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Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore. Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.181in10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses. Notes:proportionspl.规模程度大小affliction疾病痛苦vaccinationn.接种疫苗eradicatev.根除消灭 20
September11th2001drewthetransatlanticalliancetogether;butthemooddidnotlastandoverthefiveyearssinceithaspulledeverfurtherapart.ArecentpollfortheGermanMarshallFundshowsthat57%ofEuropeansregardAmericanleadershipinworldaffairsas"undesirable".TheIraqwarismainlytoblame.Butthereisanotherandmore.intractablereasonforthegrowingdivision:God. EuropeansworrythatAmericanforeignpolicyunderGeorgeBushistooinfluencedbyreligion.The"holywarriors"whohijackedtheplanesonSeptember11threintroducedGodintointernationalaffairsinthemostdramaticofways.ItseemsthatGeorgeBushisreplyinginkindencouragingaclashofreligionsthatcouldspellglobalcatastrophe. DominiqueMoisiaspecialadviserattheFrenchInstituteforInternationalRelationsarguesthat"thecombinationofreligionandnationalisminAmericaisfrightening.WefeelbetrayedbyGodandbynationalismwhichiswhywearebuildingtheEuropeanUnionasabarriertoreligiouswarfare."JosefBramloftheGermanInstituteforInternationalandSecurityAffairscomplainsthatinAmerica"religiousattitudeshavemoreofaninfluenceonpoliticalchoicesthaninanyotherwesterndemocracy." ThenotionthatAmericaistooinfluencedbyreligionisnotconfinedtotheelites.ThreeinfiveFrenchpeopleandnearlyasmanyDutchthinkthatAmericansaretooreligious-andthatreligionskewswhatshouldbeseculardecisions.EuropeanswhothinkthatAmericais"tooreligious"aremoreinclinedtoanti-Americanismthantheirfellowcountrymen.38%ofBritonshaveanunfavourableviewofAmericabutthatnumberrisesto50%amongpeoplewhoarewaryofAmericanreligiosity. IsAmericaengagedinafaith-basedforeignpolicyReligioncertainlyexertsagrowinginfluenceonitsactionsintheworldbutinwaysmoresubtleandcomplicatedthanEuropeansimagine.ItistruethatAmericaisundergoingareligiousrevival."Hot"religionssuchasevangelicalProtestantismandhardlineCatholicismaregrowingrapidlywhile"cool"mainlineversionsofChristianityaredeclining.ItisalsotruethattheRepublicanPartyisbeingreshapedbythisrevival.Self-identifiedevangelicalsprovidedalmost40%ofMr.Bushesvotein2004;ifyouaddinothertheologicalconservativessuchasMormonsandtraditionalCatholicsthatnumberrisescloserto60%.AllsixtopRepublicanleadersintheSenatehaveearned100KratingsfromtheChristianCoalition. ItisalsotruethatMr.Bushfrequentlyusesreligiousrhetoricwhentalkingofforeignaffairs.OnSeptember12thhewasatitagaintellingagroupofconservativejournaliststhatheseesthewaronterroras"aconfrontationbetweengoodandevil"andremarking"Itseemstomethatthere’saThirdAwakening"inotherwordsanoutbreakofChristianevangelicalfervourofthesortthathassweptacrossAmericaatleasttwicebefore.AndChristianAmericaoverallistakingabiggerinterestinforeignpolicy.NewvoicesarebeingheardsuchasSamBrownbackaconservativesenatorfromKansaswhohasledthefightagainstgenocideinDarfurandRickWarrentheauthorofabestsellercalled"ThePurpose-DrivenLife"whoissending2000missionariestoRwanda. Finallyitistruethatreligiousfigureshavedonesomeprettyoutrageousthings.PatRobertsoncalledfortheassassinationofHugoChvezthepresidentofVenezuela.Lieutenant-GeneralWilliam"Jerry"Boykindeputyunder-secretaryofdefenceforintelligencetouredthecountrytellingChristiangroupsthatradicalMuslimshateAmerica"becausewe’reaChristiannationandtheenemyisaguynamedSatan".Heoftenworeuniform. Withwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthorbemostlikelytoagree
InthecurrentimmigrationwavesomethingmarkedlydifferentishappeninghereinthemiddleofthegreatAmerican"meltingpot."46ThereisasensethatespeciallyasimmigrantpopulationsreachacriticalmassinmanycommunitiesitisnolongerthemeltingpotthatistransformingthembuttheywhoaretransformingAmericansociety. Americancultureremainsapowerfulforce—forbetterorworse—thatinfluencespeoplebothhereandaroundtheworldincountlessways.ButseveralfactorshavecombinedinrecentyearstoallowimmigrantstoresistiftheychoosetheAmericanizationthathadoncebeenconsideredirresistible. Infacttheveryconceptofassimilationisbeingcalledintoquestionasneverbefore.47Somesociologistsarguethatthemeltingpotoftenmeanslittlemorethan"Angloconformity"andthatassimilationisnotalwaysapositiveexperience—foreithersocietyortheimmigrantsthemselves.Andwithtoday’semphasisondiversityandethnicityithasbecomeeasierthaneverforimmigrantstoavoidthemeltingpotentirely.Eventhemetaphoritselfischanginghavingfallenoutoffashioncompletelywithmanyimmigrationadvocacyandethnicgroups.Theyprefersuchtermsasthe"saladbowl"andthe"mosaic"metaphorsthatconveymoreofasenseofseparatenessindescribingthisnationofimmigrants. 48AmongsociallyconservativefamiliessuchastheJacintoswhoinitiallymovedtoCaliforniafromtheirvillageinMexico’sGuanajuatostatethenmigratedherein1988tofindjobsinthemeatpackingindustrybadinfluencesareaconstantconcern.TheyseetheirchildrenassimilatingbutoftentotheworstaspectsofAmericanculture. Theirconcernsreflectsomeofthecomplexitiesandambivalencethatmarktheassimilationprocessthesedays.ImmigrantssuchastheJacintosareheretostaybutremainwaryoftheiradoptivecountry.Accordingtosociologiststheyarerighttobeconcerned. "Ifassimilationisalearningprocessitinvolveslearninggoodthingsandbadthings"saidRubenG.RumbautasociologyprofessoratMichiganStateUniversity."Itdoesn’talwaysleadtosomethingbetter." Theambivalenceofassimilationcancutbothways.Manynative-bornAmericansalsoseemtoharbormixedfeelingsabouttheprocess.49AsanationtheUnitedStatesincreasinglypromotesdiversitybutthereareunderlyingconcernsthatthemoreemphasisthereisonthefactorsthatsetpeopleapartthemorelikelythatsocietywillendupdivided. WithHispanicsespeciallyMexicansaccountingforanincreasingproportionofU.S.populationgrowthitisthisgroupmorethananyotherthatisredefiningthemeltingpot. HispanicsnowhaveovertakenblacksasthelargestminoritygroupinNebraskaandwillbecomethebiggestminorityinthecountrywithinthenextsevenyearsaccordingtoCensusBureauprojections.50Thenation’s29millionHispanicsthegreatmajorityofthemfromMexicohavethusbecomethemainfocusforquestionsabouthowtheUnitedStatestodayisassimilatingimmigrantsorhowitisbeingtransformed. 46ThereisasensethatespeciallyasimmigrantpopulationsreachacriticalmassinmanycommunitiesitisnolongerthemeltingpotthatistransformingthembuttheywhoaretransformingAmericansociety.
Directions:Writeanessayof160—200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould 1describethedrawingbriefly 2explainitsintendedmeaningandthen 3giveyourcomments. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
InthecurrentimmigrationwavesomethingmarkedlydifferentishappeninghereinthemiddleofthegreatAmerican"meltingpot."46ThereisasensethatespeciallyasimmigrantpopulationsreachacriticalmassinmanycommunitiesitisnolongerthemeltingpotthatistransformingthembuttheywhoaretransformingAmericansociety. Americancultureremainsapowerfulforce—forbetterorworse—thatinfluencespeoplebothhereandaroundtheworldincountlessways.ButseveralfactorshavecombinedinrecentyearstoallowimmigrantstoresistiftheychoosetheAmericanizationthathadoncebeenconsideredirresistible. Infacttheveryconceptofassimilationisbeingcalledintoquestionasneverbefore.47Somesociologistsarguethatthemeltingpotoftenmeanslittlemorethan"Angloconformity"andthatassimilationisnotalwaysapositiveexperience—foreithersocietyortheimmigrantsthemselves.Andwithtoday’semphasisondiversityandethnicityithasbecomeeasierthaneverforimmigrantstoavoidthemeltingpotentirely.Eventhemetaphoritselfischanginghavingfallenoutoffashioncompletelywithmanyimmigrationadvocacyandethnicgroups.Theyprefersuchtermsasthe"saladbowl"andthe"mosaic"metaphorsthatconveymoreofasenseofseparatenessindescribingthisnationofimmigrants. 48AmongsociallyconservativefamiliessuchastheJacintoswhoinitiallymovedtoCaliforniafromtheirvillageinMexico’sGuanajuatostatethenmigratedherein1988tofindjobsinthemeatpackingindustrybadinfluencesareaconstantconcern.TheyseetheirchildrenassimilatingbutoftentotheworstaspectsofAmericanculture. Theirconcernsreflectsomeofthecomplexitiesandambivalencethatmarktheassimilationprocessthesedays.ImmigrantssuchastheJacintosareheretostaybutremainwaryoftheiradoptivecountry.Accordingtosociologiststheyarerighttobeconcerned. "Ifassimilationisalearningprocessitinvolveslearninggoodthingsandbadthings"saidRubenG.RumbautasociologyprofessoratMichiganStateUniversity."Itdoesn’talwaysleadtosomethingbetter." Theambivalenceofassimilationcancutbothways.Manynative-bornAmericansalsoseemtoharbormixedfeelingsabouttheprocess.49AsanationtheUnitedStatesincreasinglypromotesdiversitybutthereareunderlyingconcernsthatthemoreemphasisthereisonthefactorsthatsetpeopleapartthemorelikelythatsocietywillendupdivided. WithHispanicsespeciallyMexicansaccountingforanincreasingproportionofU.S.populationgrowthitisthisgroupmorethananyotherthatisredefiningthemeltingpot. HispanicsnowhaveovertakenblacksasthelargestminoritygroupinNebraskaandwillbecomethebiggestminorityinthecountrywithinthenextsevenyearsaccordingtoCensusBureauprojections.50Thenation’s29millionHispanicsthegreatmajorityofthemfromMexicohavethusbecomethemainfocusforquestionsabouthowtheUnitedStatestodayisassimilatingimmigrantsorhowitisbeingtransformed. 48AmongsociallyconservativefamiliessuchastheJacintoswhoinitiallymovedtoCaliforniafromtheirvillageinMexico’sGuanajuatostatethenmigratedherein1988tofindjobsinthemeatpackingindustrybadinfluencesareaconstantconcern.
Peoplecangetemotionalaboutimmigration.BillO’Reillyatalk-showhostdevotedarecentsegmenttothestoryofanillegalalienwhogotdrunkandaccidentallykilledtwoattractivewhitegirlswithhiscar.IfonlyhehadbeendeportedforpreviousmisdemeanoursMr.O’Reillyragedthosegirlswouldstillbealive.Anothertalk-showhostGeraldoRiveraduringanon-airshout-joust争吵withMr.O’Reillydenouncedhisdemagogicchoiceofstory-angleas"asin". PresidentGeorgeBushtriedagainthisweektobringamorerationaltonetothedebate.HeurgedthenewDemocraticCongresstorevivetheimmigrationreformsthattheoldRepublicanCongresskilledlastyear.Hisproposalwasbroadlythesameasbefore.HesaidhewantedtomakeithardertoenterAmericaillegallybuteasiertodosolegallyandtoofferapathtocitizenshipfortheestimated12millegalswhohavealreadysnuckin. Thefirstpartfacesfewpoliticalhurdlesandisalreadywellunderway.Mr.BushexpectstohavedoubledthenumberofBorderPatrolagentsbytheendofnextyear.Thenewrecruitsarebeingtrained.Andtodefendagainsttheinvadinglegionsofwould-begardenersandhotelcleanersthefrontierisalsoequippedwithhigh-techmilitarygizmos小发明suchasunmannedspyplaneswithinfra-red红外cameras.Thismaybehavingsomeeffect.Mr.Bushboastedthatthenumberofpeoplecaughtsneakingovertheborderhadfallenbynearly30%thisyear. AndthecontroversialpartofMr.Bush’simmigrationpackage--allowingmoreimmigrantsinandofferingthosealreadyinAmericaachancetobecomelegal--isstilljustaplan.HouseRepublicanssquasheditlastyear.Mr.BushsensesasecondchancewiththenewDemocraticCongressbutDemocratslikeRepublicansaresplitontheissue.SomenotablyTedKennedythinkAmericashouldembracehard-workingmigrants.Othersfretthathard-workingmigrantswillundercutthewagesofthenative-born. Mr.Bushwouldliketoseethepro-immigrantwingsofbothpartiesworktogethertogivehimabillhecansign.TheSenateisexpectedtosqueezeinadebatenextmonth.Theadministrationistryingtoenticelaw-and-orderRepublicansonboard;arecentleakedmemotalkedofsubstantialfinesforillegalsbeforetheycanbecomelegaland"muchbigger"finesforemployerswhohirethembeforetheydo. ThebiggesthurdlehowevermaybetheDemocrats’reluctancetoco-operatewithMr.Bush.SomefigurethatratherthanlettingtheirhatedadversarysharethecreditforfixingtheimmigrationsystemtheyshouldstalluntilaDemocratisintheWhiteHouseandthentakeitall.Sothereisaselfishaswellasamoralargumentformakingadeal. AccordingtothetextMr.Bush’splanwasopposedby
Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore. Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.181in10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses. Notes:proportionspl.规模程度大小affliction疾病痛苦vaccinationn.接种疫苗eradicatev.根除消灭 8
OntheeveofglobalwarmingnegotiationsscientistsfromseveralWesternnationsareclamoringforacrashprogramtodevelopcleanenergythatwouldrivaltheManhattanProjectandtheApollomissiontothemoon. WritinginThursday’sissueofthejournalNaturescientistsfromNorthAmericaandEuropepredictedthatglobalwarmingwillsoonbecometheenvironmentalequivalentoftheColdWarastheworld’sincreasingrelianceonfossilfuelsreleasesmorecarbondioxideandotherheattrappingpollutantsintotheatmosphere.The11scientistsurgednegotiatorsatenvironmentaltalksscheduledtobeginNov.2inBuenosAiresArgentinatopushforamobilizationofscientificresourcestodevelopalternativeformsofenergysuchassolarwindandnuclearpower."Developingandcommercializingcarbon-fleepowertechnologiesbythemid-21stcenturycouldrequireeffortsperhapsinternationalpursuedwiththeurgencyoftheManhattanProjectortheApollospaceprogram"saidMartinHoffertaphysicistatNewYorkUniversity.Only20%orlessoftoday’senergyusecomesfromcarbon-freesources.TheNaturepaperisunusualbecauseitcontainsbroadpolicyrecommendations.Normallythejournalpublishesstraightforwardscientificstudies. LastyeargovernmentsmeetinginKyotoJapanagreedtoemissionreductionsbytheUnitedStatesJapanthe15-nationEuropeanUnionand21otherindustrialnations.Thenationsaretocuttheiroutputofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegasesto5%belowtheir1990levelsby2012.Thisyearnegotiatorsfor166nationsaremeetingtodeterminehoweachcountrywillachievethereductions. Tosomerisingannualaveragetemperaturesinthe1990samounttoearlyproofthatglobalwarminghasarrivedandthatthecurrenttreatywon’tprotectnationsfromclimaticupheavalduringthe21stcentury.Somescientistssaidglobalwarmingisinevitableandnoamountofeffort—notevenacrashprogram—willpreventit."Wewillexperienceasubstantialamountoffurtherclimatechangeevenifwemakehugecutsinemissions"saidMartinParryofUniversityCollegeinLondon.Otherssaidtherearemanywaysofreducingglobalwarmingwithoutmobilizingscientistsworldwide.Energyconservationandefficiencysuchasgreateruseofcleaner-burningnaturalgasandnuclearpowermightbeacheapersolutiontheysay.Smokestackandtailpipecontrolsaswellasplantingtreescanreducepollutiontoo.Countriescanalsoprovideutilitieswithfinancialincentivestoinvestinexperimentaltechnologies. Evenoptimistsatthemeetingagreedthatdemandforcrudeoilwilloutstripproductionby2020andthatworldwidereserveswillbeexhaustedby2100.Oilshortagesandhigherpriceswillmaketheworldamoredangerousplacetheywarned. Inthefirstparagraphthewordcrashprobablymeans
OntheeveofglobalwarmingnegotiationsscientistsfromseveralWesternnationsareclamoringforacrashprogramtodevelopcleanenergythatwouldrivaltheManhattanProjectandtheApollomissiontothemoon. WritinginThursday’sissueofthejournalNaturescientistsfromNorthAmericaandEuropepredictedthatglobalwarmingwillsoonbecometheenvironmentalequivalentoftheColdWarastheworld’sincreasingrelianceonfossilfuelsreleasesmorecarbondioxideandotherheattrappingpollutantsintotheatmosphere.The11scientistsurgednegotiatorsatenvironmentaltalksscheduledtobeginNov.2inBuenosAiresArgentinatopushforamobilizationofscientificresourcestodevelopalternativeformsofenergysuchassolarwindandnuclearpower."Developingandcommercializingcarbon-fleepowertechnologiesbythemid-21stcenturycouldrequireeffortsperhapsinternationalpursuedwiththeurgencyoftheManhattanProjectortheApollospaceprogram"saidMartinHoffertaphysicistatNewYorkUniversity.Only20%orlessoftoday’senergyusecomesfromcarbon-freesources.TheNaturepaperisunusualbecauseitcontainsbroadpolicyrecommendations.Normallythejournalpublishesstraightforwardscientificstudies. LastyeargovernmentsmeetinginKyotoJapanagreedtoemissionreductionsbytheUnitedStatesJapanthe15-nationEuropeanUnionand21otherindustrialnations.Thenationsaretocuttheiroutputofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegasesto5%belowtheir1990levelsby2012.Thisyearnegotiatorsfor166nationsaremeetingtodeterminehoweachcountrywillachievethereductions. Tosomerisingannualaveragetemperaturesinthe1990samounttoearlyproofthatglobalwarminghasarrivedandthatthecurrenttreatywon’tprotectnationsfromclimaticupheavalduringthe21stcentury.Somescientistssaidglobalwarmingisinevitableandnoamountofeffort—notevenacrashprogram—willpreventit."Wewillexperienceasubstantialamountoffurtherclimatechangeevenifwemakehugecutsinemissions"saidMartinParryofUniversityCollegeinLondon.Otherssaidtherearemanywaysofreducingglobalwarmingwithoutmobilizingscientistsworldwide.Energyconservationandefficiencysuchasgreateruseofcleaner-burningnaturalgasandnuclearpowermightbeacheapersolutiontheysay.Smokestackandtailpipecontrolsaswellasplantingtreescanreducepollutiontoo.Countriescanalsoprovideutilitieswithfinancialincentivestoinvestinexperimentaltechnologies. Evenoptimistsatthemeetingagreedthatdemandforcrudeoilwilloutstripproductionby2020andthatworldwidereserveswillbeexhaustedby2100.Oilshortagesandhigherpriceswillmaketheworldamoredangerousplacetheywarned. WhatisparticularabouttheNaturepaper
Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore. Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.181in10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses. Notes:proportionspl.规模程度大小affliction疾病痛苦vaccinationn.接种疫苗eradicatev.根除消灭 2
[A]Butsoonthesettlerswantedbiggerfarmsandmorelandforthemselvesandtheirfamilies.MoreandmoreimmigrantswerecomingfromEuropeandallthesepeopleneededland.SotheEuropeansstartedtotakethelandfromtheIndians.TheIndianshadtomovebackintothecenterofthecontinentbecausethesettlersweretakingalltheirland. [B]By1857theIndianshadlostthefight:theywerelivinginspecialplacescalled"reservations".ButevenheretheWhiteMantooklandfromthem--perhapshewantedthewoodorperhapsthelandhadimportantmineralsinitorheevenwantedtomakenationalparksthere.SoevenontheirreservationstheIndianswerenotsafefromtheWhiteMan.Between1500and1900theIndianpopulationoftheareathatisnowtheUnitedStatesdeclinedfromcloseto1000000to300000.andforthoseremainedtheagonywasgreat.Manywereforcedtotakelandinnewandstrangeplaces.Theywereintroducedtonewtoolsimplementsandtechniques.Theywereforcedtoabandontheiroldwayoflife. [C]In1960sIndiansmovedingreatnumberstothenation’scities.ManyIndiansmovedintopovertyrows.Itwashardforthemtofindjobs.Itwashard--almostimpossible--tocompetewiththeWhiteManinthewhiteman’sworld.ManyIndiansreturnedtothereservations.Butifthereservationshadbeenbrokenuptherewasnoplacetogo.ThegapbetweenIndianAmericanandwhiteAmericanwasgrowingwider. [D]ThenativeAmericansthepeoplewecallthe"Indians"hadbeeninAmericaformanythousandsofyearsbeforeChristopherColumbusarrivedin1492.ColumbusthoughthehadarrivedinIndiasohecalledthenativePeople"Indians".TheIndianswerekindtotheearlysettlers.Theywerenotafraidofthemandtheywantedtohelpthem.Theyshowedthesettlersthenewworldaroundthem;theytaughtthemaboutthelocalcropslikesweetpotatoescornandpeanuts;theyintroducedtheEuropeanstochocolateandtotheturkey;andtheEuropeansdidbusinesswiththeIndians. [E]TheIndianscouldn’tunderstandthis.TheyhadaverydifferentideaoflandfromtheEuropeans.FortheIndiansthelandtheearthwastheirmothereverythingcamefromtheirmotherthelandandeverythingwentbacktoit.Thelandwasforeveryoneanditwasimpossibleforonemantoownit.HowcouldtheWhiteMandividetheearthintopartsHowcouldheputfencesrounditbuyitandsellitNaturallywhentheWhiteManstartedtakingalltheIndians’landtheIndiansstartedtofightback.TheywantedtokeeptheirlandtheywanttostoptheWhiteMantakingitallforhimself.ButtheWhiteManwasstrongerandclever.SlowlyhepushedtheIndiansintothosepartsofthecontinentthathedidn’twant--thepartswhereitwastoocoldortoodryortoomountainoustolivecomfortably. [F]MeanwhiletheIndianshavebeenworkinghardintheirowninterests.Theyarebuildingnewcommunitiesestablishingnewindustriesanderectingnewschools.Theyaredevelopingmotelsandotherrecreationalschemesonthereservations.ThereisagrowingPan-IndianGovernment.Indianshavebecomeactiveinwritingandpublishing.Sometribeshavebenefitedthroughsettlementoftheirlandorotherclaimsagainstthegovernment.Theyareusingthefundsfortheirowndevelopment.PerhapsanewdayhasalreadydawnedfortheAmericanIndians. [G]Manyoftheirtribeswereresettledonreservationsinthewest.ThelandbelongedtotheUnitedStatesGovernmentbutwasreservedtax-freefortheIndians.Thefederalgovernmentprovidedthetribeswithrationstoolsandequipment.Boardinganddayschoolsweresetup.Inmanycasesresponsibleagentsweresenttoadministerthereservations.ButthechangefromafreelifetotherestrictedlifeofreservationsbroughttheIndiansneardespair.Theydidnotchangeeasily. 44
Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore. Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.181in10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses. Notes:proportionspl.规模程度大小affliction疾病痛苦vaccinationn.接种疫苗eradicatev.根除消灭 14
Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore. Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.181in10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses. Notes:proportionspl.规模程度大小affliction疾病痛苦vaccinationn.接种疫苗eradicatev.根除消灭 18
WithU.S.companiessittingonanestimated$1.8trillionincashitraisesthequestion:Whyaren’ttheydeployingmoreoftheirhoardtoexpandtheirbusinessesOronemightchannelJohnMaynardKeynestoask:Wherehavethe"animalspirits"goneAlthoughcapitalspendingintheU.S.isup12percentsincethelowsofearly2009it’sstillrunning$88billionbelowthepeakof$1.34trillionreachedinthefirstquarterof2008saysJosephLaVorgnachiefU.S.economistatDeutscheBank.Hedoesn’texpectcapitalspendingtocatchuptothatpeaklevelandofficiallystarttoexpanduntilthesecondquarterof2011.LaVorgna’sdefinitionofcapitalspendingincludesphysicalequipmentandsoftwarebutnotstructuressuchasnewstoresormanufacturingplants.Spendingonstructuresisabout2percentofgrossdomesticproductone-thirdthesizeofcapitalsending’scontributiontoGDPhesays. "Thetrendandmomentumhavedefinitelyturnedandit’sjustamatteroftimebeforeyouseeothercompaniesgivewaytocapitalspendingandeventuallythatwillresultinhiring"saysLaVorgna.Butwithspendingrunning$88billionbelowpeakhesaysemployment"shouldbefartheralongthanitis."CompaniesthathavebuiltupalotofcasharestartingtotakesomechancessuchasexpandingintonewmarketswhichrequireshiringnewworkerssaysJohnChallengerchiefexecutiveofficerofChallengerGray&Christmasanemploymentconsultingfirm.U.S.companieshaveannouncedthehiringof118209newemployeesthroughAugustaccordingtodatacollectedbythefirm. Sowho’ssteppinguptotheplateSomecompaniesrefusetobecowedandaretakingbigifcalculatedchancesincludingambitiouscapitalprojectshiringnewworkersandexpandedinvestmentinresearchanddevelopmentaccordingtogrowth-orientedmutualfundmanagerscontactedbyBusinessweek.com.Ifthere’sacommondenominatorit’saperceivedopportunityandconfidenceinsustainabledemandwhetherduetonewtrendsintechnologyortonewmarketsthatneedcertainproducts.Othernamescamefromalistofthetop-hiringU.S.companiesthroughJuly2010compiledbyChallengerGray&Christmas. "Wedon’tspendcapitalunlesswehaveanewcontracttosupplyoxygennitrogenorhydrogentoourcustomers"saysJamesSawyerPraxair’schieffinancialofficer."Thoseare15-yearcontractswithminimaltake-or-payclauseswrittenintothemwhichensurewewillgetagoodreturnonourcapitalinvestmentregardlessofhowtherestoftheeconomyisdoing." SomeyoungeroutfitswithentrepreneurialmanagerswhohavelivedthroughafewbusinesscyclesthinktheircompaniesmaybeabletostealamarchoncompetitorsmorereluctanttospendsaysAramGreenmanagerofClearBridgeAdvisorsSmallCapGrowthFund."There’sclearlybeenadecisionbymanagementthat’Thisisnotthetimetotakeourfootofftheaccelerator.Infactit’stimetopushharderandfurtherdistanceourproductfromthecompetition.’/ Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthat
MassproductionthedefiningcharacteristicoftheSecondWaveeconomybecomesincreasinglyobsoleteasfirmsinstallinformationintensiveoftenrobotizedmanufacturingsystemscapableofendlesscheapvariationevencustomization.Therevolutionaryresultisineffectthedemassificationofmassproduction. TheshifttowardsmartflextechspromotesdiversityandfeedsconsumerchoicetothepointthataWal-Martstorecanofferthebuyernearly110000productsinvarioustypessizesmodelsandcolorstochooseamong.ButWal-Martisamassmerchandiser.Increasinglythemassmarketitselfisbreakingupintodifferentiatednichesascustomerneedsdivergeandbetterinformationmakesitpossibleforbusinessestoidentifyandservemicromarkets. SpecialtystoresboutiquessuperstoresTVhome-shoppingsystemscomputerbasedbuyingdirectmailandothersystemsprovideagrowingdiversityofchannelsthroughwhichproducerscandistributetheirwarestocustomersinanincreasinglydemassifiedmarketplace.WhenwewroteFutureShockinthelate1960svisionarymarketersbegantalkingabout"marketsegmentation".Todaytheynolongerfocuson"segments"buton"particles"—familyunitsandevensingleindividuals.Meanwhileadvertisingistargetedatsmallerandsmallermarketsegmentsreachedthroughincreasinglydemassifiedmedia. ThedramaticbreakupofmassaudiencesisunderscoredbythecrisisoftheoncegreatTVnetworksABCCBSandNBCatatimewhenTele-CommunicationsInc.ofDenverannouncesafiberopticnetworkcapableofprovidingviewerswithfivehundredinteractivechannelsoftelevision.Suchsystemsmeanthatsellerswillbeabletotargetbuyerswithevengreaterprecision.Thesimultaneousdemassificationofproductiondistributionandcommunicationrevolutionizestheeconomyandshiftsitfromhomogeneitytowardextremeheterogeneity. Theauthorcallsthosemarketersvisionarymainlybecause
[A]Butsoonthesettlerswantedbiggerfarmsandmorelandforthemselvesandtheirfamilies.MoreandmoreimmigrantswerecomingfromEuropeandallthesepeopleneededland.SotheEuropeansstartedtotakethelandfromtheIndians.TheIndianshadtomovebackintothecenterofthecontinentbecausethesettlersweretakingalltheirland. [B]By1857theIndianshadlostthefight:theywerelivinginspecialplacescalled"reservations".ButevenheretheWhiteMantooklandfromthem--perhapshewantedthewoodorperhapsthelandhadimportantmineralsinitorheevenwantedtomakenationalparksthere.SoevenontheirreservationstheIndianswerenotsafefromtheWhiteMan.Between1500and1900theIndianpopulationoftheareathatisnowtheUnitedStatesdeclinedfromcloseto1000000to300000.andforthoseremainedtheagonywasgreat.Manywereforcedtotakelandinnewandstrangeplaces.Theywereintroducedtonewtoolsimplementsandtechniques.Theywereforcedtoabandontheiroldwayoflife. [C]In1960sIndiansmovedingreatnumberstothenation’scities.ManyIndiansmovedintopovertyrows.Itwashardforthemtofindjobs.Itwashard--almostimpossible--tocompetewiththeWhiteManinthewhiteman’sworld.ManyIndiansreturnedtothereservations.Butifthereservationshadbeenbrokenuptherewasnoplacetogo.ThegapbetweenIndianAmericanandwhiteAmericanwasgrowingwider. [D]ThenativeAmericansthepeoplewecallthe"Indians"hadbeeninAmericaformanythousandsofyearsbeforeChristopherColumbusarrivedin1492.ColumbusthoughthehadarrivedinIndiasohecalledthenativePeople"Indians".TheIndianswerekindtotheearlysettlers.Theywerenotafraidofthemandtheywantedtohelpthem.Theyshowedthesettlersthenewworldaroundthem;theytaughtthemaboutthelocalcropslikesweetpotatoescornandpeanuts;theyintroducedtheEuropeanstochocolateandtotheturkey;andtheEuropeansdidbusinesswiththeIndians. [E]TheIndianscouldn’tunderstandthis.TheyhadaverydifferentideaoflandfromtheEuropeans.FortheIndiansthelandtheearthwastheirmothereverythingcamefromtheirmotherthelandandeverythingwentbacktoit.Thelandwasforeveryoneanditwasimpossibleforonemantoownit.HowcouldtheWhiteMandividetheearthintopartsHowcouldheputfencesrounditbuyitandsellitNaturallywhentheWhiteManstartedtakingalltheIndians’landtheIndiansstartedtofightback.TheywantedtokeeptheirlandtheywanttostoptheWhiteMantakingitallforhimself.ButtheWhiteManwasstrongerandclever.SlowlyhepushedtheIndiansintothosepartsofthecontinentthathedidn’twant--thepartswhereitwastoocoldortoodryortoomountainoustolivecomfortably. [F]MeanwhiletheIndianshavebeenworkinghardintheirowninterests.Theyarebuildingnewcommunitiesestablishingnewindustriesanderectingnewschools.Theyaredevelopingmotelsandotherrecreationalschemesonthereservations.ThereisagrowingPan-IndianGovernment.Indianshavebecomeactiveinwritingandpublishing.Sometribeshavebenefitedthroughsettlementoftheirlandorotherclaimsagainstthegovernment.Theyareusingthefundsfortheirowndevelopment.PerhapsanewdayhasalreadydawnedfortheAmericanIndians. [G]Manyoftheirtribeswereresettledonreservationsinthewest.ThelandbelongedtotheUnitedStatesGovernmentbutwasreservedtax-freefortheIndians.Thefederalgovernmentprovidedthetribeswithrationstoolsandequipment.Boardinganddayschoolsweresetup.Inmanycasesresponsibleagentsweresenttoadministerthereservations.ButthechangefromafreelifetotherestrictedlifeofreservationsbroughttheIndiansneardespair.Theydidnotchangeeasily. 42
Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore. Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.181in10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses. Notes:proportionspl.规模程度大小affliction疾病痛苦vaccinationn.接种疫苗eradicatev.根除消灭 12
Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore. Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.181in10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses. Notes:proportionspl.规模程度大小affliction疾病痛苦vaccinationn.接种疫苗eradicatev.根除消灭 6
InthecurrentimmigrationwavesomethingmarkedlydifferentishappeninghereinthemiddleofthegreatAmerican"meltingpot."46ThereisasensethatespeciallyasimmigrantpopulationsreachacriticalmassinmanycommunitiesitisnolongerthemeltingpotthatistransformingthembuttheywhoaretransformingAmericansociety. Americancultureremainsapowerfulforce—forbetterorworse—thatinfluencespeoplebothhereandaroundtheworldincountlessways.ButseveralfactorshavecombinedinrecentyearstoallowimmigrantstoresistiftheychoosetheAmericanizationthathadoncebeenconsideredirresistible. Infacttheveryconceptofassimilationisbeingcalledintoquestionasneverbefore.47Somesociologistsarguethatthemeltingpotoftenmeanslittlemorethan"Angloconformity"andthatassimilationisnotalwaysapositiveexperience—foreithersocietyortheimmigrantsthemselves.Andwithtoday’semphasisondiversityandethnicityithasbecomeeasierthaneverforimmigrantstoavoidthemeltingpotentirely.Eventhemetaphoritselfischanginghavingfallenoutoffashioncompletelywithmanyimmigrationadvocacyandethnicgroups.Theyprefersuchtermsasthe"saladbowl"andthe"mosaic"metaphorsthatconveymoreofasenseofseparatenessindescribingthisnationofimmigrants. 48AmongsociallyconservativefamiliessuchastheJacintoswhoinitiallymovedtoCaliforniafromtheirvillageinMexico’sGuanajuatostatethenmigratedherein1988tofindjobsinthemeatpackingindustrybadinfluencesareaconstantconcern.TheyseetheirchildrenassimilatingbutoftentotheworstaspectsofAmericanculture. Theirconcernsreflectsomeofthecomplexitiesandambivalencethatmarktheassimilationprocessthesedays.ImmigrantssuchastheJacintosareheretostaybutremainwaryoftheiradoptivecountry.Accordingtosociologiststheyarerighttobeconcerned. "Ifassimilationisalearningprocessitinvolveslearninggoodthingsandbadthings"saidRubenG.RumbautasociologyprofessoratMichiganStateUniversity."Itdoesn’talwaysleadtosomethingbetter." Theambivalenceofassimilationcancutbothways.Manynative-bornAmericansalsoseemtoharbormixedfeelingsabouttheprocess.49AsanationtheUnitedStatesincreasinglypromotesdiversitybutthereareunderlyingconcernsthatthemoreemphasisthereisonthefactorsthatsetpeopleapartthemorelikelythatsocietywillendupdivided. WithHispanicsespeciallyMexicansaccountingforanincreasingproportionofU.S.populationgrowthitisthisgroupmorethananyotherthatisredefiningthemeltingpot. HispanicsnowhaveovertakenblacksasthelargestminoritygroupinNebraskaandwillbecomethebiggestminorityinthecountrywithinthenextsevenyearsaccordingtoCensusBureauprojections.50Thenation’s29millionHispanicsthegreatmajorityofthemfromMexicohavethusbecomethemainfocusforquestionsabouthowtheUnitedStatestodayisassimilatingimmigrantsorhowitisbeingtransformed. 50Thenation’s29millionHispanicsthegreatmajorityofthemfromMexicohavethusbecomethemainfocusforquestionsabouthowtheUnitedStatestodayisassimilatingimmigrantsorhowitisbeingtransformed.
MassproductionthedefiningcharacteristicoftheSecondWaveeconomybecomesincreasinglyobsoleteasfirmsinstallinformationintensiveoftenrobotizedmanufacturingsystemscapableofendlesscheapvariationevencustomization.Therevolutionaryresultisineffectthedemassificationofmassproduction. TheshifttowardsmartflextechspromotesdiversityandfeedsconsumerchoicetothepointthataWal-Martstorecanofferthebuyernearly110000productsinvarioustypessizesmodelsandcolorstochooseamong.ButWal-Martisamassmerchandiser.Increasinglythemassmarketitselfisbreakingupintodifferentiatednichesascustomerneedsdivergeandbetterinformationmakesitpossibleforbusinessestoidentifyandservemicromarkets. SpecialtystoresboutiquessuperstoresTVhome-shoppingsystemscomputerbasedbuyingdirectmailandothersystemsprovideagrowingdiversityofchannelsthroughwhichproducerscandistributetheirwarestocustomersinanincreasinglydemassifiedmarketplace.WhenwewroteFutureShockinthelate1960svisionarymarketersbegantalkingabout"marketsegmentation".Todaytheynolongerfocuson"segments"buton"particles"—familyunitsandevensingleindividuals.Meanwhileadvertisingistargetedatsmallerandsmallermarketsegmentsreachedthroughincreasinglydemassifiedmedia. ThedramaticbreakupofmassaudiencesisunderscoredbythecrisisoftheoncegreatTVnetworksABCCBSandNBCatatimewhenTele-CommunicationsInc.ofDenverannouncesafiberopticnetworkcapableofprovidingviewerswithfivehundredinteractivechannelsoftelevision.Suchsystemsmeanthatsellerswillbeabletotargetbuyerswithevengreaterprecision.Thesimultaneousdemassificationofproductiondistributionandcommunicationrevolutionizestheeconomyandshiftsitfromhomogeneitytowardextremeheterogeneity. Whichistrueaboutmassproductionaccordingtotheauthor
WithU.S.companiessittingonanestimated$1.8trillionincashitraisesthequestion:Whyaren’ttheydeployingmoreoftheirhoardtoexpandtheirbusinessesOronemightchannelJohnMaynardKeynestoask:Wherehavethe"animalspirits"goneAlthoughcapitalspendingintheU.S.isup12percentsincethelowsofearly2009it’sstillrunning$88billionbelowthepeakof$1.34trillionreachedinthefirstquarterof2008saysJosephLaVorgnachiefU.S.economistatDeutscheBank.Hedoesn’texpectcapitalspendingtocatchuptothatpeaklevelandofficiallystarttoexpanduntilthesecondquarterof2011.LaVorgna’sdefinitionofcapitalspendingincludesphysicalequipmentandsoftwarebutnotstructuressuchasnewstoresormanufacturingplants.Spendingonstructuresisabout2percentofgrossdomesticproductone-thirdthesizeofcapitalsending’scontributiontoGDPhesays. "Thetrendandmomentumhavedefinitelyturnedandit’sjustamatteroftimebeforeyouseeothercompaniesgivewaytocapitalspendingandeventuallythatwillresultinhiring"saysLaVorgna.Butwithspendingrunning$88billionbelowpeakhesaysemployment"shouldbefartheralongthanitis."CompaniesthathavebuiltupalotofcasharestartingtotakesomechancessuchasexpandingintonewmarketswhichrequireshiringnewworkerssaysJohnChallengerchiefexecutiveofficerofChallengerGray&Christmasanemploymentconsultingfirm.U.S.companieshaveannouncedthehiringof118209newemployeesthroughAugustaccordingtodatacollectedbythefirm. Sowho’ssteppinguptotheplateSomecompaniesrefusetobecowedandaretakingbigifcalculatedchancesincludingambitiouscapitalprojectshiringnewworkersandexpandedinvestmentinresearchanddevelopmentaccordingtogrowth-orientedmutualfundmanagerscontactedbyBusinessweek.com.Ifthere’sacommondenominatorit’saperceivedopportunityandconfidenceinsustainabledemandwhetherduetonewtrendsintechnologyortonewmarketsthatneedcertainproducts.Othernamescamefromalistofthetop-hiringU.S.companiesthroughJuly2010compiledbyChallengerGray&Christmas. "Wedon’tspendcapitalunlesswehaveanewcontracttosupplyoxygennitrogenorhydrogentoourcustomers"saysJamesSawyerPraxair’schieffinancialofficer."Thoseare15-yearcontractswithminimaltake-or-payclauseswrittenintothemwhichensurewewillgetagoodreturnonourcapitalinvestmentregardlessofhowtherestoftheeconomyisdoing." SomeyoungeroutfitswithentrepreneurialmanagerswhohavelivedthroughafewbusinesscyclesthinktheircompaniesmaybeabletostealamarchoncompetitorsmorereluctanttospendsaysAramGreenmanagerofClearBridgeAdvisorsSmallCapGrowthFund."There’sclearlybeenadecisionbymanagementthat’Thisisnotthetimetotakeourfootofftheaccelerator.Infactit’stimetopushharderandfurtherdistanceourproductfromthecompetition.’/ ThephrasesteppinguptotheplateLine1Paragraph3mostprobablymeans
Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore. Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.181in10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses. Notes:proportionspl.规模程度大小affliction疾病痛苦vaccinationn.接种疫苗eradicatev.根除消灭 10
WithU.S.companiessittingonanestimated$1.8trillionincashitraisesthequestion:Whyaren’ttheydeployingmoreoftheirhoardtoexpandtheirbusinessesOronemightchannelJohnMaynardKeynestoask:Wherehavethe"animalspirits"goneAlthoughcapitalspendingintheU.S.isup12percentsincethelowsofearly2009it’sstillrunning$88billionbelowthepeakof$1.34trillionreachedinthefirstquarterof2008saysJosephLaVorgnachiefU.S.economistatDeutscheBank.Hedoesn’texpectcapitalspendingtocatchuptothatpeaklevelandofficiallystarttoexpanduntilthesecondquarterof2011.LaVorgna’sdefinitionofcapitalspendingincludesphysicalequipmentandsoftwarebutnotstructuressuchasnewstoresormanufacturingplants.Spendingonstructuresisabout2percentofgrossdomesticproductone-thirdthesizeofcapitalsending’scontributiontoGDPhesays. "Thetrendandmomentumhavedefinitelyturnedandit’sjustamatteroftimebeforeyouseeothercompaniesgivewaytocapitalspendingandeventuallythatwillresultinhiring"saysLaVorgna.Butwithspendingrunning$88billionbelowpeakhesaysemployment"shouldbefartheralongthanitis."CompaniesthathavebuiltupalotofcasharestartingtotakesomechancessuchasexpandingintonewmarketswhichrequireshiringnewworkerssaysJohnChallengerchiefexecutiveofficerofChallengerGray&Christmasanemploymentconsultingfirm.U.S.companieshaveannouncedthehiringof118209newemployeesthroughAugustaccordingtodatacollectedbythefirm. Sowho’ssteppinguptotheplateSomecompaniesrefusetobecowedandaretakingbigifcalculatedchancesincludingambitiouscapitalprojectshiringnewworkersandexpandedinvestmentinresearchanddevelopmentaccordingtogrowth-orientedmutualfundmanagerscontactedbyBusinessweek.com.Ifthere’sacommondenominatorit’saperceivedopportunityandconfidenceinsustainabledemandwhetherduetonewtrendsintechnologyortonewmarketsthatneedcertainproducts.Othernamescamefromalistofthetop-hiringU.S.companiesthroughJuly2010compiledbyChallengerGray&Christmas. "Wedon’tspendcapitalunlesswehaveanewcontracttosupplyoxygennitrogenorhydrogentoourcustomers"saysJamesSawyerPraxair’schieffinancialofficer."Thoseare15-yearcontractswithminimaltake-or-payclauseswrittenintothemwhichensurewewillgetagoodreturnonourcapitalinvestmentregardlessofhowtherestoftheeconomyisdoing." SomeyoungeroutfitswithentrepreneurialmanagerswhohavelivedthroughafewbusinesscyclesthinktheircompaniesmaybeabletostealamarchoncompetitorsmorereluctanttospendsaysAramGreenmanagerofClearBridgeAdvisorsSmallCapGrowthFund."There’sclearlybeenadecisionbymanagementthat’Thisisnotthetimetotakeourfootofftheaccelerator.Infactit’stimetopushharderandfurtherdistanceourproductfromthecompetition.’/ Whichofthefollowingcouldbestsummarizethepassage
MassproductionthedefiningcharacteristicoftheSecondWaveeconomybecomesincreasinglyobsoleteasfirmsinstallinformationintensiveoftenrobotizedmanufacturingsystemscapableofendlesscheapvariationevencustomization.Therevolutionaryresultisineffectthedemassificationofmassproduction. TheshifttowardsmartflextechspromotesdiversityandfeedsconsumerchoicetothepointthataWal-Martstorecanofferthebuyernearly110000productsinvarioustypessizesmodelsandcolorstochooseamong.ButWal-Martisamassmerchandiser.Increasinglythemassmarketitselfisbreakingupintodifferentiatednichesascustomerneedsdivergeandbetterinformationmakesitpossibleforbusinessestoidentifyandservemicromarkets. SpecialtystoresboutiquessuperstoresTVhome-shoppingsystemscomputerbasedbuyingdirectmailandothersystemsprovideagrowingdiversityofchannelsthroughwhichproducerscandistributetheirwarestocustomersinanincreasinglydemassifiedmarketplace.WhenwewroteFutureShockinthelate1960svisionarymarketersbegantalkingabout"marketsegmentation".Todaytheynolongerfocuson"segments"buton"particles"—familyunitsandevensingleindividuals.Meanwhileadvertisingistargetedatsmallerandsmallermarketsegmentsreachedthroughincreasinglydemassifiedmedia. ThedramaticbreakupofmassaudiencesisunderscoredbythecrisisoftheoncegreatTVnetworksABCCBSandNBCatatimewhenTele-CommunicationsInc.ofDenverannouncesafiberopticnetworkcapableofprovidingviewerswithfivehundredinteractivechannelsoftelevision.Suchsystemsmeanthatsellerswillbeabletotargetbuyerswithevengreaterprecision.Thesimultaneousdemassificationofproductiondistributionandcommunicationrevolutionizestheeconomyandshiftsitfromhomogeneitytowardextremeheterogeneity. Whatwouldbethepropertitleforthispassage
Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore. Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.181in10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses. Notes:proportionspl.规模程度大小affliction疾病痛苦vaccinationn.接种疫苗eradicatev.根除消灭 16
September11th2001drewthetransatlanticalliancetogether;butthemooddidnotlastandoverthefiveyearssinceithaspulledeverfurtherapart.ArecentpollfortheGermanMarshallFundshowsthat57%ofEuropeansregardAmericanleadershipinworldaffairsas"undesirable".TheIraqwarismainlytoblame.Butthereisanotherandmore.intractablereasonforthegrowingdivision:God. EuropeansworrythatAmericanforeignpolicyunderGeorgeBushistooinfluencedbyreligion.The"holywarriors"whohijackedtheplanesonSeptember11threintroducedGodintointernationalaffairsinthemostdramaticofways.ItseemsthatGeorgeBushisreplyinginkindencouragingaclashofreligionsthatcouldspellglobalcatastrophe. DominiqueMoisiaspecialadviserattheFrenchInstituteforInternationalRelationsarguesthat"thecombinationofreligionandnationalisminAmericaisfrightening.WefeelbetrayedbyGodandbynationalismwhichiswhywearebuildingtheEuropeanUnionasabarriertoreligiouswarfare."JosefBramloftheGermanInstituteforInternationalandSecurityAffairscomplainsthatinAmerica"religiousattitudeshavemoreofaninfluenceonpoliticalchoicesthaninanyotherwesterndemocracy." ThenotionthatAmericaistooinfluencedbyreligionisnotconfinedtotheelites.ThreeinfiveFrenchpeopleandnearlyasmanyDutchthinkthatAmericansaretooreligious-andthatreligionskewswhatshouldbeseculardecisions.EuropeanswhothinkthatAmericais"tooreligious"aremoreinclinedtoanti-Americanismthantheirfellowcountrymen.38%ofBritonshaveanunfavourableviewofAmericabutthatnumberrisesto50%amongpeoplewhoarewaryofAmericanreligiosity. IsAmericaengagedinafaith-basedforeignpolicyReligioncertainlyexertsagrowinginfluenceonitsactionsintheworldbutinwaysmoresubtleandcomplicatedthanEuropeansimagine.ItistruethatAmericaisundergoingareligiousrevival."Hot"religionssuchasevangelicalProtestantismandhardlineCatholicismaregrowingrapidlywhile"cool"mainlineversionsofChristianityaredeclining.ItisalsotruethattheRepublicanPartyisbeingreshapedbythisrevival.Self-identifiedevangelicalsprovidedalmost40%ofMr.Bushesvotein2004;ifyouaddinothertheologicalconservativessuchasMormonsandtraditionalCatholicsthatnumberrisescloserto60%.AllsixtopRepublicanleadersintheSenatehaveearned100KratingsfromtheChristianCoalition. ItisalsotruethatMr.Bushfrequentlyusesreligiousrhetoricwhentalkingofforeignaffairs.OnSeptember12thhewasatitagaintellingagroupofconservativejournaliststhatheseesthewaronterroras"aconfrontationbetweengoodandevil"andremarking"Itseemstomethatthere’saThirdAwakening"inotherwordsanoutbreakofChristianevangelicalfervourofthesortthathassweptacrossAmericaatleasttwicebefore.AndChristianAmericaoverallistakingabiggerinterestinforeignpolicy.NewvoicesarebeingheardsuchasSamBrownbackaconservativesenatorfromKansaswhohasledthefightagainstgenocideinDarfurandRickWarrentheauthorofabestsellercalled"ThePurpose-DrivenLife"whoissending2000missionariestoRwanda. Finallyitistruethatreligiousfigureshavedonesomeprettyoutrageousthings.PatRobertsoncalledfortheassassinationofHugoChvezthepresidentofVenezuela.Lieutenant-GeneralWilliam"Jerry"Boykindeputyunder-secretaryofdefenceforintelligencetouredthecountrytellingChristiangroupsthatradicalMuslimshateAmerica"becausewe’reaChristiannationandtheenemyisaguynamedSatan".Heoftenworeuniform. Thephraseinkindinthelastsentenceofthesecondparagraphmostprobablydenotes
Peoplecangetemotionalaboutimmigration.BillO’Reillyatalk-showhostdevotedarecentsegmenttothestoryofanillegalalienwhogotdrunkandaccidentallykilledtwoattractivewhitegirlswithhiscar.IfonlyhehadbeendeportedforpreviousmisdemeanoursMr.O’Reillyragedthosegirlswouldstillbealive.Anothertalk-showhostGeraldoRiveraduringanon-airshout-joust争吵withMr.O’Reillydenouncedhisdemagogicchoiceofstory-angleas"asin". PresidentGeorgeBushtriedagainthisweektobringamorerationaltonetothedebate.HeurgedthenewDemocraticCongresstorevivetheimmigrationreformsthattheoldRepublicanCongresskilledlastyear.Hisproposalwasbroadlythesameasbefore.HesaidhewantedtomakeithardertoenterAmericaillegallybuteasiertodosolegallyandtoofferapathtocitizenshipfortheestimated12millegalswhohavealreadysnuckin. Thefirstpartfacesfewpoliticalhurdlesandisalreadywellunderway.Mr.BushexpectstohavedoubledthenumberofBorderPatrolagentsbytheendofnextyear.Thenewrecruitsarebeingtrained.Andtodefendagainsttheinvadinglegionsofwould-begardenersandhotelcleanersthefrontierisalsoequippedwithhigh-techmilitarygizmos小发明suchasunmannedspyplaneswithinfra-red红外cameras.Thismaybehavingsomeeffect.Mr.Bushboastedthatthenumberofpeoplecaughtsneakingovertheborderhadfallenbynearly30%thisyear. AndthecontroversialpartofMr.Bush’simmigrationpackage--allowingmoreimmigrantsinandofferingthosealreadyinAmericaachancetobecomelegal--isstilljustaplan.HouseRepublicanssquasheditlastyear.Mr.BushsensesasecondchancewiththenewDemocraticCongressbutDemocratslikeRepublicansaresplitontheissue.SomenotablyTedKennedythinkAmericashouldembracehard-workingmigrants.Othersfretthathard-workingmigrantswillundercutthewagesofthenative-born. Mr.Bushwouldliketoseethepro-immigrantwingsofbothpartiesworktogethertogivehimabillhecansign.TheSenateisexpectedtosqueezeinadebatenextmonth.Theadministrationistryingtoenticelaw-and-orderRepublicansonboard;arecentleakedmemotalkedofsubstantialfinesforillegalsbeforetheycanbecomelegaland"muchbigger"finesforemployerswhohirethembeforetheydo. ThebiggesthurdlehowevermaybetheDemocrats’reluctancetoco-operatewithMr.Bush.SomefigurethatratherthanlettingtheirhatedadversarysharethecreditforfixingtheimmigrationsystemtheyshouldstalluntilaDemocratisintheWhiteHouseandthentakeitall.Sothereisaselfishaswellasamoralargumentformakingadeal. WhichofthefollowingisproposedbyMr.Bush
Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsthreatensthepublicscientistsimmediatelygettoworktryingtolocatethesourceofafflictionandfindwaystocombat.Vaccinationisoneoftheeffectivewaystoprotectthe1populationofaregionorcountrywhichmaybe2graverisk.Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodyto3immunitytothevirusordiseasesothatifitisencounteredonecanfightit4naturally.Toaccomplishthisasmallweakordead5ofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment6hisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvader7.Information8howtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesis9toallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnaturallyinwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat10thepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblemhisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedto11withithavingalreadydonesobefore. Therearehoweverdangers12intheprocess.13eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineproves14muchforthebodytohandleresultingintheimmunesystem15andthereforethepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine16toeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearly17thewholeNativeAmericanpopulationandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.181in10000peoplewhoreceivethevaccine19thesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Consequentlytheprocesswhichistrulya20mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses. Notes:proportionspl.规模程度大小affliction疾病痛苦vaccinationn.接种疫苗eradicatev.根除消灭 4
ElNinoisthetermusedfortheperiodwhenseasurfacetemperaturesareabovenormalofftheSouthAmericancoastalongtheequatorialPacificsometimescalledtheEarth’sheartbeatandisadramaticbutmysteriousclimatesystemthatperiodicallyragesacrossthePacific. ElNinomeans"thelittleboy"or"theChristchild"inSpanishandissocalledbecauseitswarmcurrentisfeltalongcoastalPeruandEcuadoraroundChristmas.ButthelocalwarmingisjustpartofanintricatesetofchangesintheoceanandatmosphereacrossthetropicalPacificwhichcoversathirdoftheEarth’scircumference.Itsintensityissuchthatitaffectstemperaturesstormtracksandrainfallaroundtheworld. DroughtsinAfricaandAustraliatropicalstormsinthePacifictorrentialrainsalongtheCaliforniancoastandlushgreeningofPeruviandesertshaveallbeenascribedtothewhimofEINino.Untilrecentlyithasbeenreturningabouteverythreetofiveyears.Butrecentlyithasbecomemorefrequent--forthefirsttimeonrecordithasreturnedforafourthconsecutiveyear--andatthesametimeagiantpoolofunusuallywarmwaterhassettleddowninthemiddleofthePacificandisshowingnosignsofmoving. Climatologistsdon’tyetknowwhythoughsomearesayingtheseaberrationsmaysignalaworldwidechangeinclimate.TheproblemisthatnobodyreallyseemssurewhatcausestheElNinotostartupandwhatmakessomestrongerthanothers.Andthismakesitparticularlyhardtoexplainwhyithassuddenlystartedbehavingsodifferently. IntheabsenceofEINinoanditscoldcounterpartLaNinaconditionsinthetropicaleasternPacificaretheoppositeofthoseinthewest.theeastiscoolanddrywhilethewestishotandwet.Intheeastit’sthewindsandcurrentsthatkeepthingscool.Itworkslikethis.StrongsteadywindscalledtradewindsblowingwestacrossthePacificdragthesurfacewateralongwiththem.ThevaryinginfluenceoftheEarth’srotationatdifferentlatitudesknownastheCorioliseffectcausesthesesurfacewindsandwatertoveertowardsthepolesnorthinthenorthernhemisphereandsouthinthesouthernhemisphere.Thesurfacewaterisreplacedbycolderwaterfromdeeperintheoceaninaprocessknownasupwelling. Thecoldsurfacewaterinturnchillstheairaboveit.Thiscolddenseaircannotrisehighenoughforwatervaportocondenseintoclouds.ThedenseaircreatesanareaofhighpressuresothattheatmosphereovertheequatorialeasternPacificisessentiallydevoidofrainfall. ItcanbeinferredthatwhenEINinoandLaNinaoccurssimultaneously
OntheeveofglobalwarmingnegotiationsscientistsfromseveralWesternnationsareclamoringforacrashprogramtodevelopcleanenergythatwouldrivaltheManhattanProjectandtheApollomissiontothemoon. WritinginThursday’sissueofthejournalNaturescientistsfromNorthAmericaandEuropepredictedthatglobalwarmingwillsoonbecometheenvironmentalequivalentoftheColdWarastheworld’sincreasingrelianceonfossilfuelsreleasesmorecarbondioxideandotherheattrappingpollutantsintotheatmosphere.The11scientistsurgednegotiatorsatenvironmentaltalksscheduledtobeginNov.2inBuenosAiresArgentinatopushforamobilizationofscientificresourcestodevelopalternativeformsofenergysuchassolarwindandnuclearpower."Developingandcommercializingcarbon-fleepowertechnologiesbythemid-21stcenturycouldrequireeffortsperhapsinternationalpursuedwiththeurgencyoftheManhattanProjectortheApollospaceprogram"saidMartinHoffertaphysicistatNewYorkUniversity.Only20%orlessoftoday’senergyusecomesfromcarbon-freesources.TheNaturepaperisunusualbecauseitcontainsbroadpolicyrecommendations.Normallythejournalpublishesstraightforwardscientificstudies. LastyeargovernmentsmeetinginKyotoJapanagreedtoemissionreductionsbytheUnitedStatesJapanthe15-nationEuropeanUnionand21otherindustrialnations.Thenationsaretocuttheiroutputofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegasesto5%belowtheir1990levelsby2012.Thisyearnegotiatorsfor166nationsaremeetingtodeterminehoweachcountrywillachievethereductions. Tosomerisingannualaveragetemperaturesinthe1990samounttoearlyproofthatglobalwarminghasarrivedandthatthecurrenttreatywon’tprotectnationsfromclimaticupheavalduringthe21stcentury.Somescientistssaidglobalwarmingisinevitableandnoamountofeffort—notevenacrashprogram—willpreventit."Wewillexperienceasubstantialamountoffurtherclimatechangeevenifwemakehugecutsinemissions"saidMartinParryofUniversityCollegeinLondon.Otherssaidtherearemanywaysofreducingglobalwarmingwithoutmobilizingscientistsworldwide.Energyconservationandefficiencysuchasgreateruseofcleaner-burningnaturalgasandnuclearpowermightbeacheapersolutiontheysay.Smokestackandtailpipecontrolsaswellasplantingtreescanreducepollutiontoo.Countriescanalsoprovideutilitieswithfinancialincentivestoinvestinexperimentaltechnologies. Evenoptimistsatthemeetingagreedthatdemandforcrudeoilwilloutstripproductionby2020andthatworldwidereserveswillbeexhaustedby2100.Oilshortagesandhigherpriceswillmaketheworldamoredangerousplacetheywarned. WhichofthefollowingisNOTconsideredawayofcombatingglobalwarming
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