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设函数f(u)在-∞＜u＜+∞内可导，且f(0)=0，又f’(lnx)=求f(u)的表达式．
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设函数fx在0+∞内可导且fex=x+ex则f′1=___________.
设函数fx在[03]上连续在03内可导且f0+f1+f2=3f3=1试证必存在ξ∈03使f’ξ=0
设函数fx在点x=a处可导则函数|fx|在点x=a处不可导的充分条件是______
f(a)=0且f'(a)=0
f(a)=0且f'(a)≠0
f(a)＞0且f'(a)＞0
f(a)＜0且f'(a)＜0
Ⅰ设fx在[ab]上连续在ab内可导fa=fb且fz非常数函数证明存在ξη∈ab使得f’ξ＞0f’η
设函数fx在开区间ab内可导证明当导函数f’x在ab内有界时函数fx在ab内也有界．
设函数fx在-aaa＞0内连续在x=0处可导且f’0≠0． 求极限
设函数fx在x=2的某邻域内可导且f’x=efxf2=1则f’2=______
设函数fx在0＋∞内可导且fex＝x＋ex则f′1＝________.
设函数fx在[ab]上一阶可导在ab内二阶可导且fa=fb=0f’af’b＞0．求证[*]
设函数fx在x=x0的某邻域内连续在x=x0处可导则函数fx|fx|在x=x0处
可导，且导数为2f(x)f'(x
0
)
可导，且导数为2f(x
0
)
f'(x
0
)
可导，且导数为2
f(x
0
)
f'(x
0
)
不可导
下列命题正确的是
若函数f(x)在x=a处连续，则函数f(x)在x=a的邻域内连续
若函数f(x)在x=a处可导，则函数f(x)在x=a的邻域内可导
若函数f(x)处处可导，则其导函数处处连续
若函数f(x)在x=a处连续，在其去心邻域内可导，且[*]存在，则f(x)在x=a处可导
设函数fx在[03]上连续在03内可导且f0+f1+f2=3f3=1试证必存在ξ∈03使f’ξ=0．
设函数fx对任意实数x满足f1+x=αfx且f'0=β其中αβ为非零常数则
f(x)在x=1处不可导
f(x)在x=1处可导，且f'(1)=α
f(x)在x=1处可导，且f'(1)=β
f(x)在x=1处可导，且f'(1)=αβ
设函数fx在x=2的某邻域内可导且f’x=efxf2=1则f2=______．
设函数fx在x=2的某邻域内可导且f’x=efxf2=1则f’2=______．
Ⅰ设fx在[ab]上连续在ab内可导fa=fb且fz非常数函数证明存在ξη∈ab使得f’ξ＞0f’η
设函数fx在x=2的某邻域内可导且fx=efxf2=1则f’2=______
下列命题正确的是
(A) 设f(x)为(-∞，+∞)上的偶函数且在[0，+∞)内可导，则，f(x)在(-∞，+∞)内可导．
(B) 设f(x)为(-∞，+∞)上的奇函数且在[0，+∞)内可导，则f(x)在(-∞，+∞)内可导．
(C) 设
(D) 设x
0
∈(a，b)，f(x)在[a，b]除x
0
外连续，x
0
是f(x)的第一类间断点，则f(x)在[a，b]上存在原函数．
设函数fx在[ab]上连续在ab内可导且fa=fb=λ试证明至少存在一点ξ∈ab使f’ξ+fξ=λ．
设函数fx在[01]上连续在01内可导且f0=00＜f’x＜10＜x＜1．求证[*]
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WithU.S.companiessittingonanestimated$1.8trillionincashitraisesthequestion:Whyaren’ttheydeployingmoreoftheirhoardtoexpandtheirbusinessesOronemightchannelJohnMaynardKeynestoask:Wherehavethe"animalspirits"goneAlthoughcapitalspendingintheU.S.isup12percentsincethelowsofearly2009it’sstillrunning$88billionbelowthepeakof$1.34trillionreachedinthefirstquarterof2008saysJosephLaVorgnachiefU.S.economistatDeutscheBank.Hedoesn’texpectcapitalspendingtocatchuptothatpeaklevelandofficiallystarttoexpanduntilthesecondquarterof2011.LaVorgna’sdefinitionofcapitalspendingincludesphysicalequipmentandsoftwarebutnotstructuressuchasnewstoresormanufacturingplants.Spendingonstructuresisabout2percentofgrossdomesticproductone-thirdthesizeofcapitalsending’scontributiontoGDPhesays. "Thetrendandmomentumhavedefinitelyturnedandit’sjustamatteroftimebeforeyouseeothercompaniesgivewaytocapitalspendingandeventuallythatwillresultinhiring"saysLaVorgna.Butwithspendingrunning$88billionbelowpeakhesaysemployment"shouldbefartheralongthanitis."CompaniesthathavebuiltupalotofcasharestartingtotakesomechancessuchasexpandingintonewmarketswhichrequireshiringnewworkerssaysJohnChallengerchiefexecutiveofficerofChallengerGray&Christmasanemploymentconsultingfirm.U.S.companieshaveannouncedthehiringof118209newemployeesthroughAugustaccordingtodatacollectedbythefirm. Sowho’ssteppinguptotheplateSomecompaniesrefusetobecowedandaretakingbigifcalculatedchancesincludingambitiouscapitalprojectshiringnewworkersandexpandedinvestmentinresearchanddevelopmentaccordingtogrowth-orientedmutualfundmanagerscontactedbyBusinessweek.com.Ifthere’sacommondenominatorit’saperceivedopportunityandconfidenceinsustainabledemandwhetherduetonewtrendsintechnologyortonewmarketsthatneedcertainproducts.Othernamescamefromalistofthetop-hiringU.S.companiesthroughJuly2010compiledbyChallengerGray&Christmas. "Wedon’tspendcapitalunlesswehaveanewcontracttosupplyoxygennitrogenorhydrogentoourcustomers"saysJamesSawyerPraxair’schieffinancialofficer."Thoseare15-yearcontractswithminimaltake-or-payclauseswrittenintothemwhichensurewewillgetagoodreturnonourcapitalinvestmentregardlessofhowtherestoftheeconomyisdoing." SomeyoungeroutfitswithentrepreneurialmanagerswhohavelivedthroughafewbusinesscyclesthinktheircompaniesmaybeabletostealamarchoncompetitorsmorereluctanttospendsaysAramGreenmanagerofClearBridgeAdvisorsSmallCapGrowthFund."There’sclearlybeenadecisionbymanagementthat’Thisisnotthetimetotakeourfootofftheaccelerator.Infactit’stimetopushharderandfurtherdistanceourproductfromthecompetition.’ Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthat.
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18tikeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothersDepressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 14
Goingtotheballparkvisitingfriendsandplayingbingoaresimplediversionsformanyofus.Butfortheelderlythesesocialpastimesmayplayacriticalroleinpreservingtheirphysicalandmentalhealth.46Infactanewstudysuggeststhatthelesstimeolderpeoplespendengagedinsocialactivitythefastertheirmotorfunctiontendstodecline.Everybodyintheir60s70sand80siswalkingmoreslowlythantheydidwhentheywere25saysDr.AronBuchmananeurologistattheRushUniversityMedicalCenterinChicagoandleadingauthorofthestudywhichwaspublishedintheJune22ndissueoftheArchivesofInternalMedicine.47Ourstudyshowstheconnectionbetweensocialactivityandmotorfunction--andopensupawholenewuniverseofhowwemightintervene.48Anincreasingbodyofevidencehassuggestedthatparticipatinginmentallystimulatingactivitysocializingfrequentlyandexercisingmayhelpprotectagainstage-relateddecline-atleastcognitivedecline.Asearlyas1995neuroscientistCarlCotmanwhostudiesaginganddementiaattheUniversityofCaliforniaatIrvinepublishedapaperinNatureshowingthatphysicalexerciseproducesaproteinthathelpskeepneuronsfromdyingandspurstheformationofnewneuralconnectionsinthebrain.49MorerecentlyCotmandemonstratedinstudiesofelderlydogsandmicethatenrichingtheirsocialenvironmentisassociatedwithimprovementinbrainfunction.Researchersarealsofindingthatsocialactivitymaybelinkedtothesameprotectiveeffectinpeople.Arecentstudyof2500adultsages70to79publishedinthejournalNeurologyfoundthatthosewhowereabletostaymentallysharpwerealsothosewhoexercisedonceaweekormorehadatleastaninthgradeliteracylevelandweresociallyactive.Whilefurtherresearchneedstobedonetoestablishtheexactimpactofsocialactivityandexerciseonspecificage-relateddeclines50it’slikelythatareductioninsocialactivitymaysimplybeasymptomofphysicaldeclinesincepeoplemaynaturallywithdrawfromsocialengagementastheylosemotorskills-mostresearcherswouldagreethatitisnotunreasonabletoencourageseniorstogetouttheremore.Only10%ofpeopleover65gettherecommendedamountofexerciseatleast2.5to5hoursaweekandgiventhatseniorsalreadytendtobemoresociallyisolatedthanyoungeradultsit’sdifficulttomotivatethemtobecomemoreactive.IfyouarealoneyouarelesslikelytofollowrecommendationsnotesVerghese.ItmighthelpthoughifyouvisitGrandmamoreoftenandletherknowthataregularpastimemayjusthelpherstayfitterandsharperlonger.
EveryonehasheardoftheSanAndreasfaultwhichconstantlythreatensCaliforniaandtheWestCoastwithearth-quakes.ButhowmanypeopleknowabouttheequallyseriousNewMadridfaultinMissouri.’BetweenDecemberof1811andFebruaryof1812threemajorearthquakesoccurredallcenteredaroundthetownofNewMadridMissouriontheMississippiRiver.Propertydamagewassevere.Buildingsintheareawerealmostdestoyed.Wholeforestsfellatonceandhugecracksopenedinthegroundallowingsmellofsulfurtofilterupward.TheMississippiRiveritselfcompletelychangedcharacterdevelopingsuddenrapidsandwhirlpools.Severaltimesitchangeditscourseandonceaccordingtosomeobserversitactuallyappearedtorunbackwards.FewpeoplewerekilledintheNewMadridearthquakesprobablysimplybecausefewpeoplelivedintheareain1811;buttheseverityoftheearth-quakesareshownbythefactthattheshockwavesrangbellsinchurchtowersinCharlestonSouthCarolinaonthecoast.BuildingsshookinNewYorkCityandclockswerestoppedinWashingtonD.C.ScientistsnowknowthatAmerica’stwomajorfaultsareessentiallydifferent.TheSanAndreasisahorizontalboundarybetweentwomajorlandmassesthatareslowlymovinginoppositedirections.Californiaearthquakesresultwhenthemovementofthesetwomassessuddenlylurchesforward.TheNewMadridfaultontheotherhandisaverticalfault;atsomepointpossiblyhundredsofmillionsofyearsagorockwaspusheduptowardthesurfaceprobablybyvolcanoesunderthesurface.Suddenlythevolcanoescooledandtherockcollapsedleavinghugecracks.Evennow’therockcontinuestosettledownwardsandsuddensinkingmotionstriggerearthquakesintheregion.ThefaultitselfalargecrackinthislayerofrockwithdozensofothercracksthatsplitofffromitextendsfromnortheastArkansasthroughMissouriandintosouthernIllinois.ScientistswhohavestudiedtheNewMadridfaultsaytherehavebeennumeroussmallerquakesintheareasince1811;thesesmallerquakesindicatethatlargeronesareprobablycomingbutritescientistssaytheyhavenomethodofpredictingwhenalargeearthquakewilloccur.Thispassageimpliesthat______.
[A]Amillionairemaydescribehisjust-rightwifeascharmingbeautifulsexyintelligentandwelldeveloped.Ontheotherhandapoormanmaydefinehisjust-rightwifeaspleasingattractivedesirableknowledgeableandshapely.Bothmendescribetheirjust-rightwifewiththegamephysicalqualitiesbutusedifferentwords.Themillionaire’sdefinitionofthejust-rightwifeismoreelegantwhereasthepoorman’sdefinitionisamorecommoneverydaydescription.[B]Menfromallnationalitiesalsohavetheirdefinitionofthejust-rightwife.Forexample;theItalianmandescribeshiswifeasawomanwhostandssixfeetone-inchtallwithblondehairandblueeyesandwhoiswelldevelopedintheupperportionofherbody.OntheotherbandtheFrenchmanmaydescribehisidealwifeasawomanwhostandsonlyfivefeetthreeincheswithbrownhairandgreeneyesandwhoismoderatelybuilt.[C]Ontheotherhandthefatmandefineshisjust-rightwifeasawomanwhogetsupateighto’clockinthemorningtakesthechildrentoMcDonald’sforbreakfastanddropsthemoffatschool.Thenshecomesbackhomeandliesonthecouchwatchingsoapoperasalldaychildren’havetowalkhomefromschoolintheafternoon.Whentheyarriveathomesheinstructsthemtocleanthehousedothelaundryandfixsomehotdogsfordinner.Bothmendefinetheirjust-rightwifewithqualitiesthattheyadmirebythemselves.[D]Althoughsomemendefinethejustfightwifebyherphysicalqualitiesothermendescribetheirjust-fightwifeasawomanwholovestofishtocamptohuntandtowaterskiwhereastheinsidesportsmanmaydefinehisjust-fightwifeasawomanwhoenjoyswatchingfootballbasketballbaseballandwrestling.Bothofthesemendefinetheirjust-rightwifebyhersportsqualitiesbutintwodifferentatmospheres.[E]Stillthereareothermenwhohavetheirowndefinitionsofthejust-rightwife.Forinstanceconsiderthefitmanandthefatman.Thefitmanmaydescribehisjust-rightwifeasawomanwhogetsupeveryworkdaymorningatsixo’clockandrunstwoorthreemiles.Afterrunningshepreparesbreakfastwashesthedishestakesthechildrentoschoolandthengoestowork.Afterworkshearrivesathomewashesacoupleloadsoflaundrygoestoexerciseclasspicksupthechildrenfromschoolonherwayhomeandthencooksdinner.Afterdinnershedeansthekitchenbathesthechildrenandputsthemtobed.[F]Inadditiontothesemen’sdefinitionsofthejust-rightwifethebacheloralsohasadefinition.Hesaysthatthejust-fightwifeissomeoneelse’swife.Hepicksherupinabartakeshertohishouseandtakeshernameinthemorning.Thebachelorhasnorealdefinitionofthejust-fightwife.Thatiswhyheisstillabachelor.[G]Foryearsmenandwomenhavebeengettingmarried.Theysaytheirweddingvowswhichbringthemtogetherasone.Theypromisetoloveandcherisheachotheruntildeathdothempart.Whenamanandawomangetmarrieditisoneofthebiggestdecisionstheywillmakeinlife.Amanmayselectawomanbecauseheinhisowneyesseesherasthejust-rightwifeforhim.Everymanhashisowndefinitionofwhatthejust-rightwifeis.Forinstancethemillionairemanandthepoormanbothmaydefinetheirjust-rightwifeaccordingtoherphysicalqualities.
Indiahasaboutabillionpeopleandadozenmajorlanguagesofitsown.Onelanguageandonlyoneisunderstood-bytheelite-acrossthecountry:thatoftheforeignerswhoruledIndiaforlessthan200yearsandleft52yearsago. TodayIndia.Tomorrowunofficiallytheworld.Thatiswellunderway;atfirstbecausetheBritishnotonlybuiltglobalempirebutalsoitwassettledbyAmericaandnowbecausetheworldandnotablyAmericahasacquireditsfirsttrulyglobal--andinteractive--mediumtheInternet. Itisestimatedthatsome350millionpeoplespeakEnglishastheirfirstlanguage.Maybe250-350milliondoorcanuseitasasecondlanguage;inexcolonialcountriesnotablyorinEnglish--majorityoneslike30millionrecentlyimmigrantstotheUnitedStatesorCanada’s6millionfrancophoneQuebeckers.Andelsewhere.’Theguessis100million--1billiondependinghowyoudefine"can".Letusbehold:inall20-25%ofearth’s6billionpeoplecanuseEnglish;nottheEnglishofEnglandletaloneofDr.JohnsonbutEnglish. Thatnumberissoaringaseachyearbringsnewpupilstoschoolandcarriesofmonolingualoldies--andnowastheInternetspreads.Andtheprocessisself-reinforcing.AsbusinessspreadsacrossfrontiersthecompanythatwantstomoveitsexecutivesaroundandtopromotethebestofthemregardlessofnationalityencouragestheusesofEnglish.Sotheexecutivewhowantstobeintheframeor’tomovetoanotheremployerlearnstouseit.Englishhaslongdominatedlearnedjournals:GermanRussianorFrenchdependingonthefieldmaybeusefultotheirexpertreadersbutEnglishisessential.Soifyouwantyourownworkpublished--andwidelyreadbyyourpeers--thenEnglishisthelanguageofchoice. Thegrowthofthecinemaandstillmoresooftelevisionhasspreadthedominantlanguage.Foreignmoviesorsitcomsmaybedubbedintomajorlanguagesbutforsmalleraudiencestheyareusuallysubtitled.Result:aDutchorDanishorevenArabfamilyhasanaudio-visuallearningaidinitsliving-roomandusuallythelanguagespokenon-screenisEnglish. ThebirthofthecomputeranditsAmericanoperatingsystemsgaveEnglishanudgeahead:thatoftheInternethasgivenitahugepush.Anyweb-linkedhouseholdtodayhasalibraryofinformationavailableattheclickofamouse.Andunlikethebooksonitsownshelvesorinthepubliclibrarymaybefour-fifthsiswritteninEnglish.Thatproportionmaylessenasmorenon-Englishsitesspringup.ButEnglishwillsurelydominate. Foreignmovieswon’tbedubbedintomajorlanguagewhen
WithU.S.companiessittingonanestimated$1.8trillionincashitraisesthequestion:Whyaren’ttheydeployingmoreoftheirhoardtoexpandtheirbusinessesOronemightchannelJohnMaynardKeynestoask:Wherehavethe"animalspirits"goneAlthoughcapitalspendingintheU.S.isup12percentsincethelowsofearly2009it’sstillrunning$88billionbelowthepeakof$1.34trillionreachedinthefirstquarterof2008saysJosephLaVorgnachiefU.S.economistatDeutscheBank.Hedoesn’texpectcapitalspendingtocatchuptothatpeaklevelandofficiallystarttoexpanduntilthesecondquarterof2011.LaVorgna’sdefinitionofcapitalspendingincludesphysicalequipmentandsoftwarebutnotstructuressuchasnewstoresormanufacturingplants.Spendingonstructuresisabout2percentofgrossdomesticproductone-thirdthesizeofcapitalsending’scontributiontoGDPhesays. "Thetrendandmomentumhavedefinitelyturnedandit’sjustamatteroftimebeforeyouseeothercompaniesgivewaytocapitalspendingandeventuallythatwillresultinhiring"saysLaVorgna.Butwithspendingrunning$88billionbelowpeakhesaysemployment"shouldbefartheralongthanitis."CompaniesthathavebuiltupalotofcasharestartingtotakesomechancessuchasexpandingintonewmarketswhichrequireshiringnewworkerssaysJohnChallengerchiefexecutiveofficerofChallengerGray&Christmasanemploymentconsultingfirm.U.S.companieshaveannouncedthehiringof118209newemployeesthroughAugustaccordingtodatacollectedbythefirm. Sowho’ssteppinguptotheplateSomecompaniesrefusetobecowedandaretakingbigifcalculatedchancesincludingambitiouscapitalprojectshiringnewworkersandexpandedinvestmentinresearchanddevelopmentaccordingtogrowth-orientedmutualfundmanagerscontactedbyBusinessweek.com.Ifthere’sacommondenominatorit’saperceivedopportunityandconfidenceinsustainabledemandwhetherduetonewtrendsintechnologyortonewmarketsthatneedcertainproducts.Othernamescamefromalistofthetop-hiringU.S.companiesthroughJuly2010compiledbyChallengerGray&Christmas. "Wedon’tspendcapitalunlesswehaveanewcontracttosupplyoxygennitrogenorhydrogentoourcustomers"saysJamesSawyerPraxair’schieffinancialofficer."Thoseare15-yearcontractswithminimaltake-or-payclauseswrittenintothemwhichensurewewillgetagoodreturnonourcapitalinvestmentregardlessofhowtherestoftheeconomyisdoing." SomeyoungeroutfitswithentrepreneurialmanagerswhohavelivedthroughafewbusinesscyclesthinktheircompaniesmaybeabletostealamarchoncompetitorsmorereluctanttospendsaysAramGreenmanagerofClearBridgeAdvisorsSmallCapGrowthFund."There’sclearlybeenadecisionbymanagementthat’Thisisnotthetimetotakeourfootofftheaccelerator.Infactit’stimetopushharderandfurtherdistanceourproductfromthecompetition.’ Whichofthefollowingcouldbestsummarizethepassage
Thatrapscallionwholeapsoffthemonkeybarslandingsmackontoaninnocent3-year-oldbystanderandskipsoffgigglingallthewhileAccordingtoanewpaperoutofIsraelhemaynotfeelallthatbadabouttheincident.ThestudyconductedbyDr.InbalKivensonBar-OnattheUniversityofHaifashowsthathighlevelsoffearlessnessin3-and4-year-oldsisstronglyassociatedwithaggressionandalackofsympathy.Thisnewswilllikelysurpriserisk-lovingAmericawhereparentstypicallybeamwithpridewhentheirundauntedchildmountsthebigslide. Fearlessnessisafar-endpointonthespectrumofwhatpsychologistscallthe"approachandwithdrawaldimension"—people’stendencytoapproachnewstimulitogaininformationandacquirenewskillsandwithdrawfromunfamiliarstimulitoavoiddanger.Strikingtherightbalanceisconsideredcrucialtoman’ssurvival.Butwhataboutpreschoolers’There’sacleardownsideDr.KivensonBar-Ondiscoveredaftersheobservedlotsofpreschoolplayandmachinations.Intotalshedocumented80childrenatpreschoolhomeandinthelabmeasuringtheirpropensityforfearlessnessandothersocialandemotionalcharacteristicsatthebeginningandendofoneyear.Fearlessnesswasmeasuredbyobservingreactionstovariousfright-inducingsituations:separationfromparentstheroarofavacuumcleanerajack-in-the-boxandthelike.Thosewhodisplayedgreaterlevelsoffearlessnessthestudyfoundhadnotroublerecognizingfacialexpressionsofangersurprisehappinessandsadnessinotherchildren—buttheyhadahardtimeidentifyingfear. Overalltheywere"emotionallyshallow"andshowedlowerlevelsofsympathy.Theytookadvantageoffriendsandlackedregretoverinappropriateconduct."Thesefindings"thepaperexplains"suggestthatfearlessnessinpreschoolconstitutesaclearriskfactorfordevelopmentalpathwaysthatleadtoproblemsinmoralityconsciencedevelopmentandsevereantisocialbehaviors."Atthesametimefearlesschildrentendedtobehighlysociable."Oneofthemostinterestingfindingswasthatwecoulddiscriminatebetweenfriendlinessandsympathy"Dr.KivensonBar-Onsaid."Thesekidsarecuriouseasygoingandfriendlybuttheyhaveahardtimerecognizingemotionaldistressinothers." JamieOstrovapsychologyprofessorattheStateUniversityatBuffalowhostudiesaggressionsaysthatchildrenattheextremeendofthefearlessspectrurn"maybecharmingbutthey’realsohighlymanipulativeanddeceptiveandskilledatgettingtheirway—evenatage3or4."Itcouldbethatfearlesschildrenneedstrongerdistresscuestoactivetheirautonomicnervoussystemslimitingtheirabilitytodetectdistresscuesinothers.ItseemstobeifI’mnotworriedaboutthisyoucan’tbeeither.Butshouldwebe Accordingtothesecondparagraphwemayknow
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18tikeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothersDepressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 2
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18tikeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothersDepressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 10
Goingtotheballparkvisitingfriendsandplayingbingoaresimplediversionsformanyofus.Butfortheelderlythesesocialpastimesmayplayacriticalroleinpreservingtheirphysicalandmentalhealth.46Infactanewstudysuggeststhatthelesstimeolderpeoplespendengagedinsocialactivitythefastertheirmotorfunctiontendstodecline.Everybodyintheir60s70sand80siswalkingmoreslowlythantheydidwhentheywere25saysDr.AronBuchmananeurologistattheRushUniversityMedicalCenterinChicagoandleadingauthorofthestudywhichwaspublishedintheJune22ndissueoftheArchivesofInternalMedicine.47Ourstudyshowstheconnectionbetweensocialactivityandmotorfunction--andopensupawholenewuniverseofhowwemightintervene.48Anincreasingbodyofevidencehassuggestedthatparticipatinginmentallystimulatingactivitysocializingfrequentlyandexercisingmayhelpprotectagainstage-relateddecline-atleastcognitivedecline.Asearlyas1995neuroscientistCarlCotmanwhostudiesaginganddementiaattheUniversityofCaliforniaatIrvinepublishedapaperinNatureshowingthatphysicalexerciseproducesaproteinthathelpskeepneuronsfromdyingandspurstheformationofnewneuralconnectionsinthebrain.49MorerecentlyCotmandemonstratedinstudiesofelderlydogsandmicethatenrichingtheirsocialenvironmentisassociatedwithimprovementinbrainfunction.Researchersarealsofindingthatsocialactivitymaybelinkedtothesameprotectiveeffectinpeople.Arecentstudyof2500adultsages70to79publishedinthejournalNeurologyfoundthatthosewhowereabletostaymentallysharpwerealsothosewhoexercisedonceaweekormorehadatleastaninthgradeliteracylevelandweresociallyactive.Whilefurtherresearchneedstobedonetoestablishtheexactimpactofsocialactivityandexerciseonspecificage-relateddeclines50it’slikelythatareductioninsocialactivitymaysimplybeasymptomofphysicaldeclinesincepeoplemaynaturallywithdrawfromsocialengagementastheylosemotorskills-mostresearcherswouldagreethatitisnotunreasonabletoencourageseniorstogetouttheremore.Only10%ofpeopleover65gettherecommendedamountofexerciseatleast2.5to5hoursaweekandgiventhatseniorsalreadytendtobemoresociallyisolatedthanyoungeradultsit’sdifficulttomotivatethemtobecomemoreactive.IfyouarealoneyouarelesslikelytofollowrecommendationsnotesVerghese.ItmighthelpthoughifyouvisitGrandmamoreoftenandletherknowthataregularpastimemayjusthelpherstayfitterandsharperlonger.
Thatrapscallionwholeapsoffthemonkeybarslandingsmackontoaninnocent3-year-oldbystanderandskipsoffgigglingallthewhileAccordingtoanewpaperoutofIsraelhemaynotfeelallthatbadabouttheincident.ThestudyconductedbyDr.InbalKivensonBar-OnattheUniversityofHaifashowsthathighlevelsoffearlessnessin3-and4-year-oldsisstronglyassociatedwithaggressionandalackofsympathy.Thisnewswilllikelysurpriserisk-lovingAmericawhereparentstypicallybeamwithpridewhentheirundauntedchildmountsthebigslide. Fearlessnessisafar-endpointonthespectrumofwhatpsychologistscallthe"approachandwithdrawaldimension"—people’stendencytoapproachnewstimulitogaininformationandacquirenewskillsandwithdrawfromunfamiliarstimulitoavoiddanger.Strikingtherightbalanceisconsideredcrucialtoman’ssurvival.Butwhataboutpreschoolers’There’sacleardownsideDr.KivensonBar-Ondiscoveredaftersheobservedlotsofpreschoolplayandmachinations.Intotalshedocumented80childrenatpreschoolhomeandinthelabmeasuringtheirpropensityforfearlessnessandothersocialandemotionalcharacteristicsatthebeginningandendofoneyear.Fearlessnesswasmeasuredbyobservingreactionstovariousfright-inducingsituations:separationfromparentstheroarofavacuumcleanerajack-in-the-boxandthelike.Thosewhodisplayedgreaterlevelsoffearlessnessthestudyfoundhadnotroublerecognizingfacialexpressionsofangersurprisehappinessandsadnessinotherchildren—buttheyhadahardtimeidentifyingfear. Overalltheywere"emotionallyshallow"andshowedlowerlevelsofsympathy.Theytookadvantageoffriendsandlackedregretoverinappropriateconduct."Thesefindings"thepaperexplains"suggestthatfearlessnessinpreschoolconstitutesaclearriskfactorfordevelopmentalpathwaysthatleadtoproblemsinmoralityconsciencedevelopmentandsevereantisocialbehaviors."Atthesametimefearlesschildrentendedtobehighlysociable."Oneofthemostinterestingfindingswasthatwecoulddiscriminatebetweenfriendlinessandsympathy"Dr.KivensonBar-Onsaid."Thesekidsarecuriouseasygoingandfriendlybuttheyhaveahardtimerecognizingemotionaldistressinothers." JamieOstrovapsychologyprofessorattheStateUniversityatBuffalowhostudiesaggressionsaysthatchildrenattheextremeendofthefearlessspectrurn"maybecharmingbutthey’realsohighlymanipulativeanddeceptiveandskilledatgettingtheirway—evenatage3or4."Itcouldbethatfearlesschildrenneedstrongerdistresscuestoactivetheirautonomicnervoussystemslimitingtheirabilitytodetectdistresscuesinothers.ItseemstobeifI’mnotworriedaboutthisyoucan’tbeeither.Butshouldwebe Theexampleofthefirstparagraphisto
Thesimpleactofsurrenderingatelephonenumbertoastoreclerkmayseeminnocuous—somuchsothatmanyconsumersdoitwithnoquestionsasked.Yetthatoneactioncansetinmotionacascadeofsilenteventsasthatdatapointisacquiredanalyzedcategorizedstoredandsoldoverandoveragain.Futureattacksonyourprivacymaycomefromanywherefromanyonewithmoneytopurchasethatphonenumberyousurrendered.Ifyoudoubtthemultipliereffectconsideryoure-mailinbox.Ifit’sloadedwithspamit’sundoubtedlybecauseatsomepointintimeyouunknowinglysurrenderedyoure-mailtothewrongWebsite. DoyouthinkyourtelephonenumberoraddressarehandleddifferentlyAcottageindustryofsmallcompanieswithnamesyou’veprobablyneverheardof—likeAcxiomorMerlin—buyandsellyourpersonalinformationthewayothercommoditieslikecornorcattlefuturesarebartered.Youmaythinkyourcellphoneisunlistedbutifyou’veeverorderedapizzaitmightnotbe.Merlinisoneofmanycommercialdatabrokersthatadvertisessaleofunlistedphonenumberscompiledfromvarioussources—includingpizzadeliverycompanies.Theseunintendedunpredictableconsequencesthatflowfromsimpleactionsmakeprivacyissuesdifficulttograspandgrapplewith. Inalargersenseprivacyalsoisoftencastasataleof"BigBrother"—thegovernmentiswatchingyouorabigcorporationiswatchingyou.Butprivacyissuesdon’tnecessarilyinvolvelargefacelessinstitutions:Aspousetakesacasualglanceatherhusband’sBlackberryaco-workerlooksate-mailoveryourshoulderorafriendglancesatacellphonetextmessagefromthenextseatonthebus.Whileverylittleofthisisnewstoanyone—peoplearenowwellawaretherearevideocamerasandInternetcookieseverywhere—thereisabundantevidencethatpeoplelivetheirlivesignorantofthemonitoringassumingamythicallevelofprivacy.Peoplewritee-mailsandtypeinstantmessagestheyneverexpectanyonetosee.JustaskMarkFoleyorevenBillGateswhosee-mailswereacornerstoneoftheJusticeDepartment’santitrustcaseagainstMicrosoft. AndpollsandstudieshaverepeatedlyshownthatAmericansareindifferenttoprivacyconcerns.Thegeneraldefenseforsuchindifferenceissummedupasinglephrase:"Ihavenothingtohide."Ifyouhavenothingtohidewhyshouldn’tthegovernmentbeabletopeekatyourphonerecordsyourwifeseeyoure-mailoracompanysendyoujunkmailIt’sapowerfulargumentonethatprivacyadvocatesspendconsiderabletimediscussingandstrategizingover. Itishardtodenyhoweverthatpeoplebehavedifferentwhenthey’rebeingwatched.AnditisalsoimpossibletodenythatAmericansarenowbeingwatchedmorethanatanytimeinhistory. TothepopularsayingIhavenothingtohidetheauthor’sresponseisoneof
Itwasafixingsight:thereintheCapitolitselfaU.S.SenatoroftenmockedforhishaltinginarticulatespeakingreacheddeepintohisMidwesternrootsandspokeeloquentlyevenpoeticallyaboutwhohewasandwhathebelievedstunningpoliticiansandjournalistsalike. IreferofcoursetoSenatorJeffersonSmith.InFrankCapra’sclassicMr.SmithGoestoWashingtonJimmyStewartplaysthissimpleidealisticsmall-townAmericanmockedandscornedbythebig-moneyedoh-so-sophisticatedpowerelite--onlytotriumphoveracorruptEstablishmentwithhisrock-solidgoodness. Atrootitisthisrolethatsoon-to-be-ex-SenatorBobDolemostaspirestoplay:theselfeffacingquietlypowerfulsmall-townmanfromMainStreetwhooutwitsthecosmopolitanslick-talkingsnobfromthefleshpots.AndwhynotThereisafterallnomoreenduringAmericanicon. HowenduringBeforeAmericanshadaConstitutionThomasJeffersonwasarguingthatthenewnation’sfuturewoulddependonabaseofagrarianyeomenfreefromthevicesinherentinbigcities.In1840oneoftheclassicimage-drivenpresidentialcampaignsfeaturedWilliamHenryHarrisonastheembodimentofruralvirtuesthecandidateofthelogcabinandhardciderdefeatingtheincumbentMartinVanBurenwhowasaccusedofdandifieddressandmanners. ThereisofcourseahugedisconnectbetweenthisprofessedloveofthesimpleunspoiledlifeandthewayAmericansactuallylive.AsapeopleAmericanshavespentthebetterpartofthe20thcenturydesertingthefarmsandthesmalltownsforthecitiesandthesuburbs;andaretornbetweenvacationinginDisneyWorldandLasVegas. U.S.politicianstoohaven’texactlyshunnedthetemptationsofthecosmopolitanlife.ThetownofRussellKansasoftenseemstobeDole’srunningmatebutthecandidatespendshisleisuretimeinaluxurycondominiuminBalHarborFlorida.BillClintonstillbelievesinaplacecalledHopebutthespiffycelebrity-denseresortsofMartha’sVineyardandJacksonHolearewherehekicksback.RonaldReaganembodiedthefaith-and-familypietiesofthefrontporchandMainStreetbuthefledIowaforacareerandalifeinHollywood. StillthehungerforthewayAmericansbelievetheyaresupposedtoliveisstrongandthedistrustoftheintellectualhustlerwithhisairsandhishigh-flownlanguagerunsdeep.ItmakessensefortheDolecampaigntomakethisacontestbetweenDoleasthelaconicquietmanwhosewordscanbetrustedandBillClintonasthetravelingsalesmanwithalineofsmoothpatterbutasuitcasefullofdamagedgoods.ItmakessenseforDoletomakehiscampaignsongThankGodI’maCountryBoy--evenifheishummingit9200mupinacorporatejetonhiswaytoaFloridacondo. Welearnfromtheverybeginningofthetextthatpoliticiansandjournalistsmayfeel
Thatrapscallionwholeapsoffthemonkeybarslandingsmackontoaninnocent3-year-oldbystanderandskipsoffgigglingallthewhileAccordingtoanewpaperoutofIsraelhemaynotfeelallthatbadabouttheincident.ThestudyconductedbyDr.InbalKivensonBar-OnattheUniversityofHaifashowsthathighlevelsoffearlessnessin3-and4-year-oldsisstronglyassociatedwithaggressionandalackofsympathy.Thisnewswilllikelysurpriserisk-lovingAmericawhereparentstypicallybeamwithpridewhentheirundauntedchildmountsthebigslide. Fearlessnessisafar-endpointonthespectrumofwhatpsychologistscallthe"approachandwithdrawaldimension"—people’stendencytoapproachnewstimulitogaininformationandacquirenewskillsandwithdrawfromunfamiliarstimulitoavoiddanger.Strikingtherightbalanceisconsideredcrucialtoman’ssurvival.Butwhataboutpreschoolers’There’sacleardownsideDr.KivensonBar-Ondiscoveredaftersheobservedlotsofpreschoolplayandmachinations.Intotalshedocumented80childrenatpreschoolhomeandinthelabmeasuringtheirpropensityforfearlessnessandothersocialandemotionalcharacteristicsatthebeginningandendofoneyear.Fearlessnesswasmeasuredbyobservingreactionstovariousfright-inducingsituations:separationfromparentstheroarofavacuumcleanerajack-in-the-boxandthelike.Thosewhodisplayedgreaterlevelsoffearlessnessthestudyfoundhadnotroublerecognizingfacialexpressionsofangersurprisehappinessandsadnessinotherchildren—buttheyhadahardtimeidentifyingfear. Overalltheywere"emotionallyshallow"andshowedlowerlevelsofsympathy.Theytookadvantageoffriendsandlackedregretoverinappropriateconduct."Thesefindings"thepaperexplains"suggestthatfearlessnessinpreschoolconstitutesaclearriskfactorfordevelopmentalpathwaysthatleadtoproblemsinmoralityconsciencedevelopmentandsevereantisocialbehaviors."Atthesametimefearlesschildrentendedtobehighlysociable."Oneofthemostinterestingfindingswasthatwecoulddiscriminatebetweenfriendlinessandsympathy"Dr.KivensonBar-Onsaid."Thesekidsarecuriouseasygoingandfriendlybuttheyhaveahardtimerecognizingemotionaldistressinothers." JamieOstrovapsychologyprofessorattheStateUniversityatBuffalowhostudiesaggressionsaysthatchildrenattheextremeendofthefearlessspectrurn"maybecharmingbutthey’realsohighlymanipulativeanddeceptiveandskilledatgettingtheirway—evenatage3or4."Itcouldbethatfearlesschildrenneedstrongerdistresscuestoactivetheirautonomicnervoussystemslimitingtheirabilitytodetectdistresscuesinothers.ItseemstobeifI’mnotworriedaboutthisyoucan’tbeeither.Butshouldwebe Thefearlesschildrenarenoteasytoperceiveothers’sadmoodbecause
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18tikeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothersDepressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 8
[A]Amillionairemaydescribehisjust-rightwifeascharmingbeautifulsexyintelligentandwelldeveloped.Ontheotherhandapoormanmaydefinehisjust-rightwifeaspleasingattractivedesirableknowledgeableandshapely.Bothmendescribetheirjust-rightwifewiththegamephysicalqualitiesbutusedifferentwords.Themillionaire’sdefinitionofthejust-rightwifeismoreelegantwhereasthepoorman’sdefinitionisamorecommoneverydaydescription.[B]Menfromallnationalitiesalsohavetheirdefinitionofthejust-rightwife.Forexample;theItalianmandescribeshiswifeasawomanwhostandssixfeetone-inchtallwithblondehairandblueeyesandwhoiswelldevelopedintheupperportionofherbody.OntheotherbandtheFrenchmanmaydescribehisidealwifeasawomanwhostandsonlyfivefeetthreeincheswithbrownhairandgreeneyesandwhoismoderatelybuilt.[C]Ontheotherhandthefatmandefineshisjust-rightwifeasawomanwhogetsupateighto’clockinthemorningtakesthechildrentoMcDonald’sforbreakfastanddropsthemoffatschool.Thenshecomesbackhomeandliesonthecouchwatchingsoapoperasalldaychildren’havetowalkhomefromschoolintheafternoon.Whentheyarriveathomesheinstructsthemtocleanthehousedothelaundryandfixsomehotdogsfordinner.Bothmendefinetheirjust-rightwifewithqualitiesthattheyadmirebythemselves.[D]Althoughsomemendefinethejustfightwifebyherphysicalqualitiesothermendescribetheirjust-fightwifeasawomanwholovestofishtocamptohuntandtowaterskiwhereastheinsidesportsmanmaydefinehisjust-fightwifeasawomanwhoenjoyswatchingfootballbasketballbaseballandwrestling.Bothofthesemendefinetheirjust-rightwifebyhersportsqualitiesbutintwodifferentatmospheres.[E]Stillthereareothermenwhohavetheirowndefinitionsofthejust-rightwife.Forinstanceconsiderthefitmanandthefatman.Thefitmanmaydescribehisjust-rightwifeasawomanwhogetsupeveryworkdaymorningatsixo’clockandrunstwoorthreemiles.Afterrunningshepreparesbreakfastwashesthedishestakesthechildrentoschoolandthengoestowork.Afterworkshearrivesathomewashesacoupleloadsoflaundrygoestoexerciseclasspicksupthechildrenfromschoolonherwayhomeandthencooksdinner.Afterdinnershedeansthekitchenbathesthechildrenandputsthemtobed.[F]Inadditiontothesemen’sdefinitionsofthejust-rightwifethebacheloralsohasadefinition.Hesaysthatthejust-fightwifeissomeoneelse’swife.Hepicksherupinabartakeshertohishouseandtakeshernameinthemorning.Thebachelorhasnorealdefinitionofthejust-fightwife.Thatiswhyheisstillabachelor.[G]Foryearsmenandwomenhavebeengettingmarried.Theysaytheirweddingvowswhichbringthemtogetherasone.Theypromisetoloveandcherisheachotheruntildeathdothempart.Whenamanandawomangetmarrieditisoneofthebiggestdecisionstheywillmakeinlife.Amanmayselectawomanbecauseheinhisowneyesseesherasthejust-rightwifeforhim.Everymanhashisowndefinitionofwhatthejust-rightwifeis.Forinstancethemillionairemanandthepoormanbothmaydefinetheirjust-rightwifeaccordingtoherphysicalqualities.
Itwasafixingsight:thereintheCapitolitselfaU.S.SenatoroftenmockedforhishaltinginarticulatespeakingreacheddeepintohisMidwesternrootsandspokeeloquentlyevenpoeticallyaboutwhohewasandwhathebelievedstunningpoliticiansandjournalistsalike. IreferofcoursetoSenatorJeffersonSmith.InFrankCapra’sclassicMr.SmithGoestoWashingtonJimmyStewartplaysthissimpleidealisticsmall-townAmericanmockedandscornedbythebig-moneyedoh-so-sophisticatedpowerelite--onlytotriumphoveracorruptEstablishmentwithhisrock-solidgoodness. Atrootitisthisrolethatsoon-to-be-ex-SenatorBobDolemostaspirestoplay:theselfeffacingquietlypowerfulsmall-townmanfromMainStreetwhooutwitsthecosmopolitanslick-talkingsnobfromthefleshpots.AndwhynotThereisafterallnomoreenduringAmericanicon. HowenduringBeforeAmericanshadaConstitutionThomasJeffersonwasarguingthatthenewnation’sfuturewoulddependonabaseofagrarianyeomenfreefromthevicesinherentinbigcities.In1840oneoftheclassicimage-drivenpresidentialcampaignsfeaturedWilliamHenryHarrisonastheembodimentofruralvirtuesthecandidateofthelogcabinandhardciderdefeatingtheincumbentMartinVanBurenwhowasaccusedofdandifieddressandmanners. ThereisofcourseahugedisconnectbetweenthisprofessedloveofthesimpleunspoiledlifeandthewayAmericansactuallylive.AsapeopleAmericanshavespentthebetterpartofthe20thcenturydesertingthefarmsandthesmalltownsforthecitiesandthesuburbs;andaretornbetweenvacationinginDisneyWorldandLasVegas. U.S.politicianstoohaven’texactlyshunnedthetemptationsofthecosmopolitanlife.ThetownofRussellKansasoftenseemstobeDole’srunningmatebutthecandidatespendshisleisuretimeinaluxurycondominiuminBalHarborFlorida.BillClintonstillbelievesinaplacecalledHopebutthespiffycelebrity-denseresortsofMartha’sVineyardandJacksonHolearewherehekicksback.RonaldReaganembodiedthefaith-and-familypietiesofthefrontporchandMainStreetbuthefledIowaforacareerandalifeinHollywood. StillthehungerforthewayAmericansbelievetheyaresupposedtoliveisstrongandthedistrustoftheintellectualhustlerwithhisairsandhishigh-flownlanguagerunsdeep.ItmakessensefortheDolecampaigntomakethisacontestbetweenDoleasthelaconicquietmanwhosewordscanbetrustedandBillClintonasthetravelingsalesmanwithalineofsmoothpatterbutasuitcasefullofdamagedgoods.ItmakessenseforDoletomakehiscampaignsongThankGodI’maCountryBoy--evenifheishummingit9200mupinacorporatejetonhiswaytoaFloridacondo. Itseemsthatmanypeoplepretendtochoosetolivearurallifecharacterizedby
Thesimpleactofsurrenderingatelephonenumbertoastoreclerkmayseeminnocuous—somuchsothatmanyconsumersdoitwithnoquestionsasked.Yetthatoneactioncansetinmotionacascadeofsilenteventsasthatdatapointisacquiredanalyzedcategorizedstoredandsoldoverandoveragain.Futureattacksonyourprivacymaycomefromanywherefromanyonewithmoneytopurchasethatphonenumberyousurrendered.Ifyoudoubtthemultipliereffectconsideryoure-mailinbox.Ifit’sloadedwithspamit’sundoubtedlybecauseatsomepointintimeyouunknowinglysurrenderedyoure-mailtothewrongWebsite. DoyouthinkyourtelephonenumberoraddressarehandleddifferentlyAcottageindustryofsmallcompanieswithnamesyou’veprobablyneverheardof—likeAcxiomorMerlin—buyandsellyourpersonalinformationthewayothercommoditieslikecornorcattlefuturesarebartered.Youmaythinkyourcellphoneisunlistedbutifyou’veeverorderedapizzaitmightnotbe.Merlinisoneofmanycommercialdatabrokersthatadvertisessaleofunlistedphonenumberscompiledfromvarioussources—includingpizzadeliverycompanies.Theseunintendedunpredictableconsequencesthatflowfromsimpleactionsmakeprivacyissuesdifficulttograspandgrapplewith. Inalargersenseprivacyalsoisoftencastasataleof"BigBrother"—thegovernmentiswatchingyouorabigcorporationiswatchingyou.Butprivacyissuesdon’tnecessarilyinvolvelargefacelessinstitutions:Aspousetakesacasualglanceatherhusband’sBlackberryaco-workerlooksate-mailoveryourshoulderorafriendglancesatacellphonetextmessagefromthenextseatonthebus.Whileverylittleofthisisnewstoanyone—peoplearenowwellawaretherearevideocamerasandInternetcookieseverywhere—thereisabundantevidencethatpeoplelivetheirlivesignorantofthemonitoringassumingamythicallevelofprivacy.Peoplewritee-mailsandtypeinstantmessagestheyneverexpectanyonetosee.JustaskMarkFoleyorevenBillGateswhosee-mailswereacornerstoneoftheJusticeDepartment’santitrustcaseagainstMicrosoft. AndpollsandstudieshaverepeatedlyshownthatAmericansareindifferenttoprivacyconcerns.Thegeneraldefenseforsuchindifferenceissummedupasinglephrase:"Ihavenothingtohide."Ifyouhavenothingtohidewhyshouldn’tthegovernmentbeabletopeekatyourphonerecordsyourwifeseeyoure-mailoracompanysendyoujunkmailIt’sapowerfulargumentonethatprivacyadvocatesspendconsiderabletimediscussingandstrategizingover. Itishardtodenyhoweverthatpeoplebehavedifferentwhenthey’rebeingwatched.AnditisalsoimpossibletodenythatAmericansarenowbeingwatchedmorethanatanytimeinhistory. CompanieslikeAcxiomorMerlin
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18tikeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothersDepressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 16
EveryonehasheardoftheSanAndreasfaultwhichconstantlythreatensCaliforniaandtheWestCoastwithearth-quakes.ButhowmanypeopleknowabouttheequallyseriousNewMadridfaultinMissouri.’BetweenDecemberof1811andFebruaryof1812threemajorearthquakesoccurredallcenteredaroundthetownofNewMadridMissouriontheMississippiRiver.Propertydamagewassevere.Buildingsintheareawerealmostdestoyed.Wholeforestsfellatonceandhugecracksopenedinthegroundallowingsmellofsulfurtofilterupward.TheMississippiRiveritselfcompletelychangedcharacterdevelopingsuddenrapidsandwhirlpools.Severaltimesitchangeditscourseandonceaccordingtosomeobserversitactuallyappearedtorunbackwards.FewpeoplewerekilledintheNewMadridearthquakesprobablysimplybecausefewpeoplelivedintheareain1811;buttheseverityoftheearth-quakesareshownbythefactthattheshockwavesrangbellsinchurchtowersinCharlestonSouthCarolinaonthecoast.BuildingsshookinNewYorkCityandclockswerestoppedinWashingtonD.C.ScientistsnowknowthatAmerica’stwomajorfaultsareessentiallydifferent.TheSanAndreasisahorizontalboundarybetweentwomajorlandmassesthatareslowlymovinginoppositedirections.Californiaearthquakesresultwhenthemovementofthesetwomassessuddenlylurchesforward.TheNewMadridfaultontheotherhandisaverticalfault;atsomepointpossiblyhundredsofmillionsofyearsagorockwaspusheduptowardthesurfaceprobablybyvolcanoesunderthesurface.Suddenlythevolcanoescooledandtherockcollapsedleavinghugecracks.Evennow’therockcontinuestosettledownwardsandsuddensinkingmotionstriggerearthquakesintheregion.ThefaultitselfalargecrackinthislayerofrockwithdozensofothercracksthatsplitofffromitextendsfromnortheastArkansasthroughMissouriandintosouthernIllinois.ScientistswhohavestudiedtheNewMadridfaultsaytherehavebeennumeroussmallerquakesintheareasince1811;thesesmallerquakesindicatethatlargeronesareprobablycomingbutritescientistssaytheyhavenomethodofpredictingwhenalargeearthquakewilloccur.TheNewMadridfaultis______.
Directions: Writeanessayofaround200wordsentitled"Responsibility"basedonthefollowingpicture.Youshouldinterpretthepictureanddiscusshowuniversitystudentscanhelpaclassmateaddictedtocomputergamesandhowwecanpreventyoungpeoplefrombecomingvictimsofexcessiveplaying.
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18tikeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothersDepressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 12
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18tikeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothersDepressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 4
Goingtotheballparkvisitingfriendsandplayingbingoaresimplediversionsformanyofus.Butfortheelderlythesesocialpastimesmayplayacriticalroleinpreservingtheirphysicalandmentalhealth.46Infactanewstudysuggeststhatthelesstimeolderpeoplespendengagedinsocialactivitythefastertheirmotorfunctiontendstodecline.Everybodyintheir60s70sand80siswalkingmoreslowlythantheydidwhentheywere25saysDr.AronBuchmananeurologistattheRushUniversityMedicalCenterinChicagoandleadingauthorofthestudywhichwaspublishedintheJune22ndissueoftheArchivesofInternalMedicine.47Ourstudyshowstheconnectionbetweensocialactivityandmotorfunction--andopensupawholenewuniverseofhowwemightintervene.48Anincreasingbodyofevidencehassuggestedthatparticipatinginmentallystimulatingactivitysocializingfrequentlyandexercisingmayhelpprotectagainstage-relateddecline-atleastcognitivedecline.Asearlyas1995neuroscientistCarlCotmanwhostudiesaginganddementiaattheUniversityofCaliforniaatIrvinepublishedapaperinNatureshowingthatphysicalexerciseproducesaproteinthathelpskeepneuronsfromdyingandspurstheformationofnewneuralconnectionsinthebrain.49MorerecentlyCotmandemonstratedinstudiesofelderlydogsandmicethatenrichingtheirsocialenvironmentisassociatedwithimprovementinbrainfunction.Researchersarealsofindingthatsocialactivitymaybelinkedtothesameprotectiveeffectinpeople.Arecentstudyof2500adultsages70to79publishedinthejournalNeurologyfoundthatthosewhowereabletostaymentallysharpwerealsothosewhoexercisedonceaweekormorehadatleastaninthgradeliteracylevelandweresociallyactive.Whilefurtherresearchneedstobedonetoestablishtheexactimpactofsocialactivityandexerciseonspecificage-relateddeclines50it’slikelythatareductioninsocialactivitymaysimplybeasymptomofphysicaldeclinesincepeoplemaynaturallywithdrawfromsocialengagementastheylosemotorskills-mostresearcherswouldagreethatitisnotunreasonabletoencourageseniorstogetouttheremore.Only10%ofpeopleover65gettherecommendedamountofexerciseatleast2.5to5hoursaweekandgiventhatseniorsalreadytendtobemoresociallyisolatedthanyoungeradultsit’sdifficulttomotivatethemtobecomemoreactive.IfyouarealoneyouarelesslikelytofollowrecommendationsnotesVerghese.ItmighthelpthoughifyouvisitGrandmamoreoftenandletherknowthataregularpastimemayjusthelpherstayfitterandsharperlonger.
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18tikeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothersDepressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 6
Indiahasaboutabillionpeopleandadozenmajorlanguagesofitsown.Onelanguageandonlyoneisunderstood-bytheelite-acrossthecountry:thatoftheforeignerswhoruledIndiaforlessthan200yearsandleft52yearsago. TodayIndia.Tomorrowunofficiallytheworld.Thatiswellunderway;atfirstbecausetheBritishnotonlybuiltglobalempirebutalsoitwassettledbyAmericaandnowbecausetheworldandnotablyAmericahasacquireditsfirsttrulyglobal--andinteractive--mediumtheInternet. Itisestimatedthatsome350millionpeoplespeakEnglishastheirfirstlanguage.Maybe250-350milliondoorcanuseitasasecondlanguage;inexcolonialcountriesnotablyorinEnglish--majorityoneslike30millionrecentlyimmigrantstotheUnitedStatesorCanada’s6millionfrancophoneQuebeckers.Andelsewhere.’Theguessis100million--1billiondependinghowyoudefine"can".Letusbehold:inall20-25%ofearth’s6billionpeoplecanuseEnglish;nottheEnglishofEnglandletaloneofDr.JohnsonbutEnglish. Thatnumberissoaringaseachyearbringsnewpupilstoschoolandcarriesofmonolingualoldies--andnowastheInternetspreads.Andtheprocessisself-reinforcing.AsbusinessspreadsacrossfrontiersthecompanythatwantstomoveitsexecutivesaroundandtopromotethebestofthemregardlessofnationalityencouragestheusesofEnglish.Sotheexecutivewhowantstobeintheframeor’tomovetoanotheremployerlearnstouseit.Englishhaslongdominatedlearnedjournals:GermanRussianorFrenchdependingonthefieldmaybeusefultotheirexpertreadersbutEnglishisessential.Soifyouwantyourownworkpublished--andwidelyreadbyyourpeers--thenEnglishisthelanguageofchoice. Thegrowthofthecinemaandstillmoresooftelevisionhasspreadthedominantlanguage.Foreignmoviesorsitcomsmaybedubbedintomajorlanguagesbutforsmalleraudiencestheyareusuallysubtitled.Result:aDutchorDanishorevenArabfamilyhasanaudio-visuallearningaidinitsliving-roomandusuallythelanguagespokenon-screenisEnglish. ThebirthofthecomputeranditsAmericanoperatingsystemsgaveEnglishanudgeahead:thatoftheInternethasgivenitahugepush.Anyweb-linkedhouseholdtodayhasalibraryofinformationavailableattheclickofamouse.Andunlikethebooksonitsownshelvesorinthepubliclibrarymaybefour-fifthsiswritteninEnglish.Thatproportionmaylessenasmorenon-Englishsitesspringup.ButEnglishwillsurelydominate. Fromthepassagewecanknowthat
WithU.S.companiessittingonanestimated$1.8trillionincashitraisesthequestion:Whyaren’ttheydeployingmoreoftheirhoardtoexpandtheirbusinessesOronemightchannelJohnMaynardKeynestoask:Wherehavethe"animalspirits"goneAlthoughcapitalspendingintheU.S.isup12percentsincethelowsofearly2009it’sstillrunning$88billionbelowthepeakof$1.34trillionreachedinthefirstquarterof2008saysJosephLaVorgnachiefU.S.economistatDeutscheBank.Hedoesn’texpectcapitalspendingtocatchuptothatpeaklevelandofficiallystarttoexpanduntilthesecondquarterof2011.LaVorgna’sdefinitionofcapitalspendingincludesphysicalequipmentandsoftwarebutnotstructuressuchasnewstoresormanufacturingplants.Spendingonstructuresisabout2percentofgrossdomesticproductone-thirdthesizeofcapitalsending’scontributiontoGDPhesays. "Thetrendandmomentumhavedefinitelyturnedandit’sjustamatteroftimebeforeyouseeothercompaniesgivewaytocapitalspendingandeventuallythatwillresultinhiring"saysLaVorgna.Butwithspendingrunning$88billionbelowpeakhesaysemployment"shouldbefartheralongthanitis."CompaniesthathavebuiltupalotofcasharestartingtotakesomechancessuchasexpandingintonewmarketswhichrequireshiringnewworkerssaysJohnChallengerchiefexecutiveofficerofChallengerGray&Christmasanemploymentconsultingfirm.U.S.companieshaveannouncedthehiringof118209newemployeesthroughAugustaccordingtodatacollectedbythefirm. Sowho’ssteppinguptotheplateSomecompaniesrefusetobecowedandaretakingbigifcalculatedchancesincludingambitiouscapitalprojectshiringnewworkersandexpandedinvestmentinresearchanddevelopmentaccordingtogrowth-orientedmutualfundmanagerscontactedbyBusinessweek.com.Ifthere’sacommondenominatorit’saperceivedopportunityandconfidenceinsustainabledemandwhetherduetonewtrendsintechnologyortonewmarketsthatneedcertainproducts.Othernamescamefromalistofthetop-hiringU.S.companiesthroughJuly2010compiledbyChallengerGray&Christmas. "Wedon’tspendcapitalunlesswehaveanewcontracttosupplyoxygennitrogenorhydrogentoourcustomers"saysJamesSawyerPraxair’schieffinancialofficer."Thoseare15-yearcontractswithminimaltake-or-payclauseswrittenintothemwhichensurewewillgetagoodreturnonourcapitalinvestmentregardlessofhowtherestoftheeconomyisdoing." SomeyoungeroutfitswithentrepreneurialmanagerswhohavelivedthroughafewbusinesscyclesthinktheircompaniesmaybeabletostealamarchoncompetitorsmorereluctanttospendsaysAramGreenmanagerofClearBridgeAdvisorsSmallCapGrowthFund."There’sclearlybeenadecisionbymanagementthat’Thisisnotthetimetotakeourfootofftheaccelerator.Infactit’stimetopushharderandfurtherdistanceourproductfromthecompetition.’ ThephrasesteppinguptotheplateLine1Paragraph3mostprobablymeans
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18tikeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothersDepressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 18
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18tikeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothersDepressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 20
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