首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
Fatigue is one of the most common complaints brought to doctors, friends, and relatives. You’d th...
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《问答集》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
Fatigueisoneofthemostcommoncomplaintsbroughttod
Fatigueisoneofthemostcommoncomplaintsbroughttod
Directions: Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandt
Fatigueisoneofthemostcommoncomplaintsbroughttod
Fatigueisoneofthemostcommoncomplaintsbroughttod
Directions: Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandt
Fatigueisoneofthemostcommoncomplaintsbroughttod
Fatigueisoneofthemostcommoncomplaintsbroughttod
Fatigueisoneofthemostcommoncomplaintsbroughttod
Fatigueisoneofthemostcommoncomplaintsbroughttod
Fatigueisoneofthemostcommoncomplaintsbroughttod
Fatigueisoneofthemostcommoncomplaintsbroughttod
Hereisanastonishingandsignificantfact:Mentalworkal
Fatigueisoneofthemostcommoncomplaintsbroughttod
Directions: Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandt
Fatigueisoneofthemostcommoncomplaintsbroughttod
Fatigueisoneofthemostcommoncomplaintsbroughttod
Fatigueisoneofthemostcommoncomplaintsbroughttod
Directions: Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandt
Directions: Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandt
热门试题
更多
1thepurposeofthecontest2timeandplaceofthecontest3whatisrequiredofthecandidates4detailsoftheawards.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseDepartmentofEnglishattheendoftheannouncement.10points
Aweathermapisanimportanttoolforgeographers.Asuccessionofthreeoffourmapspresentsacontinuouspictureofweatherchanges.Weatherforecastsareabletodeterminethespeedofairmassesandfronts;todeterminewhetheranindividualpressureareaisdeepeningorbecomingshallowandwhetherafrontisincreasingordecreasinginintensity.Theyarealsoabletodeterminewhetheranairmassisretainingitsoriginalcharacteristicsortakingonthoseofthesurfaceoverwhichitismoving.Thusamostsignificantfunctionofthemapistorevealasynopticpictureofconditionsintheatmosphereatagiventime.Allstudentsofgeographyshouldbeabletointerpretaweathermapaccurately.Weathermapscontainanenormousamountofinformationaboutweatherconditionsexistingatthetimeofobservationoveralargegeographicalarea.Theyrevealinafewminuteswhatotherwisewouldtakehourstodescribe.TheUnitedStatesweatherBureauissuesinformationaboutapproachingstormsfloodsfrostsdroughtsandallclimaticconditionsingeneral.Twiceamonthitissuesa30-dayoutlookwhichisaroughguidetoweatherconditionslikelytooccuroverbroadareasoftheUnitedStates.These30-dayoutlooksarebaseduponananalysisoftheupperairlevelswithoftensetthestageforthedevelopmentofairmassesfrontsandstorms.Considerableeffortisbeingexertedtodaytoachievemoreaccurateweatherpredictions.Withtheuseofelectronicinstrumentsandearthsatellitesenormousgainshavetakenplacerecentlyinidentifyingandtrackingstormsoverregionswhichhavebutfewmeteorologicalstations.Extensiveexperimentsarealsoinprogressforweathermodificationstudies.Butthelimitationsofweathermodificationhavepreventedmeteorologicalresultsexceptintheseedingofsuper-cooledupslopemountainouswindswhichhaveproducedadditionalorographicalprecipitationonthewindwardsideofmountainranges.Neverthelesstheyhaveprovidedaclearerunderstandingofthefundamentalsofweatherelements.Theobservationofweatherconditionsbysatellitesisadvantageousbecauseit______.
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English". EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes. InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.13
RealpolicemenhardlyrecognizeanyresemblancebetweentheirlivesandwhattheyseeonTV.Thefirstdifferenceisthatapoliceman’srealliferevolvesfoundcriminallaw.Hehastoknowexactlywhatactionsarecrimesandwhatevidencecanbeusedtoprovethemincourt.Hehastoknownearlyasmuchlawasaprofessionallawyerandwhatismorehehastoapplyitonhisfeetinthedarkand-rainrunningdownastreetaftersomeonehewantstotalkto.Littleofhistimeisspentinchattinghewillspendmostofhisworkinglifetypingmillionsofwordsonthousandsofformsabouthundredsofsadunimportantpeoplewhoareguiltyofstupidpettycrimes.Mosttelevisioncrimedramaisaboutfindingthecriminal:assoonashe’sarrestedthestoryisover.Inreallifefindingcriminalsisseldommuchofaproblem.Exceptinveryseriouscaseslikemurdersandterroristattackslittleeffortisspentonsearching.Havingmadeanarrestadetectivereallystartstowork.Hehastoprovehiscaseincourtandtodothatheoftenhastogatheralotofdifferenceevidence.Thethirdbigdifferencebetweenthedramadetectiveandtherealoneistheunpleasantpressuresfirstasmembersofapoliceforcetheyalwayshavetobehaveabsolutelyinaccordancewiththelaw~secondlyasexpensivepublicservantstheyhavetogetresults.Theycanhardlyeverdoboth.Mostofthetimesomeofthemhavetobreaktherulesinsmallways.Ifthedetectivehastodeceivetheworldtheworldoftendeceiveshim.Hardlyanyonehemeetstellshimthetruth.Andthisseparationthedetectivefeelsbetweenhimselfandtherestoftheworldisdeepenedbythesimple-mindedness--asheseesit--ofcitizenssocialworkersdoctorslaw-makersandjudgeswhoinsteadofeliminatingcrimepunishthecriminalslessseverelyinthehopethatthiswillmakethemreform.Theresultdetectivesfeelisthatnine-tenthsoftheirworkisrecatchingpeoplewhoshouldhavestayedbehindbars.Thismakesthemrathercynical.Apolicemanhastobetrainedincriminallawbecause______.
RealpolicemenhardlyrecognizeanyresemblancebetweentheirlivesandwhattheyseeonTV.Thefirstdifferenceisthatapoliceman’srealliferevolvesfoundcriminallaw.Hehastoknowexactlywhatactionsarecrimesandwhatevidencecanbeusedtoprovethemincourt.Hehastoknownearlyasmuchlawasaprofessionallawyerandwhatismorehehastoapplyitonhisfeetinthedarkand-rainrunningdownastreetaftersomeonehewantstotalkto.Littleofhistimeisspentinchattinghewillspendmostofhisworkinglifetypingmillionsofwordsonthousandsofformsabouthundredsofsadunimportantpeoplewhoareguiltyofstupidpettycrimes.Mosttelevisioncrimedramaisaboutfindingthecriminal:assoonashe’sarrestedthestoryisover.Inreallifefindingcriminalsisseldommuchofaproblem.Exceptinveryseriouscaseslikemurdersandterroristattackslittleeffortisspentonsearching.Havingmadeanarrestadetectivereallystartstowork.Hehastoprovehiscaseincourtandtodothatheoftenhastogatheralotofdifferenceevidence.Thethirdbigdifferencebetweenthedramadetectiveandtherealoneistheunpleasantpressuresfirstasmembersofapoliceforcetheyalwayshavetobehaveabsolutelyinaccordancewiththelaw~secondlyasexpensivepublicservantstheyhavetogetresults.Theycanhardlyeverdoboth.Mostofthetimesomeofthemhavetobreaktherulesinsmallways.Ifthedetectivehastodeceivetheworldtheworldoftendeceiveshim.Hardlyanyonehemeetstellshimthetruth.Andthisseparationthedetectivefeelsbetweenhimselfandtherestoftheworldisdeepenedbythesimple-mindedness--asheseesit--ofcitizenssocialworkersdoctorslaw-makersandjudgeswhoinsteadofeliminatingcrimepunishthecriminalslessseverelyinthehopethatthiswillmakethemreform.Theresultdetectivesfeelisthatnine-tenthsoftheirworkisrecatchingpeoplewhoshouldhavestayedbehindbars.Thismakesthemrathercynical.Whydopolicemenfeelseparatedfromtherestoftheworld
[A]Preservingculturalidentitycanbeachievedindifferentway. [B]Ritualandceremonyareusedinordertokeeptheirownculturalidentification. [C]Ritualandceremonyshouldnotberegardedasaonlywayofkeepingculturalidentificationfortheyhaveotherfunction. [D]Differentculturesmainlyusesuperstitiontokeepidentification. [E]Ritualandceremonyhaveacloserrelationwithsuperstition. [F]InAmericanritualandceremonycanshowtheirsubculturesidentity. Thespeakerassertsthatritualsandceremoniesareneededforanycultureorgroupofpeopletoretainastrongsenseofidentity.Iagreethatonepurposeofritualandceremonyistopreserveculturalidentityatleastinmoderntimes.Howeverthisisnottheirsolepurpose;norareritualandceremonytheonlymeansofpreservingculturalidentity. 41.______ Iagreewiththespeakerinsofarasonepurposeofritualandceremonyintoday’sworldistopreserveculturalidentity.NativeAmericantribesforexampleclingtenaciouslytotheirtraditionalceremoniesandritualswhichtypicallytellastoryabout’tribalheritage.Thereasonformaintainingtheseritualsandcustomslieslargelyinthetribes’500-yearstruggleagainstassimilationevenextinctionatthehandsofEuropeanintruders.Anoutwarddisplayoftraditionalcustomsanddistinctheritageisneededtoputtheworldonnoticethateachtribeisadistinctandautonomouspeoplewithitsownheritagevaluesandideas.Otherwisethetriberiskstotalassimilationandlossofidentity. 42.______ ThelackofmeaningfulritualandceremonyinhomogenousmainstreamAmericaunderscoresthispoint.Otherthanafewgratuitousceremoniessuchasweddingsandfuneralswemaintainnocommonritualstosetusapartfromothercultures.ThereasonforthisisthatasawholeAmericahaslittleculturalidentityofitsownanymore.InsteadithasbecomeapatchworkquiltofmanysubculturessuchasNativeAmericansHasidicJewsAmishandurbanAfricanAmericans--eachofwhichresorttosomeoutwarddemonstrationofitsdistinctivenessinordertoestablishandmaintainauniqueculturalidentity. 43.______ Neverthelesspreservingculturalidentifycannotbetheonlypurposeofritualandceremony.Otherwisehowwouldoneexplainwhyisolatedculturesthatdon’tneedtodistinguishthemselvestopreservetheiridentityneverthelessengageintheirowndistinctritualsandceremoniesInfacttheinitialpurposeofritualandceremonyisrootednotinculturalidentitybutrathersuperstitionandspiritualbelief.Theoriginalpurposeofaritualmighthavebeentofrightenawayevilspiritstobringaboutweatherconditionsfavorabletobountifulharvestsortoentreatthegodsforasuccessfulhuntorforvictoryinbattle.Eventodaysomeprimitiveculturesengageinritualsprimarilyforsuchreasons. 44.______ Norareritualandceremonytheonlymeansofpreservingculturalidentity.ForexampleourAmishculturedemonstratesitsdistinctivenessthroughdressandlifestyle.HasidicJewssetthemselvesapartbytheirdressvocationalchoicesanddietaryhabits.AndAfricanAmericansdistinguishthemselvestodaybytheirmannerofspeechandgesture.Ofcoursethesesubcultureshavetheirowndistinctwaysofcerebratingeventssuchasweddingscomingofageandsoforth.Yetritualandceremonyarenottheprimarymeansbywhichthesesubculturesmaintaintheiridentity. 45.______ Insumtopreventtotalculturalassimilationintoourmodern-dayhomogenoussoupasubculturewithauniqueandproudheritagemustmaintainanoutwarddisplayofthatheritage--bywayofritualandceremony.Neverthelessritualandceremonyserveaspiritualfunctionaswell--onethathaslittletodowithpreventingculturalassimilation.Moreoverritualsandceremoniesarenottheonlymeansofpreservingculturalidentity. 41
RealpolicemenhardlyrecognizeanyresemblancebetweentheirlivesandwhattheyseeonTV.Thefirstdifferenceisthatapoliceman’srealliferevolvesfoundcriminallaw.Hehastoknowexactlywhatactionsarecrimesandwhatevidencecanbeusedtoprovethemincourt.Hehastoknownearlyasmuchlawasaprofessionallawyerandwhatismorehehastoapplyitonhisfeetinthedarkand-rainrunningdownastreetaftersomeonehewantstotalkto.Littleofhistimeisspentinchattinghewillspendmostofhisworkinglifetypingmillionsofwordsonthousandsofformsabouthundredsofsadunimportantpeoplewhoareguiltyofstupidpettycrimes.Mosttelevisioncrimedramaisaboutfindingthecriminal:assoonashe’sarrestedthestoryisover.Inreallifefindingcriminalsisseldommuchofaproblem.Exceptinveryseriouscaseslikemurdersandterroristattackslittleeffortisspentonsearching.Havingmadeanarrestadetectivereallystartstowork.Hehastoprovehiscaseincourtandtodothatheoftenhastogatheralotofdifferenceevidence.Thethirdbigdifferencebetweenthedramadetectiveandtherealoneistheunpleasantpressuresfirstasmembersofapoliceforcetheyalwayshavetobehaveabsolutelyinaccordancewiththelaw~secondlyasexpensivepublicservantstheyhavetogetresults.Theycanhardlyeverdoboth.Mostofthetimesomeofthemhavetobreaktherulesinsmallways.Ifthedetectivehastodeceivetheworldtheworldoftendeceiveshim.Hardlyanyonehemeetstellshimthetruth.Andthisseparationthedetectivefeelsbetweenhimselfandtherestoftheworldisdeepenedbythesimple-mindedness--asheseesit--ofcitizenssocialworkersdoctorslaw-makersandjudgeswhoinsteadofeliminatingcrimepunishthecriminalslessseverelyinthehopethatthiswillmakethemreform.Theresultdetectivesfeelisthatnine-tenthsoftheirworkisrecatchingpeoplewhoshouldhavestayedbehindbars.Thismakesthemrathercynical.Accordingtothepassagepolicemenspendmostoftheirtimeandefforts______.
Imagineaworldinwhichtherewassuddenlynoemotion--aworldinwhichhumanbeingscouldfeelnoloveorhappinessnoterrororhate.Trytoimaginetheconsequencesofsuchatransformation.Peoplemightnotbeabletostayalive:knowingneitherjoynorpleasureneitheranxietynorfeartheywouldbeaslikelytorepeatactsthathurtthemasactsthatwerebeneficial.Theycouldnotlearn:theycouldnotbenefitfromexperiencebecausethisemotionlessworldwouldlackrewardsandpunishments.Societywouldsoondisappear:peoplewouldbeaslikelytoharmoneanotherastoprovidehelpandsupport.Humanrelationshipswouldnotexist:inaworldwithoutfriendsorenemiestherecouldbenomarriageaffectionamongcompanionsorbondsamongmembersofgroups.Society’seconomicunderpinningswouldbedestroyed:sinceearning$10millionwouldbenomorepleasantthanearning$10therewouldbenoincentivetowork.Infacttherewouldbenoincentivesofanykind.Foraswewillseeincentivesimplyacapacitytoenjoythem.Insuchaworldthechancesthatthehumanspecieswouldsurvivearenexttozerobecauseemotionsarethebasicinstrumentofoursurvivalandadaptation.Emotionsstructuretheworldforusinimportantways.Asindividualswecategorizeobjectsonthebasisofouremotions.Trueweconsiderthelengthshapesizeortexturebutanobject’sphysicalaspectsarelessimportantthanwhatithasdoneorcandotous--hurtussurpriseusangerusormakeusjoyful.Wealsousecategorizationscolouredbyemotionsinourfamiliescommunitiesandoverallsociety.Outofouremotionalexperienceswithobjectsandeventscomesasocialfeelingofagreementthatcertainthingsandactionsarcgoodandothersarebadandweapplythesecategoriestoeveryaspectofoursociallife--fromwhatfoodsweeatandwhatclothesweweartohowwekeeppromisesandwhichpeopleourgroupwillaccept.Infactsocietyexploitsouremotionalreactionsandattitudessuchasloyaltymoralityprideshameguiltfearandgreedinordertomaintainitself.ItgiveshighrewardstoindividualswhenperformimportanttaskssuchassurgerymakesheroesoutofindividualsforunusualordangerousachievementssuchflyingfighterplanesinawarandUsesthelegalandpenalsystemtomakepeopleafraidtoengageinantisocialacts.Emotionsaresignificantforman’ssurvivalandadaptationbecause______.
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English". EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes. InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.11
Greenspacefacilitiesarecontributingtoanimportantextenttothequalityoftheurbanenvironment.Fortunatelyitisnolongernecessarythateverylectureoreverybookaboutthissubjecthastostartwiththeproofofthisidea.46Atpresentitisgenerallyacceptedalthoughmoreasaself-evidentstatementthanonthebasisofaclosely-reasonedscientificproof.Therecognitionoftheimportanceofgreenspaceintheurbanenvironmentisafirststepontherightway.47Thisdoesnotmeanhoweverthatsufficientdetailsareknownaboutthefunctionsofgreenspaceintownsandaboutthewayinwhichtheinhabitantsareusingthesespaces.AstothisrathercomplexsubjectIshallwithinthescopeofthislectureenterintooneaspectonlynamelytherecreativefunctionofgreenspacefacilities. 48Thetheoreticalseparationoflivingworkingtrafficandrecreationwhichformanyyearshasbeenusedintown-and-countryplanninghasinmyopinionresultedindisproportionateattentionforformsofrecreationfarfromhomewhereastherehasbeenrelativelylittleattentionforimprovementofrecreativepossibilitiesinthedirectneighborhoodofthehome.49Wehavecometotheconclusionthatthisisnotrightbecauseanimportantpartofthetimewhichwedonotpassinsleepingorworkingisusedforactivitiesatandaroundhome.Soitisobviousthatrecreationintheopenairhastobeginatthefrontdoor. 50Theurbanenvironmenthastoofferasmanyrecreationactivitiesaspossibleandthedesignofthesehastobesuchthatmoreobligatoryactivitiescanalsohavearecreativeaspect.Theverybeststandardoflivingisnothingifitisnotpossibletotakeapleasantwalkinthedistrictifthechildrencannotbeallowedtoplayinthestreetsbecausetherisksoftrafficaretoogreatifduringshoppingyoucannowherefindaspotforenjoyingforamomenttheniceweatherinshortifyouonlyfeelyourselfathomeafterthefrontdoorisshut. Wehavecometotheconclusionthatthisisnotrightbecauseanimportantpartofthetimewhichwedonotpassinsleepingorworkingisusedforactivitiesatandaroundhome
WhatdoNationalSemiconductorMaxwellHouseCoffeeDeloitteToucheandHearstMagazineshaveincommonAlltheseorganizationsareheadedbywomen.46MoreoveraccordingtoarecentstudybyCatalyst卡特利思特anationalnonprofitorganizationassistingwomeninbusinessmorethan80percentofFortune500companieshaveatleastonewomanontheirboardsofdirectorsupfrom69percenttwoyearsearlier.Despiteallthisthereisevidencethatwomenarenotcommonlyfoundattheexecutivelevel.Nofortune500companieshasafemaleCEO;womenexecutivesareextremelyunderrepresentedinsomeindustriessuchasmanufacturingengineeringandfinancialservices;andresponsestotheCatalystsurveyshowthatsixintenwomenbelievewomensufferdiscriminationinobtainingexecutivebusinesspositions. 47AlthoughtheclimbupthecorporateladderseemstobegoingslowlyforwomencorporateAmericawouldbenefitfromhavingmorewomeninseniormanagementpositions.Notonlydowomenrepresentalargeuntappedpooloftalenttheyalsobringanalternativeperspectivetomanagementteams.Inadditionwomenaccountforabout80percentofU.S.consumerspendingmakingtheirinputattheexecutivelevelinvaluable. Industryexpertshavepinpointedseveralstumblingblockstowomen’sprogressupthecorporateladder.Amongthesebarriersarethestereotypesandpreconceivednotionsofwomenthatsomemeninmanagerialpositionsstillbringtotherecruitingprocess.48Inadditionbecausewomenareoftenexcludedfromtheinformalnetworkoutsidetheoffice.’Forexamplebynotbeinggivenseasonticketstosportingeventsandbynotbeinginvitedtoplaygolftheymissoutontheopportunityofbuildrelationships.Otherimpedimentsincludedifficultiesinbalancingcareerandfamilywomenarestilltheprimarycaregiversinoursocietylackofgeneralmanagementexperiencereluctancetotravelortorelocateand’inhospitablecorporateculturesthatdrivewomenawaybeforetheyarereadyforexecutiveposition. Althoughagrowingnumberofwomenchoosetostepoffthetraditionalcareerbystartingtheirownbusinessesmanyarefindingwaystokeepclimbingtothetop.Catalyst’sinterviewswithwomeninexecutivepositionssuggest’threeessentialfactorsfortheiradvancement.49Womenmustconsistentlyexceedperformanceexpectationsdevelopastylewithwhichmalemanagementiscomfortableandseekoutdifficulthigh-visibilityassignments.ValerieSalembeirpublisherofEsquireadviseswomentolookforcompaniesthathavethereputationofbeinggoodplacesforthemtowork.LindaSrereexecutivevicepresidentoftheadvertisingagencyYoung&Rubiconstressestheneedtotakerisks. 50Whatevermethodstheyareusingonethingisclear:womenaregoingafterequalitythemselvesinsteadofwaitingfororganizationstodeliverit.Theyknowthatofallthereasonsgivenforwhywomenshouldruncompaniesthesinglebestreasonissimplythattheycan. AlthoughtheclimbupthecorporateladderseemstobegoingslowlyforwomencorporateAmericawouldbenefitfromhavingmorewomeninseniormanagementpositions.
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English". EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes. InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.19
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English". EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes. InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.17
WhatdoNationalSemiconductorMaxwellHouseCoffeeDeloitteToucheandHearstMagazineshaveincommonAlltheseorganizationsareheadedbywomen.46MoreoveraccordingtoarecentstudybyCatalyst卡特利思特anationalnonprofitorganizationassistingwomeninbusinessmorethan80percentofFortune500companieshaveatleastonewomanontheirboardsofdirectorsupfrom69percenttwoyearsearlier.Despiteallthisthereisevidencethatwomenarenotcommonlyfoundattheexecutivelevel.Nofortune500companieshasafemaleCEO;womenexecutivesareextremelyunderrepresentedinsomeindustriessuchasmanufacturingengineeringandfinancialservices;andresponsestotheCatalystsurveyshowthatsixintenwomenbelievewomensufferdiscriminationinobtainingexecutivebusinesspositions. 47AlthoughtheclimbupthecorporateladderseemstobegoingslowlyforwomencorporateAmericawouldbenefitfromhavingmorewomeninseniormanagementpositions.Notonlydowomenrepresentalargeuntappedpooloftalenttheyalsobringanalternativeperspectivetomanagementteams.Inadditionwomenaccountforabout80percentofU.S.consumerspendingmakingtheirinputattheexecutivelevelinvaluable. Industryexpertshavepinpointedseveralstumblingblockstowomen’sprogressupthecorporateladder.Amongthesebarriersarethestereotypesandpreconceivednotionsofwomenthatsomemeninmanagerialpositionsstillbringtotherecruitingprocess.48Inadditionbecausewomenareoftenexcludedfromtheinformalnetworkoutsidetheoffice.’Forexamplebynotbeinggivenseasonticketstosportingeventsandbynotbeinginvitedtoplaygolftheymissoutontheopportunityofbuildrelationships.Otherimpedimentsincludedifficultiesinbalancingcareerandfamilywomenarestilltheprimarycaregiversinoursocietylackofgeneralmanagementexperiencereluctancetotravelortorelocateand’inhospitablecorporateculturesthatdrivewomenawaybeforetheyarereadyforexecutiveposition. Althoughagrowingnumberofwomenchoosetostepoffthetraditionalcareerbystartingtheirownbusinessesmanyarefindingwaystokeepclimbingtothetop.Catalyst’sinterviewswithwomeninexecutivepositionssuggest’threeessentialfactorsfortheiradvancement.49Womenmustconsistentlyexceedperformanceexpectationsdevelopastylewithwhichmalemanagementiscomfortableandseekoutdifficulthigh-visibilityassignments.ValerieSalembeirpublisherofEsquireadviseswomentolookforcompaniesthathavethereputationofbeinggoodplacesforthemtowork.LindaSrereexecutivevicepresidentoftheadvertisingagencyYoung&Rubiconstressestheneedtotakerisks. 50Whatevermethodstheyareusingonethingisclear:womenaregoingafterequalitythemselvesinsteadofwaitingfororganizationstodeliverit.Theyknowthatofallthereasonsgivenforwhywomenshouldruncompaniesthesinglebestreasonissimplythattheycan. Womenmustconsistentlyexceedperformanceexpectationsdevelopastylewithwhichmalemanagementiscomfortableandseekoutdifficulthigh-visibilityassignments
Aweathermapisanimportanttoolforgeographers.Asuccessionofthreeoffourmapspresentsacontinuouspictureofweatherchanges.Weatherforecastsareabletodeterminethespeedofairmassesandfronts;todeterminewhetheranindividualpressureareaisdeepeningorbecomingshallowandwhetherafrontisincreasingordecreasinginintensity.Theyarealsoabletodeterminewhetheranairmassisretainingitsoriginalcharacteristicsortakingonthoseofthesurfaceoverwhichitismoving.Thusamostsignificantfunctionofthemapistorevealasynopticpictureofconditionsintheatmosphereatagiventime.Allstudentsofgeographyshouldbeabletointerpretaweathermapaccurately.Weathermapscontainanenormousamountofinformationaboutweatherconditionsexistingatthetimeofobservationoveralargegeographicalarea.Theyrevealinafewminuteswhatotherwisewouldtakehourstodescribe.TheUnitedStatesweatherBureauissuesinformationaboutapproachingstormsfloodsfrostsdroughtsandallclimaticconditionsingeneral.Twiceamonthitissuesa30-dayoutlookwhichisaroughguidetoweatherconditionslikelytooccuroverbroadareasoftheUnitedStates.These30-dayoutlooksarebaseduponananalysisoftheupperairlevelswithoftensetthestageforthedevelopmentofairmassesfrontsandstorms.Considerableeffortisbeingexertedtodaytoachievemoreaccurateweatherpredictions.Withtheuseofelectronicinstrumentsandearthsatellitesenormousgainshavetakenplacerecentlyinidentifyingandtrackingstormsoverregionswhichhavebutfewmeteorologicalstations.Extensiveexperimentsarealsoinprogressforweathermodificationstudies.Butthelimitationsofweathermodificationhavepreventedmeteorologicalresultsexceptintheseedingofsuper-cooledupslopemountainouswindswhichhaveproducedadditionalorographicalprecipitationonthewindwardsideofmountainranges.Neverthelesstheyhaveprovidedaclearerunderstandingofthefundamentalsofweatherelements.Onecharacteristicofweathermapsnotmentionedbytheauthorinthispassageis______.
[A]Preservingculturalidentitycanbeachievedindifferentway. [B]Ritualandceremonyareusedinordertokeeptheirownculturalidentification. [C]Ritualandceremonyshouldnotberegardedasaonlywayofkeepingculturalidentificationfortheyhaveotherfunction. [D]Differentculturesmainlyusesuperstitiontokeepidentification. [E]Ritualandceremonyhaveacloserrelationwithsuperstition. [F]InAmericanritualandceremonycanshowtheirsubculturesidentity. Thespeakerassertsthatritualsandceremoniesareneededforanycultureorgroupofpeopletoretainastrongsenseofidentity.Iagreethatonepurposeofritualandceremonyistopreserveculturalidentityatleastinmoderntimes.Howeverthisisnottheirsolepurpose;norareritualandceremonytheonlymeansofpreservingculturalidentity. 41.______ Iagreewiththespeakerinsofarasonepurposeofritualandceremonyintoday’sworldistopreserveculturalidentity.NativeAmericantribesforexampleclingtenaciouslytotheirtraditionalceremoniesandritualswhichtypicallytellastoryabout’tribalheritage.Thereasonformaintainingtheseritualsandcustomslieslargelyinthetribes’500-yearstruggleagainstassimilationevenextinctionatthehandsofEuropeanintruders.Anoutwarddisplayoftraditionalcustomsanddistinctheritageisneededtoputtheworldonnoticethateachtribeisadistinctandautonomouspeoplewithitsownheritagevaluesandideas.Otherwisethetriberiskstotalassimilationandlossofidentity. 42.______ ThelackofmeaningfulritualandceremonyinhomogenousmainstreamAmericaunderscoresthispoint.Otherthanafewgratuitousceremoniessuchasweddingsandfuneralswemaintainnocommonritualstosetusapartfromothercultures.ThereasonforthisisthatasawholeAmericahaslittleculturalidentityofitsownanymore.InsteadithasbecomeapatchworkquiltofmanysubculturessuchasNativeAmericansHasidicJewsAmishandurbanAfricanAmericans--eachofwhichresorttosomeoutwarddemonstrationofitsdistinctivenessinordertoestablishandmaintainauniqueculturalidentity. 43.______ Neverthelesspreservingculturalidentifycannotbetheonlypurposeofritualandceremony.Otherwisehowwouldoneexplainwhyisolatedculturesthatdon’tneedtodistinguishthemselvestopreservetheiridentityneverthelessengageintheirowndistinctritualsandceremoniesInfacttheinitialpurposeofritualandceremonyisrootednotinculturalidentitybutrathersuperstitionandspiritualbelief.Theoriginalpurposeofaritualmighthavebeentofrightenawayevilspiritstobringaboutweatherconditionsfavorabletobountifulharvestsortoentreatthegodsforasuccessfulhuntorforvictoryinbattle.Eventodaysomeprimitiveculturesengageinritualsprimarilyforsuchreasons. 44.______ Norareritualandceremonytheonlymeansofpreservingculturalidentity.ForexampleourAmishculturedemonstratesitsdistinctivenessthroughdressandlifestyle.HasidicJewssetthemselvesapartbytheirdressvocationalchoicesanddietaryhabits.AndAfricanAmericansdistinguishthemselvestodaybytheirmannerofspeechandgesture.Ofcoursethesesubcultureshavetheirowndistinctwaysofcerebratingeventssuchasweddingscomingofageandsoforth.Yetritualandceremonyarenottheprimarymeansbywhichthesesubculturesmaintaintheiridentity. 45.______ Insumtopreventtotalculturalassimilationintoourmodern-dayhomogenoussoupasubculturewithauniqueandproudheritagemustmaintainanoutwarddisplayofthatheritage--bywayofritualandceremony.Neverthelessritualandceremonyserveaspiritualfunctionaswell--onethathaslittletodowithpreventingculturalassimilation.Moreoverritualsandceremoniesarenottheonlymeansofpreservingculturalidentity. 45
Aweathermapisanimportanttoolforgeographers.Asuccessionofthreeoffourmapspresentsacontinuouspictureofweatherchanges.Weatherforecastsareabletodeterminethespeedofairmassesandfronts;todeterminewhetheranindividualpressureareaisdeepeningorbecomingshallowandwhetherafrontisincreasingordecreasinginintensity.Theyarealsoabletodeterminewhetheranairmassisretainingitsoriginalcharacteristicsortakingonthoseofthesurfaceoverwhichitismoving.Thusamostsignificantfunctionofthemapistorevealasynopticpictureofconditionsintheatmosphereatagiventime.Allstudentsofgeographyshouldbeabletointerpretaweathermapaccurately.Weathermapscontainanenormousamountofinformationaboutweatherconditionsexistingatthetimeofobservationoveralargegeographicalarea.Theyrevealinafewminuteswhatotherwisewouldtakehourstodescribe.TheUnitedStatesweatherBureauissuesinformationaboutapproachingstormsfloodsfrostsdroughtsandallclimaticconditionsingeneral.Twiceamonthitissuesa30-dayoutlookwhichisaroughguidetoweatherconditionslikelytooccuroverbroadareasoftheUnitedStates.These30-dayoutlooksarebaseduponananalysisoftheupperairlevelswithoftensetthestageforthedevelopmentofairmassesfrontsandstorms.Considerableeffortisbeingexertedtodaytoachievemoreaccurateweatherpredictions.Withtheuseofelectronicinstrumentsandearthsatellitesenormousgainshavetakenplacerecentlyinidentifyingandtrackingstormsoverregionswhichhavebutfewmeteorologicalstations.Extensiveexperimentsarealsoinprogressforweathermodificationstudies.Butthelimitationsofweathermodificationhavepreventedmeteorologicalresultsexceptintheseedingofsuper-cooledupslopemountainouswindswhichhaveproducedadditionalorographicalprecipitationonthewindwardsideofmountainranges.Neverthelesstheyhaveprovidedaclearerunderstandingofthefundamentalsofweatherelements.Atthepresenttimeexperimentsarebeingconductedin______.
Greenspacefacilitiesarecontributingtoanimportantextenttothequalityoftheurbanenvironment.Fortunatelyitisnolongernecessarythateverylectureoreverybookaboutthissubjecthastostartwiththeproofofthisidea.46Atpresentitisgenerallyacceptedalthoughmoreasaself-evidentstatementthanonthebasisofaclosely-reasonedscientificproof.Therecognitionoftheimportanceofgreenspaceintheurbanenvironmentisafirststepontherightway.47Thisdoesnotmeanhoweverthatsufficientdetailsareknownaboutthefunctionsofgreenspaceintownsandaboutthewayinwhichtheinhabitantsareusingthesespaces.AstothisrathercomplexsubjectIshallwithinthescopeofthislectureenterintooneaspectonlynamelytherecreativefunctionofgreenspacefacilities. 48Thetheoreticalseparationoflivingworkingtrafficandrecreationwhichformanyyearshasbeenusedintown-and-countryplanninghasinmyopinionresultedindisproportionateattentionforformsofrecreationfarfromhomewhereastherehasbeenrelativelylittleattentionforimprovementofrecreativepossibilitiesinthedirectneighborhoodofthehome.49Wehavecometotheconclusionthatthisisnotrightbecauseanimportantpartofthetimewhichwedonotpassinsleepingorworkingisusedforactivitiesatandaroundhome.Soitisobviousthatrecreationintheopenairhastobeginatthefrontdoor. 50Theurbanenvironmenthastoofferasmanyrecreationactivitiesaspossibleandthedesignofthesehastobesuchthatmoreobligatoryactivitiescanalsohavearecreativeaspect.Theverybeststandardoflivingisnothingifitisnotpossibletotakeapleasantwalkinthedistrictifthechildrencannotbeallowedtoplayinthestreetsbecausetherisksoftrafficaretoogreatifduringshoppingyoucannowherefindaspotforenjoyingforamomenttheniceweatherinshortifyouonlyfeelyourselfathomeafterthefrontdoorisshut. Thisdoesnotmeanhoweverthatsufficientdetailsareknownaboutthefunctionsofgreenspaceintownsandaboutthewayinwhichtheinhabitantsareusingthesespaces
OnemorningafewyearsagoHarvardPresidentNellRudenstineoverslept.41______________________________________.Onlyafterathree-monthsabbatical--duringwhichhereadessayistLewisThomaslistenedtoRavelandwalkedwithhiswifeonaCaribbeanbeach--washeabletoreturntohispost.ThatweekhispicturewasonthecoverofNewsweekmagazinebesidethebannerheadline"Exhausted!" Intherelentlessbusynessofmodemlifewehavelosttherhythmbetweenactionandrest.Ispeakwithpeopleinbusinessandeducationdoctorsandday-careworkersshopkeepersandsocialworkersparentsandteachersnursesandlawyersstudentsandtherapistscommunityactivistandcooks.Remarkablythereisauniversalrefrain"Iamsobusy".Themoreourlifespeedsupthemorewefeelwearyoverwhelmedandlost. 42______________________________________.Insteadthewholeexperienceofbeingalivebeginstomeltintooneenormousobligation.Itbecomesthestandardgreetingeverywhere"Iamsobusy." Wesaythistooneanotherwithnosmalldegreeofpride.Thebusierwearethemoreimportantweseemtoourselvesandweimaginetoothers.Tobeunavailabletoourfriendsandfamilytobeunabletofindtimeforthesunsetoreventoknowthatthesunhassetatalltowhizthroughourobligationswithouttimeforasinglemindfulbreath--thishasbecomethemodelofasuccessfullife. Becausewedonotrestweloseourway.Welosethenourishmentthatgivesussuccor.Wemissthequietthatgivesuswisdom.Poisonedbythehypnoticbeliefthatgoodthingscomeonlythroughtirelesseffortwenevertrulyrest. Thisisnottheworldwedreamedofwhenwewereyoung.Howdidwegetsoterriblyrushedinaworldsaturatedwithworkandresponsibilityyetsomehowbereftofjoyanddelight WehaveforgottentheSabbath. 43______________________________________.Itistimetobenourishedandrefreshedasweletourworkourchoresandourimportantprojectsliefallowtrustingthattherearelargerforcesatworktakingcareoftheworldwhenweareatrest. Ifcertainplantspeciesdonotliedormantduringwintertheplantbeginstodieoff.44______________________________________. So"RemembertheSabbath"ismorethansimplyalifestylesuggestion.Itisacommandmentanethicalpreceptasseriousasprohibitionsagainstkillingstealingandlying. Sabbathismorethantheabsenceofwork.Manyofusinourdesperatedrivetobesuccessfulandcareforourmanyresponsibilitiesfeelterribleguiltwhenwetaketimetorest.ButtheSabbathhasprovenitswisdomovertheages.ManyofusstillrecallwhennotlongagoshopsandofficeswhereclosedonSundays.ThosequietSundayafternoonsareembeddedinourculturalmemory. Muchofmodemlifeisspecificallydesignedtoseduceourattentionawayfromrest.WhenweareintheworldwithoureyeswideopentheSeductionsareinsatiable.45______________________________________.Forthoseofuswithchildrenthereareendlesssoccerpracticesbaseballgameshomeworklaundryhousecleaningerrands.EveryresponsibilityeverystimuluscompetesforOurattention:Buyme.Dome.Watchme.Tryme.Drinkme.Itisasifwehaveinadvertentlystumbledintosomehorrificwonderland. A.Restisnotjustapsychologicalconvenience;itisabiologicalnecessity. B.After’yearsofnon-stoptoilinanatmospherethatrewardedfranticoverworkRudenstinecollapsed. C.Hundredsofchannelsofcableandsatellitetelevision;phoneswithmultiplelinesandcall-waitingbeggingustotalktomorethanonepersonatatime;maile-mailandovernightmailfaxmachines;billboards;magazines;newspapers;radio. D.SometimesyoucanhavearestonSundays.Butyourheartandsoulisnolongerquiet. E.Sabbathisthetimethatconsecratedtoenjoyandcelebratewhatisbeautifulandgood-timetolightcandlessingsongsworshiptellstoriesblessourchildrenandlovedonesgivethankssharemealsnapwalkandevenmakelove. F.Onceuponatime.Sabbathisourheaven.Weoftenwalkinthegreenparkswithfriendsorhaveapicniclunchwiththefamily.Listeningto.thebirdsonthetreemakesmefeelpeaceful.Butwhateverhappenedtosundaynow G.Todayourlifeandworkrarelyfeellightpleasantorhealing. 43
RichardSatavaprogrammanagerforadvancedmedicaltechnologieshasbeenadrivingforcebringingvirtualrealitytomedicinewherecomputerscreateavirtualorsimulatedenvironmentforsurgeonsandothermedicalpractitioners从业者.Withvirtualrealitywe’llbeabletoputasurgeonineverytrenchsaidSatava.Heenvisagedatimewhensoldierswhoarewoundedfightingoverseasareputinmobilesurgicalunitsequippedwithcomputers.ThecomputerswouldtransmitimagesofthesoldierstosurgeonsbackintheU.S.Thesurgeonswouldlookatthesoldierthroughvirtualrealityhelmets头盔thatcontainasmallscreendisplayingtheimageofthewound.Thedoctorswouldguideroboticinstrumentsinthebattlefieldmobilesurgicalunitthatoperateonthesoldier.AlthoughSatava’svisionmaybeyearsawayfromstandardoperatingprocedurescientistsareprogressingtowardvirtualrealitysurgery.EngineersataninternationalorganizationinCaliforniaaredevelopingatele-operatingdevice.Assurgeonswatchathree-dimensionalimageofthesurgerytheymoveinstrumentsthatareconnectedtoacomputerwhichpassestheirmovementstoroboticinstrumentsthatperformthesurgery.Thecomputerprovidesfeedbacktothesurgeononforcetexturesandsound.Thesetechnologicalwondersmaynotyetbepartofthecommunityhospitalsettingbutincreasinglysomeofthemachineryisfindingitswayintocivilianmedicine.AtWayneStateUniversityMedicalSchoolsurgeonLuciaZamoranotakesimagesofthebrainfromcomputerizedscansandusesacomputerprogramtoproducea3-Dimage.Shecanthenmaneuverthe3-Dimageonthecomputerscreentomaptheshortestleastinvasivesurgicalpathtothetumor肿瘤.Zamoranoisalsousingtechnologythatattachesaprobetosurgicalinstrumentssothatshecantracktheirpositions.Whilecuttingawayatumordeepinthebrainshewatchesthemovementofhersurgicaltoolsinacomputergraphicsimageofthepatient’sbraintakenbeforesurgery.Duringtheseprocedures--operationsthataredonethroughsmallcutsinthebodyinwhichaminiaturecameraandsurgicaltoolsaremaneuvered--surgeonsarewearing3-Dglassesforabetterview.Andtheyarecommandingrobotsurgeonstocutawaytissuemoreaccuratelythanhumansurgeonscan.SatavasaysWeareinthemidstofafundamentalchangeinthefieldofmedicine./RichardSatavahasvisionsof______.
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English". EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes. InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.7
Imagineaworldinwhichtherewassuddenlynoemotion--aworldinwhichhumanbeingscouldfeelnoloveorhappinessnoterrororhate.Trytoimaginetheconsequencesofsuchatransformation.Peoplemightnotbeabletostayalive:knowingneitherjoynorpleasureneitheranxietynorfeartheywouldbeaslikelytorepeatactsthathurtthemasactsthatwerebeneficial.Theycouldnotlearn:theycouldnotbenefitfromexperiencebecausethisemotionlessworldwouldlackrewardsandpunishments.Societywouldsoondisappear:peoplewouldbeaslikelytoharmoneanotherastoprovidehelpandsupport.Humanrelationshipswouldnotexist:inaworldwithoutfriendsorenemiestherecouldbenomarriageaffectionamongcompanionsorbondsamongmembersofgroups.Society’seconomicunderpinningswouldbedestroyed:sinceearning$10millionwouldbenomorepleasantthanearning$10therewouldbenoincentivetowork.Infacttherewouldbenoincentivesofanykind.Foraswewillseeincentivesimplyacapacitytoenjoythem.Insuchaworldthechancesthatthehumanspecieswouldsurvivearenexttozerobecauseemotionsarethebasicinstrumentofoursurvivalandadaptation.Emotionsstructuretheworldforusinimportantways.Asindividualswecategorizeobjectsonthebasisofouremotions.Trueweconsiderthelengthshapesizeortexturebutanobject’sphysicalaspectsarelessimportantthanwhatithasdoneorcandotous--hurtussurpriseusangerusormakeusjoyful.Wealsousecategorizationscolouredbyemotionsinourfamiliescommunitiesandoverallsociety.Outofouremotionalexperienceswithobjectsandeventscomesasocialfeelingofagreementthatcertainthingsandactionsarcgoodandothersarebadandweapplythesecategoriestoeveryaspectofoursociallife--fromwhatfoodsweeatandwhatclothesweweartohowwekeeppromisesandwhichpeopleourgroupwillaccept.Infactsocietyexploitsouremotionalreactionsandattitudessuchasloyaltymoralityprideshameguiltfearandgreedinordertomaintainitself.ItgiveshighrewardstoindividualswhenperformimportanttaskssuchassurgerymakesheroesoutofindividualsforunusualordangerousachievementssuchflyingfighterplanesinawarandUsesthelegalandpenalsystemtomakepeopleafraidtoengageinantisocialacts.Accordingtothepassagepeople’slearningactivitiesarepossiblebecausethey______.
[A]Preservingculturalidentitycanbeachievedindifferentway. [B]Ritualandceremonyareusedinordertokeeptheirownculturalidentification. [C]Ritualandceremonyshouldnotberegardedasaonlywayofkeepingculturalidentificationfortheyhaveotherfunction. [D]Differentculturesmainlyusesuperstitiontokeepidentification. [E]Ritualandceremonyhaveacloserrelationwithsuperstition. [F]InAmericanritualandceremonycanshowtheirsubculturesidentity. Thespeakerassertsthatritualsandceremoniesareneededforanycultureorgroupofpeopletoretainastrongsenseofidentity.Iagreethatonepurposeofritualandceremonyistopreserveculturalidentityatleastinmoderntimes.Howeverthisisnottheirsolepurpose;norareritualandceremonytheonlymeansofpreservingculturalidentity. 41.______ Iagreewiththespeakerinsofarasonepurposeofritualandceremonyintoday’sworldistopreserveculturalidentity.NativeAmericantribesforexampleclingtenaciouslytotheirtraditionalceremoniesandritualswhichtypicallytellastoryabout’tribalheritage.Thereasonformaintainingtheseritualsandcustomslieslargelyinthetribes’500-yearstruggleagainstassimilationevenextinctionatthehandsofEuropeanintruders.Anoutwarddisplayoftraditionalcustomsanddistinctheritageisneededtoputtheworldonnoticethateachtribeisadistinctandautonomouspeoplewithitsownheritagevaluesandideas.Otherwisethetriberiskstotalassimilationandlossofidentity. 42.______ ThelackofmeaningfulritualandceremonyinhomogenousmainstreamAmericaunderscoresthispoint.Otherthanafewgratuitousceremoniessuchasweddingsandfuneralswemaintainnocommonritualstosetusapartfromothercultures.ThereasonforthisisthatasawholeAmericahaslittleculturalidentityofitsownanymore.InsteadithasbecomeapatchworkquiltofmanysubculturessuchasNativeAmericansHasidicJewsAmishandurbanAfricanAmericans--eachofwhichresorttosomeoutwarddemonstrationofitsdistinctivenessinordertoestablishandmaintainauniqueculturalidentity. 43.______ Neverthelesspreservingculturalidentifycannotbetheonlypurposeofritualandceremony.Otherwisehowwouldoneexplainwhyisolatedculturesthatdon’tneedtodistinguishthemselvestopreservetheiridentityneverthelessengageintheirowndistinctritualsandceremoniesInfacttheinitialpurposeofritualandceremonyisrootednotinculturalidentitybutrathersuperstitionandspiritualbelief.Theoriginalpurposeofaritualmighthavebeentofrightenawayevilspiritstobringaboutweatherconditionsfavorabletobountifulharvestsortoentreatthegodsforasuccessfulhuntorforvictoryinbattle.Eventodaysomeprimitiveculturesengageinritualsprimarilyforsuchreasons. 44.______ Norareritualandceremonytheonlymeansofpreservingculturalidentity.ForexampleourAmishculturedemonstratesitsdistinctivenessthroughdressandlifestyle.HasidicJewssetthemselvesapartbytheirdressvocationalchoicesanddietaryhabits.AndAfricanAmericansdistinguishthemselvestodaybytheirmannerofspeechandgesture.Ofcoursethesesubcultureshavetheirowndistinctwaysofcerebratingeventssuchasweddingscomingofageandsoforth.Yetritualandceremonyarenottheprimarymeansbywhichthesesubculturesmaintaintheiridentity. 45.______ Insumtopreventtotalculturalassimilationintoourmodern-dayhomogenoussoupasubculturewithauniqueandproudheritagemustmaintainanoutwarddisplayofthatheritage--bywayofritualandceremony.Neverthelessritualandceremonyserveaspiritualfunctionaswell--onethathaslittletodowithpreventingculturalassimilation.Moreoverritualsandceremoniesarenottheonlymeansofpreservingculturalidentity. 43
RichardSatavaprogrammanagerforadvancedmedicaltechnologieshasbeenadrivingforcebringingvirtualrealitytomedicinewherecomputerscreateavirtualorsimulatedenvironmentforsurgeonsandothermedicalpractitioners从业者.Withvirtualrealitywe’llbeabletoputasurgeonineverytrenchsaidSatava.Heenvisagedatimewhensoldierswhoarewoundedfightingoverseasareputinmobilesurgicalunitsequippedwithcomputers.ThecomputerswouldtransmitimagesofthesoldierstosurgeonsbackintheU.S.Thesurgeonswouldlookatthesoldierthroughvirtualrealityhelmets头盔thatcontainasmallscreendisplayingtheimageofthewound.Thedoctorswouldguideroboticinstrumentsinthebattlefieldmobilesurgicalunitthatoperateonthesoldier.AlthoughSatava’svisionmaybeyearsawayfromstandardoperatingprocedurescientistsareprogressingtowardvirtualrealitysurgery.EngineersataninternationalorganizationinCaliforniaaredevelopingatele-operatingdevice.Assurgeonswatchathree-dimensionalimageofthesurgerytheymoveinstrumentsthatareconnectedtoacomputerwhichpassestheirmovementstoroboticinstrumentsthatperformthesurgery.Thecomputerprovidesfeedbacktothesurgeononforcetexturesandsound.Thesetechnologicalwondersmaynotyetbepartofthecommunityhospitalsettingbutincreasinglysomeofthemachineryisfindingitswayintocivilianmedicine.AtWayneStateUniversityMedicalSchoolsurgeonLuciaZamoranotakesimagesofthebrainfromcomputerizedscansandusesacomputerprogramtoproducea3-Dimage.Shecanthenmaneuverthe3-Dimageonthecomputerscreentomaptheshortestleastinvasivesurgicalpathtothetumor肿瘤.Zamoranoisalsousingtechnologythatattachesaprobetosurgicalinstrumentssothatshecantracktheirpositions.Whilecuttingawayatumordeepinthebrainshewatchesthemovementofhersurgicaltoolsinacomputergraphicsimageofthepatient’sbraintakenbeforesurgery.Duringtheseprocedures--operationsthataredonethroughsmallcutsinthebodyinwhichaminiaturecameraandsurgicaltoolsaremaneuvered--surgeonsarewearing3-Dglassesforabetterview.Andtheyarecommandingrobotsurgeonstocutawaytissuemoreaccuratelythanhumansurgeonscan.SatavasaysWeareinthemidstofafundamentalchangeinthefieldofmedicine./Duringvirtualrealityoperationsthesurgeoncanhaveabetterviewofthecutsinthebodybecause______.
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English". EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes. InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.15
OnemorningafewyearsagoHarvardPresidentNellRudenstineoverslept.41______________________________________.Onlyafterathree-monthsabbatical--duringwhichhereadessayistLewisThomaslistenedtoRavelandwalkedwithhiswifeonaCaribbeanbeach--washeabletoreturntohispost.ThatweekhispicturewasonthecoverofNewsweekmagazinebesidethebannerheadline"Exhausted!" Intherelentlessbusynessofmodemlifewehavelosttherhythmbetweenactionandrest.Ispeakwithpeopleinbusinessandeducationdoctorsandday-careworkersshopkeepersandsocialworkersparentsandteachersnursesandlawyersstudentsandtherapistscommunityactivistandcooks.Remarkablythereisauniversalrefrain"Iamsobusy".Themoreourlifespeedsupthemorewefeelwearyoverwhelmedandlost. 42______________________________________.Insteadthewholeexperienceofbeingalivebeginstomeltintooneenormousobligation.Itbecomesthestandardgreetingeverywhere"Iamsobusy." Wesaythistooneanotherwithnosmalldegreeofpride.Thebusierwearethemoreimportantweseemtoourselvesandweimaginetoothers.Tobeunavailabletoourfriendsandfamilytobeunabletofindtimeforthesunsetoreventoknowthatthesunhassetatalltowhizthroughourobligationswithouttimeforasinglemindfulbreath--thishasbecomethemodelofasuccessfullife. Becausewedonotrestweloseourway.Welosethenourishmentthatgivesussuccor.Wemissthequietthatgivesuswisdom.Poisonedbythehypnoticbeliefthatgoodthingscomeonlythroughtirelesseffortwenevertrulyrest. Thisisnottheworldwedreamedofwhenwewereyoung.Howdidwegetsoterriblyrushedinaworldsaturatedwithworkandresponsibilityyetsomehowbereftofjoyanddelight WehaveforgottentheSabbath. 43______________________________________.Itistimetobenourishedandrefreshedasweletourworkourchoresandourimportantprojectsliefallowtrustingthattherearelargerforcesatworktakingcareoftheworldwhenweareatrest. Ifcertainplantspeciesdonotliedormantduringwintertheplantbeginstodieoff.44______________________________________. So"RemembertheSabbath"ismorethansimplyalifestylesuggestion.Itisacommandmentanethicalpreceptasseriousasprohibitionsagainstkillingstealingandlying. Sabbathismorethantheabsenceofwork.Manyofusinourdesperatedrivetobesuccessfulandcareforourmanyresponsibilitiesfeelterribleguiltwhenwetaketimetorest.ButtheSabbathhasprovenitswisdomovertheages.ManyofusstillrecallwhennotlongagoshopsandofficeswhereclosedonSundays.ThosequietSundayafternoonsareembeddedinourculturalmemory. Muchofmodemlifeisspecificallydesignedtoseduceourattentionawayfromrest.WhenweareintheworldwithoureyeswideopentheSeductionsareinsatiable.45______________________________________.Forthoseofuswithchildrenthereareendlesssoccerpracticesbaseballgameshomeworklaundryhousecleaningerrands.EveryresponsibilityeverystimuluscompetesforOurattention:Buyme.Dome.Watchme.Tryme.Drinkme.Itisasifwehaveinadvertentlystumbledintosomehorrificwonderland. A.Restisnotjustapsychologicalconvenience;itisabiologicalnecessity. B.After’yearsofnon-stoptoilinanatmospherethatrewardedfranticoverworkRudenstinecollapsed. C.Hundredsofchannelsofcableandsatellitetelevision;phoneswithmultiplelinesandcall-waitingbeggingustotalktomorethanonepersonatatime;maile-mailandovernightmailfaxmachines;billboards;magazines;newspapers;radio. D.SometimesyoucanhavearestonSundays.Butyourheartandsoulisnolongerquiet. E.Sabbathisthetimethatconsecratedtoenjoyandcelebratewhatisbeautifulandgood-timetolightcandlessingsongsworshiptellstoriesblessourchildrenandlovedonesgivethankssharemealsnapwalkandevenmakelove. F.Onceuponatime.Sabbathisourheaven.Weoftenwalkinthegreenparkswithfriendsorhaveapicniclunchwiththefamily.Listeningto.thebirdsonthetreemakesmefeelpeaceful.Butwhateverhappenedtosundaynow G.Todayourlifeandworkrarelyfeellightpleasantorhealing. 45
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English". EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes. InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.3
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English". EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes. InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.9
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English". EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes. InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCotDonANSWERSHEET1.1
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed4beingclassifiedas"English". EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"9"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes. InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.5
热门题库
更多
国家统考科目
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
国际经济法
农村政策法规
行政法与行政诉讼法
湘公网安备 43130202000226号