首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
Fatigue is one of the most common complaints brought to doctors, friends, and relatives. You’d th...
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《问答集》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
Fatigueisoneofthemostcommoncomplaintsbroughttod
Fatigueisoneofthemostcommoncomplaintsbroughttod
Directions: Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandt
Fatigueisoneofthemostcommoncomplaintsbroughttod
Fatigueisoneofthemostcommoncomplaintsbroughttod
Directions: Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandt
Fatigueisoneofthemostcommoncomplaintsbroughttod
Fatigueisoneofthemostcommoncomplaintsbroughttod
Fatigueisoneofthemostcommoncomplaintsbroughttod
Fatigueisoneofthemostcommoncomplaintsbroughttod
Fatigueisoneofthemostcommoncomplaintsbroughttod
Fatigueisoneofthemostcommoncomplaintsbroughttod
Hereisanastonishingandsignificantfact:Mentalworkal
Fatigueisoneofthemostcommoncomplaintsbroughttod
Directions: Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandt
Fatigueisoneofthemostcommoncomplaintsbroughttod
Fatigueisoneofthemostcommoncomplaintsbroughttod
Fatigueisoneofthemostcommoncomplaintsbroughttod
Directions: Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandt
Directions: Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandt
热门试题
更多
IN2005Congressconsideredanemergencyspendingbillthatdesignated$81billionformilitaryspendingandAsiantsunamirelief.Itpassedeasily.Apoliticianwouldhavetobemightyconfidenttovoteagainsthumanitarianaidandsupportingthetroops.Butcomplaintshavesteadilygrownaboutalawthatcamewiththespendingbill.TheRealIDActof2005establishednationalstandardsfordrivinglicences.By2008itsaideverystatewouldhavetomakesureitslicencesincludedphysicalsecurityfeaturesandacommonmachinereadabletechnology.AstatewouldberesponsibleforverifyingthatanyoneapplyingforlicencesisinAmericalegally.Onlylicencesthatmetthenewstandardswouldbeacceptedbythefederalgovernment.AnAmericanwhowantedtoflycommerciallyordoanythingelseforwhichheneededtoidentifyhimselfwouldendupinaqueueattheDepartmentofMotorVehicles.Theideawastomakelifeharderforwould-beterrorists.Buttheschemewillcertainlymakelifeharderforthestates.TheDepartmentofHomelandSecurityDHSreckonsthatimplementingthechangeswillcoststatesupto$14.6billionwithindividualsonthelineforanadditional$8.5billion.Andthefederalgovernmentplanstomeetonlyafractionofthecost.Criticsalsoarguethatthenewlicenceswillamounttonationalidentificationcardsandwillcontaintonmuchinformationaboutthebearer.ImmigrationadvocatessaythattheRealIDActunfairlytargetsillegalimmigrants.Andfromasecuritystandpointtheactraisesasmanyfearsasitallays.Licencesthatmeettherevisedstandardswouldberichofsensitivedata.Theymightproveirresistiblytemptingtoidentitythievesandmarketingfirms.OnJanuary25thMainebecamethefirststatetoopposetheAct.ItslegislaturepassedaresolutionrefusingtoimplementtheRealIDActwithnearlyunanimoussupport.OnMarch8thIdahoapprovedasimilarbill.Twodozenotherstateshavemeasurespendingthatquestiontheactoropposeitoutright.OnMarch1sttheDHSissuedguidelinesforimplementingtheRealIDActthatmanagetoignoremostoftheseobjections.Theguidelinesallowstatesabitmoretimetoimplementtheact.Buttheygivenoquarterontheexpensivephysicalsecurityfeaturesandsuggestthatstatesdealwithprivacyconcernsontheirown.AndastheNationalGovernorsAssociationpromptlynotedtheydonothingtoaddressthecosttostates.WhatconflictswiththepossibleresultsoftheimplementationoftheAct
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervous2embarrassed.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquiteoffensive.4thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—astheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points13
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervous2embarrassed.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquiteoffensive.4thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—astheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points11
LikethelookofourwebsiteWhatevertheanswerthechancesareyoumadeyourmindupwithinthefirsttwentiethofasecond.AstudybyresearchersinCanadahasshownthatthesnapdecisionsInternetusersmakeaboutthequalityofawebpagehavealastingimpactontheiropinions.Weallknowthatfirstimpressionscountbutthisstudyshowsthatthebraincanmakeflashjudgmentsalmostasfastastheeyecantakeintheinformation.Mycolleaguesbelieveditwouldbeimpossibletoreallyseeanythinginlessthan500millisecondssaysGitteLindgaardofCarletonUniversityinOttawa.Insteadtheyfoundthatimpressionsweremadeinthefirst50millisecondsofviewing.Lindgaardandherteampresentedvolunteerswiththebriefestglimpsesofwebpagespreviouslyratedasbeingeithereasyontheeyeorparticularlyunpleasantandaskedthemtoratethewebsitesonaslidingscaleofvisualappeal.Eventhoughtheimagesflashedupforjust50millisecondsroughlythedurationofasingleframeofstandardtelevisionshottheirdecisionstalliedwellwithjudgmentsmadeafteralongerperiodofexamination.Inthecrowdedandcompetitiveworldofthewebcompanieshopingtomakemillionsfrome-commerceshouldtakenotice.UnlessthefirstimpressionisfavorablevisitorswillbeoutofyoursitebeforetheyevenknowthatyoumightbeofferingmorethanyourcompetitorsLindgaardwarns.Foratypicalcommercialwebsite60%oftrafficcomesfromsearchenginessuchasGoogle.Thismakesauser’sfirstimpressionevenmorecritical.Thelastingeffectoffirstimpressionsisknowntopsychologistsasthehaloeffect:ifyoucansnarepeoplewithanattractivedesigntheyaremorelikelytooverlookotherminorfaultswiththesiteandmayrateitsactualcontentmorefavorably.Thisisbecauseofcognitivebias.Peopleenjoybeingrightsocontinuingtouseawebsitethatgaveagoodfirstimpressionhelpstoprovetothemselvesthattheymadeagoodinitialdecision.It’sawfullyscarystuffbutthetendencytojumptoconclusionsisfarmorewidespreadthanwerealize.Thesedaysenlightenedwebuserswanttoseeapuritanapproach.It’saboutgettinginformationacrossinthequickestsimplestwaypossible.Forthisreasonmanycommercialwebsitesnowfollowafairlyregularsetofrules.Forexamplewesternerstendtolookatthetop-leftcornerofapagefirstsothat’swherethecompanylogoshouldgo.Andmostusersalsoexpecttoseeasearchfunctioninthetopright.Ofcoursetheothergoldenruleistomakesurethatyourwebpagesloadquicklyotherwiseyourcustomersmightnotstickaroundlongenoughtomakethatcovetedfirstimpression.Thatcanbethedifferencebetweenbigbusinessandnobusiness.Thestudyinthetexthasshownthatthefirstimpressionofawebsiteis______
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervous2embarrassed.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquiteoffensive.4thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—astheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points17
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervous2embarrassed.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquiteoffensive.4thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—astheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points7
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervous2embarrassed.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquiteoffensive.4thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—astheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points5
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervous2embarrassed.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquiteoffensive.4thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—astheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points9
IsHarvardworthitConventionalwisdomsaysyes.ButwiththepriceofadegreefromAmerica’smostfamousuniversityandothereliteprivatecollegesnowsurpassing$125000manyfamilies—andanumberofeconomists—aren’tsosure.Here’salookattheevidence. ForAmerican’shighschoolseniorsAprilisthecruelestmonth.That’swhencollegesfloodthepostalsystemwithnewsofwhohaswonaplaceinnextfall’sfreshmanclass.Formorethanafewfamiliesadifficultdecisionwillfollow:Isitworthpayingsome$125000togivetheirchildaneducationatanelitebestprivatecollegeOrwouldherfuturebejustasbrightifshewenttolessexpensiveschool 41.______ Certainlymanyneuroticboomerparents—andtheirstressed-outresume-buildingteenagers—assumethatitisalwaysbettertochooseHarvardoverBigStateU.becauseofHarvard’spresumablysuperioreducationalenvironmentbetteralumniconnectionsandmorelucrativeprofitableon-campusrecruitingopportunities. 42.______ It’salsotruethatifyouwantacareerinbigleadingfirmsintheUSagilt-edgeddiplomaisadistinctadvantage.Thenagainthere’splentyofanecdotalevidencethataneliteeducationishardlynecessary.ThemajorityoftopCEOschiefexecutiveofficersurveyedbyFORTUNEin1990didnotattendanelitecollege. 43.______ Theacademicevidenceismurkytostartwiththebasics:Collegepays.Onaverageapersonwithanundergraduatedegreenowearnsalmosttwiceasmuchassomeonewithonlyahighschooldiplomaupfrom1.5timesin1975. Theeconomicliteratureonthepayoffofgraduatingfromanelitecollegehoweverasopposedtoanycollegeisfarlessconclusive.SeveralstudiesduringthepastdecadefoundaconnectionbetweenhigherfutureearningsandattendanceatacollegewithhighSATscores.Mostoftheresearchconcludedthatforeach100-pointincreaseintheaverageSATscoreagraduatecouldexpecta3%to7%increasedinlifetime’searnings. 44.______ Youwouldexpectgraduatesofselectiveschools—whichattractsuccessfulstudents—tohavesuccessfulcareers.Itwouldbestunningiftheydidn’t.Whatsuchstudiesdonotmeasureishowanindividual’searningsareaffectedbythechoiceofcollege.Researchersfoundthatthosewhowenttothemoreprestigiousschoolsreportedhigherearnings. 45.______ Admissionsofficesateliteschoolsincludemanyothercriteriaintheirdecisions—gradesextracurricularactivitiesrecommendationsessaysinterviews.Thesefactorsmayrevealabilitieslikegoodcommunicationskillsthatarefarmorevaluableintheworkplacethanaperfect1600.Becauseeconomistshavenodataonthesetraitstheytermthem"unobserved."Buttheyarehardlyunimportant.Untilrecentlynoonehadtriedtocontrolforunobservedcharacteristicsinmeasuringtheeffectofaneliteeducationonearnings. [A]Whatislesscleartomanyparentsandtheircollege-boundyoungstersiswhetheritmakeseconomicsensetoattendaneliteschoolwithatotalfour-yearpricetagbigenoughtobuyanicesuburbanhouseinmanypartsofthecountry. [B]Sowhatkindofreturnistherelikelytobeonthat$125000investmentAndhowdoesitcomparewiththereturnonalessexpensivebutalsolessprestigiouseducation [C]Thesequestionshavenoeasyanswers.Ofcoursethat’snottheimpressionyougetfromthe$500-million-a-yearcollege-admissionsindustrywithitsmagazinerankingstestprepcoursesandguidebooks. [D]Butthestudiescomparedschoolsnotpeople. [E]SchoolselectivitymeasuredbytheaverageSATscoreofthestudentsataschooldoesn’tpayoffinahigherincomeovertime. [F]It’struethatbiglawfirmsmajorteachinghospitalsandinvestmentbanks—eventheofficesofFORTUNE—arestuffedwithIvyLeaguers. [G]ButSATscoresarenoteverything. 45
Freedomisoneofthemostdifficultthingstodefineyetwarsarefoughttosecureit.Pres.GeorgeW.Bushwantsfreedomfortheentireworldbutthequestionremainswhethersomemightnotwantitandiftheydocannothandleit.Manydesiretobefreeoftheirfreedomforthelatterrequiresassumingresponsibilityforone’sactions.Itiseasiertohaveotherschooseforus.Freedomhasmanymeaningsaridapplications.Thereispoliticalfreedominvolvingtheabilitytochooseone’sownformofgovernmentholdelectionsetc.Professorsareconcernedwithacademicfreedomnamelytoteachandpublishinaccordwiththeirscholarlyfindings.Thesethougharesecondarymeaningsandpresumablyaregroundedinsomethingfundamentaltothenatureofhumans.Thisiscalledmoralfreedom—butthere’stherubofit.IssuchfreedomanillusionOnecannotignoreSigmundFreud’smassiveunconsciousasafactorinwhyweactthewaywedo.Moreoverpsychologicalliteraturesuggestsobsessive-compulsiveactsasmorecommonplacethanwerealize.Alcoholicsanddrugaddictsaretoldtheycannothelpthemselves;insteadtheyneedotherstohelpthembreaktheirhabit.Let’sfaceitweseemtobeevolvingintoanofaultsocietyinwhichfreedomisanemptyterm.Itcertainlyiseasytorationalizethatthisorthatactionreallywasnotfreeasonecansaywearetheproductofourgenespassionsandculture.ButJean-PaulSartredisagreedthatfreedomisanillusionclaiminginsteadthatitistheveryessenceofman.Freedomisahuman’sdistinguishingmark.Essentiallyahumanisno-thingandthereinlieshisfreedom.Althoughfreedommaynotbeanillusioninmanycasesitisillusory.Isittruetosaypiously虔诚地thatthecureforanyillsindemocracyismoredemocracyi.e.freedomThePatriotActcertainlyraisesmanyhacklesasaninfringement侵犯onfreedom;tradingcivillibertiesforsecurity—partofaseeminglycontinuingtrendinsociety.HowstrongistheargumentthatifwearenotfreethenlawsandprohibitionsmakenosenseDoesknowledgeaseeminglynecessarycomponentinvolvedinfreeactsrestrictorenlargeourfreedomTheSocraticpositionisthatifonereallyknewwhatwasrightonewoulddowhatwasright.MoslemsmaintainthatitisthewillofAllahthatgovernsallthingsandweonlycanhopetoconformtoit.ThisisnotentirelyforeigntoChristiantheology.Theproblemofpredestinationisaformidableonechallengingfreedommaintainingasitdoesthatevenbeforecreation.Likemostdilemmasposedbyphilosophyperhapsitshouldbetakenwithreserve:Allargumentsconcluded19th-centuryphilosopherandpsychologistWilliamJamesareagainstfreedom;allexperienceisforit./Whichofthefollowingstatementbestillustratesmoralfreedom
LikethelookofourwebsiteWhatevertheanswerthechancesareyoumadeyourmindupwithinthefirsttwentiethofasecond.AstudybyresearchersinCanadahasshownthatthesnapdecisionsInternetusersmakeaboutthequalityofawebpagehavealastingimpactontheiropinions.Weallknowthatfirstimpressionscountbutthisstudyshowsthatthebraincanmakeflashjudgmentsalmostasfastastheeyecantakeintheinformation.Mycolleaguesbelieveditwouldbeimpossibletoreallyseeanythinginlessthan500millisecondssaysGitteLindgaardofCarletonUniversityinOttawa.Insteadtheyfoundthatimpressionsweremadeinthefirst50millisecondsofviewing.Lindgaardandherteampresentedvolunteerswiththebriefestglimpsesofwebpagespreviouslyratedasbeingeithereasyontheeyeorparticularlyunpleasantandaskedthemtoratethewebsitesonaslidingscaleofvisualappeal.Eventhoughtheimagesflashedupforjust50millisecondsroughlythedurationofasingleframeofstandardtelevisionshottheirdecisionstalliedwellwithjudgmentsmadeafteralongerperiodofexamination.Inthecrowdedandcompetitiveworldofthewebcompanieshopingtomakemillionsfrome-commerceshouldtakenotice.UnlessthefirstimpressionisfavorablevisitorswillbeoutofyoursitebeforetheyevenknowthatyoumightbeofferingmorethanyourcompetitorsLindgaardwarns.Foratypicalcommercialwebsite60%oftrafficcomesfromsearchenginessuchasGoogle.Thismakesauser’sfirstimpressionevenmorecritical.Thelastingeffectoffirstimpressionsisknowntopsychologistsasthehaloeffect:ifyoucansnarepeoplewithanattractivedesigntheyaremorelikelytooverlookotherminorfaultswiththesiteandmayrateitsactualcontentmorefavorably.Thisisbecauseofcognitivebias.Peopleenjoybeingrightsocontinuingtouseawebsitethatgaveagoodfirstimpressionhelpstoprovetothemselvesthattheymadeagoodinitialdecision.It’sawfullyscarystuffbutthetendencytojumptoconclusionsisfarmorewidespreadthanwerealize.Thesedaysenlightenedwebuserswanttoseeapuritanapproach.It’saboutgettinginformationacrossinthequickestsimplestwaypossible.Forthisreasonmanycommercialwebsitesnowfollowafairlyregularsetofrules.Forexamplewesternerstendtolookatthetop-leftcornerofapagefirstsothat’swherethecompanylogoshouldgo.Andmostusersalsoexpecttoseeasearchfunctioninthetopright.Ofcoursetheothergoldenruleistomakesurethatyourwebpagesloadquicklyotherwiseyourcustomersmightnotstickaroundlongenoughtomakethatcovetedfirstimpression.Thatcanbethedifferencebetweenbigbusinessandnobusiness.Whichofthefollowingconflictswiththeprinciplefortheconstructionofacommercialwebsite
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervous2embarrassed.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquiteoffensive.4thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—astheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points1
Directions:TheStudentsUnionofyouruniversityisplanningtostaracampaigntofightagainsttheappallingwasteonthecampus.YouareexpectedtowritealetterofproposalonbehalfoftheStudentsUnioncallingonallstudentstotakepartinthiscampaign.Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;useTheStudentsUnioninstead.Donotwritetheaddress.10points
IsHarvardworthitConventionalwisdomsaysyes.ButwiththepriceofadegreefromAmerica’smostfamousuniversityandothereliteprivatecollegesnowsurpassing$125000manyfamilies—andanumberofeconomists—aren’tsosure.Here’salookattheevidence. ForAmerican’shighschoolseniorsAprilisthecruelestmonth.That’swhencollegesfloodthepostalsystemwithnewsofwhohaswonaplaceinnextfall’sfreshmanclass.Formorethanafewfamiliesadifficultdecisionwillfollow:Isitworthpayingsome$125000togivetheirchildaneducationatanelitebestprivatecollegeOrwouldherfuturebejustasbrightifshewenttolessexpensiveschool 41.______ Certainlymanyneuroticboomerparents—andtheirstressed-outresume-buildingteenagers—assumethatitisalwaysbettertochooseHarvardoverBigStateU.becauseofHarvard’spresumablysuperioreducationalenvironmentbetteralumniconnectionsandmorelucrativeprofitableon-campusrecruitingopportunities. 42.______ It’salsotruethatifyouwantacareerinbigleadingfirmsintheUSagilt-edgeddiplomaisadistinctadvantage.Thenagainthere’splentyofanecdotalevidencethataneliteeducationishardlynecessary.ThemajorityoftopCEOschiefexecutiveofficersurveyedbyFORTUNEin1990didnotattendanelitecollege. 43.______ Theacademicevidenceismurkytostartwiththebasics:Collegepays.Onaverageapersonwithanundergraduatedegreenowearnsalmosttwiceasmuchassomeonewithonlyahighschooldiplomaupfrom1.5timesin1975. Theeconomicliteratureonthepayoffofgraduatingfromanelitecollegehoweverasopposedtoanycollegeisfarlessconclusive.SeveralstudiesduringthepastdecadefoundaconnectionbetweenhigherfutureearningsandattendanceatacollegewithhighSATscores.Mostoftheresearchconcludedthatforeach100-pointincreaseintheaverageSATscoreagraduatecouldexpecta3%to7%increasedinlifetime’searnings. 44.______ Youwouldexpectgraduatesofselectiveschools—whichattractsuccessfulstudents—tohavesuccessfulcareers.Itwouldbestunningiftheydidn’t.Whatsuchstudiesdonotmeasureishowanindividual’searningsareaffectedbythechoiceofcollege.Researchersfoundthatthosewhowenttothemoreprestigiousschoolsreportedhigherearnings. 45.______ Admissionsofficesateliteschoolsincludemanyothercriteriaintheirdecisions—gradesextracurricularactivitiesrecommendationsessaysinterviews.Thesefactorsmayrevealabilitieslikegoodcommunicationskillsthatarefarmorevaluableintheworkplacethanaperfect1600.Becauseeconomistshavenodataonthesetraitstheytermthem"unobserved."Buttheyarehardlyunimportant.Untilrecentlynoonehadtriedtocontrolforunobservedcharacteristicsinmeasuringtheeffectofaneliteeducationonearnings. [A]Whatislesscleartomanyparentsandtheircollege-boundyoungstersiswhetheritmakeseconomicsensetoattendaneliteschoolwithatotalfour-yearpricetagbigenoughtobuyanicesuburbanhouseinmanypartsofthecountry. [B]Sowhatkindofreturnistherelikelytobeonthat$125000investmentAndhowdoesitcomparewiththereturnonalessexpensivebutalsolessprestigiouseducation [C]Thesequestionshavenoeasyanswers.Ofcoursethat’snottheimpressionyougetfromthe$500-million-a-yearcollege-admissionsindustrywithitsmagazinerankingstestprepcoursesandguidebooks. [D]Butthestudiescomparedschoolsnotpeople. [E]SchoolselectivitymeasuredbytheaverageSATscoreofthestudentsataschooldoesn’tpayoffinahigherincomeovertime. [F]It’struethatbiglawfirmsmajorteachinghospitalsandinvestmentbanks—eventheofficesofFORTUNE—arestuffedwithIvyLeaguers. [G]ButSATscoresarenoteverything. 43
Mydictionarydefinessubtleasnotimmediatelyobvious;characterizedbyskilloringenuity;clever;elusive;[even]insidious.Letuslookatsomeconcreteinstancesofthis.Theveryworditselfisanexampleastheletterbissilentinpronunciation.Languagecanbestraight-forwardanddirectlytothepointbutsometimesthattakesthefunoutofit.Onoccasionatleastoneappreciatessubtleties—oftenasthemarkofaquickwit.Thisparticularlyistrueofjokesthatgenerallyhaveadoublemeaning.Forexample:Awaitressreceivedonlythreepenniesforatip.Nonplussedshetoldthecustomerthatthosethreepenniestoldalotabouthim.Hetookthebaitandaskedwhattheyrevealed.Thefirstpennyshesaidtellsmeyouarethrifty.Thepatronagreed.whatdoesthesecondpennysayaskedthecustomer.Ittellsmeyou’reabachelor.RightagainherepliedAndwhatdoesthethirdpennytellyouThethirdpennyrespondedthewaitresstellsmeyourdaddywasabachelortoo.How’sthatforasubtlepunishmentSubtletiesalsocanbeusedonoccasionforagoodputdown.Forinstanceonecansayacertainmanwasabiggunofindustry.Yesisthecounterhewasfiredseveraltimes.InthiscategorywasMarkTwain’scaustictimebomb:Hewasagoodman—intheworstsenseoftheterm.Inourdayofpoliticalcorrectnesssometimescalledthetyrannyoftheminoritypoliceseldomtalkaboutsuspectsbutonlyaboutpersonsofinterest.Iguesslawenforcementdoesnotwantanotherlawsuitonitshands.ThentoowiththecampaignagainstfatandfriedfoodsKentuckyFriedChickencallsitselfKFCfiguringthatfewwillthinkoffriedthatway.Themeaningofawordorphraseseemstochangemorerapidlytodayandunlessoneiswithitafauxpas失礼canbecommitted.Suchisthecasewiththetermanexceptionalchild.Waybackwhenonewouldthinkthatreferredtoanespeciallybrightyoungsterwhereastodayitindicatesahandicappedyouth.SotoothewordprimitivevirtuallyhasbeenerasedfromourlanguageandreplacedwithearliercultureandIndiansareknownasNativeAmericans.Theworldofadvertisingisamasteratsubtletieswithwhichithopestobamboozle欺骗thecustomer.Forinstancewhenaskedhowmuchagallonofgasolinecoststhereplymightbesomethinglike$2.25.Yetonemustaddapennytothatasa9/10followsthepricemakingitineffect$2.26.Cerealpriceshaveskyrocketedovertheyearsbutsomecompaniesclaimtohaveheldthelinebykeepingthepricethesame.Whatmanydohoweverisreducethenumberofouncesinthepackage.Ileavethereaderwiththetruismthatsubtletynotbrevityisthesoulofwit.Useittowinfriendsandinfluencepeople.Whichofthefollowinghasnothingtodowithpoliticalcorrectness
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervous2embarrassed.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquiteoffensive.4thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—astheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points19
46Forcenturiesthesmokingoftobaccoincigarettescigarsandpipeshasproducedcontroversyoverpossiblehealthhazardsbutonlysincethe1950’shassufficientscientificevidenceaccumulatedtomakepossibleathoroughevaluationofthehealthrisk. Scientificinvestigationoftherelationshipofsmokingandhealthgainedimpetusafterthebeginningofthe20thcenturythenanincreaseinlungcancerwasnoted.Astheuseoftobaccoincreasedstudiesimproved.47Althoughsomegapsinknowledgestillexisttheinformationnowavailableissufficienttopermitmakingsoundjudgmentsbasedontheconverginglinesofevidence. 48Investigatorshavedirectedtheirprincipalconsiderationtocigarettesmokingbecausethehealthconsequencesattributedtoitfarexceedthoseduetosmokingcigarsandpipes.Thewidespreadpopularityofcigarettesiscomparativelyrecentinman’suseoftobacco.Thesmokingpatternbegantochangeatthebeginningofthe20thcentury.Sincethencigaretteshavesteadilybecomemorepopularthancigarsandpipes.49IntheUnitedStates.percapitacigaretteconsumption—calculatedforallpersons15yearsofageandolderregardlessofwhethertheysmoked—rosefrom49peryearin1900to3888in1960.Percapitaconsumptionofcigarspipetobaccoandchewingtobaccodeclinedsharplyinthesameperiod.Datapresentedin1966indicatedasharpreductionincigarettesmokingintheUnitedStatesformenundertheageof55withthetrendcontinuingto1970. Furtherincreaseincigaretteconsumptionforwomenofallageswasreportedin1966andnofurtherincreasewasnoted1966and1970.Howeverin1970overallpercapitacigaretteconsumptionrose. By1962theRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansofLondonreported:"Cigarettesmokingisacauseoflungcancerandbronchitisandvariousotherlesscommondiseases.Itdelayshealingofgastricandduodenalulcers."Somescientistshoweverexpresseddissentingopinions. ThemostwidelypublicizedreportintheUnitedStateswasissuedin1964bytheSurgeonGeneral’sAdvisoryCommitteeonSmokingandHealth.50Theprincipaljudgmentinthecommittee’s150000-wordreportwas:"CigarettesmokingisahealthhazardofsufficientimportanceintheUnitedStatestowarrantappropriateremedialaction."Thesmokersofpipesandcigarswerefoundtoincurlesshealthrisk.Howevertheincidenceofcancerandheartdiseaseamongthemwasfoundtobegreaterthanamongnonsmokers. IntheUnitedStates.percapitacigaretteconsumption—calculatedforallpersons15yearsofageandolderregardlessofwhethertheysmoked—rosefrom49peryearin1900to3888in1960.
46Forcenturiesthesmokingoftobaccoincigarettescigarsandpipeshasproducedcontroversyoverpossiblehealthhazardsbutonlysincethe1950’shassufficientscientificevidenceaccumulatedtomakepossibleathoroughevaluationofthehealthrisk. Scientificinvestigationoftherelationshipofsmokingandhealthgainedimpetusafterthebeginningofthe20thcenturythenanincreaseinlungcancerwasnoted.Astheuseoftobaccoincreasedstudiesimproved.47Althoughsomegapsinknowledgestillexisttheinformationnowavailableissufficienttopermitmakingsoundjudgmentsbasedontheconverginglinesofevidence. 48Investigatorshavedirectedtheirprincipalconsiderationtocigarettesmokingbecausethehealthconsequencesattributedtoitfarexceedthoseduetosmokingcigarsandpipes.Thewidespreadpopularityofcigarettesiscomparativelyrecentinman’suseoftobacco.Thesmokingpatternbegantochangeatthebeginningofthe20thcentury.Sincethencigaretteshavesteadilybecomemorepopularthancigarsandpipes.49IntheUnitedStates.percapitacigaretteconsumption—calculatedforallpersons15yearsofageandolderregardlessofwhethertheysmoked—rosefrom49peryearin1900to3888in1960.Percapitaconsumptionofcigarspipetobaccoandchewingtobaccodeclinedsharplyinthesameperiod.Datapresentedin1966indicatedasharpreductionincigarettesmokingintheUnitedStatesformenundertheageof55withthetrendcontinuingto1970. Furtherincreaseincigaretteconsumptionforwomenofallageswasreportedin1966andnofurtherincreasewasnoted1966and1970.Howeverin1970overallpercapitacigaretteconsumptionrose. By1962theRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansofLondonreported:"Cigarettesmokingisacauseoflungcancerandbronchitisandvariousotherlesscommondiseases.Itdelayshealingofgastricandduodenalulcers."Somescientistshoweverexpresseddissentingopinions. ThemostwidelypublicizedreportintheUnitedStateswasissuedin1964bytheSurgeonGeneral’sAdvisoryCommitteeonSmokingandHealth.50Theprincipaljudgmentinthecommittee’s150000-wordreportwas:"CigarettesmokingisahealthhazardofsufficientimportanceintheUnitedStatestowarrantappropriateremedialaction."Thesmokersofpipesandcigarswerefoundtoincurlesshealthrisk.Howevertheincidenceofcancerandheartdiseaseamongthemwasfoundtobegreaterthanamongnonsmokers. Althoughsomegapsinknowledgestillexisttheinformationnowavailableissufficienttopermitmakingsoundjudgmentsbasedontheconverginglinesofevidence.
Mydictionarydefinessubtleasnotimmediatelyobvious;characterizedbyskilloringenuity;clever;elusive;[even]insidious.Letuslookatsomeconcreteinstancesofthis.Theveryworditselfisanexampleastheletterbissilentinpronunciation.Languagecanbestraight-forwardanddirectlytothepointbutsometimesthattakesthefunoutofit.Onoccasionatleastoneappreciatessubtleties—oftenasthemarkofaquickwit.Thisparticularlyistrueofjokesthatgenerallyhaveadoublemeaning.Forexample:Awaitressreceivedonlythreepenniesforatip.Nonplussedshetoldthecustomerthatthosethreepenniestoldalotabouthim.Hetookthebaitandaskedwhattheyrevealed.Thefirstpennyshesaidtellsmeyouarethrifty.Thepatronagreed.whatdoesthesecondpennysayaskedthecustomer.Ittellsmeyou’reabachelor.RightagainherepliedAndwhatdoesthethirdpennytellyouThethirdpennyrespondedthewaitresstellsmeyourdaddywasabachelortoo.How’sthatforasubtlepunishmentSubtletiesalsocanbeusedonoccasionforagoodputdown.Forinstanceonecansayacertainmanwasabiggunofindustry.Yesisthecounterhewasfiredseveraltimes.InthiscategorywasMarkTwain’scaustictimebomb:Hewasagoodman—intheworstsenseoftheterm.Inourdayofpoliticalcorrectnesssometimescalledthetyrannyoftheminoritypoliceseldomtalkaboutsuspectsbutonlyaboutpersonsofinterest.Iguesslawenforcementdoesnotwantanotherlawsuitonitshands.ThentoowiththecampaignagainstfatandfriedfoodsKentuckyFriedChickencallsitselfKFCfiguringthatfewwillthinkoffriedthatway.Themeaningofawordorphraseseemstochangemorerapidlytodayandunlessoneiswithitafauxpas失礼canbecommitted.Suchisthecasewiththetermanexceptionalchild.Waybackwhenonewouldthinkthatreferredtoanespeciallybrightyoungsterwhereastodayitindicatesahandicappedyouth.SotoothewordprimitivevirtuallyhasbeenerasedfromourlanguageandreplacedwithearliercultureandIndiansareknownasNativeAmericans.Theworldofadvertisingisamasteratsubtletieswithwhichithopestobamboozle欺骗thecustomer.Forinstancewhenaskedhowmuchagallonofgasolinecoststhereplymightbesomethinglike$2.25.Yetonemustaddapennytothatasa9/10followsthepricemakingitineffect$2.26.Cerealpriceshaveskyrocketedovertheyearsbutsomecompaniesclaimtohaveheldthelinebykeepingthepricethesame.Whatmanydohoweverisreducethenumberofouncesinthepackage.Ileavethereaderwiththetruismthatsubtletynotbrevityisthesoulofwit.Useittowinfriendsandinfluencepeople.AccordingtoParagraph2thewaitressplaystricksonthepatronby______
IsHarvardworthitConventionalwisdomsaysyes.ButwiththepriceofadegreefromAmerica’smostfamousuniversityandothereliteprivatecollegesnowsurpassing$125000manyfamilies—andanumberofeconomists—aren’tsosure.Here’salookattheevidence. ForAmerican’shighschoolseniorsAprilisthecruelestmonth.That’swhencollegesfloodthepostalsystemwithnewsofwhohaswonaplaceinnextfall’sfreshmanclass.Formorethanafewfamiliesadifficultdecisionwillfollow:Isitworthpayingsome$125000togivetheirchildaneducationatanelitebestprivatecollegeOrwouldherfuturebejustasbrightifshewenttolessexpensiveschool 41.______ Certainlymanyneuroticboomerparents—andtheirstressed-outresume-buildingteenagers—assumethatitisalwaysbettertochooseHarvardoverBigStateU.becauseofHarvard’spresumablysuperioreducationalenvironmentbetteralumniconnectionsandmorelucrativeprofitableon-campusrecruitingopportunities. 42.______ It’salsotruethatifyouwantacareerinbigleadingfirmsintheUSagilt-edgeddiplomaisadistinctadvantage.Thenagainthere’splentyofanecdotalevidencethataneliteeducationishardlynecessary.ThemajorityoftopCEOschiefexecutiveofficersurveyedbyFORTUNEin1990didnotattendanelitecollege. 43.______ Theacademicevidenceismurkytostartwiththebasics:Collegepays.Onaverageapersonwithanundergraduatedegreenowearnsalmosttwiceasmuchassomeonewithonlyahighschooldiplomaupfrom1.5timesin1975. Theeconomicliteratureonthepayoffofgraduatingfromanelitecollegehoweverasopposedtoanycollegeisfarlessconclusive.SeveralstudiesduringthepastdecadefoundaconnectionbetweenhigherfutureearningsandattendanceatacollegewithhighSATscores.Mostoftheresearchconcludedthatforeach100-pointincreaseintheaverageSATscoreagraduatecouldexpecta3%to7%increasedinlifetime’searnings. 44.______ Youwouldexpectgraduatesofselectiveschools—whichattractsuccessfulstudents—tohavesuccessfulcareers.Itwouldbestunningiftheydidn’t.Whatsuchstudiesdonotmeasureishowanindividual’searningsareaffectedbythechoiceofcollege.Researchersfoundthatthosewhowenttothemoreprestigiousschoolsreportedhigherearnings. 45.______ Admissionsofficesateliteschoolsincludemanyothercriteriaintheirdecisions—gradesextracurricularactivitiesrecommendationsessaysinterviews.Thesefactorsmayrevealabilitieslikegoodcommunicationskillsthatarefarmorevaluableintheworkplacethanaperfect1600.Becauseeconomistshavenodataonthesetraitstheytermthem"unobserved."Buttheyarehardlyunimportant.Untilrecentlynoonehadtriedtocontrolforunobservedcharacteristicsinmeasuringtheeffectofaneliteeducationonearnings. [A]Whatislesscleartomanyparentsandtheircollege-boundyoungstersiswhetheritmakeseconomicsensetoattendaneliteschoolwithatotalfour-yearpricetagbigenoughtobuyanicesuburbanhouseinmanypartsofthecountry. [B]Sowhatkindofreturnistherelikelytobeonthat$125000investmentAndhowdoesitcomparewiththereturnonalessexpensivebutalsolessprestigiouseducation [C]Thesequestionshavenoeasyanswers.Ofcoursethat’snottheimpressionyougetfromthe$500-million-a-yearcollege-admissionsindustrywithitsmagazinerankingstestprepcoursesandguidebooks. [D]Butthestudiescomparedschoolsnotpeople. [E]SchoolselectivitymeasuredbytheaverageSATscoreofthestudentsataschooldoesn’tpayoffinahigherincomeovertime. [F]It’struethatbiglawfirmsmajorteachinghospitalsandinvestmentbanks—eventheofficesofFORTUNE—arestuffedwithIvyLeaguers. [G]ButSATscoresarenoteverything. 41
Weallbelieveinsomethingorsomeone.Wemustbelievejustaswemusteatsleepandreproduce.46Mankindhasaninsatiableneedforandanirresistibleattractiontoavastarrayofbeliefsaboutgodsanddemonsmagicandmiraclestruthandfalsehoodloveandhatesameanddifferent. Implausibleevenirrationalideashavebeencherishedforcenturies.Saintsandothermartyrssufferedindescribablepainandagonyevendeathfortheirbeliefs.ScientistshavebeenputtodeathfortheirbeliefthattheearthisroundorthatthereisaninvisibleforcecalledgravityorthattheearthisnotthecenteroftheuniversewiththesunrevolvingarounditorthatthebloodcirculatesthroughoutthebodyorthatManevolvedfromlowerformsoflife.47Religiousleadershaveattractedmillionsofpeoplewiththeirversionofhowlifebeganandhowwemustbehave;ifpeopledonotbelieveinmedicineandsciencereligioneducationgovernmentandthesocialcontractchaosresults’andnosocietycantoleratethatwhichiswhyallsocietiesimposeorderontheirmembers. Wemustbelieveorfaceunbearableambiguityandanxiety.Isthemosteffectivebeliefsystemonethatiscomposedofabsolutes—unyieldingunvaryingandeternal48Theanswerisyes.becausewhenweeliminatedoubtfromasituationwefeelsecurerestoredtobalancebutifthebeliefsystemisscienceandisbasedonobjectiveinformationwithoutabsolutesandrequiresaquestioningattitudeitunnervespeople.Anysystemthatoffersdefinitiveanswerstocomplexhumanquestionsandproblems:thisisrightthisiswrongthisistruethisisfalse—onequestiononeansweronlyisveryappealing.49Allbeliefsrequireconfirmationfromanauthoritativesourcewhetherthatbeapriestarabbiafamilymemberaspecialfriendanexpert—onewhocommandsobedienceandrespect.Perhapsallbeliefiscomposedofthesameelementsinapproximatelythesameproportionsforevensciencerequiresasuspensionofsomedisbeliefsomeuncertaintyhoweverminiscule.BlackHolesandtheBigBangaremetaphorictruthsderivedfromthephysicsweknownow. Butyouhavetobelievetohavefaithinthemethodsofsciencetogatherinformationtoanalyseandinterpretitobjectivelyinordertoacceptitsconclusions.NoonewitnessedtheBigBangoraBlackHole.Thesewereinferredfromcarefulstudyandanalysisbymanyresearchers.50Fearoftheunknowncertainlylendscredencetoanycharismaticfigurewhomakesgreatpromisesofabetterlifenowandafterdeathwhichhasworkedthroughouttheagesandstilldoes. Religiousleadershaveattractedmillionsofpeoplewiththeirversionofhowlifebeganandhowwemustbehave;ifpeopledonotbelieveinmedicineandsciencereligioneducationgovernmentandthesocialcontractchaosresults’andnosocietycantoleratethatwhichiswhyallsocietiesimposeorderontheirmembers.
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervous2embarrassed.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquiteoffensive.4thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—astheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points3
Weallbelieveinsomethingorsomeone.Wemustbelievejustaswemusteatsleepandreproduce.46Mankindhasaninsatiableneedforandanirresistibleattractiontoavastarrayofbeliefsaboutgodsanddemonsmagicandmiraclestruthandfalsehoodloveandhatesameanddifferent. Implausibleevenirrationalideashavebeencherishedforcenturies.Saintsandothermartyrssufferedindescribablepainandagonyevendeathfortheirbeliefs.ScientistshavebeenputtodeathfortheirbeliefthattheearthisroundorthatthereisaninvisibleforcecalledgravityorthattheearthisnotthecenteroftheuniversewiththesunrevolvingarounditorthatthebloodcirculatesthroughoutthebodyorthatManevolvedfromlowerformsoflife.47Religiousleadershaveattractedmillionsofpeoplewiththeirversionofhowlifebeganandhowwemustbehave;ifpeopledonotbelieveinmedicineandsciencereligioneducationgovernmentandthesocialcontractchaosresults’andnosocietycantoleratethatwhichiswhyallsocietiesimposeorderontheirmembers. Wemustbelieveorfaceunbearableambiguityandanxiety.Isthemosteffectivebeliefsystemonethatiscomposedofabsolutes—unyieldingunvaryingandeternal48Theanswerisyes.becausewhenweeliminatedoubtfromasituationwefeelsecurerestoredtobalancebutifthebeliefsystemisscienceandisbasedonobjectiveinformationwithoutabsolutesandrequiresaquestioningattitudeitunnervespeople.Anysystemthatoffersdefinitiveanswerstocomplexhumanquestionsandproblems:thisisrightthisiswrongthisistruethisisfalse—onequestiononeansweronlyisveryappealing.49Allbeliefsrequireconfirmationfromanauthoritativesourcewhetherthatbeapriestarabbiafamilymemberaspecialfriendanexpert—onewhocommandsobedienceandrespect.Perhapsallbeliefiscomposedofthesameelementsinapproximatelythesameproportionsforevensciencerequiresasuspensionofsomedisbeliefsomeuncertaintyhoweverminiscule.BlackHolesandtheBigBangaremetaphorictruthsderivedfromthephysicsweknownow. Butyouhavetobelievetohavefaithinthemethodsofsciencetogatherinformationtoanalyseandinterpretitobjectivelyinordertoacceptitsconclusions.NoonewitnessedtheBigBangoraBlackHole.Thesewereinferredfromcarefulstudyandanalysisbymanyresearchers.50Fearoftheunknowncertainlylendscredencetoanycharismaticfigurewhomakesgreatpromisesofabetterlifenowandafterdeathwhichhasworkedthroughouttheagesandstilldoes. Allbeliefsrequireconfirmationfromanauthoritativesourcewhetherthatbeapriestarabbiafamilymemberaspecialfriendanexpert—onewhocommandsobedienceandrespect.
IN2005Congressconsideredanemergencyspendingbillthatdesignated$81billionformilitaryspendingandAsiantsunamirelief.Itpassedeasily.Apoliticianwouldhavetobemightyconfidenttovoteagainsthumanitarianaidandsupportingthetroops.Butcomplaintshavesteadilygrownaboutalawthatcamewiththespendingbill.TheRealIDActof2005establishednationalstandardsfordrivinglicences.By2008itsaideverystatewouldhavetomakesureitslicencesincludedphysicalsecurityfeaturesandacommonmachinereadabletechnology.AstatewouldberesponsibleforverifyingthatanyoneapplyingforlicencesisinAmericalegally.Onlylicencesthatmetthenewstandardswouldbeacceptedbythefederalgovernment.AnAmericanwhowantedtoflycommerciallyordoanythingelseforwhichheneededtoidentifyhimselfwouldendupinaqueueattheDepartmentofMotorVehicles.Theideawastomakelifeharderforwould-beterrorists.Buttheschemewillcertainlymakelifeharderforthestates.TheDepartmentofHomelandSecurityDHSreckonsthatimplementingthechangeswillcoststatesupto$14.6billionwithindividualsonthelineforanadditional$8.5billion.Andthefederalgovernmentplanstomeetonlyafractionofthecost.Criticsalsoarguethatthenewlicenceswillamounttonationalidentificationcardsandwillcontaintonmuchinformationaboutthebearer.ImmigrationadvocatessaythattheRealIDActunfairlytargetsillegalimmigrants.Andfromasecuritystandpointtheactraisesasmanyfearsasitallays.Licencesthatmeettherevisedstandardswouldberichofsensitivedata.Theymightproveirresistiblytemptingtoidentitythievesandmarketingfirms.OnJanuary25thMainebecamethefirststatetoopposetheAct.ItslegislaturepassedaresolutionrefusingtoimplementtheRealIDActwithnearlyunanimoussupport.OnMarch8thIdahoapprovedasimilarbill.Twodozenotherstateshavemeasurespendingthatquestiontheactoropposeitoutright.OnMarch1sttheDHSissuedguidelinesforimplementingtheRealIDActthatmanagetoignoremostoftheseobjections.Theguidelinesallowstatesabitmoretimetoimplementtheact.Buttheygivenoquarterontheexpensivephysicalsecurityfeaturesandsuggestthatstatesdealwithprivacyconcernsontheirown.AndastheNationalGovernorsAssociationpromptlynotedtheydonothingtoaddressthecosttostates.Whichofthefollowingconsequencemightbecausedbythe2005emergencyspendingbill
LikethelookofourwebsiteWhatevertheanswerthechancesareyoumadeyourmindupwithinthefirsttwentiethofasecond.AstudybyresearchersinCanadahasshownthatthesnapdecisionsInternetusersmakeaboutthequalityofawebpagehavealastingimpactontheiropinions.Weallknowthatfirstimpressionscountbutthisstudyshowsthatthebraincanmakeflashjudgmentsalmostasfastastheeyecantakeintheinformation.Mycolleaguesbelieveditwouldbeimpossibletoreallyseeanythinginlessthan500millisecondssaysGitteLindgaardofCarletonUniversityinOttawa.Insteadtheyfoundthatimpressionsweremadeinthefirst50millisecondsofviewing.Lindgaardandherteampresentedvolunteerswiththebriefestglimpsesofwebpagespreviouslyratedasbeingeithereasyontheeyeorparticularlyunpleasantandaskedthemtoratethewebsitesonaslidingscaleofvisualappeal.Eventhoughtheimagesflashedupforjust50millisecondsroughlythedurationofasingleframeofstandardtelevisionshottheirdecisionstalliedwellwithjudgmentsmadeafteralongerperiodofexamination.Inthecrowdedandcompetitiveworldofthewebcompanieshopingtomakemillionsfrome-commerceshouldtakenotice.UnlessthefirstimpressionisfavorablevisitorswillbeoutofyoursitebeforetheyevenknowthatyoumightbeofferingmorethanyourcompetitorsLindgaardwarns.Foratypicalcommercialwebsite60%oftrafficcomesfromsearchenginessuchasGoogle.Thismakesauser’sfirstimpressionevenmorecritical.Thelastingeffectoffirstimpressionsisknowntopsychologistsasthehaloeffect:ifyoucansnarepeoplewithanattractivedesigntheyaremorelikelytooverlookotherminorfaultswiththesiteandmayrateitsactualcontentmorefavorably.Thisisbecauseofcognitivebias.Peopleenjoybeingrightsocontinuingtouseawebsitethatgaveagoodfirstimpressionhelpstoprovetothemselvesthattheymadeagoodinitialdecision.It’sawfullyscarystuffbutthetendencytojumptoconclusionsisfarmorewidespreadthanwerealize.Thesedaysenlightenedwebuserswanttoseeapuritanapproach.It’saboutgettinginformationacrossinthequickestsimplestwaypossible.Forthisreasonmanycommercialwebsitesnowfollowafairlyregularsetofrules.Forexamplewesternerstendtolookatthetop-leftcornerofapagefirstsothat’swherethecompanylogoshouldgo.Andmostusersalsoexpecttoseeasearchfunctioninthetopright.Ofcoursetheothergoldenruleistomakesurethatyourwebpagesloadquicklyotherwiseyourcustomersmightnotstickaroundlongenoughtomakethatcovetedfirstimpression.Thatcanbethedifferencebetweenbigbusinessandnobusiness.Whichofthefollowingwebsitesismostunlikelytobesuccessful
Glassinoneformoranotherhaslongbeeninnobleservicetohumans.Asoneofthemostwidelyusedofmanufacturedmaterialsandcertainlythemostversatileitcanbeasimposingasatelescopemirrorthewidthofatenniscourtorassmallandsimpleasamarblerollingacrossdirt. 41.______ Theusesofthisadaptablematerialhavebeenbroadeneddramaticallybynewtechnologies:glassfiberoptics—morethaneightmillionmiles—carryingtelephoneandtelevisionsignalsacrossnations;glassceramicsservingasthenoseconesofmissilesandascrownsforteeth;tinyglassbeadstakingradiationdosesinsidethebodytospecificorgans;evenanewtypeofglassfashionedofnuclearwasteinordertodisposeofthatunwantedmaterial. 42.______ Onthehorizonareopticalcomputers.Thesecouldstoreprogramsandprocessinformationbymeansoflight—pulsesfromtinylasers—ratherthanelectrons.Andthepulseswouldtraveloverglassfibersnotcopperwire.Thesemachinescouldfunctionhundredsoftimesfasterthantoday’selectroniccomputersandholdvastlymoreinformation.Todayfiberopticsareusedtoobtainaclearerimageofsmallerandsmallerobjectsthaneverbefore—evenbacterialviruses.Anewgenerationofopticalinstrumentsisemergingthatcanprovidedetailedimagingoftheinnerworkingsofcells.ItisthesurgeinfiberopticuseandinliquidcrystaldisplaysthathassettheU.S.glassindustrya16billiondollarbusinessemployingsome150000workerstobuildingnewplantstomeetdemand. 43.______ Butnotalltheglasstechnologythattouchesourlivesisultra-modem.Considerthesimplelightbulb;attheturnofthecenturymostlightbulbswerehandblownandthecostofonewasequivalenttohalfaday’spayfortheaverageworker.IneffecttheinventionoftheribbonmachinebyCominginthe1920slightedanation.Thepriceofabulbplunged.Smallwonderthatthemachinehasbeencalledoneofthegreatmechanicalachievementsofalltime.Yetitisverysimple:anarrowribbonofmoltenglasstravelsoveramovingbeltofsteelinwhichthereareholes.Theglasssagsthroughtheholesandintowaitingmoulds.Puffsofcompressedairthenshapetheglass.Inthiswaytheenvelopeofalightbulbismadebyasinglemachineattherateof66000anhourascomparedwith1200adayproducedbyateamoffourglassblowers. 44.______ Thesecretoftheversatilityofglassliesinitsinteriorstructure.Althoughitisrigidandthuslikeasolidtheatomsarearrangedinarandomdisorderedfashioncharacteristicofaliquid.Inthemeltingprocesstheatomsintherawmaterialsaredisturbedfromtheirnormalpositioninthemolecularstructure;beforetheycanfindtheirwaybacktocrystallinearrangementstheglasscools.Thisloosenessinmolecularstructuregivesthematerialwhatengineerscalltremendous"formability"whichallowstechnicianstotailorglasstowhatevertheyneed. 45.______ Todayscientistscontinuetoexperimentwithnewglassmixturesandbuildingdesignerstesttheirimaginationswithapplicationsofspecialtypesofglass.ALondonarchitectMikeDaviesseesevenmoredramaticbuildingsusingmolecularchemistry."Glassisthegreatbuildingmaterialofthefuturethe’dynamicskin’"hesaid."Thinkofglassthathasbeentreatedtoreacttoelectriccurrentsgoingthroughitglassthatwillchangefromcleartoopaqueatthepushofabuttonthatgivesyouinstantcurtains." ThinkofhowthetallbuildingsinNewYorkcouldperformasymphonyofcoloursastheglassinthemismadetochangecoloursinstantly.Glassasinstantcurtainsisavailablenowbutthecostisexorbitant.Asfortheglasschangingcoloursinstantlythatmaycometrue.MikeDavies’svisionmayindeedbeonthewaytofulfillment. [A]Whatmakesglasssoadaptable [B]Architecturalexperimentswithglass [C]Glassartgalleriesflourish [D]Excitinginnovationsinfiberoptics [E]Aformerglasstechnology [F]Newusesofglass 45
Freedomisoneofthemostdifficultthingstodefineyetwarsarefoughttosecureit.Pres.GeorgeW.Bushwantsfreedomfortheentireworldbutthequestionremainswhethersomemightnotwantitandiftheydocannothandleit.Manydesiretobefreeoftheirfreedomforthelatterrequiresassumingresponsibilityforone’sactions.Itiseasiertohaveotherschooseforus.Freedomhasmanymeaningsaridapplications.Thereispoliticalfreedominvolvingtheabilitytochooseone’sownformofgovernmentholdelectionsetc.Professorsareconcernedwithacademicfreedomnamelytoteachandpublishinaccordwiththeirscholarlyfindings.Thesethougharesecondarymeaningsandpresumablyaregroundedinsomethingfundamentaltothenatureofhumans.Thisiscalledmoralfreedom—butthere’stherubofit.IssuchfreedomanillusionOnecannotignoreSigmundFreud’smassiveunconsciousasafactorinwhyweactthewaywedo.Moreoverpsychologicalliteraturesuggestsobsessive-compulsiveactsasmorecommonplacethanwerealize.Alcoholicsanddrugaddictsaretoldtheycannothelpthemselves;insteadtheyneedotherstohelpthembreaktheirhabit.Let’sfaceitweseemtobeevolvingintoanofaultsocietyinwhichfreedomisanemptyterm.Itcertainlyiseasytorationalizethatthisorthatactionreallywasnotfreeasonecansaywearetheproductofourgenespassionsandculture.ButJean-PaulSartredisagreedthatfreedomisanillusionclaiminginsteadthatitistheveryessenceofman.Freedomisahuman’sdistinguishingmark.Essentiallyahumanisno-thingandthereinlieshisfreedom.Althoughfreedommaynotbeanillusioninmanycasesitisillusory.Isittruetosaypiously虔诚地thatthecureforanyillsindemocracyismoredemocracyi.e.freedomThePatriotActcertainlyraisesmanyhacklesasaninfringement侵犯onfreedom;tradingcivillibertiesforsecurity—partofaseeminglycontinuingtrendinsociety.HowstrongistheargumentthatifwearenotfreethenlawsandprohibitionsmakenosenseDoesknowledgeaseeminglynecessarycomponentinvolvedinfreeactsrestrictorenlargeourfreedomTheSocraticpositionisthatifonereallyknewwhatwasrightonewoulddowhatwasright.MoslemsmaintainthatitisthewillofAllahthatgovernsallthingsandweonlycanhopetoconformtoit.ThisisnotentirelyforeigntoChristiantheology.Theproblemofpredestinationisaformidableonechallengingfreedommaintainingasitdoesthatevenbeforecreation.Likemostdilemmasposedbyphilosophyperhapsitshouldbetakenwithreserve:Allargumentsconcluded19th-centuryphilosopherandpsychologistWilliamJamesareagainstfreedom;allexperienceisforit./Itissuggestedbytheauthorthatfreedomdoesn’tfacethechallengesfrom______
Directions:YouareamemberofPhotographyClubandthisclubisgoingtoholdaphotoexhibitiontocelebratethecoming50thanniversaryofyouruniversity.Nowyouareexpectedtowriteanotetoinviteyourschoolmatestocontributephotostothisexhibition.Writeyournoteinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;useLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.10points
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervous2embarrassed.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacorner;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquiteoffensive.4thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich5brokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8.SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastandhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone.Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate—orasinaccurate—astheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritishmaketoeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare16bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"17theforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitisworthwhilepointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.18hewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutis19toknowwheretobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points15
IN2005Congressconsideredanemergencyspendingbillthatdesignated$81billionformilitaryspendingandAsiantsunamirelief.Itpassedeasily.Apoliticianwouldhavetobemightyconfidenttovoteagainsthumanitarianaidandsupportingthetroops.Butcomplaintshavesteadilygrownaboutalawthatcamewiththespendingbill.TheRealIDActof2005establishednationalstandardsfordrivinglicences.By2008itsaideverystatewouldhavetomakesureitslicencesincludedphysicalsecurityfeaturesandacommonmachinereadabletechnology.AstatewouldberesponsibleforverifyingthatanyoneapplyingforlicencesisinAmericalegally.Onlylicencesthatmetthenewstandardswouldbeacceptedbythefederalgovernment.AnAmericanwhowantedtoflycommerciallyordoanythingelseforwhichheneededtoidentifyhimselfwouldendupinaqueueattheDepartmentofMotorVehicles.Theideawastomakelifeharderforwould-beterrorists.Buttheschemewillcertainlymakelifeharderforthestates.TheDepartmentofHomelandSecurityDHSreckonsthatimplementingthechangeswillcoststatesupto$14.6billionwithindividualsonthelineforanadditional$8.5billion.Andthefederalgovernmentplanstomeetonlyafractionofthecost.Criticsalsoarguethatthenewlicenceswillamounttonationalidentificationcardsandwillcontaintonmuchinformationaboutthebearer.ImmigrationadvocatessaythattheRealIDActunfairlytargetsillegalimmigrants.Andfromasecuritystandpointtheactraisesasmanyfearsasitallays.Licencesthatmeettherevisedstandardswouldberichofsensitivedata.Theymightproveirresistiblytemptingtoidentitythievesandmarketingfirms.OnJanuary25thMainebecamethefirststatetoopposetheAct.ItslegislaturepassedaresolutionrefusingtoimplementtheRealIDActwithnearlyunanimoussupport.OnMarch8thIdahoapprovedasimilarbill.Twodozenotherstateshavemeasurespendingthatquestiontheactoropposeitoutright.OnMarch1sttheDHSissuedguidelinesforimplementingtheRealIDActthatmanagetoignoremostoftheseobjections.Theguidelinesallowstatesabitmoretimetoimplementtheact.Buttheygivenoquarterontheexpensivephysicalsecurityfeaturesandsuggestthatstatesdealwithprivacyconcernsontheirown.AndastheNationalGovernorsAssociationpromptlynotedtheydonothingtoaddressthecosttostates.TheimplementationoftheActindifferentstatesmayrequire______
热门题库
更多
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
国际经济法
农村政策法规
行政法与行政诉讼法
仲裁法学
湘公网安备 43130202000226号