportanttoreceivingthe intendedmeaningofthecommunicationasawhole. 42_____________________.Forinstanceitmaybemoresocially acceptableinsomesettingsintheUnitedStatesforwomentoshowfearbutnot angerandformentodisplayangerbutnotfear.Atthesametime interpretationoffacialexpressionsacrossculturesisdifficult.InChinaand Japanforexampleafacialexpressionthatwouldberecognizedaroundthe worldasconveyinghappinessmayactuallyexpressangerormasksadnessbothof whichareunacceptabletoshowovertly. 43_____________________.ForaWesternerwhounderstandssmilestomean friendlinessandhappinessthissmilemayseemoutofplaceandevencold underthecircumstances.Eventhoughsomefacialexpressionsmaybesimilar acrossculturestheirinterpretationsremainculturespecific.Itisimportant tounderstandsomethingaboutculturalstarting-pointsandvaluesinorderto interpretemotionsexpressedincross-cultural interactions.44_____________________.Inacomparisonof NorthAmericanandFrenchchildrenonabeacharesearchernoticedthatthe Frenchchildrentendedtostayinarelativelysmallspaceneartheirparents whileUSchildrenrangedupanddownalargeareaofthebeach. 45_____________________.Theseexamplesofdifferences relatedtononverbalcommunicationareonlythetipoftheiceberg.Careful observationongoingstudyfromavarietyofsourcesandcultivating relationshipsacrosscultureswillallhelpdeveloptheculturalfluencytowork effectivelywithnonverbalcommunicationdifferences.[A]These differencesofinterpretationmayleadtoconflict.SupposeaJapanesepersonis explainingherabsencefromnegotiationsduetoadeathinherfamily.Shemay dosowithasmilebasedonherculturalbeliefthatitisnotappropriateto inflictthepainofgriefonothers.[B]Anothervariableacrosscultureshas todowithwaysofrelatingtospace.Crossingculturesweencountervery differentideasaboutpolitespaceforconversationsandnegotiations.North Americanstendtopreferalargeamountofspaceperhapsbecausetheyare surroundedbyitintheirhomesandcountryside.Europeanstendtostandmore closelywitheachotherwhentalkingandareaccustomedtosmallerpersonal spaces.[C]Americansareseriousaboutstandinginlinesinaccordancewith theirbeliefsindemocracyandtheprincipleoffirstcomefirstserved.The Frenchontheotherhandhaveapracticeoflinejumpingthatirritatesmany BritishandUSAmericans.[D]Sincenonverbalbehaviorarisesfromour culturalcommonsenseweusedifferentsystemsofunderstandinggestures posturesilencespatialrelationsemotionalexpressiontouchphysical appearanceandothernonverbalcues.Culturesalsoattributedifferentdegrees ofimportancetoverbalandnonverbalbehavior.[E]Thedifficultywithspace preferencesisnotthattheyexistbutthejudgmentsthatgetattachedtothem. Ifsomeoneisaccustomedtostandingorsittingveryclosewhentheyaretalking withanothertheymayseetheother’sattempttocreatemorespaceasevidence ofcoldnessoralackofinterest.[F]ItissaidthataGermanexecutive workingintheUnitedStatesbecamesoupsetwithvisitorstohisofficemoving theguestchairtosuitthemselvesthathehaditboltedtothefloor.[G] Someelementsofnonverbalcommunicationareconsistentacrosscultures.For exampleresearchhasshownthattheemotionsofenjoymentangerfear sadnessdisgustandsurpriseareexpressedinsimilarwaysbypeoplearound theworld.Differencessurfacewithrespecttowhichemotionsareacceptableto displayinvariousculturalsettingsandbywhom.
Text4 Shouldanyonemuchcarewhetheran AmericanboylivingoverseasgetssixviciousthwacksonhisbacksideSomuch hasbeenarguedrejoinedandrehashedaboutthecaseofMichaelFayan 18-year-oldconvictedofvandalismandsentencedtoacaninginSingaporethat anotherwisesorrylittleepisodehasshadedintoacertifiedInternational IncidentcompletewithintercessionsbytheU.S.headofstate.Anaffairhas outragedAmericanlibertariansevenasithasanimatedageneraldebateabout moralityEastandWestandtheproperfunctioningofU.S.lawand order.WhichtoallappearancesiswhatSingaporewanted.The questionofwhetheranyoneshouldcareaboutMichaelFayisidle:though Singaporeofficialsprofessshockattheattentionhiscasehaddrawntheyknow Americanscaredeeplyaboutthemanysidesofthisissue.Doesateenager convictedofsprayingcarswitheasilyremovablepaintdeservehalfadozen powerfulstrokesAtwhatpointdoesswiftsurepunishmentbecometortureBy whatmoralauthoritycanAmericawithitshighratesoflawlessnessand licensepreachofasafesocietyabouthumanrightsThecaning sentencehasconcentratedmindswondrouslyonanalreadylivelydomesticdebate overwhatconstitutesaduebalancebetweenindividualandmajorityrights.Too badMichaelFayhasbecomeafocusforthisdiscussion.Notonlydoesheseem destinedtobepummeledandimmobilizedbuttheuseofSingaporeasastandard forjudginganyothersocietyletalonethecacophonousU.S.is fairlyworthless.TobeginwithSingaporeisanoffshore republicthattightlylimitsimmigration.Imaginecrime-riddenLOSAngelesto whichSingaporeissometimescontrastedwithhardlyanyinflowofthe hard-luckoftendesperatefortuneseekerswhoflocktobigcities.Evenwithout itsgovernment’sdisciplinarymeasuresSingaporemorethanplausiblywouldbe muchthesameasitisnow.Anacademiccommonplacetodayisthatthemajor factordeterminingsocialpeaceandprosperityisculture--asenseofcommon identitytraditionandvalues.UnlikeSingaporethoughtheU. S.todayisanationinsearchofacommonculturetryingtobeauniversal societythatassimilatesthetraditionsofpeoplefromallovertheworld. Effortstosafeguardminorityaswellasindividualrightshaveproduceda gridlockinthejusticesystem.Itstroublesstemmorefromthedecayoffamily lifethanfromanygovernmentfailures.Fewsocietiescanaffordtolookon complacently.AstraveleasesandculturesintermixtheAmericanexperienceis becomingtheworld’s.Thecircumstancesofthis affair--evidentlynoSingaporeanhaseverbeenpunishedundertheVandalismAct fordefacingprivateproperty--suggestthatSingaporehasusedFayasan unwillingpointmaninagrowingquarrelbetweenEastandWestabouthuman rights.ItcanbelearnedfromthetextthatthedebatetriggeredbyFay’scasefocusesmainlyupon
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslate theunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearly onANSWERSHEET2. TheTheoryofContinentalDrifthashadalongandturbulent historysinceitwasfirstproposedbyAlfredWegenerin1910.46Vigorously challengedyetwidelyignoredthetheoryhadlanguishedforhalfacentury primarilyduetoitslackofaplausiblemechanismtosupporttheproposed drift.Withthediscoveryofsea-floorspreadinginthelate1950’sand early60’stheideawasreinvigorated.Platetectonicsisnowalmost universallyaccepted.Manydetailsofthemechanismaretobeworked out.ThesurfaceoftheEarthisdividedintoapproximatelysix largeplatesplusanumberofsmallerones.Theplatesareboundedbyan interconnectednetworkofridgestransformfaultsandtrenches.Ridges alsocalledspreadingcentersoccurwheretwoplatesaremovingawayfromeach other.Astheplatesseparatehotmoltenmantlematerialflowsuptofillthe void.47Theincreasedheatresultingfromthisflowreducesthedensityof theplatescausingthemtofloathigherthuselevatingtheboundariesbymany thousandsoffeetabovethecoldersurroundingseafloor.48Ridgeson theoceanfloorformthelongestcontinuousrangesofmountainsontheplanet butonlyinaveryfewplacesontheEarthdothesemountainsriseabovethe oceansurface.Newseafloorisconstantlybeingcreated alongspreadingcenters.Obviouslysomewhereelseoldseafloormustbegoing away.Thisoccursintrenchesalsocalledsubductionzones.Trenchesoccur alongtheboundarybetweentwoplatesthataremovingtowardseachother.49 Wherethisoccursoneplateisbentdownwardsatabouta40oangleand plungesundertheotherplate’sleadingedgeeventuallytomeltbackintothe liquidmantlebelow.Asthesuhductingplateisheatedbackuptomantle temperaturescertainmineralsintheplatemeltsoonerthanothers.50 Mineralsthatmeltatlowertemperaturesandarelighterthanthesurrounding materialtendtorisemeltingtheirwayupthroughtheoverridingplateto eruptasvolcanoesontheoceanfloor.Asthesevolcanoesgrowtheyrise abovetheoceansurfacetoformlinesofislandsalongtheleadingedgeofthe overridingplate.NumerousislandsofMicronesiaandMelanesiainthewestern Pacificwerecreatedinthisway.
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslate theunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearly onANSWERSHEET2. TheTheoryofContinentalDrifthashadalongandturbulent historysinceitwasfirstproposedbyAlfredWegenerin1910.46Vigorously challengedyetwidelyignoredthetheoryhadlanguishedforhalfacentury primarilyduetoitslackofaplausiblemechanismtosupporttheproposed drift.Withthediscoveryofsea-floorspreadinginthelate1950’sand early60’stheideawasreinvigorated.Platetectonicsisnowalmost universallyaccepted.Manydetailsofthemechanismaretobeworked out.ThesurfaceoftheEarthisdividedintoapproximatelysix largeplatesplusanumberofsmallerones.Theplatesareboundedbyan interconnectednetworkofridgestransformfaultsandtrenches.Ridges alsocalledspreadingcentersoccurwheretwoplatesaremovingawayfromeach other.Astheplatesseparatehotmoltenmantlematerialflowsuptofillthe void.47Theincreasedheatresultingfromthisflowreducesthedensityof theplatescausingthemtofloathigherthuselevatingtheboundariesbymany thousandsoffeetabovethecoldersurroundingseafloor.48Ridgeson theoceanfloorformthelongestcontinuousrangesofmountainsontheplanet butonlyinaveryfewplacesontheEarthdothesemountainsriseabovethe oceansurface.Newseafloorisconstantlybeingcreated alongspreadingcenters.Obviouslysomewhereelseoldseafloormustbegoing away.Thisoccursintrenchesalsocalledsubductionzones.Trenchesoccur alongtheboundarybetweentwoplatesthataremovingtowardseachother.49 Wherethisoccursoneplateisbentdownwardsatabouta40oangleand plungesundertheotherplate’sleadingedgeeventuallytomeltbackintothe liquidmantlebelow.Asthesuhductingplateisheatedbackuptomantle temperaturescertainmineralsintheplatemeltsoonerthanothers.50 Mineralsthatmeltatlowertemperaturesandarelighterthanthesurrounding materialtendtorisemeltingtheirwayupthroughtheoverridingplateto eruptasvolcanoesontheoceanfloor.Asthesevolcanoesgrowtheyrise abovetheoceansurfacetoformlinesofislandsalongtheleadingedgeofthe overridingplate.NumerousislandsofMicronesiaandMelanesiainthewestern Pacificwerecreatedinthisway.
Text2 Untilrecentlymobileradiowasto wirelesscommunicationswhattheYugowastotransportation.Withamixed clientelerangingfromtruckersusingCBstopolicearmedwithwalkie-talkiesto taxidriversdispatchedbyradioitwasviewedasanunglamorousbusinessanda technologicalbackwater.Butspecializedmobileradioasitis knownhasbeenrediscovered.Itisnowconsideredoneofthebiggestprizesin theall-outwarforthepublicairwaves.Thereason:high-techcompanieshave figuredouthowtoprofitablyrebuildtheantiquateddispatchingsystemintoan advancedcellular-telephonenetworkthatcantakeonthelikesofAT＆Tandthe giantBabyBells.UpstartNextelCommunicationssentshockwavesthroughthe industrylastweekwhenitagreedtobuyMotorola’sSMRfrequenciesfor＄1.8 billion.Thatcouldposeaseriousthreattocellularhegemony. AlthoughbothsystemsarebasedonthesamebasictechnologySMRsystemsare digitalandcoveralmost25timesasmuchareaastheaveragecellularnetwork. SMRhandsetswon’tworkoncellularsystemsandtendtobebulkierthancellular phonesthoughtheyprovidemorefeatureslikeadigitalpagerservice.And whilecellulargrowthhastripledtosome13millionsubscriberssince2000the technologyhasbeenlosingground.Itisrunningoutofchannelcapacityso fastinfactthat40%ofcellularcallsinhigh-densityareaslikeManhattan andLosAngelesfailtobecompleted.SMRshavecapacitytospareandservice couldeventuallybepriced10%to15%lessthancellular.Dispatcherspredict theywillhaveatleast10millionsubscribersbytheendofthedecade.There arenowabout1.5millionusersofSMRs.Theadditionofanother contendertoanalreadycrowdedfieldoftelephonesystemswillsurelymultiply theconfusion.Bytheyear2010consumerswillbeabletochoosefromatleast halfadozenvendorsofadizzyingarrayofwireless-communicationsservices includingpagersvoicemailansweringmachinesandcellularphones.Phoneand cabletelevisionoperatorssuchasBellSouthMCIandCoxEnterprisesare developingso-calledpersonal-communicationsnetworksorPCNsahighly advancedportable-phonesystemthatisexpectedtocoverawiderareaconnect toagreatervarietyofservicesandbecheapertooperatethanconventional cellular.Andmanycompaniesthathavegambledonthewrong technologicalstandardsandinvestedbillionstryingtodevelopthesame marketswillundoubtedlyloseagreatdealofmoneybeforetheshakeoutis over.ThewinnerssaysNextelchairmanMorganO’Brienwillbethosewhocan makethechoiceforconsumerseasy.Withalltheanticipatedconfusion--mindful oftheearlyyearsofpersonalcomputers--itislikelytobeyearsbeforeanyone callsthepurchaseofwirelessproductsaneasy choice.Howdidmobileradiosystemsfinditsbusinesscompetitiveness
Text2 Untilrecentlymobileradiowasto wirelesscommunicationswhattheYugowastotransportation.Withamixed clientelerangingfromtruckersusingCBstopolicearmedwithwalkie-talkiesto taxidriversdispatchedbyradioitwasviewedasanunglamorousbusinessanda technologicalbackwater.Butspecializedmobileradioasitis knownhasbeenrediscovered.Itisnowconsideredoneofthebiggestprizesin theall-outwarforthepublicairwaves.Thereason:high-techcompanieshave figuredouthowtoprofitablyrebuildtheantiquateddispatchingsystemintoan advancedcellular-telephonenetworkthatcantakeonthelikesofAT＆Tandthe giantBabyBells.UpstartNextelCommunicationssentshockwavesthroughthe industrylastweekwhenitagreedtobuyMotorola’sSMRfrequenciesfor＄1.8 billion.Thatcouldposeaseriousthreattocellularhegemony. AlthoughbothsystemsarebasedonthesamebasictechnologySMRsystemsare digitalandcoveralmost25timesasmuchareaastheaveragecellularnetwork. SMRhandsetswon’tworkoncellularsystemsandtendtobebulkierthancellular phonesthoughtheyprovidemorefeatureslikeadigitalpagerservice.And whilecellulargrowthhastripledtosome13millionsubscriberssince2000the technologyhasbeenlosingground.Itisrunningoutofchannelcapacityso fastinfactthat40%ofcellularcallsinhigh-densityareaslikeManhattan andLosAngelesfailtobecompleted.SMRshavecapacitytospareandservice couldeventuallybepriced10%to15%lessthancellular.Dispatcherspredict theywillhaveatleast10millionsubscribersbytheendofthedecade.There arenowabout1.5millionusersofSMRs.Theadditionofanother contendertoanalreadycrowdedfieldoftelephonesystemswillsurelymultiply theconfusion.Bytheyear2010consumerswillbeabletochoosefromatleast halfadozenvendorsofadizzyingarrayofwireless-communicationsservices includingpagersvoicemailansweringmachinesandcellularphones.Phoneand cabletelevisionoperatorssuchasBellSouthMCIandCoxEnterprisesare developingso-calledpersonal-communicationsnetworksorPCNsahighly advancedportable-phonesystemthatisexpectedtocoverawiderareaconnect toagreatervarietyofservicesandbecheapertooperatethanconventional cellular.Andmanycompaniesthathavegambledonthewrong technologicalstandardsandinvestedbillionstryingtodevelopthesame marketswillundoubtedlyloseagreatdealofmoneybeforetheshakeoutis over.ThewinnerssaysNextelchairmanMorganO’Brienwillbethosewhocan makethechoiceforconsumerseasy.Withalltheanticipatedconfusion--mindful oftheearlyyearsofpersonalcomputers--itislikelytobeyearsbeforeanyone callsthepurchaseofwirelessproductsaneasy choice.Welearnfromthetextthatusersofwirelessproductsaremoreoftenthannotconfrontedwith
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslate theunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearly onANSWERSHEET2. TheTheoryofContinentalDrifthashadalongandturbulent historysinceitwasfirstproposedbyAlfredWegenerin1910.46Vigorously challengedyetwidelyignoredthetheoryhadlanguishedforhalfacentury primarilyduetoitslackofaplausiblemechanismtosupporttheproposed drift.Withthediscoveryofsea-floorspreadinginthelate1950’sand early60’stheideawasreinvigorated.Platetectonicsisnowalmost universallyaccepted.Manydetailsofthemechanismaretobeworked out.ThesurfaceoftheEarthisdividedintoapproximatelysix largeplatesplusanumberofsmallerones.Theplatesareboundedbyan interconnectednetworkofridgestransformfaultsandtrenches.Ridges alsocalledspreadingcentersoccurwheretwoplatesaremovingawayfromeach other.Astheplatesseparatehotmoltenmantlematerialflowsuptofillthe void.47Theincreasedheatresultingfromthisflowreducesthedensityof theplatescausingthemtofloathigherthuselevatingtheboundariesbymany thousandsoffeetabovethecoldersurroundingseafloor.48Ridgeson theoceanfloorformthelongestcontinuousrangesofmountainsontheplanet butonlyinaveryfewplacesontheEarthdothesemountainsriseabovethe oceansurface.Newseafloorisconstantlybeingcreated alongspreadingcenters.Obviouslysomewhereelseoldseafloormustbegoing away.Thisoccursintrenchesalsocalledsubductionzones.Trenchesoccur alongtheboundarybetweentwoplatesthataremovingtowardseachother.49 Wherethisoccursoneplateisbentdownwardsatabouta40oangleand plungesundertheotherplate’sleadingedgeeventuallytomeltbackintothe liquidmantlebelow.Asthesuhductingplateisheatedbackuptomantle temperaturescertainmineralsintheplatemeltsoonerthanothers.50 Mineralsthatmeltatlowertemperaturesandarelighterthanthesurrounding materialtendtorisemeltingtheirwayupthroughtheoverridingplateto eruptasvolcanoesontheoceanfloor.Asthesevolcanoesgrowtheyrise abovetheoceansurfacetoformlinesofislandsalongtheleadingedgeofthe overridingplate.NumerousislandsofMicronesiaandMelanesiainthewestern Pacificwerecreatedinthisway.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1. Justhowdoesapersonarriveatan ideaofthekindofpersonthatheisHedevelopsthis1 ofselfthroughagradualandcomplicated2which continuesthroughoutlife.Thenotionisan3thatone establishesonlywiththehelpofothers.4theelementary knowledgethatoneisshortortallisacomparativejudgmentthatwecannot make5wehavetheopportunityto6 ourselveswithothers.One’sideaofqualitieswhichareharderto 7isevenmoredependentuponotherpeople’sideas. Whetheroneisintelligentorstupid;attractiveorugly;theseandmany otherideasoftheselfare8fromthereactionsofpeople withwhomwe9.Thisprocessof10 thenatureoftheselffromthereactionofothershasbeenlabeledthe Looking-glassSelfbyCooleywhocarefullyanalyzedthispsychological 11ofself-discovery.Justasthepicturein themirrorgivesanimageofthephysicalself12the perceptionofthereactionsofothersgivesanimageofthesocialself.We know13thatwearegoodatcertainthingsandnotat others.This14cametousfromthereactionsofother personsfirstourparentsandthenotherindividuals15in life.Itshouldberememberedthatasotherpeople’sreactionscouldbe 16andunderstoodinmorethanonewaythelooking-glassself withwhichtheindividual17mayeasilydifferfromthe imageothershaveactuallyformedofhis18.Clearlyit isourperceptionoftheresponsesofothersandnottheir19 responsesthat20ourself-imageandthese perceptionsareoftennotaccurate.
Text3 Thedaywasstar-crossed:Fridaythe 13thinthemonthofOctoberontheeveofthesecondloominganniversaryofa devastatingmarketcrash.I’mtellingyoupsychologyisreallyfunny.People getcrazyinsituationslikethatsaidportfoliostrategistElaineGarzarelli. LastweekFridaythe13thliveduptoitsfrightfulreputation.Afterdrifting loweratasleepypaceformostofthedaytheDowJonesindustrialaverage abruptlylurchedintoahair-raisingskydiveinthefinalhourof trading.TheBushAdministrationmovedswiftlytoavertany senseofcrisisafterthemarketClosed.DeclaredTreasurySecretaryNicholas Brady:It’simportanttorecognizethattoday’sstockmarketdeclinedoesn’t signalanyfundamentalchangeintheconditionoftheeconomy.Theeconomy remainswellbalancedandtheoutlookisforcontinuedmoderategrowth.But MassachusettsDemocratEdwardMarkeywhochairsaHousesubcommitteeon telecommunicationsandfinancevowedtoholdhearingsthisweekonthestock marketslide.Saidhe:Thisisthesecondheartattack.Myhopeisthatbefore wehavetheinevitablethirdheartattackwepayattentiontothese problems.Expertsfoundnoshortageofculpritstoblamefor thelatestshipwreck.Aseriesofdownbeatrealizationsconvergedon Fridayrangingfromsignsofanewburstofinflationtosaggingcorporate profitstotroublesinthejunk-bondmarketthathasfueledmajortakeovers.The singulareventthatshookinvestorswasthefalteringofa＄6.75billionlabor managementbuyoutofUALtheparentcompanyofUnitedAirlinesthesecond largestU.S.carrier.OnonepointmostthoughtfulWall Streetersagreed:themarkethadreachedsuchdizzyingheightsthatacorrection ofsomesortseemedalmostinevitable.Propelledbyfavorableeconomicnewsand awaveofmultibillion-dollartakeoversstockshadsoaredmorethan1000 pointssincethe1987crash.ButbylastAugustsomeWallstreeterswereclearly worried.TheheaviestblowtothemarketcameFridayafternoon. Inathree-paragraphstatementUALsaidalabor-managementgroupheadedby ChairmanStephenWolfhadfailedtogetenoughfinancingtoacquireUnited. Severalbankshadapparentlybalkedatthedealwhichwastobepartlyfinanced throughjunkbonds.Thetake-overgroupsaiditwouldsubmitarevisedbidin theneartermbuttheannouncementstunnedinvestorswhohadcometoviewthe Uniteddealasthelatestsurethinginthe1980sbuyoutbinge.SaidJohn DowneyatraderattheChicagoBoardOptionsExchange:Theairlinestockshave lookedlikeattractivetakeovertargets.ButwiththeUniteddealintrouble everyonestartedtowonderwhatotherdealsmightnotgothrough. Themainreasonforthelatestcrisisinstockmarketaspointedoutbythewriterliesin
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1. Justhowdoesapersonarriveatan ideaofthekindofpersonthatheisHedevelopsthis1 ofselfthroughagradualandcomplicated2which continuesthroughoutlife.Thenotionisan3thatone establishesonlywiththehelpofothers.4theelementary knowledgethatoneisshortortallisacomparativejudgmentthatwecannot make5wehavetheopportunityto6 ourselveswithothers.One’sideaofqualitieswhichareharderto 7isevenmoredependentuponotherpeople’sideas. Whetheroneisintelligentorstupid;attractiveorugly;theseandmany otherideasoftheselfare8fromthereactionsofpeople withwhomwe9.Thisprocessof10 thenatureoftheselffromthereactionofothershasbeenlabeledthe Looking-glassSelfbyCooleywhocarefullyanalyzedthispsychological 11ofself-discovery.Justasthepicturein themirrorgivesanimageofthephysicalself12the perceptionofthereactionsofothersgivesanimageofthesocialself.We know13thatwearegoodatcertainthingsandnotat others.This14cametousfromthereactionsofother personsfirstourparentsandthenotherindividuals15in life.Itshouldberememberedthatasotherpeople’sreactionscouldbe 16andunderstoodinmorethanonewaythelooking-glassself withwhichtheindividual17mayeasilydifferfromthe imageothershaveactuallyformedofhis18.Clearlyit isourperceptionoftheresponsesofothersandnottheir19 responsesthat20ourself-imageandthese perceptionsareoftennotaccurate.
Directions: A.Studythefollowingaccountofapersonalexperiencecarefullyandwriteanessayinno lessthan200words. B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow: 1Elaborateyourimpressionsonthestorytold. 2Andpointoutitsimplicationsinourlife. OnesummermywifeChrisandIwereinvitedbyfriendstorowdowntheColoradoRiverinaboat.Ourexpeditionincludedmanyhighlysuccessfulpeople--thekindwhohavestaffstotakecareoflife’sdailywork.Butinthewilderrapidsallofusnaturallysetasideanypretensesandputoutbacksintoeverystroketokeeptheboatfromtumblingover.Ateachnight’sencampmentweallhauledsuppliesandcleaneddishes.Afteronlytwodaysintheriverpeopleaccustomedtobeingspoiledandindulgedhadbecomeateamworkingtogethertocopewiththeunpredictabletwistsandturnsoftheriver.Ibelievethatinlife--aswellasonboattrips-teamworkwillmakeallourjourneyssuccessfulones.Therhythmsofteamworkhavebeentherhythmsofmylife....
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