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Directions : The following are three pictures of different ways to spend the summer holiday. Write ...
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单项选择题Ineachofthefollowinggroupsofwordstherearefour
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Directions:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEngli
单项选择题Ineachofthefollowinggroupsofwordstherearefour
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Directions:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEngli
Directions:TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese
Ofthefollowing______iscorrect．
the Sailing Directions Book is also known as Pilot Book
the Sailing Directions Book and the Pilot Book are different books
the Pilot Book is a part of the Sailing Directions
the Sailing Directions Book contains the Pilot Book"
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Ineachofthefollowinggroupsofwordstherearefourunder
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Directions:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEngli
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ItishardtoboxagainstasouthpawasApolloCreedfoundoutwhenhefoughtRockyBalboainthefirstofaninterminableseriesofmovies.While"Rocky"isfictionthestrategicadvantageofbeingleft-handedinafightisveryrealsimplybecausemostright-handedpeoplehavelittleexperienceoffightingleft-handersbutnotviceversa.Andthesamecompetitiveadvantageisenjoyedbyleft-handersinothersportssuchastennisandcricket. Theorthodoxviewofhumanhandednessisthatitisconnectedtothebilateralspecializationofthebrainthathasconcentratedlanguage-processingfunctionsontheleftsideofthatorgan.Becauselongagointheevolutionarypastanancestorofhumansandallothervertebrateanimalsunderwentacontortionthattwisteditsheadaround180°relativetoitsbodytheleftsideofthebraincontrolstherightsideofthebodyandviceversa.Inhumanstheleftbrainandthustherightbodyisusuallydominant.Andonaverageleft-handersaresmallerandlighterthanright-handers.Thatshouldputthematanevolutionarydisadvantage.Sportingadvantagenotwithstandingthereforetheexistenceofleft-handednessposesaproblemforbiologists.ButCharlotteFaurieandMichelRaymondoftheUniversityofMontpellierⅡinFrancethinktheyknowtheanswer.AstheyreportintheProceedingsoftheRoyalSocietythereisaclueintheadvantageseeninboxing. Asanyschoolboycouldtellyouwinningfightsenhancesyourstatus.Ifinprehistorythistranslatedintoincreasedreproductivesuccessitmighthavebeenenoughtomaintainacertainproportionofleft-handersinthepopulationbybalancingthecostsofbeingleft-handedwiththeadvantagesgainedinfighting.Ifthatistruethentherewillbeahigherproportionofleft-handersinsocietieswithhigherlevelsofviolencesincetheadvantagesofbeingleft-handedwillbeenhancedinsuchsocieties.DrFaurieandDrRaymondsetouttotestthishypothesis. Fightinginmodernsocietiesofteninvolvestheuseoftechnologynotablyfirearmsthatisunlikelytogiveanyadvantagetoleft-handers.SoDrFaurieandDrRaymonddecidedtoconfinetheirinvestigationtotheproportionofleft-handersandthelevelofviolencebynumberofhomicidesintraditionalsocieties. Bytrawlingtheliteraturecheckingwithpolicedepartmentsandevengoingoutintothefieldandaskingpeoplethetworesearchersfoundthattheproportionofleft-handersinatraditionalsocietyisindeedcorrelatedwithitshomiciderate.Oneofthehighestproportionsofleft-handersforexamplewasfoundamongtheYanomamoofSouthAmerica.RaidingandwarfarearecentraltoYanomamoculture.Themurderrateis4per1000inhabitantsperyearcomparedwithforexample0.068inNewYork.AndaccordingtoDrFaurieandDrRaymond22.6%ofYanomamoareleft-handed.IncontrastDioula-speakingpeopleofBurkinaFasoinWestAfricaarevirtualpacifists.Thereareonly0.013murdersper1000inhabitantsamongthemandonly3.4%ofthepopulationisleft-handed. Whilethereisnosuggestionthatleft-handedpeoplearemoreviolentthantheright-handeditlooksasthoughtheyaremoresuccessfullyviolent.Perhapsthathelpstoexplainthedoublemeaningoftheword"sinister". ThestoryofApolloCreedismentionedinthepassagetoshowthat
InWarMadeEasyNormanSolomondemolishesthemythofallindependentAmericanpresszealouslyguardingsacredvaluesoffreeexpression.AlthoughstrictlyfocusingontheshamelesshistoryofmediacheerleadingfortheprincipalpostWorldWar’ⅡAmericanwarsinvasionsandinterventionshecallsintoquestiontheentireconceptofthepressassomekindofinstitutionalcounterforcetogovernmentandcorporatepower. ManyoftheexamplescompiledinthisimpeccablydocumentedhistoricalreviewwillbefamiliartoreaderswhofollowthenewsontheInternet.ButsuchexamplesachievefleshimpactbecauseofthewaySolomonhasorganizedandanalyzedthem.Eachchapterisdevotedtoasinglewarhawkargument"AmericaIsaFairandNobleSuperpower""OpposingtheWarMeansSidingwiththeEnemy""OurSoldiersAreHeroesTheirsAreInhuman"illustratedwithhistoricalexamplesfromconflictsintheDominicanRepublicE1SalvadorVietnamGrenadaPanamaKosovobothIraqwarsandothersinwhichthemediawerealmostuniversallyenthusiasticaccomplices. Thebookshouldreallybesubtitled"Warreportingdoesn’tjustsuckitkills."Itmakesyoufeellikedemandingaspecialwarcrimestribunalforcorporatemediaexecutivesandownerswhojoinedtheroll-upto"shockandawe"asnon-uniformedpsywarops.TobesurethiswouldraisetheissueofwhetherornotfollowingordersmightsufficeforthedefenseofobedientslavessuchasMaryMcGroryandRichardCohenwhoperformedaboveandbeyondthecallofduty."Hepersuadedme"McGrorygushedthemorningafterColinPowelladdressedaplenarysessionoftheUnitedNationsonFebruary52003declaringthatIraqhadweaponsofmassdestruction."Thecumulativeeffectwasstunning."InthesameWashingtonPosteditionCohenwrote. TheevidencehepresentedtotheUnitedNations—someofitcircumstantialsomeofitabsolutelybone-chillinginitsdetail—hadtoprovetoanyonethatIraqnotonlyhasn’taccountedforitsweaponsofmassdestructionbutwithoutadoubtstillretainsthem.Onlyafoolcouldconcludeotherwise. Solomondemonstrateshowthiskindofpeppyprewarwarm-updegeneratesintodroolingandheavybreathingoncethekillingbegins.Asifobservingaheavymetalcomputergamethepornographersofdeathconcentrateontheexquisitecraftsmanshipandvisualdesignofthemurdermachinesandthemagnificenceofthefieryexplosionstheyproduce. TheauthorofthispassagethinksWarMadeEasyis
Monday’sSupremeCourtdecisiontoblockaclass-actionsex-discriminationlawsuitagainstWal-Martwasahugesetbackforasmanyas1.6millioncurrentandformerfemaleemployeesoftheworld’slargestretailer.Butthedecisionhasconsequencesthatrangefarbeyondsexdiscriminationortheviabilityofclass-actionsuits. TheunderlyingissuewhichtheSupremeCourthasnowratifiedisWal-Mart’sauthoritarianstylebywhichexecutivespressurestore-levelmanagementtosqueezemoreandmorefrommillionsofclerksstockersandlower-tiermanagers. 41______. Inthe1950sand’60snorthwestArkansaswhereWal-Martgotitsstartwaspoorwhiteandruralinthemidstofawaveofagriculturalmechanizationthatgeneratedahugesurplusofunskilledworkers.TothesemenandwomentheburgeoningchainofdiscountstoresfoundedbySamWaltonwasagodsend.ThemenmightfinddignitymanagingastoreinsteadofahardscrabblefarmwhiletheirwivesanddaughterscouldearnpinmoneyclerkingforMr.Sam."TheenthusiasmofWal-Martassociatestowardtheirjobsisoneofthecompany’sgreatestassets"declaredthefirm’s1973annualreport. 42______. Wal-MartattorneyshavearguedandtheSupremeCourtagreedthisweekthatevenifsexdiscriminationwasoncepartofthecompany’scultureitisnowancienthistory:ifanystoremanagersareguiltyofbiaswhenitcomestopromotingwomentheyareatoddswithcorporatepolicy.Wal-MartisnolongeranOzarkcompany;itisacosmopolitanmultinationaloperation. ButthatavoidsthemoreessentialpointnamelythatWal-Martviewslowlaborcostsandahighdegreeofworkplaceflexibilityasasignalcompetitiveadvantage.Itisamilitantlyanti-unioncompanythathasbeenforcedtopayhundredsofmillionsofdollarstocurrentandformeremployeesforviolationsofstatewageandhourlaws. TherearetensofthousandsofexperiencedWal-Martwomenwhowouldliketobepromotedtothefirstmanagerialrungsalariedassistantstoremanager.43______. WhyBecauseforallthechangethathassweptoverthecompanyatthestorelevelthereisstillafairamountoftheoldcommunalsociability.RecognizingthatworkerssteepedinthatculturemakepoorcandidatesforassistantmanagerswhoarethefrontlinesinenforcinglabordisciplineWal-Martinsiststhatalmostallworkerspromotedtothemanagerialranksmovetoanewstoreoftenhundredsofmilesaway.44______. 45______.Notunexpectedlysomemanagersthinkwomenwithfamilyresponsibilitieswouldbalkatsuchdemands. Foratimeitseemedasiftheclass-actionlawsuitmightbeapartialsubstitutefortheroleofunion.Bydrasticallylimitinghowaclass-actionsuitcanbebroughttheSupremeCourtleavesmillionsofservice-sectorworkerswithfewavenuestoescapethegrindingworklifeandlimitedopportunitiesthatsomanynowface. [A]ButWal-Martmakesitimpossibleformanyofthemtotakethatpostbecauseitsruthlessmanagementstylestructuresthejobitselfasonethatmostwomenandespeciallythosewithyoungchildrenorarelativetocareforwouldfinddifficulttoaccept. [B]Theobstaclestowomen’sadvancementdonotstopthere.Theworkweekforsalariedmanagersisaround50hoursormorewhichcansurgeto80or90hoursaweekduringholidayseasons. [C]Indeed.thesexdiscriminationatWal-Martthatdrovetherecentsuitistheproductnotmerelyofmanagerialbiasandprejudicebutalsoofacorporatecultureandbusinessmodelthatsustainsitrootedinthecompany’sverybeginnings. [D]EspeciallyinrecentyearsWal-Mart’ssame-storesaleshavedeclined.Workersofbothsexespaythepricebutwomenwhoconstitutemorethan70percentofhourlyemployeespaymore. [E]Apatriarchal男性统治或者主宰的ethoswaswrittenintotheWal-MartDNA.Andthatcorporateculturewas"thesinglemostimportantelementinthecontinuedremarkablesuccessofWal-Mart"assertedDonSoderquistthecompany’schiefoperatingofficerinthe1990s. [F]Thereusedtobearemedyforthissortofmanagerialauthoritarianism:itwascalledaunionwhichbargainedovernotonlywagesandpensionsbutalsothekindofqualitativeissuesincludingpromotionandtransferpolicies. [G]Formiddle-agedwomencaringforfamiliesthiscorporatereassignmentpolicyamountstosexdiscrimination.TrueWal-Martishardlyaloneindemandingthatrisingmanagerssacrificefamilylifebutfewcompaniesmakerelocationsuchafixedpolicy. 44
Whereverpeoplehavebeentheyhaveleftwastebehindwhichcancauseallsortsofproblems.Wasteoftenstinksattractsverminandcreateseyesores.Moreseriouslyitcanreleaseharmfulchemicalsintothesoilandwaterwhendumpedorintotheairwhenburned.Andthentherearesomereallynastyformsofindustrialwastesuchasspentnuclearfuelforwhichnouniversallyaccepteddisposalmethods’havethusfarbeendeveloped. Yetmanyalsoseewasteasanopportunity.Gettingridofitallhasbecomeahugeglobalbusiness.Richcountriesspendsome$120billionayeardisposingoftheirmunicipalwastealoneandanother$150billiononindustrialwaste.Theamountofwastethatcountriesproducetendstogrowintandemwiththeireconomiesandespeciallywiththerateofurbanization.SowastefirmsseearichfutureinplacessuchasChinaIndiaandBrazilwhichatpresentspendonlyabout$5billionayearcollectingandtreatingtheirmunicipalwaste. Wastealsopresentsanopportunityinagrandersense:asapotentialresource.Muchofitisalreadyburnedtogenerateenergy.Clevernewtechnologiestoturnitintofertiliserorchemicalsorfuelarebeingdevelopedallthetime.Visionariesseeaworldwithoutwastewithrubbishbeingroutinelyrecycled. Untillastsummersuchviewswerespreadingquickly.Butsincethenplummetingpricesforvirginpaperplasticandfuelsandhencealsoforthewastethatsubstitutesforthemhaveputanendtosuchvisions.Manyoftherecyclingfirmsthathadarguedrubbishwasonthewayoutnowsaythatunlesstheyaregivenfinancialhelptheythemselveswilldisappear. Subsidiesareabadidea.Governmentshavearoletoplayinthebusinessofwastemanagementbutitisaregulatoryandsupervisoryone.Theyshouldobligepeoplewhocreatewastetocleanupafterthemselvesandideallyensurethatthepriceofanyproductreflectsthecostofdisposingofitsafely.Thatwouldhelptosignalwhichitemsarehardesttogetridofgivingconsumersanincentivetobuygoodsthatcreatelesswasteinthefirstplace. Thatmaysoundsimpleenoughbutgovernmentsseldomgettherulesright.Inpoorercountriestheyoftenhavenorulesatalloriftheyhavethemtheyfailtoenforcethem.Inrichcountriestheyareofteninconsistent:toostrictaboutsomesortsofwasteandworryinglylaxaboutothers.Theyarealsopronetoimposingarbitrarytargetsandtaxes.Californiaforexamplewantstorecycleallitstrashnotbecauseitnecessarilymakesenvironmentaloreconomicsensebutbecausethegoalof“zerowaste”soundspoliticallyattractive. What’sthemainideaofthefirstparagraph
Idon’tknowifthere’ssomethinginthewaterbutmytownhasexplodedwithtonsofsinglepeople!JustlastyearpracticallytheonlyeligiblesIknewweremydivorcedfriendPattimybudFulgenciohubbyRick’sbarflypatCraigandJimmythepizzadeliveryguy.ButnowIfind-outthatmycousinMichelleisleavinghersecondhusbandandarecentchit-chatwithmybuilding’smanagerSandyrevealedthatshehasn’thadaseriousrelationshipinalmostfiveyears!BesidesthatatleastfivesuspectedsingletonshavemovedintomybuildingsinceJune.Five! Foranincurableromanticlikemethisisheartbreaking.Peoplearemeanttohavesweeties!Ifeelsosorryforsinglepeople.HowcantheybeargoingthroughlifealoneIknowalotofthemputup.that"independent"frontorusethat"I’mjustwaitingfortherightperson"defensebutthey’rekiddingthemselves.WhywouldanyoneturnuphernoseattheprospectofabeautifulweddingagorgeousbridalgownandastunningrockonherfingerShewouldn’t.WhywouldanyoneshakeastickatawarmdinnereverynightacomfortablehomeandabeautifulbrideItjustisn’trational.AndIdon’tliketobeharshbutfranklyit’sdepressingtoseesinglesoutinpublic.WhenIseeagirlshoppingforgroceriesbyherselforasolitaryguyreadingwhilehewaitsforabusIcan’thelpbutsensethehollownessthatsinglepersonfeelsinside.I’mpartiallypsychicsoI’mawareofotherpeople’sinnerfeelings. WellthisValentine’sDayI’mnotgoingtobeselfish.Peoplelikemepeopleinsuccessfullastingrelationshipsareduty-boundtosharetheirromanticwisdomwiththelessfortunate.Grantedit’sbeenawhilesinceI’vebeenonthedatingScenesomychopsareabitrusty.InfacthubbyRickisjustabouttheonlyguyI’veeverdatedUnlessyoucountmypickfortheSadieHawkinsdanceinseventhgradeJordyDeVoewhoditchedmeafterabout15minutes.OrthisOrientalkidnamedThantwhowrappedlovenotesaroundlunchroomcookiesandslippedthemintomylockerinninthgrade.ButRickandIhavebeenmarriednearly20yearssoImustbedoingsomethingright.DrythosetearsSingletons!Pullyour-selvestogetherandlistentoWifeyJean.IfyoufollowmyadviceI’llbetyoudollarstodonutsthatyou’llfindyourPrinceCharmingorPrincessEnchantinginnotime! TheexamplesofhercousinMichelleandthebuilding’smanagerareusedtoshow
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. 16
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. 18
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. 2
Monday’sSupremeCourtdecisiontoblockaclass-actionsex-discriminationlawsuitagainstWal-Martwasahugesetbackforasmanyas1.6millioncurrentandformerfemaleemployeesoftheworld’slargestretailer.Butthedecisionhasconsequencesthatrangefarbeyondsexdiscriminationortheviabilityofclass-actionsuits. TheunderlyingissuewhichtheSupremeCourthasnowratifiedisWal-Mart’sauthoritarianstylebywhichexecutivespressurestore-levelmanagementtosqueezemoreandmorefrommillionsofclerksstockersandlower-tiermanagers. 41______. Inthe1950sand’60snorthwestArkansaswhereWal-Martgotitsstartwaspoorwhiteandruralinthemidstofawaveofagriculturalmechanizationthatgeneratedahugesurplusofunskilledworkers.TothesemenandwomentheburgeoningchainofdiscountstoresfoundedbySamWaltonwasagodsend.ThemenmightfinddignitymanagingastoreinsteadofahardscrabblefarmwhiletheirwivesanddaughterscouldearnpinmoneyclerkingforMr.Sam."TheenthusiasmofWal-Martassociatestowardtheirjobsisoneofthecompany’sgreatestassets"declaredthefirm’s1973annualreport. 42______. Wal-MartattorneyshavearguedandtheSupremeCourtagreedthisweekthatevenifsexdiscriminationwasoncepartofthecompany’scultureitisnowancienthistory:ifanystoremanagersareguiltyofbiaswhenitcomestopromotingwomentheyareatoddswithcorporatepolicy.Wal-MartisnolongeranOzarkcompany;itisacosmopolitanmultinationaloperation. ButthatavoidsthemoreessentialpointnamelythatWal-Martviewslowlaborcostsandahighdegreeofworkplaceflexibilityasasignalcompetitiveadvantage.Itisamilitantlyanti-unioncompanythathasbeenforcedtopayhundredsofmillionsofdollarstocurrentandformeremployeesforviolationsofstatewageandhourlaws. TherearetensofthousandsofexperiencedWal-Martwomenwhowouldliketobepromotedtothefirstmanagerialrungsalariedassistantstoremanager.43______. WhyBecauseforallthechangethathassweptoverthecompanyatthestorelevelthereisstillafairamountoftheoldcommunalsociability.RecognizingthatworkerssteepedinthatculturemakepoorcandidatesforassistantmanagerswhoarethefrontlinesinenforcinglabordisciplineWal-Martinsiststhatalmostallworkerspromotedtothemanagerialranksmovetoanewstoreoftenhundredsofmilesaway.44______. 45______.Notunexpectedlysomemanagersthinkwomenwithfamilyresponsibilitieswouldbalkatsuchdemands. Foratimeitseemedasiftheclass-actionlawsuitmightbeapartialsubstitutefortheroleofunion.Bydrasticallylimitinghowaclass-actionsuitcanbebroughttheSupremeCourtleavesmillionsofservice-sectorworkerswithfewavenuestoescapethegrindingworklifeandlimitedopportunitiesthatsomanynowface. [A]ButWal-Martmakesitimpossibleformanyofthemtotakethatpostbecauseitsruthlessmanagementstylestructuresthejobitselfasonethatmostwomenandespeciallythosewithyoungchildrenorarelativetocareforwouldfinddifficulttoaccept. [B]Theobstaclestowomen’sadvancementdonotstopthere.Theworkweekforsalariedmanagersisaround50hoursormorewhichcansurgeto80or90hoursaweekduringholidayseasons. [C]Indeed.thesexdiscriminationatWal-Martthatdrovetherecentsuitistheproductnotmerelyofmanagerialbiasandprejudicebutalsoofacorporatecultureandbusinessmodelthatsustainsitrootedinthecompany’sverybeginnings. [D]EspeciallyinrecentyearsWal-Mart’ssame-storesaleshavedeclined.Workersofbothsexespaythepricebutwomenwhoconstitutemorethan70percentofhourlyemployeespaymore. [E]Apatriarchal男性统治或者主宰的ethoswaswrittenintotheWal-MartDNA.Andthatcorporateculturewas"thesinglemostimportantelementinthecontinuedremarkablesuccessofWal-Mart"assertedDonSoderquistthecompany’schiefoperatingofficerinthe1990s. [F]Thereusedtobearemedyforthissortofmanagerialauthoritarianism:itwascalledaunionwhichbargainedovernotonlywagesandpensionsbutalsothekindofqualitativeissuesincludingpromotionandtransferpolicies. [G]Formiddle-agedwomencaringforfamiliesthiscorporatereassignmentpolicyamountstosexdiscrimination.TrueWal-Martishardlyaloneindemandingthatrisingmanagerssacrificefamilylifebutfewcompaniesmakerelocationsuchafixedpolicy. 42
ItishardtoboxagainstasouthpawasApolloCreedfoundoutwhenhefoughtRockyBalboainthefirstofaninterminableseriesofmovies.While"Rocky"isfictionthestrategicadvantageofbeingleft-handedinafightisveryrealsimplybecausemostright-handedpeoplehavelittleexperienceoffightingleft-handersbutnotviceversa.Andthesamecompetitiveadvantageisenjoyedbyleft-handersinothersportssuchastennisandcricket. Theorthodoxviewofhumanhandednessisthatitisconnectedtothebilateralspecializationofthebrainthathasconcentratedlanguage-processingfunctionsontheleftsideofthatorgan.Becauselongagointheevolutionarypastanancestorofhumansandallothervertebrateanimalsunderwentacontortionthattwisteditsheadaround180°relativetoitsbodytheleftsideofthebraincontrolstherightsideofthebodyandviceversa.Inhumanstheleftbrainandthustherightbodyisusuallydominant.Andonaverageleft-handersaresmallerandlighterthanright-handers.Thatshouldputthematanevolutionarydisadvantage.Sportingadvantagenotwithstandingthereforetheexistenceofleft-handednessposesaproblemforbiologists.ButCharlotteFaurieandMichelRaymondoftheUniversityofMontpellierⅡinFrancethinktheyknowtheanswer.AstheyreportintheProceedingsoftheRoyalSocietythereisaclueintheadvantageseeninboxing. Asanyschoolboycouldtellyouwinningfightsenhancesyourstatus.Ifinprehistorythistranslatedintoincreasedreproductivesuccessitmighthavebeenenoughtomaintainacertainproportionofleft-handersinthepopulationbybalancingthecostsofbeingleft-handedwiththeadvantagesgainedinfighting.Ifthatistruethentherewillbeahigherproportionofleft-handersinsocietieswithhigherlevelsofviolencesincetheadvantagesofbeingleft-handedwillbeenhancedinsuchsocieties.DrFaurieandDrRaymondsetouttotestthishypothesis. Fightinginmodernsocietiesofteninvolvestheuseoftechnologynotablyfirearmsthatisunlikelytogiveanyadvantagetoleft-handers.SoDrFaurieandDrRaymonddecidedtoconfinetheirinvestigationtotheproportionofleft-handersandthelevelofviolencebynumberofhomicidesintraditionalsocieties. Bytrawlingtheliteraturecheckingwithpolicedepartmentsandevengoingoutintothefieldandaskingpeoplethetworesearchersfoundthattheproportionofleft-handersinatraditionalsocietyisindeedcorrelatedwithitshomiciderate.Oneofthehighestproportionsofleft-handersforexamplewasfoundamongtheYanomamoofSouthAmerica.RaidingandwarfarearecentraltoYanomamoculture.Themurderrateis4per1000inhabitantsperyearcomparedwithforexample0.068inNewYork.AndaccordingtoDrFaurieandDrRaymond22.6%ofYanomamoareleft-handed.IncontrastDioula-speakingpeopleofBurkinaFasoinWestAfricaarevirtualpacifists.Thereareonly0.013murdersper1000inhabitantsamongthemandonly3.4%ofthepopulationisleft-handed. Whilethereisnosuggestionthatleft-handedpeoplearemoreviolentthantheright-handeditlooksasthoughtheyaremoresuccessfullyviolent.Perhapsthathelpstoexplainthedoublemeaningoftheword"sinister". Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleforthepassage
Clinicaldepressionisaseriousailmentbutalmosteveryonegetsmildlydepressedfromtimetotime.RandolphNesseapsychologistandresearcherinevolutionarymedicineattheUniversityofMichiganlikenstherelationshipbetweenmildandclinicaldepressiontotheonebetweennormalandchronicpain.46Heseesbothpainandlowmoodaswarningmechanismsandthinksthatjustasunderstandingchronicpainmeansfirstunderstandingnormalpainsounderstandingclinicaldepressionmeansunderstandingmilddepression. Dr.Nesse’shypothesisisthataspainstopsyoudoingdamagingphysicalthingssolowmoodstopsyoudoingdamagingmentalones—inparticularpursuingunreachablegoals.Pursuingsuchgoalsisawasteofenergyandresources.47Thereforehearguesthereislikelytobeanevolvedmechanismthatidentifiescertaingoalsasunattainableandinhibitstheirpursuit—andhebelievesthatlowmoodisatleastpartofthatmechanism. ItisaneathypothesisbutisittrueAstudypublishedinthismonth’sissueoftheJournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychologysuggestsitmightbe.CarstenWroschfromConcordiaUniversityinMontrealandGregoryMilleroftheUniversityofBritishColumbiastudieddepressioninteenagegirls.Theirconclusionwasthatthosewhoexperiencedmilddepressivesymptomscouldindeeddisengagemoreeasilyfromunreachablegoals.ThatsupportsDr.Nesse’shypothesis.48Butthenewstudyalsofoundaremarkablecorollary:thosegirlswhocoulddisengagefromtheunattainableprovedlesslikelytosuffermoreseriousdepressioninthelongrun. Milddepressivesymptomscanthereforebeseenasanaturalpartofdealingwithfailureinyoungadulthood.49Theysetinwhenagoalisidentifiedasunreachableandleadtoadeclineinmotivationandinthisperiodoflowmotivationenergyissavedandnewgoalscanbefound.Ifthismechanismdoesnotfunctionproperlythoughseveredepressioncanbetheconsequence. Dr.NessebelievesthatpersistenceisareasonfortheexceptionallevelofclinicaldepressioninAmerica—thecountrythathasthehighestdepressionrate-intheworld.50”PersistenceispartoftheAmericanwayoflife”hesays.“Peoplehereareoftendriventopursueoverlyambitiousgoalswhichthencanleadtodepression.”Headmitsthatthisisstillanunprovenhypothesisbutitisoneworthconsidering.Depressionmayturnouttoheaninevitablepriceoflivinginadynamicsociety. 50PersistenceispartoftheAmericanwayoflifehesays.Peoplehereareoftendriventopursueoverlyambitiousgoalswhichthencanleadtodepression.
Directions: A.Studythefollowingcartooncarefullyandwriteanessayinnolessthan200words. B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow: 1Describethecartoon 2deducethepurposeofthedrawerofthepictureand 3giveyourcomments.
Whereverpeoplehavebeentheyhaveleftwastebehindwhichcancauseallsortsofproblems.Wasteoftenstinksattractsverminandcreateseyesores.Moreseriouslyitcanreleaseharmfulchemicalsintothesoilandwaterwhendumpedorintotheairwhenburned.Andthentherearesomereallynastyformsofindustrialwastesuchasspentnuclearfuelforwhichnouniversallyaccepteddisposalmethods’havethusfarbeendeveloped. Yetmanyalsoseewasteasanopportunity.Gettingridofitallhasbecomeahugeglobalbusiness.Richcountriesspendsome$120billionayeardisposingoftheirmunicipalwastealoneandanother$150billiononindustrialwaste.Theamountofwastethatcountriesproducetendstogrowintandemwiththeireconomiesandespeciallywiththerateofurbanization.SowastefirmsseearichfutureinplacessuchasChinaIndiaandBrazilwhichatpresentspendonlyabout$5billionayearcollectingandtreatingtheirmunicipalwaste. Wastealsopresentsanopportunityinagrandersense:asapotentialresource.Muchofitisalreadyburnedtogenerateenergy.Clevernewtechnologiestoturnitintofertiliserorchemicalsorfuelarebeingdevelopedallthetime.Visionariesseeaworldwithoutwastewithrubbishbeingroutinelyrecycled. Untillastsummersuchviewswerespreadingquickly.Butsincethenplummetingpricesforvirginpaperplasticandfuelsandhencealsoforthewastethatsubstitutesforthemhaveputanendtosuchvisions.Manyoftherecyclingfirmsthathadarguedrubbishwasonthewayoutnowsaythatunlesstheyaregivenfinancialhelptheythemselveswilldisappear. Subsidiesareabadidea.Governmentshavearoletoplayinthebusinessofwastemanagementbutitisaregulatoryandsupervisoryone.Theyshouldobligepeoplewhocreatewastetocleanupafterthemselvesandideallyensurethatthepriceofanyproductreflectsthecostofdisposingofitsafely.Thatwouldhelptosignalwhichitemsarehardesttogetridofgivingconsumersanincentivetobuygoodsthatcreatelesswasteinthefirstplace. Thatmaysoundsimpleenoughbutgovernmentsseldomgettherulesright.Inpoorercountriestheyoftenhavenorulesatalloriftheyhavethemtheyfailtoenforcethem.Inrichcountriestheyareofteninconsistent:toostrictaboutsomesortsofwasteandworryinglylaxaboutothers.Theyarealsopronetoimposingarbitrarytargetsandtaxes.Californiaforexamplewantstorecycleallitstrashnotbecauseitnecessarilymakesenvironmentaloreconomicsensebutbecausethegoalof“zerowaste”soundspoliticallyattractive. Manyrecyclingfirmsaredisappointednowforthereasonthat
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. 8
Idon’tknowifthere’ssomethinginthewaterbutmytownhasexplodedwithtonsofsinglepeople!JustlastyearpracticallytheonlyeligiblesIknewweremydivorcedfriendPattimybudFulgenciohubbyRick’sbarflypatCraigandJimmythepizzadeliveryguy.ButnowIfind-outthatmycousinMichelleisleavinghersecondhusbandandarecentchit-chatwithmybuilding’smanagerSandyrevealedthatshehasn’thadaseriousrelationshipinalmostfiveyears!BesidesthatatleastfivesuspectedsingletonshavemovedintomybuildingsinceJune.Five! Foranincurableromanticlikemethisisheartbreaking.Peoplearemeanttohavesweeties!Ifeelsosorryforsinglepeople.HowcantheybeargoingthroughlifealoneIknowalotofthemputup.that"independent"frontorusethat"I’mjustwaitingfortherightperson"defensebutthey’rekiddingthemselves.WhywouldanyoneturnuphernoseattheprospectofabeautifulweddingagorgeousbridalgownandastunningrockonherfingerShewouldn’t.WhywouldanyoneshakeastickatawarmdinnereverynightacomfortablehomeandabeautifulbrideItjustisn’trational.AndIdon’tliketobeharshbutfranklyit’sdepressingtoseesinglesoutinpublic.WhenIseeagirlshoppingforgroceriesbyherselforasolitaryguyreadingwhilehewaitsforabusIcan’thelpbutsensethehollownessthatsinglepersonfeelsinside.I’mpartiallypsychicsoI’mawareofotherpeople’sinnerfeelings. WellthisValentine’sDayI’mnotgoingtobeselfish.Peoplelikemepeopleinsuccessfullastingrelationshipsareduty-boundtosharetheirromanticwisdomwiththelessfortunate.Grantedit’sbeenawhilesinceI’vebeenonthedatingScenesomychopsareabitrusty.InfacthubbyRickisjustabouttheonlyguyI’veeverdatedUnlessyoucountmypickfortheSadieHawkinsdanceinseventhgradeJordyDeVoewhoditchedmeafterabout15minutes.OrthisOrientalkidnamedThantwhowrappedlovenotesaroundlunchroomcookiesandslippedthemintomylockerinninthgrade.ButRickandIhavebeenmarriednearly20yearssoImustbedoingsomethingright.DrythosetearsSingletons!Pullyour-selvestogetherandlistentoWifeyJean.IfyoufollowmyadviceI’llbetyoudollarstodonutsthatyou’llfindyourPrinceCharmingorPrincessEnchantinginnotime! Whydoestheauthorwanttoshareherromanticwisdomwiththesingletons
AmericanandJapaneseresearchersaredevelopingasmartcarthatwillhelpdriversavoidaccidentsbypredictingwhentheyareabouttomakeadangerousmove. Thesmartcarofthefuturewillbeabletotellifdriversaregoingtoturnchangelanesspeedupslowdownorpassanothercar. Ifthedriver’sintendedactioncouldleadtoanaccidentthecarwillactivateawarningsystemoroverridethemove. 46"Byshiftingtheemphasisofcarsafetyawayfromdesignofthevehicleitselfandlookingmoretowardthedriver’sbehaviorthedevelopersbelievethattheycanstarttobuildcarsthatadapttosuitpeople’sneeds"NewScientistmagazinesaid.AlexPentlandoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologycollaboratedontheprojectwithAndrewLiuwhoworksfortheJapanesecarmakerNissan. 47Testsoftheirsmartcarusingadrivingsimulatorhaveshownthatitis95percentaccurateinpredictingadriver’smove12secondsinadvance. 48Thesystemisbasedondrivingbehaviorwhichtheresearcherssaycanbedividedintochainsofsub-actionswhichincludepreparatorymoves. Itmonitorsthedriver’sbehaviorpatternstopredictthenextmove. "TomakeitspredictionsNissan’ssmartcarusesacomputerandsensorsonthesteeringwheelacceleratorandbraketomonitoraperson’sdrivingpatterns.49Abrieftrainingsessioninwhichthedriverisaskedtoperformcertainmaneuversallowsthesystemtocalculatetheprobabilityofparticularactionsoccurringintwo-secondtimesegments"themagazinesaid. Liuhasalsodoneworkontrackingeyemovementtopredictdrivingbehavior.50Hesaidthesmartcarcouldbeadaptedtomonitoreyemovementwhichcouldgiveevenearlierpredictionsofwhenadriverisabouttomakeawrongmove. 48Thesystemisbasedondrivingbehaviorwhichtheresearcherssaycanbedividedintochainsofsub-actionswhichincludepreparatorymoves.
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. 6
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. 10
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. 14
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. 12
ItishardtoboxagainstasouthpawasApolloCreedfoundoutwhenhefoughtRockyBalboainthefirstofaninterminableseriesofmovies.While"Rocky"isfictionthestrategicadvantageofbeingleft-handedinafightisveryrealsimplybecausemostright-handedpeoplehavelittleexperienceoffightingleft-handersbutnotviceversa.Andthesamecompetitiveadvantageisenjoyedbyleft-handersinothersportssuchastennisandcricket. Theorthodoxviewofhumanhandednessisthatitisconnectedtothebilateralspecializationofthebrainthathasconcentratedlanguage-processingfunctionsontheleftsideofthatorgan.Becauselongagointheevolutionarypastanancestorofhumansandallothervertebrateanimalsunderwentacontortionthattwisteditsheadaround180°relativetoitsbodytheleftsideofthebraincontrolstherightsideofthebodyandviceversa.Inhumanstheleftbrainandthustherightbodyisusuallydominant.Andonaverageleft-handersaresmallerandlighterthanright-handers.Thatshouldputthematanevolutionarydisadvantage.Sportingadvantagenotwithstandingthereforetheexistenceofleft-handednessposesaproblemforbiologists.ButCharlotteFaurieandMichelRaymondoftheUniversityofMontpellierⅡinFrancethinktheyknowtheanswer.AstheyreportintheProceedingsoftheRoyalSocietythereisaclueintheadvantageseeninboxing. Asanyschoolboycouldtellyouwinningfightsenhancesyourstatus.Ifinprehistorythistranslatedintoincreasedreproductivesuccessitmighthavebeenenoughtomaintainacertainproportionofleft-handersinthepopulationbybalancingthecostsofbeingleft-handedwiththeadvantagesgainedinfighting.Ifthatistruethentherewillbeahigherproportionofleft-handersinsocietieswithhigherlevelsofviolencesincetheadvantagesofbeingleft-handedwillbeenhancedinsuchsocieties.DrFaurieandDrRaymondsetouttotestthishypothesis. Fightinginmodernsocietiesofteninvolvestheuseoftechnologynotablyfirearmsthatisunlikelytogiveanyadvantagetoleft-handers.SoDrFaurieandDrRaymonddecidedtoconfinetheirinvestigationtotheproportionofleft-handersandthelevelofviolencebynumberofhomicidesintraditionalsocieties. Bytrawlingtheliteraturecheckingwithpolicedepartmentsandevengoingoutintothefieldandaskingpeoplethetworesearchersfoundthattheproportionofleft-handersinatraditionalsocietyisindeedcorrelatedwithitshomiciderate.Oneofthehighestproportionsofleft-handersforexamplewasfoundamongtheYanomamoofSouthAmerica.RaidingandwarfarearecentraltoYanomamoculture.Themurderrateis4per1000inhabitantsperyearcomparedwithforexample0.068inNewYork.AndaccordingtoDrFaurieandDrRaymond22.6%ofYanomamoareleft-handed.IncontrastDioula-speakingpeopleofBurkinaFasoinWestAfricaarevirtualpacifists.Thereareonly0.013murdersper1000inhabitantsamongthemandonly3.4%ofthepopulationisleft-handed. Whilethereisnosuggestionthatleft-handedpeoplearemoreviolentthantheright-handeditlooksasthoughtheyaremoresuccessfullyviolent.Perhapsthathelpstoexplainthedoublemeaningoftheword"sinister". Theresearcherschoosetocarryouttheirstudyintraditionalsocietiesbecause
AmericanandJapaneseresearchersaredevelopingasmartcarthatwillhelpdriversavoidaccidentsbypredictingwhentheyareabouttomakeadangerousmove. Thesmartcarofthefuturewillbeabletotellifdriversaregoingtoturnchangelanesspeedupslowdownorpassanothercar. Ifthedriver’sintendedactioncouldleadtoanaccidentthecarwillactivateawarningsystemoroverridethemove. 46"Byshiftingtheemphasisofcarsafetyawayfromdesignofthevehicleitselfandlookingmoretowardthedriver’sbehaviorthedevelopersbelievethattheycanstarttobuildcarsthatadapttosuitpeople’sneeds"NewScientistmagazinesaid.AlexPentlandoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologycollaboratedontheprojectwithAndrewLiuwhoworksfortheJapanesecarmakerNissan. 47Testsoftheirsmartcarusingadrivingsimulatorhaveshownthatitis95percentaccurateinpredictingadriver’smove12secondsinadvance. 48Thesystemisbasedondrivingbehaviorwhichtheresearcherssaycanbedividedintochainsofsub-actionswhichincludepreparatorymoves. Itmonitorsthedriver’sbehaviorpatternstopredictthenextmove. "TomakeitspredictionsNissan’ssmartcarusesacomputerandsensorsonthesteeringwheelacceleratorandbraketomonitoraperson’sdrivingpatterns.49Abrieftrainingsessioninwhichthedriverisaskedtoperformcertainmaneuversallowsthesystemtocalculatetheprobabilityofparticularactionsoccurringintwo-secondtimesegments"themagazinesaid. Liuhasalsodoneworkontrackingeyemovementtopredictdrivingbehavior.50Hesaidthesmartcarcouldbeadaptedtomonitoreyemovementwhichcouldgiveevenearlierpredictionsofwhenadriverisabouttomakeawrongmove. 50Hesaidthesmartcarcouldbeadaptedtomonitoreyemovementwhichcouldgiveevenearlierpredictionsofwhenadriverisabouttomakeawrongmove.
ThehistoryofAfrican—Americansduringthepast400yearsistraditionallynarrated1anongoingstruggleagainst2andindifferenceonthepartoftheAmericanmainstreamandastruggle3asanupwardmovementis4towardevermorejusticeandopportunity. Technologyinandof5isnotatfault;it’smuchtoosimpletosaythatgunpowderoragriculturalmachineryorfiberoptics6beentheenemyofan7groupofpeople.Acertainmachineisput8workinacertainway—thepurpose9whichitwasdesigned.Thepeoplewhodesignthemachinesarenotintentonunleashingchaos;theyareusuallytryingto10ataskmorequicklycleanlyorcheaply11theimperativeofinnovationandefficiencythathasruledWesterncivilization12theRenaissance. Masteryoftechnologyissecondonly13moneyasthetruemeasureofaccomplishmentinthiscountryanditisverylikelythatby14thisunder-representationinthetechnologicalrealmandbynotquestioningandexaminingthefolkwaysthathave15itblacksareallowing.16tobekeptoutofthemainstreamonceagain.Thistimehowevertheywillbe17fromthegreatestcashengineofthetwenty-firstcentury.Inner-cityblacksinparticularareindangerandthebeautifulsuburbs18ringthedecayofHartfordshedthepastandlearntoexistwithoutcontemplatingorencounteringthetragedyoftheinnercity. Andblacksmustchangeaswell.Thewaysthat19theirancestorsthroughcaptivityandcomingtofreedomhavebeguntoloosetheirutility.Ifblacks20tosurviveasfullparticipantsinthissocietytheyhavetounderstandwhatworksnow. 2
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. 20
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. 4
Whereverpeoplehavebeentheyhaveleftwastebehindwhichcancauseallsortsofproblems.Wasteoftenstinksattractsverminandcreateseyesores.Moreseriouslyitcanreleaseharmfulchemicalsintothesoilandwaterwhendumpedorintotheairwhenburned.Andthentherearesomereallynastyformsofindustrialwastesuchasspentnuclearfuelforwhichnouniversallyaccepteddisposalmethods’havethusfarbeendeveloped. Yetmanyalsoseewasteasanopportunity.Gettingridofitallhasbecomeahugeglobalbusiness.Richcountriesspendsome$120billionayeardisposingoftheirmunicipalwastealoneandanother$150billiononindustrialwaste.Theamountofwastethatcountriesproducetendstogrowintandemwiththeireconomiesandespeciallywiththerateofurbanization.SowastefirmsseearichfutureinplacessuchasChinaIndiaandBrazilwhichatpresentspendonlyabout$5billionayearcollectingandtreatingtheirmunicipalwaste. Wastealsopresentsanopportunityinagrandersense:asapotentialresource.Muchofitisalreadyburnedtogenerateenergy.Clevernewtechnologiestoturnitintofertiliserorchemicalsorfuelarebeingdevelopedallthetime.Visionariesseeaworldwithoutwastewithrubbishbeingroutinelyrecycled. Untillastsummersuchviewswerespreadingquickly.Butsincethenplummetingpricesforvirginpaperplasticandfuelsandhencealsoforthewastethatsubstitutesforthemhaveputanendtosuchvisions.Manyoftherecyclingfirmsthathadarguedrubbishwasonthewayoutnowsaythatunlesstheyaregivenfinancialhelptheythemselveswilldisappear. Subsidiesareabadidea.Governmentshavearoletoplayinthebusinessofwastemanagementbutitisaregulatoryandsupervisoryone.Theyshouldobligepeoplewhocreatewastetocleanupafterthemselvesandideallyensurethatthepriceofanyproductreflectsthecostofdisposingofitsafely.Thatwouldhelptosignalwhichitemsarehardesttogetridofgivingconsumersanincentivetobuygoodsthatcreatelesswasteinthefirstplace. Thatmaysoundsimpleenoughbutgovernmentsseldomgettherulesright.Inpoorercountriestheyoftenhavenorulesatalloriftheyhavethemtheyfailtoenforcethem.Inrichcountriestheyareofteninconsistent:toostrictaboutsomesortsofwasteandworryinglylaxaboutothers.Theyarealsopronetoimposingarbitrarytargetsandtaxes.Californiaforexamplewantstorecycleallitstrashnotbecauseitnecessarilymakesenvironmentaloreconomicsensebutbecausethegoalof“zerowaste”soundspoliticallyattractive. Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothelastparagraph
InWarMadeEasyNormanSolomondemolishesthemythofallindependentAmericanpresszealouslyguardingsacredvaluesoffreeexpression.AlthoughstrictlyfocusingontheshamelesshistoryofmediacheerleadingfortheprincipalpostWorldWar’ⅡAmericanwarsinvasionsandinterventionshecallsintoquestiontheentireconceptofthepressassomekindofinstitutionalcounterforcetogovernmentandcorporatepower. ManyoftheexamplescompiledinthisimpeccablydocumentedhistoricalreviewwillbefamiliartoreaderswhofollowthenewsontheInternet.ButsuchexamplesachievefleshimpactbecauseofthewaySolomonhasorganizedandanalyzedthem.Eachchapterisdevotedtoasinglewarhawkargument"AmericaIsaFairandNobleSuperpower""OpposingtheWarMeansSidingwiththeEnemy""OurSoldiersAreHeroesTheirsAreInhuman"illustratedwithhistoricalexamplesfromconflictsintheDominicanRepublicE1SalvadorVietnamGrenadaPanamaKosovobothIraqwarsandothersinwhichthemediawerealmostuniversallyenthusiasticaccomplices. Thebookshouldreallybesubtitled"Warreportingdoesn’tjustsuckitkills."Itmakesyoufeellikedemandingaspecialwarcrimestribunalforcorporatemediaexecutivesandownerswhojoinedtheroll-upto"shockandawe"asnon-uniformedpsywarops.TobesurethiswouldraisetheissueofwhetherornotfollowingordersmightsufficeforthedefenseofobedientslavessuchasMaryMcGroryandRichardCohenwhoperformedaboveandbeyondthecallofduty."Hepersuadedme"McGrorygushedthemorningafterColinPowelladdressedaplenarysessionoftheUnitedNationsonFebruary52003declaringthatIraqhadweaponsofmassdestruction."Thecumulativeeffectwasstunning."InthesameWashingtonPosteditionCohenwrote. TheevidencehepresentedtotheUnitedNations—someofitcircumstantialsomeofitabsolutelybone-chillinginitsdetail—hadtoprovetoanyonethatIraqnotonlyhasn’taccountedforitsweaponsofmassdestructionbutwithoutadoubtstillretainsthem.Onlyafoolcouldconcludeotherwise. Solomondemonstrateshowthiskindofpeppyprewarwarm-updegeneratesintodroolingandheavybreathingoncethekillingbegins.Asifobservingaheavymetalcomputergamethepornographersofdeathconcentrateontheexquisitecraftsmanshipandvisualdesignofthemurdermachinesandthemagnificenceofthefieryexplosionstheyproduce. WhatcanbeinferredaboutMcGroryandRichardCohen
Clinicaldepressionisaseriousailmentbutalmosteveryonegetsmildlydepressedfromtimetotime.RandolphNesseapsychologistandresearcherinevolutionarymedicineattheUniversityofMichiganlikenstherelationshipbetweenmildandclinicaldepressiontotheonebetweennormalandchronicpain.46Heseesbothpainandlowmoodaswarningmechanismsandthinksthatjustasunderstandingchronicpainmeansfirstunderstandingnormalpainsounderstandingclinicaldepressionmeansunderstandingmilddepression. Dr.Nesse’shypothesisisthataspainstopsyoudoingdamagingphysicalthingssolowmoodstopsyoudoingdamagingmentalones—inparticularpursuingunreachablegoals.Pursuingsuchgoalsisawasteofenergyandresources.47Thereforehearguesthereislikelytobeanevolvedmechanismthatidentifiescertaingoalsasunattainableandinhibitstheirpursuit—andhebelievesthatlowmoodisatleastpartofthatmechanism. ItisaneathypothesisbutisittrueAstudypublishedinthismonth’sissueoftheJournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychologysuggestsitmightbe.CarstenWroschfromConcordiaUniversityinMontrealandGregoryMilleroftheUniversityofBritishColumbiastudieddepressioninteenagegirls.Theirconclusionwasthatthosewhoexperiencedmilddepressivesymptomscouldindeeddisengagemoreeasilyfromunreachablegoals.ThatsupportsDr.Nesse’shypothesis.48Butthenewstudyalsofoundaremarkablecorollary:thosegirlswhocoulddisengagefromtheunattainableprovedlesslikelytosuffermoreseriousdepressioninthelongrun. Milddepressivesymptomscanthereforebeseenasanaturalpartofdealingwithfailureinyoungadulthood.49Theysetinwhenagoalisidentifiedasunreachableandleadtoadeclineinmotivationandinthisperiodoflowmotivationenergyissavedandnewgoalscanbefound.Ifthismechanismdoesnotfunctionproperlythoughseveredepressioncanbetheconsequence. Dr.NessebelievesthatpersistenceisareasonfortheexceptionallevelofclinicaldepressioninAmerica—thecountrythathasthehighestdepressionrate-intheworld.50”PersistenceispartoftheAmericanwayoflife”hesays.“Peoplehereareoftendriventopursueoverlyambitiousgoalswhichthencanleadtodepression.”Headmitsthatthisisstillanunprovenhypothesisbutitisoneworthconsidering.Depressionmayturnouttoheaninevitablepriceoflivinginadynamicsociety. 46Heseesbothpainandlowmoodaswarningmechanismsandthinksthatjustasunderstandingchronicpainmeansfirstunderstandingnormalpainsounderstandingclinicaldepressionmeansunderstandingmilddepression.
Directions:Title:CompetitionandCooperation Yourcompositionshouldbe-basedontheOutlinesbelow: 1Thephenomenonofcompetitionandcooperation 2Thefunctionofcompetitionandcooperation 3MancandevelopcontinuouslywithCompetitionandcooperation. Youshouldwriteabout160-200WordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
Clinicaldepressionisaseriousailmentbutalmosteveryonegetsmildlydepressedfromtimetotime.RandolphNesseapsychologistandresearcherinevolutionarymedicineattheUniversityofMichiganlikenstherelationshipbetweenmildandclinicaldepressiontotheonebetweennormalandchronicpain.46Heseesbothpainandlowmoodaswarningmechanismsandthinksthatjustasunderstandingchronicpainmeansfirstunderstandingnormalpainsounderstandingclinicaldepressionmeansunderstandingmilddepression. Dr.Nesse’shypothesisisthataspainstopsyoudoingdamagingphysicalthingssolowmoodstopsyoudoingdamagingmentalones—inparticularpursuingunreachablegoals.Pursuingsuchgoalsisawasteofenergyandresources.47Thereforehearguesthereislikelytobeanevolvedmechanismthatidentifiescertaingoalsasunattainableandinhibitstheirpursuit—andhebelievesthatlowmoodisatleastpartofthatmechanism. ItisaneathypothesisbutisittrueAstudypublishedinthismonth’sissueoftheJournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychologysuggestsitmightbe.CarstenWroschfromConcordiaUniversityinMontrealandGregoryMilleroftheUniversityofBritishColumbiastudieddepressioninteenagegirls.Theirconclusionwasthatthosewhoexperiencedmilddepressivesymptomscouldindeeddisengagemoreeasilyfromunreachablegoals.ThatsupportsDr.Nesse’shypothesis.48Butthenewstudyalsofoundaremarkablecorollary:thosegirlswhocoulddisengagefromtheunattainableprovedlesslikelytosuffermoreseriousdepressioninthelongrun. Milddepressivesymptomscanthereforebeseenasanaturalpartofdealingwithfailureinyoungadulthood.49Theysetinwhenagoalisidentifiedasunreachableandleadtoadeclineinmotivationandinthisperiodoflowmotivationenergyissavedandnewgoalscanbefound.Ifthismechanismdoesnotfunctionproperlythoughseveredepressioncanbetheconsequence. Dr.NessebelievesthatpersistenceisareasonfortheexceptionallevelofclinicaldepressioninAmerica—thecountrythathasthehighestdepressionrate-intheworld.50”PersistenceispartoftheAmericanwayoflife”hesays.“Peoplehereareoftendriventopursueoverlyambitiousgoalswhichthencanleadtodepression.”Headmitsthatthisisstillanunprovenhypothesisbutitisoneworthconsidering.Depressionmayturnouttoheaninevitablepriceoflivinginadynamicsociety. 48Butthenewstudyalsofoundaremarkablecorollary:thosegirlswhocoulddisengagefromtheunattainableprovedlesslikelytosuffermoreseriousdepressioninthelongrun.
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