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Text 2 Clothes play a critical part in the conclusions we reach by providing clues to who peopl...
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1分Theseclothesarethebasketballplay.
焦炭的冷态强度是指
CRI+CSR
M40+M10
M40+CRI
CSR+M10
焦炭反应性CRI及反应后强度CSR的重复性r不得超过下列数值
CRI：r≤1.80%，CSR：r≤2.8%
CRI：r≤2.00%，CSR：r≤2.8%
CRI：r≤2.20%，CSR：r≤3.0%
CRI：r≤2.40%，CSR：r≤3.2%
顺势剪接cri-splicing
HerearethecommentsonCRIChinaRadioInternationalgive
抗碎强度的符号为
CSR
M40
M10
CRI
试述CRI的产生原因及发病机制
－ShallweinviteTomtoplayfootballnow?－Ohno.He______h
is washing
washes
has washed
will wash
慢性肾功能不全chronicrenalinsufficiencyCRI
HerearethecommentsonCRIChinaRadioInternationalgive
配平CrI3+Cl2+KOH――K2CrO4+KIO4+KCl+H2O
reportQuantity中哪几项是用于CSI获取的上 报量
cri-RI-PMI-CQI
cri-RI-CQI
cri-RI-i1
cri-RSRP
通过短信方式怎样获取CRI手机电视的PUSH链接地址
焦炭的热态强度是指
CRI+CSR
M40+M10
M40+CRI
CSR+M10
耐磨强度的符号为
CSR
M40
M10
CRI
焦炭反应性的符号为
CSR
M40
M10
CRI
如下哪些是焦炭的热态特性
M40
M10
CRI
、CSR
Thosebusinessesthatareclosely____sportsuchasthehug
applied to
contributed to
connected to
submitted to
怎样退订CRI手机电视业务
CRI表示
热反应性
耐磨强度
热强度
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Text1 KofiAnnanthesecretary-generaloftheUnitedNationssaidhewantednextweek’ssummitof170-plusheadsofstateandgovernmentinNewYorktobeanother"SanFranciscomoment"--achancetorecapturethespiritofrenewalandoptimismthataccompaniedthebirthoftheUnitedNationsinCalifornia60yearsago.Heisnotlikelytogethisway. AftermorethanayearofinvestigationPaulVolckeraformerheadofAmerica’sFederalReservechosethisofallweekstopublishhisreportonwhatwentwrongwiththeUN’soil-for-foodprogrammeinIraq.Itdoesnotmakeprettyreading.TheprogrammeachieveditsbasicaimwhichwastoallowanIraqundersanctionstosellsomeoilsothatsomeofthebasicfoodandmedicalneedsofitspeoplecouldstillbemet.ButMrVolcker’steamconfirmsthattheprogrammewasriddledwithwasteinefficiencyandcorruptionincludingamongUNstaffatheadquartersaswellasinthefield.AsaresultSaddamHussein’sregimesucceededinsqueezingatotalillicitincomeofsome$10billionfromtheschemeabout$8billionfromsmugglingandtherestfromsurchargesandkickbacks. EversincetheSecurityCouncilfailedtoendorsethewaragainstIraqMrAnnan’scriticshavebeencallingforhimtoresignorbesackedforhispartintheoil-for-foodprogramme.Theyhavehadtwoarguments.Oneisthatheishimselfguiltyofmalfeasance.Theotheristhatevenifheisn’thewasthemanatthetopandshouldthereforetaketheblameforascandalthatunfoldedonhiswatch.OnbothcountsacasecanbemadethattheVolckerreportoffershimanescape. OnthefirstcountMrVolckerhasfoundnoevidenceatallthatthesecretary-generalhimselfdidanythingcorrupteventhoughseveralpeopleclosetohimplainlydid. OnthesecondthereportdoesnotsaywhetherMrAnnanshouldgoforhavingpresidedoversuchchaosandvenality.Itdoessaythatcorruptiondownthelinereflectedtheabsenceof"astrongorganizationalethic"thatshouldhavepermeatedtheleadership.ButitalsoarguesthatMrAnnanwasnotresponsibleforeverythingthatwentwrong.ThoughnominallytheUN’sadministrativebossneitherhenorhispredecessorswerechosenformanagerialskillsorprovidedwiththetools--suchastheabilitytohireandfirewithoutpoliticalinterference--tobeeffectivemanagers.Inthecaseofoil-for-foodtheSecurityCounciltriedtokeepcontrolthroughasanctionscommitteeofnationaldiplomats.HavingneithertheSecurityCouncilnorthesecretariatinclearcommandwasarecipefor"theevasionofresponsibilityatalllevels". IftheUNwereacompanywhosebosshadmadeahashofthingsTheEconomistwouldcallforthetopman’shead.Removingabossisagoodwayforshareholderstoshowthattheywantchange.ButsincetheUNisnotafirmsackingMrAnnanovertheoil-for-foodprogrammewouldsendthewrongsignal:thatitishispersonandnot--astheVolckerreportstresses--thestructureoftheorganizationthatisattherootoftheproblem.AndbecausetheUNisapoliticalorganizationoustingMrAnnanwouldsendapoliticalsignaltoo.ItwouldbereadbymanyUNmembersasapunishmentinflictedontheUNbyAmerica’smorestridentRepublicansasrevengefortheSecurityCouncil’sfailuretosupporttheBritishandAmericaninvasionofIraqin2003. ThephrasemadeahashofthingsLine1Paragraph6mostprobablymeans
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomo--andLinne’shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3hair. Modern4arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan’slofty5andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7thatchimpsarehumans’nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9itisherethatthe10mustoriginate. Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek’sNature12thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13answerstoage-oldquestions14thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes--presentinonebutnottheother--thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Text3 "Whenacustomerentersmystoreforgetme.Heisking"decreedJohnWanamakerwhoin1876turnedanabandonedrailwaydepotinPhiladelphiaintooneoftheworld’sfirstdepartmentstores.Thisrevolutionaryconceptchangedthefaceofretailingandledtothedevelopmentofadvertisingandmarketingasweknowittoday. Butcompellingasthatsloganwasintruththeshopperwascheatedofthecrown.Althoughmanufacturingefficiencyboostedthevarietyofgoodsandloweredpricesadvertisingprovidedmostinformationaboutproducts.Throughmuchofthepastcenturyadsspoketoacaptiveaudienceconfinedtojustafewradioortelevisionchannelsoralimitednumberofpublications.Nowmediachoicehasexplodedtooandconsumersselectwhattheywantfromafargreatervarietyofsources--especiallywithafewclicksofacomputermouse.Thankstotheinternettheconsumerisfinallyseizingpower. Asoursurveyinthisissueshowsconsumerpowerhasprofoundimplicationsforcompaniesbecauseitischangingthewaytheworldshops.Manyfirmsalreadyclaimtobe"customer-driven"or"consumer-centric".Nowtheirclaimswillbetestedasneverbefore.Tradingonshoppers’ignorancewillnolongerbepossible:peoplewillknow--andsoontellotherseventhosewithouttheinternet--thatpricesinthenexttownarecheaperorthatcertaingoodsareinferior.Theinternetisworkingwondersinraisingstandards.Goodandhonestfirmsshouldbenefitmost. Butitisalsointensifyingcompetition.Todaywindowshoppingtakesplaceonline.Peoplecancompareproductspricesandreputations.Theycanreadwhatcompaniessayaboutproductsinfargreaterdetailbutalsohowthattallieswiththeopinionsofothersand--mostimportantlyofall--discoverwhatpreviousbuyershavetosay.Newsgroupsandwebsitesconstantlyreviewproductsandservices. Thisischangingthenatureofconsumerdecision.Untilrecentlyconsumersusuallylearnedaboutaproductandmadetheirchoiceatthesametime.Peoplewouldoftenvisitadepartmentstoreordealershiptoseekadvicefromasalesmanlookathisrecommendationsandthenbuy.Nowformanyeachofthesestepsisseparate.ForinstanceFordisfindingthateightoutoftenofitscustomershavealreadyusedtheinternettodecidewhatcartheywanttobuy--andwhattheyarewillingtopay--evenbeforetheyarriveatashowroom. Theshiftinthenatureofconsumerdecisionisrevealedinthefactthat
Text1 Nothingapproachinglastweek’stollofdeathanddestructionhasvisitedEuropeanorU.S.shoresbutthatdoesn’tmeantheyareinvulnerable.Largetsunamisarenotthatrareandeverynowandagaintheycrashintofamiliarportsofcallsweepingawaypeopleandproperty.In1960forexampleatremendousearthquakeinChileunleashedanarmadaofgiantwavesthatkilled61ontheislandofHawaiibeforemovingontokillatleast100ontheJapaneseislandofHonshu.FouryearslateratsunamitriggeredbyanearthquakeoffthecoastofAlaskaresultedinmorethan100deathsthere. TheworstEuropeantsunamiinrecordedhistoryoccurredin1755whenanearthquakeoffPortugal’sAtlanticcoastsentgiganticwavescrashingintoLisbon.Togetherthequakethewavesandfiretook60000livesinthecityatatimewhenitwasthecapitalofanempire.SimilardeathtollswererecordedintownsalongItaly’sStraitofMessinainthewakeofthetsunamiof1908. ThemorescientistslookintothetsunamithreatbeyondAsiathelargeritseemstoloom.TsunamiscanbetriggeredbymassivelandslidesaswellasearthquakesandUniversityofHawaiioceanographerGaryMcMurtryhasevidencetosuggestthataround120000yearsagoalandslideunleashedbyMaunaLoacreatedamegatsunamithatheavedsandandseafossils500muptheslopesofnearbyKohala.SandlayersalongthecoastsoftheNorthandNorwegianseasandthenortheasternAtlanticOceanhavebeenattributedtoahugetsunamicreatedbyanunderwaterlandslideoffNorwaysome7100yearsago.IntheCanaryIslandstodaytheunstablewesternslopeoftheCumbreViejavolcanoposesathreattoAtlanticcoastlines.ShoulditcollapseandslideintotheseaascientistfromUniversityCollegeLondonwarnsitwouldsendtsunamiscoursingthroughtheAtlanticbasinathundredsofmilesperhour.AccordingtoonenightmarescenariotheislandchainwouldbewipedoutandmassivewaveswouldstrikethewestAfricancoastEuropeancountrieslyingalongtheAtlanticnorthernSouthAmericaCaribbeanislandssoutheasternCanadaandtheU.S.EastCoast.Somewavescouldbeastallasfive-storybuildings. Tsunamistaketimetotravelwhichcangivepopulationsinharm’swayanywherefromafewminutestomanyhourstoflee.Forthisreason26countrieshavebandedtogethertoestablishatsunami-warningsystemforthePacificthoughnotyetfortheAtlanticorIndianoceansortheMediterraneanSea."Tsunamisarelow-probabilityhighconsequenceevents"saysViacheslavK.GusiakovheadoftheRussianAcademyofSciences’TsunamiLaboratoryinNovosibirskSiberia."Butevenwespecialistsonhazardscouldnotquitebelievethattodayatsunamicouldkillsomany.Weusedtothinkofvulnerabilityintermsofmaterialdamageratherthanlossofhumanlife.Thisgreattragedyshowedwewerewrong." Aspresentlyconfiguredthewarningsystemisfarfromperfectgeneratinga75%rateoffalsealarms.Butthatshouldchangewiththedeploymentofanewgenerationofbuoy-anchoreddetectorsthatcanbepositioneddeepunderwater.InNovember2003atrialrunofthesystemshowedthatatsunamiunleashedbyanAlaskanearthquakewouldbetoosmalltodoanydamagewhenitreachedHawaii--therebyavoidinganunnecessaryandcostlycoastalevacuationlikeonecausedbyafalsealarmeightyearsearlier.Afterlastweek’sdisasterhoweverfewarelikelytoignorethetsunamisirensthenexttimetheysound. AtpresenttheU.S.EastCoastisatpotentialhazardtobetriggeredby
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomo--andLinne’shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3hair. Modern4arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan’slofty5andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7thatchimpsarehumans’nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9itisherethatthe10mustoriginate. Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek’sNature12thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13answerstoage-oldquestions14thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes--presentinonebutnottheother--thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Text3 "Whenacustomerentersmystoreforgetme.Heisking"decreedJohnWanamakerwhoin1876turnedanabandonedrailwaydepotinPhiladelphiaintooneoftheworld’sfirstdepartmentstores.Thisrevolutionaryconceptchangedthefaceofretailingandledtothedevelopmentofadvertisingandmarketingasweknowittoday. Butcompellingasthatsloganwasintruththeshopperwascheatedofthecrown.Althoughmanufacturingefficiencyboostedthevarietyofgoodsandloweredpricesadvertisingprovidedmostinformationaboutproducts.Throughmuchofthepastcenturyadsspoketoacaptiveaudienceconfinedtojustafewradioortelevisionchannelsoralimitednumberofpublications.Nowmediachoicehasexplodedtooandconsumersselectwhattheywantfromafargreatervarietyofsources--especiallywithafewclicksofacomputermouse.Thankstotheinternettheconsumerisfinallyseizingpower. Asoursurveyinthisissueshowsconsumerpowerhasprofoundimplicationsforcompaniesbecauseitischangingthewaytheworldshops.Manyfirmsalreadyclaimtobe"customer-driven"or"consumer-centric".Nowtheirclaimswillbetestedasneverbefore.Tradingonshoppers’ignorancewillnolongerbepossible:peoplewillknow--andsoontellotherseventhosewithouttheinternet--thatpricesinthenexttownarecheaperorthatcertaingoodsareinferior.Theinternetisworkingwondersinraisingstandards.Goodandhonestfirmsshouldbenefitmost. Butitisalsointensifyingcompetition.Todaywindowshoppingtakesplaceonline.Peoplecancompareproductspricesandreputations.Theycanreadwhatcompaniessayaboutproductsinfargreaterdetailbutalsohowthattallieswiththeopinionsofothersand--mostimportantlyofall--discoverwhatpreviousbuyershavetosay.Newsgroupsandwebsitesconstantlyreviewproductsandservices. Thisischangingthenatureofconsumerdecision.Untilrecentlyconsumersusuallylearnedaboutaproductandmadetheirchoiceatthesametime.Peoplewouldoftenvisitadepartmentstoreordealershiptoseekadvicefromasalesmanlookathisrecommendationsandthenbuy.Nowformanyeachofthesestepsisseparate.ForinstanceFordisfindingthateightoutoftenofitscustomershavealreadyusedtheinternettodecidewhatcartheywanttobuy--andwhattheyarewillingtopay--evenbeforetheyarriveatashowroom. Whatisthetextmainlyabout
Inthespanof18monthsIsaacNewtoninventedcalculusconstructedatheoryofopticsexplainedhowgravityworksanddiscoveredhislawsofmotion.Asaresult1665andtheearlymonthsof1666aretermedhisannusmirabilis.46Itwasasustainedsprintofintellectualachievementthatnoonethoughtcouldeverbeequaled.Butinaspanofafewyearsjustbefore1900itallbegantounravel.Onephenomenonafteranotherwasdiscoveredwhichcouldnotbeexplainedbythelawsofclassicalphysics.47ThetheoriesofNewtonandofJamesClerkMaxwellwhofollowedhiminthemid19thcenturybycraftingamorecomprehensiveaccountofelectromagnetismwereintrouble. Thenin1905ayoungpatentclerknamedAlbertEinsteinfoundthewayforward.Infiveremarkablepapersheshowedthatatomsarerealitwasstillcontroversialatthetimepresentedhisspecialtheoryofrelativityandputquantumtheoryonitsfeet.ItwasadifferentachievementfromNewton’syearbutEinstein’sannusmirabiliswasnolessremarkable.HedidnotlikeNewtonhavetoinvententirelynewformsofmathematics.Howeverhehadtorevisenotionsofspaceandtimefundamentally.48AndunlikeNewtonwhodidnotpublishhisresultsfornearly20yearssoobsessedwashewithsecrecyandworkingoutthedetailsEinsteinreleasedhispapersoneafteranotherasafusilladeofideas. ForEinsteinitwasjustabeginning--hewouldgoontocreatethegeneraltheoryofrelativityandtopioneerquantummechanics.WhileNewtoncameupwithonesystemforexplainingtheworldEinsteinthuscameupwithtwo.Unfortunatelyhisdiscoveries--relativityandquantumtheory--contradictoneanother.Bothcannotbetrueeverywherealthoughbothareremarkablyaccurateintheirrespectivedomainsoftheverylargeandtheverysmall.Einsteinwouldspendthelastyearsofhislifeattemptingtoreconcilethetwotheoriesandfailing.49ButthennooneelsehassucceededinfixingtheproblemseitherandEinsteinwasperhapstheonewhosawthemmostclearly. WhenEinsteinwasawardedaNobelprizein1921itwasforthefirstofhispapersof1905whichprovedtheexistenceofphotons--particlesoflight.50UpuntilthatpapercompletedonMarch17thandpublishedinAnnalenderPhysikasweretheother1905paperslighthadbeensupposedtobeawavesincethisexplainstheinterferencepatternscreatedwhenitpassesthroughagrating.Einsteinhoweverbeganfromadifferentpremisebyconsideringtheso-called"black-bodyexperiment". ButthennooneelsehassucceededinfixingtheproblemseitherandEinsteinwasperhapstheonewhosawthemmostclearly.
Text4 OnepertinentquestioninthewakeoftheearthquakenearAcehandthetsunamiitgeneratedishowmuchnoticeofanapproachingwavecanbegiventovulnerablepeoplewithouttheriskofcrying"wolf"toooften.Earthquakesthemselvesareunpredictableandlikelytoremainso.Butdetectingthemwhentheyhappenisaroutinetechnology.Thatwasnottheprobleminthiscasewhichwasobservedbymonitoringstationsallovertheworld.Unfortunatelyfortheforecastersalthoughanypowerfulsubmarineearthquakebringstheriskofadangeroustsunaminotallsuchearthquakesactuallyresultinabigwaveandfalsealarmscostmoneyandbreedcynicism. Ontopofthatmost"tsunamigenic"earthquakeswhicharecausedwhentheprocessesofplatetectonicsforceheavyoceaniccrustalrockbelowlightercontinentalrocktocreateadeeptrenchatthebottomoftheseaoccurinthePacificwhichisalmostsurroundedbysuchtrenches.IntheIndiaOceandeeptrenchesareconfinedtothesoutherncoastofIndonesiaandtsunamisarerare.Sincemostofthecountriesaffectedbythistsunamiarepoorormiddle-incomeatbestandmonitoringcostsmoneythismightsuggestthatafatalisticapproachtothequestionisreasonable.ButAmericanandJapaneseexperiencesuggeststhateffectivemonitoringneednotbethatexpensive. Thesetwocountrieshavenetworksofseabedpressure-detectorsthatcanmonitortsunamisandindicatewhetherandwhereevacuationisnecessary--datatheysharewiththeirPacificneighbours.AsystemofsevendetectorsrunfromHawaiicostabout$18mtodevelopandtheexperiencegaineddoingsomeansasimilarsystemmightnowbehadforaslittleas$2m.SotothesoundofstabledoorsbeingboltedfirmlyshutpoliticiansinSouth-EastAsiaandAustraliaareproposingonefortheIndianOcean. Detectingtsunamisdirectlyratherthanrelyingonearthquakemonitorsisimportantforanotherreasontoo.Notalltsunamisarecausedbyearthquakes.Someoftheworstsuchasa15-metrehighmonsterthatkilledmorethan2000peopleinNewGuineain1998aretheresultofsubmarinelandslidesthoughthesecanthemselvesbetriggeredbyearthquakesaswasthecaseinNewGuinea.IndeedafewyearsagoitwassuggestedthatalandslideinanunstablepartofLaPalmaoneoftheCanaryIslandsmightcauseatsunamithatwoulddevastatetheeastcoastofAmerica. Evenifyouhaveaneffectivedetectionsystemthoughitisuselessifyoucannotevacuateathreatenedarea.Herespeedisoftheessence.Computermodelingcanhelpshowwhichareasarelikelytobesafestbutcommonsenseisoftenthebestguide--runlikethewindawayfromthesea.Evacuationwarningstooshouldbeeasytogiveaslongaspeopleareawake.Radiosareubiquitouseveninmostpoorplaces.Itisjustamatterofhavingsystemsinplacetotelltheradiostationstotellpeopletorun.Theproblemwasthatnoonedid. NewGuineaismentionedinthetextsoastobetraythefactthat
Text3 "Whenacustomerentersmystoreforgetme.Heisking"decreedJohnWanamakerwhoin1876turnedanabandonedrailwaydepotinPhiladelphiaintooneoftheworld’sfirstdepartmentstores.Thisrevolutionaryconceptchangedthefaceofretailingandledtothedevelopmentofadvertisingandmarketingasweknowittoday. Butcompellingasthatsloganwasintruththeshopperwascheatedofthecrown.Althoughmanufacturingefficiencyboostedthevarietyofgoodsandloweredpricesadvertisingprovidedmostinformationaboutproducts.Throughmuchofthepastcenturyadsspoketoacaptiveaudienceconfinedtojustafewradioortelevisionchannelsoralimitednumberofpublications.Nowmediachoicehasexplodedtooandconsumersselectwhattheywantfromafargreatervarietyofsources--especiallywithafewclicksofacomputermouse.Thankstotheinternettheconsumerisfinallyseizingpower. Asoursurveyinthisissueshowsconsumerpowerhasprofoundimplicationsforcompaniesbecauseitischangingthewaytheworldshops.Manyfirmsalreadyclaimtobe"customer-driven"or"consumer-centric".Nowtheirclaimswillbetestedasneverbefore.Tradingonshoppers’ignorancewillnolongerbepossible:peoplewillknow--andsoontellotherseventhosewithouttheinternet--thatpricesinthenexttownarecheaperorthatcertaingoodsareinferior.Theinternetisworkingwondersinraisingstandards.Goodandhonestfirmsshouldbenefitmost. Butitisalsointensifyingcompetition.Todaywindowshoppingtakesplaceonline.Peoplecancompareproductspricesandreputations.Theycanreadwhatcompaniessayaboutproductsinfargreaterdetailbutalsohowthattallieswiththeopinionsofothersand--mostimportantlyofall--discoverwhatpreviousbuyershavetosay.Newsgroupsandwebsitesconstantlyreviewproductsandservices. Thisischangingthenatureofconsumerdecision.Untilrecentlyconsumersusuallylearnedaboutaproductandmadetheirchoiceatthesametime.Peoplewouldoftenvisitadepartmentstoreordealershiptoseekadvicefromasalesmanlookathisrecommendationsandthenbuy.Nowformanyeachofthesestepsisseparate.ForinstanceFordisfindingthateightoutoftenofitscustomershavealreadyusedtheinternettodecidewhatcartheywanttobuy--andwhattheyarewillingtopay--evenbeforetheyarriveatashowroom. Itisimpliedinthethirdparagraphthat
Text2 ThoseEuropeanswhoaretemptedinthelightofthedismalscenesinNewOrleansthisfortnighttodowngradetheAmericanchallengeshouldmeditateononeworld:universities.FiveyearsagoinLisbonEuropeanofficialsproclaimedtheirintentiontobecometheworld’spremier"knowledgeeconomy"by2010.Thethinkingbehindthisgranddeclarationmadesenseofasort:Europe’sonlychanceofpreservingitslivingstandardsliesinworkingsmarterthanitscompetitorsratherthanharderorcheaper.ButEurope’sfailinghigher-educationsystemposesalethalthreattothisambition. Europecreatedthemodernuniversity.ScholarsweregatheringinParisandBolognabeforeAmericawasonthemap.OxfordandCambridgeinventedtheresidentialuniversity:theideaofacommunityofscholarslivingtogethertopursuehigherlearning.Germanycreatedtheresearchuniversity.AcenturyagoEuropeanuniversitieswereamagnetforscholarsandamodelforacademicadministratorstheworldover. ButasoursurveyofhighereducationexplainssincethesecondworldwarEuropehasprogressivelysurrendereditsleadinhighereducationtotheUnitedStates.Americaboasts17oftheworld’stop20universities.Americanuniversitiescurrentlyemploy70%oftheworld’sNobelprize-winners30%oftheworld’soutputofarticlesonscienceandengineeringand44%ofthemostfrequentlycitedarticles.NowonderdevelopingcountriesnowlooktoAmericaratherthanEuropeforamodelforhighereducation. WhyhaveEuropeanuniversitiesdeclinedsoprecipitouslyinrecentdecadesAndwhatcanbedonetorestorethemtotheirformerglory.’Theanswertothefirstquestionliesintheroleofthestate.Americanuniversitiesgettheirfundingfromavarietyofdifferentsourcesnotjustgovernmentbutalsophilanthropistsbusinessesandofcoursethestudentsthemselves.Europeanonesarelargelystate-funded.TheconstraintsonstatefundingmeanthatEuropeangovernmentsforceuniversitiesto"process"moreandmorestudentswithoutgivingthemthenecessarycash--andrespondtotheuniversities’complaintsbytryingtomicromanagethem.Inevitablyqualityhaseroded.YetastheAmericanmodelshowspeoplearepreparedtopayforgoodhighereducationbecausetheyknowtheywillbenefitfromit:that’swhyAmericaspendstwiceasmuchofitsGDPonhighereducationasEuropedoes. Theanswertothesecondquestionistosetuniversitiesfreefromthestate.Freeuniversitiestoruntheirinternalaffairs:howcanFrenchuniversitiesforexamplecompetefortalentwiththeirAmericanrivalswhenprofessorsarecivilservantsAndfreethemtochargefeesfortheirservices--includingmostimportantlystudentfees. Theavailablestatisticsareemployedtoillustrate
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomo--andLinne’shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3hair. Modern4arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan’slofty5andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7thatchimpsarehumans’nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9itisherethatthe10mustoriginate. Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek’sNature12thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13answerstoage-oldquestions14thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes--presentinonebutnottheother--thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomo--andLinne’shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3hair. Modern4arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan’slofty5andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7thatchimpsarehumans’nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9itisherethatthe10mustoriginate. Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek’sNature12thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13answerstoage-oldquestions14thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes--presentinonebutnottheother--thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Text1 Nothingapproachinglastweek’stollofdeathanddestructionhasvisitedEuropeanorU.S.shoresbutthatdoesn’tmeantheyareinvulnerable.Largetsunamisarenotthatrareandeverynowandagaintheycrashintofamiliarportsofcallsweepingawaypeopleandproperty.In1960forexampleatremendousearthquakeinChileunleashedanarmadaofgiantwavesthatkilled61ontheislandofHawaiibeforemovingontokillatleast100ontheJapaneseislandofHonshu.FouryearslateratsunamitriggeredbyanearthquakeoffthecoastofAlaskaresultedinmorethan100deathsthere. TheworstEuropeantsunamiinrecordedhistoryoccurredin1755whenanearthquakeoffPortugal’sAtlanticcoastsentgiganticwavescrashingintoLisbon.Togetherthequakethewavesandfiretook60000livesinthecityatatimewhenitwasthecapitalofanempire.SimilardeathtollswererecordedintownsalongItaly’sStraitofMessinainthewakeofthetsunamiof1908. ThemorescientistslookintothetsunamithreatbeyondAsiathelargeritseemstoloom.TsunamiscanbetriggeredbymassivelandslidesaswellasearthquakesandUniversityofHawaiioceanographerGaryMcMurtryhasevidencetosuggestthataround120000yearsagoalandslideunleashedbyMaunaLoacreatedamegatsunamithatheavedsandandseafossils500muptheslopesofnearbyKohala.SandlayersalongthecoastsoftheNorthandNorwegianseasandthenortheasternAtlanticOceanhavebeenattributedtoahugetsunamicreatedbyanunderwaterlandslideoffNorwaysome7100yearsago.IntheCanaryIslandstodaytheunstablewesternslopeoftheCumbreViejavolcanoposesathreattoAtlanticcoastlines.ShoulditcollapseandslideintotheseaascientistfromUniversityCollegeLondonwarnsitwouldsendtsunamiscoursingthroughtheAtlanticbasinathundredsofmilesperhour.AccordingtoonenightmarescenariotheislandchainwouldbewipedoutandmassivewaveswouldstrikethewestAfricancoastEuropeancountrieslyingalongtheAtlanticnorthernSouthAmericaCaribbeanislandssoutheasternCanadaandtheU.S.EastCoast.Somewavescouldbeastallasfive-storybuildings. Tsunamistaketimetotravelwhichcangivepopulationsinharm’swayanywherefromafewminutestomanyhourstoflee.Forthisreason26countrieshavebandedtogethertoestablishatsunami-warningsystemforthePacificthoughnotyetfortheAtlanticorIndianoceansortheMediterraneanSea."Tsunamisarelow-probabilityhighconsequenceevents"saysViacheslavK.GusiakovheadoftheRussianAcademyofSciences’TsunamiLaboratoryinNovosibirskSiberia."Butevenwespecialistsonhazardscouldnotquitebelievethattodayatsunamicouldkillsomany.Weusedtothinkofvulnerabilityintermsofmaterialdamageratherthanlossofhumanlife.Thisgreattragedyshowedwewerewrong." Aspresentlyconfiguredthewarningsystemisfarfromperfectgeneratinga75%rateoffalsealarms.Butthatshouldchangewiththedeploymentofanewgenerationofbuoy-anchoreddetectorsthatcanbepositioneddeepunderwater.InNovember2003atrialrunofthesystemshowedthatatsunamiunleashedbyanAlaskanearthquakewouldbetoosmalltodoanydamagewhenitreachedHawaii--therebyavoidinganunnecessaryandcostlycoastalevacuationlikeonecausedbyafalsealarmeightyearsearlier.Afterlastweek’sdisasterhoweverfewarelikelytoignorethetsunamisirensthenexttimetheysound. Thefactthattsunamisappearmoreworrisomeresultsfrom
Text1 KofiAnnanthesecretary-generaloftheUnitedNationssaidhewantednextweek’ssummitof170-plusheadsofstateandgovernmentinNewYorktobeanother"SanFranciscomoment"--achancetorecapturethespiritofrenewalandoptimismthataccompaniedthebirthoftheUnitedNationsinCalifornia60yearsago.Heisnotlikelytogethisway. AftermorethanayearofinvestigationPaulVolckeraformerheadofAmerica’sFederalReservechosethisofallweekstopublishhisreportonwhatwentwrongwiththeUN’soil-for-foodprogrammeinIraq.Itdoesnotmakeprettyreading.TheprogrammeachieveditsbasicaimwhichwastoallowanIraqundersanctionstosellsomeoilsothatsomeofthebasicfoodandmedicalneedsofitspeoplecouldstillbemet.ButMrVolcker’steamconfirmsthattheprogrammewasriddledwithwasteinefficiencyandcorruptionincludingamongUNstaffatheadquartersaswellasinthefield.AsaresultSaddamHussein’sregimesucceededinsqueezingatotalillicitincomeofsome$10billionfromtheschemeabout$8billionfromsmugglingandtherestfromsurchargesandkickbacks. EversincetheSecurityCouncilfailedtoendorsethewaragainstIraqMrAnnan’scriticshavebeencallingforhimtoresignorbesackedforhispartintheoil-for-foodprogramme.Theyhavehadtwoarguments.Oneisthatheishimselfguiltyofmalfeasance.Theotheristhatevenifheisn’thewasthemanatthetopandshouldthereforetaketheblameforascandalthatunfoldedonhiswatch.OnbothcountsacasecanbemadethattheVolckerreportoffershimanescape. OnthefirstcountMrVolckerhasfoundnoevidenceatallthatthesecretary-generalhimselfdidanythingcorrupteventhoughseveralpeopleclosetohimplainlydid. OnthesecondthereportdoesnotsaywhetherMrAnnanshouldgoforhavingpresidedoversuchchaosandvenality.Itdoessaythatcorruptiondownthelinereflectedtheabsenceof"astrongorganizationalethic"thatshouldhavepermeatedtheleadership.ButitalsoarguesthatMrAnnanwasnotresponsibleforeverythingthatwentwrong.ThoughnominallytheUN’sadministrativebossneitherhenorhispredecessorswerechosenformanagerialskillsorprovidedwiththetools--suchastheabilitytohireandfirewithoutpoliticalinterference--tobeeffectivemanagers.Inthecaseofoil-for-foodtheSecurityCounciltriedtokeepcontrolthroughasanctionscommitteeofnationaldiplomats.HavingneithertheSecurityCouncilnorthesecretariatinclearcommandwasarecipefor"theevasionofresponsibilityatalllevels". IftheUNwereacompanywhosebosshadmadeahashofthingsTheEconomistwouldcallforthetopman’shead.Removingabossisagoodwayforshareholderstoshowthattheywantchange.ButsincetheUNisnotafirmsackingMrAnnanovertheoil-for-foodprogrammewouldsendthewrongsignal:thatitishispersonandnot--astheVolckerreportstresses--thestructureoftheorganizationthatisattherootoftheproblem.AndbecausetheUNisapoliticalorganizationoustingMrAnnanwouldsendapoliticalsignaltoo.ItwouldbereadbymanyUNmembersasapunishmentinflictedontheUNbyAmerica’smorestridentRepublicansasrevengefortheSecurityCouncil’sfailuretosupporttheBritishandAmericaninvasionofIraqin2003. ThewordreadinginLine3Paragraph2denotes
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomo--andLinne’shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3hair. Modern4arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan’slofty5andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7thatchimpsarehumans’nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9itisherethatthe10mustoriginate. Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek’sNature12thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13answerstoage-oldquestions14thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes--presentinonebutnottheother--thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Text2 ThoseEuropeanswhoaretemptedinthelightofthedismalscenesinNewOrleansthisfortnighttodowngradetheAmericanchallengeshouldmeditateononeworld:universities.FiveyearsagoinLisbonEuropeanofficialsproclaimedtheirintentiontobecometheworld’spremier"knowledgeeconomy"by2010.Thethinkingbehindthisgranddeclarationmadesenseofasort:Europe’sonlychanceofpreservingitslivingstandardsliesinworkingsmarterthanitscompetitorsratherthanharderorcheaper.ButEurope’sfailinghigher-educationsystemposesalethalthreattothisambition. Europecreatedthemodernuniversity.ScholarsweregatheringinParisandBolognabeforeAmericawasonthemap.OxfordandCambridgeinventedtheresidentialuniversity:theideaofacommunityofscholarslivingtogethertopursuehigherlearning.Germanycreatedtheresearchuniversity.AcenturyagoEuropeanuniversitieswereamagnetforscholarsandamodelforacademicadministratorstheworldover. ButasoursurveyofhighereducationexplainssincethesecondworldwarEuropehasprogressivelysurrendereditsleadinhighereducationtotheUnitedStates.Americaboasts17oftheworld’stop20universities.Americanuniversitiescurrentlyemploy70%oftheworld’sNobelprize-winners30%oftheworld’soutputofarticlesonscienceandengineeringand44%ofthemostfrequentlycitedarticles.NowonderdevelopingcountriesnowlooktoAmericaratherthanEuropeforamodelforhighereducation. WhyhaveEuropeanuniversitiesdeclinedsoprecipitouslyinrecentdecadesAndwhatcanbedonetorestorethemtotheirformerglory.’Theanswertothefirstquestionliesintheroleofthestate.Americanuniversitiesgettheirfundingfromavarietyofdifferentsourcesnotjustgovernmentbutalsophilanthropistsbusinessesandofcoursethestudentsthemselves.Europeanonesarelargelystate-funded.TheconstraintsonstatefundingmeanthatEuropeangovernmentsforceuniversitiesto"process"moreandmorestudentswithoutgivingthemthenecessarycash--andrespondtotheuniversities’complaintsbytryingtomicromanagethem.Inevitablyqualityhaseroded.YetastheAmericanmodelshowspeoplearepreparedtopayforgoodhighereducationbecausetheyknowtheywillbenefitfromit:that’swhyAmericaspendstwiceasmuchofitsGDPonhighereducationasEuropedoes. Theanswertothesecondquestionistosetuniversitiesfreefromthestate.Freeuniversitiestoruntheirinternalaffairs:howcanFrenchuniversitiesforexamplecompetefortalentwiththeirAmericanrivalswhenprofessorsarecivilservantsAndfreethemtochargefeesfortheirservices--includingmostimportantlystudentfees. Independencefromthestateistheprerequisitefor
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomo--andLinne’shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3hair. Modern4arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan’slofty5andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7thatchimpsarehumans’nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9itisherethatthe10mustoriginate. Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek’sNature12thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13answerstoage-oldquestions14thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes--presentinonebutnottheother--thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Text1 Nothingapproachinglastweek’stollofdeathanddestructionhasvisitedEuropeanorU.S.shoresbutthatdoesn’tmeantheyareinvulnerable.Largetsunamisarenotthatrareandeverynowandagaintheycrashintofamiliarportsofcallsweepingawaypeopleandproperty.In1960forexampleatremendousearthquakeinChileunleashedanarmadaofgiantwavesthatkilled61ontheislandofHawaiibeforemovingontokillatleast100ontheJapaneseislandofHonshu.FouryearslateratsunamitriggeredbyanearthquakeoffthecoastofAlaskaresultedinmorethan100deathsthere. TheworstEuropeantsunamiinrecordedhistoryoccurredin1755whenanearthquakeoffPortugal’sAtlanticcoastsentgiganticwavescrashingintoLisbon.Togetherthequakethewavesandfiretook60000livesinthecityatatimewhenitwasthecapitalofanempire.SimilardeathtollswererecordedintownsalongItaly’sStraitofMessinainthewakeofthetsunamiof1908. ThemorescientistslookintothetsunamithreatbeyondAsiathelargeritseemstoloom.TsunamiscanbetriggeredbymassivelandslidesaswellasearthquakesandUniversityofHawaiioceanographerGaryMcMurtryhasevidencetosuggestthataround120000yearsagoalandslideunleashedbyMaunaLoacreatedamegatsunamithatheavedsandandseafossils500muptheslopesofnearbyKohala.SandlayersalongthecoastsoftheNorthandNorwegianseasandthenortheasternAtlanticOceanhavebeenattributedtoahugetsunamicreatedbyanunderwaterlandslideoffNorwaysome7100yearsago.IntheCanaryIslandstodaytheunstablewesternslopeoftheCumbreViejavolcanoposesathreattoAtlanticcoastlines.ShoulditcollapseandslideintotheseaascientistfromUniversityCollegeLondonwarnsitwouldsendtsunamiscoursingthroughtheAtlanticbasinathundredsofmilesperhour.AccordingtoonenightmarescenariotheislandchainwouldbewipedoutandmassivewaveswouldstrikethewestAfricancoastEuropeancountrieslyingalongtheAtlanticnorthernSouthAmericaCaribbeanislandssoutheasternCanadaandtheU.S.EastCoast.Somewavescouldbeastallasfive-storybuildings. Tsunamistaketimetotravelwhichcangivepopulationsinharm’swayanywherefromafewminutestomanyhourstoflee.Forthisreason26countrieshavebandedtogethertoestablishatsunami-warningsystemforthePacificthoughnotyetfortheAtlanticorIndianoceansortheMediterraneanSea."Tsunamisarelow-probabilityhighconsequenceevents"saysViacheslavK.GusiakovheadoftheRussianAcademyofSciences’TsunamiLaboratoryinNovosibirskSiberia."Butevenwespecialistsonhazardscouldnotquitebelievethattodayatsunamicouldkillsomany.Weusedtothinkofvulnerabilityintermsofmaterialdamageratherthanlossofhumanlife.Thisgreattragedyshowedwewerewrong." Aspresentlyconfiguredthewarningsystemisfarfromperfectgeneratinga75%rateoffalsealarms.Butthatshouldchangewiththedeploymentofanewgenerationofbuoy-anchoreddetectorsthatcanbepositioneddeepunderwater.InNovember2003atrialrunofthesystemshowedthatatsunamiunleashedbyanAlaskanearthquakewouldbetoosmalltodoanydamagewhenitreachedHawaii--therebyavoidinganunnecessaryandcostlycoastalevacuationlikeonecausedbyafalsealarmeightyearsearlier.Afterlastweek’sdisasterhoweverfewarelikelytoignorethetsunamisirensthenexttimetheysound. Theprofessionalsaccordingtothetexthavemadeamistakein
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomo--andLinne’shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3hair. Modern4arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan’slofty5andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7thatchimpsarehumans’nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9itisherethatthe10mustoriginate. Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek’sNature12thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13answerstoage-oldquestions14thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes--presentinonebutnottheother--thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Text4 OnepertinentquestioninthewakeoftheearthquakenearAcehandthetsunamiitgeneratedishowmuchnoticeofanapproachingwavecanbegiventovulnerablepeoplewithouttheriskofcrying"wolf"toooften.Earthquakesthemselvesareunpredictableandlikelytoremainso.Butdetectingthemwhentheyhappenisaroutinetechnology.Thatwasnottheprobleminthiscasewhichwasobservedbymonitoringstationsallovertheworld.Unfortunatelyfortheforecastersalthoughanypowerfulsubmarineearthquakebringstheriskofadangeroustsunaminotallsuchearthquakesactuallyresultinabigwaveandfalsealarmscostmoneyandbreedcynicism. Ontopofthatmost"tsunamigenic"earthquakeswhicharecausedwhentheprocessesofplatetectonicsforceheavyoceaniccrustalrockbelowlightercontinentalrocktocreateadeeptrenchatthebottomoftheseaoccurinthePacificwhichisalmostsurroundedbysuchtrenches.IntheIndiaOceandeeptrenchesareconfinedtothesoutherncoastofIndonesiaandtsunamisarerare.Sincemostofthecountriesaffectedbythistsunamiarepoorormiddle-incomeatbestandmonitoringcostsmoneythismightsuggestthatafatalisticapproachtothequestionisreasonable.ButAmericanandJapaneseexperiencesuggeststhateffectivemonitoringneednotbethatexpensive. Thesetwocountrieshavenetworksofseabedpressure-detectorsthatcanmonitortsunamisandindicatewhetherandwhereevacuationisnecessary--datatheysharewiththeirPacificneighbours.AsystemofsevendetectorsrunfromHawaiicostabout$18mtodevelopandtheexperiencegaineddoingsomeansasimilarsystemmightnowbehadforaslittleas$2m.SotothesoundofstabledoorsbeingboltedfirmlyshutpoliticiansinSouth-EastAsiaandAustraliaareproposingonefortheIndianOcean. Detectingtsunamisdirectlyratherthanrelyingonearthquakemonitorsisimportantforanotherreasontoo.Notalltsunamisarecausedbyearthquakes.Someoftheworstsuchasa15-metrehighmonsterthatkilledmorethan2000peopleinNewGuineain1998aretheresultofsubmarinelandslidesthoughthesecanthemselvesbetriggeredbyearthquakesaswasthecaseinNewGuinea.IndeedafewyearsagoitwassuggestedthatalandslideinanunstablepartofLaPalmaoneoftheCanaryIslandsmightcauseatsunamithatwoulddevastatetheeastcoastofAmerica. Evenifyouhaveaneffectivedetectionsystemthoughitisuselessifyoucannotevacuateathreatenedarea.Herespeedisoftheessence.Computermodelingcanhelpshowwhichareasarelikelytobesafestbutcommonsenseisoftenthebestguide--runlikethewindawayfromthesea.Evacuationwarningstooshouldbeeasytogiveaslongaspeopleareawake.Radiosareubiquitouseveninmostpoorplaces.Itisjustamatterofhavingsystemsinplacetotelltheradiostationstotellpeopletorun.Theproblemwasthatnoonedid. Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardfatalisticapproach
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomo--andLinne’shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3hair. Modern4arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan’slofty5andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7thatchimpsarehumans’nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9itisherethatthe10mustoriginate. Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek’sNature12thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13answerstoage-oldquestions14thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes--presentinonebutnottheother--thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Backwhenwewerekidsthehoursspentwithfriendsweretoonumeroustocount.Thereweremarathontelephoneconversationsall-nightstudyingandgigglingsessions.Evenafterboyfriendsenteredthepictureourbestfriendsremainedirreplaceable.Andtimewasthemeansbywhichwenurturedthosefriendships.Nowasadultwomenweneverseemtohaveenoughtimeforanything.Husbandskidscareersandavocations--allrequireattention;toooftenmakingtimeforourfriendscomeslastonthelistofpriorities.Andyetironicallyweneedourfriendsasmuchaseverinadulthood.Afriendshipnetworkisabsolutelycrucialforourwell-beingasadults.Wehavetodothehardworkofbuildingandsustainingthenetwork.Herearesomeimportantwaysforaccomplishingthis. Letgoofyourlesscentralfriendships. Manyofourfriendshipswerenevermeanttolastalifetime.It’snaturalthatsomefriendshipshavetimelimits.Furthermorenoweveryonehasabusysocialcalendarsopullbackfromsomepeoplethatyoudon’treallywanttodrawclosetoandgivethemostpromisingfriendshipafairchancetogrow. 41Bewillingto"dropeverything"whenyou’retrulyneeded. Youmaygetacallfromafriendwhoisreallydepressedoveracertainproblemwhenyouarejustsittingdowntoenjoyaromanticdinnerwithyourhusband.Thisisjustoneofthoseinstanceswhenafriend’sneedsmatteredmore. 42Takeadvantageofthemails. Nearlyallofushavepalslivingfaraway--friendswemissverymuch.Giventhelimitedtimeavailableforvisitsandthehighpriceofphonecallswritingisafinewaytokeepintouch--andmakesbothsenderandreceiverfeelgood. 43Riskexpressingnegativefeelings. Whentimetogetheristoughtocomebyit’snaturaltowantthemoodduringthattimetobeupbeat.Andmanypeoplefearthatotherswillthinklessofyouifyouexpressthenegativefeelingslikeangerandhurt: 44Don’tmakeyourfriends’problemsyourown. Sharingyourfriend’sgriefisthewayyoushowdeepfriendship. Neverunderestimatethevalueofloyalty. Loyaltyhasalwaysbeenratedasoneofthemostdesiredqualitiesinfriends.Trueloyaltycanbeafairlysubtlething.Somepeoplefeelitmeansthatnomatterwhatyourfriendwillalwaystakeyouside.Butrealloyaltyisbeingacceptingthepersonnotnecessarilyofcertainactionsyourfriendmighttake. 45Givethegiftoftimeasoftenastimeallows. Timeiswhatwedon’thavenearlyenoughof--andyetarmedwithalittleingenuitywecanmakeittogiveittoourfriends. Thelastbutnottheleastthingtokeepafriendshipaliveistosaytoyourfriends"Imissyouandloveyou."Sayingthatattheendofaphoneconversationoravisitorwritingitonabirthdaycardcansustainyourfriendshipforthetimesyouaren’ttogether. [A]Buttakingonyourfriend’spaindoesn’tmakethatpaingoaway.There’sabigdifferencebetweenempathyorrecognizingafriend’spainandoveridentificationwhichmakesthesuffererfeelevenweaker--"ImustbeinworsepainthanIeventhoughtbecausethepersonI’mconfidinginissufferingsomuch!"Remembertroubledpeoplejustneedtheirfriendstostaygroundedintheirownfeelings. [B]Rememberhonestyisthekeytokeepingafriendshipreal.Sharingyourpainwillactuallydeepenafriendship. [C]Besidesletterscarolsandpostcardshavethevirtueofbeingtangible--friendscankeepthemandrereadthemforyearstocome. [D]Thetrickisrememberingthatalittleisbetterthannoneandthatyoucandotwothingsatonce.Forinstanceifyoubothgoforaweeklyaerobicsgoonthesameday.Ifyoubothwanttogoonvocationschedulethesamedestination. [E]Carefullisteningclearwritingclosereadingplainspeakingandaccuratedescription-willbeinvaluable.Intomorrow’sfast-pacedbusinessenvironmenttherewillbepreciouslittletimetocorrectanymisunderstandings.Communicationsbreakdownmaywellbecomeafatalcorporatedisease. [F]Sometimesbecauseofourunbreakablecommitmentsorothercircumstanceswesimplycan’tgiveaneedyfriendthetimewe’dlike.Ifyoucan’tbethereatthatgivenmomentsaysomethinglike"IwishIcouldbewithyou--Icanhearthatyou’reinpain.MayIcallyoutomorrow"Besureyourfriendknowsshe’scaredabout. 41
Text2 Acrossthedevelopedworldhealth-carespendingisrisingandwillcontinuetoincreaseaspopulationsage.Aseachcountryfeelsthefinancialstrainitistemptingtoimaginethattheremustbeabetterwayoffundingmedicalcareelsewhere.InBritainforexampleBernardRibeirothenewpresidentoftheRoyalCollegeofSurgeonshascalledfortheNationalHealthServiceNHStobefinancedfromsocial-insurancecontributionsasinGermanyandFranceratherthanfromgeneraltaxation.Heworriesthatatax-financedsystemwillnotdeliverenoughresourcestomeetthedemandforhealth-carespendinginthelongerrun. ThereareindeedgoodreasonsforconcernaboutthewaytheNHSisfinancedforithasallowedthegovernmenttopumpintoomuchmoneytoofast.Butthereisnoidealsystemforpayingforhealthcare.TheEuropeansocial-insurancemodelisinevenmoretroublethanBritain’stax-basedmodel.ByloadingtheburdenontoemployersandworkersandthusraisinglabourcostsithascontributedtotheinflexibilityoflabourmarketsandthustotheEuro-sclerosisthatcontinentalgovernmentsarestrugglingtorecoverfrom.InFrancethegovernmenthasresortedtogeneraltaxationtospreadtheburden.InGermanyandelsewherethemodellooksincreasinglyunsustainablenotleastbecauseitsnarrowfiscalbasewillbeexposedtounfavourabledemographicswhenthepost-warbaby-boomersstartleavingthelabourforceindroves. NordoesAmericaofferanidealsolution.Ithasamixedfinancingsysteminwhichthegovernmentstumpsupfortheelderlyandthepoorandemployerspayforprivatecoverageoftheirworkers.Health-carespendinghasreachedarecord15%ofGDPdwarfingBritain’s8%yet45mAmericanslackinsurancecover.Therisingcostofpublicly-financedmedicalcarethreatensAmerica’sfiscalhealth. Ratherthanfocusingonhowthemoneyisraisedreformersshouldworryabouthowitisspent.Health-careexpenditureisrocketingnotjustbecausedemandisrisingbutalsobecausehealth-caremarketsworkbadly.Theyaredominatedbypowerfulproviders--companieshospitalsandinfluentialdoctors--whichfinditfairlyeasytopassonever-risingcostsfromnewmedicaltechnologiestothestateortheinsurerswhopickupmostofthetab.Privateindividuals’paymentsgenerallyaccountforasmallishshareofhealthcarespendingpreciselybecausemedicalbillstendtobesohighthateverybodyneedsinsurancecoverofonesortoranother.Taxessocial-insurancecontributionsandpaymentsbyemployersallboildowntoformsofhealthinsurance. Thecureisnottotrytoraiseyetmoremoneyinadifferentway.Insteadtheoverridinggoalmustbetospendthemoneypouringintohealthcaremoreeffectivelybygettingwastefulmedicalsystemstoworkbetter.TwosetsofreformarevitalandbothasithappensarebeingundertakeninBritain’stax-financedNHS. ThenarrationoftheEuropeanmodelinthesecondParagraphimpliesthat
Backwhenwewerekidsthehoursspentwithfriendsweretoonumeroustocount.Thereweremarathontelephoneconversationsall-nightstudyingandgigglingsessions.Evenafterboyfriendsenteredthepictureourbestfriendsremainedirreplaceable.Andtimewasthemeansbywhichwenurturedthosefriendships.Nowasadultwomenweneverseemtohaveenoughtimeforanything.Husbandskidscareersandavocations--allrequireattention;toooftenmakingtimeforourfriendscomeslastonthelistofpriorities.Andyetironicallyweneedourfriendsasmuchaseverinadulthood.Afriendshipnetworkisabsolutelycrucialforourwell-beingasadults.Wehavetodothehardworkofbuildingandsustainingthenetwork.Herearesomeimportantwaysforaccomplishingthis. Letgoofyourlesscentralfriendships. Manyofourfriendshipswerenevermeanttolastalifetime.It’snaturalthatsomefriendshipshavetimelimits.Furthermorenoweveryonehasabusysocialcalendarsopullbackfromsomepeoplethatyoudon’treallywanttodrawclosetoandgivethemostpromisingfriendshipafairchancetogrow. 41Bewillingto"dropeverything"whenyou’retrulyneeded. Youmaygetacallfromafriendwhoisreallydepressedoveracertainproblemwhenyouarejustsittingdowntoenjoyaromanticdinnerwithyourhusband.Thisisjustoneofthoseinstanceswhenafriend’sneedsmatteredmore. 42Takeadvantageofthemails. Nearlyallofushavepalslivingfaraway--friendswemissverymuch.Giventhelimitedtimeavailableforvisitsandthehighpriceofphonecallswritingisafinewaytokeepintouch--andmakesbothsenderandreceiverfeelgood. 43Riskexpressingnegativefeelings. Whentimetogetheristoughtocomebyit’snaturaltowantthemoodduringthattimetobeupbeat.Andmanypeoplefearthatotherswillthinklessofyouifyouexpressthenegativefeelingslikeangerandhurt: 44Don’tmakeyourfriends’problemsyourown. Sharingyourfriend’sgriefisthewayyoushowdeepfriendship. Neverunderestimatethevalueofloyalty. Loyaltyhasalwaysbeenratedasoneofthemostdesiredqualitiesinfriends.Trueloyaltycanbeafairlysubtlething.Somepeoplefeelitmeansthatnomatterwhatyourfriendwillalwaystakeyouside.Butrealloyaltyisbeingacceptingthepersonnotnecessarilyofcertainactionsyourfriendmighttake. 45Givethegiftoftimeasoftenastimeallows. Timeiswhatwedon’thavenearlyenoughof--andyetarmedwithalittleingenuitywecanmakeittogiveittoourfriends. Thelastbutnottheleastthingtokeepafriendshipaliveistosaytoyourfriends"Imissyouandloveyou."Sayingthatattheendofaphoneconversationoravisitorwritingitonabirthdaycardcansustainyourfriendshipforthetimesyouaren’ttogether. [A]Buttakingonyourfriend’spaindoesn’tmakethatpaingoaway.There’sabigdifferencebetweenempathyorrecognizingafriend’spainandoveridentificationwhichmakesthesuffererfeelevenweaker--"ImustbeinworsepainthanIeventhoughtbecausethepersonI’mconfidinginissufferingsomuch!"Remembertroubledpeoplejustneedtheirfriendstostaygroundedintheirownfeelings. [B]Rememberhonestyisthekeytokeepingafriendshipreal.Sharingyourpainwillactuallydeepenafriendship. [C]Besidesletterscarolsandpostcardshavethevirtueofbeingtangible--friendscankeepthemandrereadthemforyearstocome. [D]Thetrickisrememberingthatalittleisbetterthannoneandthatyoucandotwothingsatonce.Forinstanceifyoubothgoforaweeklyaerobicsgoonthesameday.Ifyoubothwanttogoonvocationschedulethesamedestination. [E]Carefullisteningclearwritingclosereadingplainspeakingandaccuratedescription-willbeinvaluable.Intomorrow’sfast-pacedbusinessenvironmenttherewillbepreciouslittletimetocorrectanymisunderstandings.Communicationsbreakdownmaywellbecomeafatalcorporatedisease. [F]Sometimesbecauseofourunbreakablecommitmentsorothercircumstanceswesimplycan’tgiveaneedyfriendthetimewe’dlike.Ifyoucan’tbethereatthatgivenmomentsaysomethinglike"IwishIcouldbewithyou--Icanhearthatyou’reinpain.MayIcallyoutomorrow"Besureyourfriendknowsshe’scaredabout. 43
PartA Directions: LastweekyougottoknowthatZhangHongoneofyourmiddleschoolclassmateswasadmittedtoCambridgeUniversityasapost-graduate.WritealettertoZhangtellingheryourcongratulationsstatingyourfeelingsandmakeawish.
Text2 Acrossthedevelopedworldhealth-carespendingisrisingandwillcontinuetoincreaseaspopulationsage.Aseachcountryfeelsthefinancialstrainitistemptingtoimaginethattheremustbeabetterwayoffundingmedicalcareelsewhere.InBritainforexampleBernardRibeirothenewpresidentoftheRoyalCollegeofSurgeonshascalledfortheNationalHealthServiceNHStobefinancedfromsocial-insurancecontributionsasinGermanyandFranceratherthanfromgeneraltaxation.Heworriesthatatax-financedsystemwillnotdeliverenoughresourcestomeetthedemandforhealth-carespendinginthelongerrun. ThereareindeedgoodreasonsforconcernaboutthewaytheNHSisfinancedforithasallowedthegovernmenttopumpintoomuchmoneytoofast.Butthereisnoidealsystemforpayingforhealthcare.TheEuropeansocial-insurancemodelisinevenmoretroublethanBritain’stax-basedmodel.ByloadingtheburdenontoemployersandworkersandthusraisinglabourcostsithascontributedtotheinflexibilityoflabourmarketsandthustotheEuro-sclerosisthatcontinentalgovernmentsarestrugglingtorecoverfrom.InFrancethegovernmenthasresortedtogeneraltaxationtospreadtheburden.InGermanyandelsewherethemodellooksincreasinglyunsustainablenotleastbecauseitsnarrowfiscalbasewillbeexposedtounfavourabledemographicswhenthepost-warbaby-boomersstartleavingthelabourforceindroves. NordoesAmericaofferanidealsolution.Ithasamixedfinancingsysteminwhichthegovernmentstumpsupfortheelderlyandthepoorandemployerspayforprivatecoverageoftheirworkers.Health-carespendinghasreachedarecord15%ofGDPdwarfingBritain’s8%yet45mAmericanslackinsurancecover.Therisingcostofpublicly-financedmedicalcarethreatensAmerica’sfiscalhealth. Ratherthanfocusingonhowthemoneyisraisedreformersshouldworryabouthowitisspent.Health-careexpenditureisrocketingnotjustbecausedemandisrisingbutalsobecausehealth-caremarketsworkbadly.Theyaredominatedbypowerfulproviders--companieshospitalsandinfluentialdoctors--whichfinditfairlyeasytopassonever-risingcostsfromnewmedicaltechnologiestothestateortheinsurerswhopickupmostofthetab.Privateindividuals’paymentsgenerallyaccountforasmallishshareofhealthcarespendingpreciselybecausemedicalbillstendtobesohighthateverybodyneedsinsurancecoverofonesortoranother.Taxessocial-insurancecontributionsandpaymentsbyemployersallboildowntoformsofhealthinsurance. Thecureisnottotrytoraiseyetmoremoneyinadifferentway.Insteadtheoverridinggoalmustbetospendthemoneypouringintohealthcaremoreeffectivelybygettingwastefulmedicalsystemstoworkbetter.TwosetsofreformarevitalandbothasithappensarebeingundertakeninBritain’stax-financedNHS. Intheopeningparagraphtheauthorintroduceshistopicby
Inthespanof18monthsIsaacNewtoninventedcalculusconstructedatheoryofopticsexplainedhowgravityworksanddiscoveredhislawsofmotion.Asaresult1665andtheearlymonthsof1666aretermedhisannusmirabilis.46Itwasasustainedsprintofintellectualachievementthatnoonethoughtcouldeverbeequaled.Butinaspanofafewyearsjustbefore1900itallbegantounravel.Onephenomenonafteranotherwasdiscoveredwhichcouldnotbeexplainedbythelawsofclassicalphysics.47ThetheoriesofNewtonandofJamesClerkMaxwellwhofollowedhiminthemid19thcenturybycraftingamorecomprehensiveaccountofelectromagnetismwereintrouble. Thenin1905ayoungpatentclerknamedAlbertEinsteinfoundthewayforward.Infiveremarkablepapersheshowedthatatomsarerealitwasstillcontroversialatthetimepresentedhisspecialtheoryofrelativityandputquantumtheoryonitsfeet.ItwasadifferentachievementfromNewton’syearbutEinstein’sannusmirabiliswasnolessremarkable.HedidnotlikeNewtonhavetoinvententirelynewformsofmathematics.Howeverhehadtorevisenotionsofspaceandtimefundamentally.48AndunlikeNewtonwhodidnotpublishhisresultsfornearly20yearssoobsessedwashewithsecrecyandworkingoutthedetailsEinsteinreleasedhispapersoneafteranotherasafusilladeofideas. ForEinsteinitwasjustabeginning--hewouldgoontocreatethegeneraltheoryofrelativityandtopioneerquantummechanics.WhileNewtoncameupwithonesystemforexplainingtheworldEinsteinthuscameupwithtwo.Unfortunatelyhisdiscoveries--relativityandquantumtheory--contradictoneanother.Bothcannotbetrueeverywherealthoughbothareremarkablyaccurateintheirrespectivedomainsoftheverylargeandtheverysmall.Einsteinwouldspendthelastyearsofhislifeattemptingtoreconcilethetwotheoriesandfailing.49ButthennooneelsehassucceededinfixingtheproblemseitherandEinsteinwasperhapstheonewhosawthemmostclearly. WhenEinsteinwasawardedaNobelprizein1921itwasforthefirstofhispapersof1905whichprovedtheexistenceofphotons--particlesoflight.50UpuntilthatpapercompletedonMarch17thandpublishedinAnnalenderPhysikasweretheother1905paperslighthadbeensupposedtobeawavesincethisexplainstheinterferencepatternscreatedwhenitpassesthroughagrating.Einsteinhoweverbeganfromadifferentpremisebyconsideringtheso-called"black-bodyexperiment". ThetheoriesofNewtonandofJamesClerkMaxwellwhofollowedhiminthemid19thcenturybycraftingamorecomprehensiveaccountofelectromagnetismwereintrouble.
Backwhenwewerekidsthehoursspentwithfriendsweretoonumeroustocount.Thereweremarathontelephoneconversationsall-nightstudyingandgigglingsessions.Evenafterboyfriendsenteredthepictureourbestfriendsremainedirreplaceable.Andtimewasthemeansbywhichwenurturedthosefriendships.Nowasadultwomenweneverseemtohaveenoughtimeforanything.Husbandskidscareersandavocations--allrequireattention;toooftenmakingtimeforourfriendscomeslastonthelistofpriorities.Andyetironicallyweneedourfriendsasmuchaseverinadulthood.Afriendshipnetworkisabsolutelycrucialforourwell-beingasadults.Wehavetodothehardworkofbuildingandsustainingthenetwork.Herearesomeimportantwaysforaccomplishingthis. Letgoofyourlesscentralfriendships. Manyofourfriendshipswerenevermeanttolastalifetime.It’snaturalthatsomefriendshipshavetimelimits.Furthermorenoweveryonehasabusysocialcalendarsopullbackfromsomepeoplethatyoudon’treallywanttodrawclosetoandgivethemostpromisingfriendshipafairchancetogrow. 41Bewillingto"dropeverything"whenyou’retrulyneeded. Youmaygetacallfromafriendwhoisreallydepressedoveracertainproblemwhenyouarejustsittingdowntoenjoyaromanticdinnerwithyourhusband.Thisisjustoneofthoseinstanceswhenafriend’sneedsmatteredmore. 42Takeadvantageofthemails. Nearlyallofushavepalslivingfaraway--friendswemissverymuch.Giventhelimitedtimeavailableforvisitsandthehighpriceofphonecallswritingisafinewaytokeepintouch--andmakesbothsenderandreceiverfeelgood. 43Riskexpressingnegativefeelings. Whentimetogetheristoughtocomebyit’snaturaltowantthemoodduringthattimetobeupbeat.Andmanypeoplefearthatotherswillthinklessofyouifyouexpressthenegativefeelingslikeangerandhurt: 44Don’tmakeyourfriends’problemsyourown. Sharingyourfriend’sgriefisthewayyoushowdeepfriendship. Neverunderestimatethevalueofloyalty. Loyaltyhasalwaysbeenratedasoneofthemostdesiredqualitiesinfriends.Trueloyaltycanbeafairlysubtlething.Somepeoplefeelitmeansthatnomatterwhatyourfriendwillalwaystakeyouside.Butrealloyaltyisbeingacceptingthepersonnotnecessarilyofcertainactionsyourfriendmighttake. 45Givethegiftoftimeasoftenastimeallows. Timeiswhatwedon’thavenearlyenoughof--andyetarmedwithalittleingenuitywecanmakeittogiveittoourfriends. Thelastbutnottheleastthingtokeepafriendshipaliveistosaytoyourfriends"Imissyouandloveyou."Sayingthatattheendofaphoneconversationoravisitorwritingitonabirthdaycardcansustainyourfriendshipforthetimesyouaren’ttogether. [A]Buttakingonyourfriend’spaindoesn’tmakethatpaingoaway.There’sabigdifferencebetweenempathyorrecognizingafriend’spainandoveridentificationwhichmakesthesuffererfeelevenweaker--"ImustbeinworsepainthanIeventhoughtbecausethepersonI’mconfidinginissufferingsomuch!"Remembertroubledpeoplejustneedtheirfriendstostaygroundedintheirownfeelings. [B]Rememberhonestyisthekeytokeepingafriendshipreal.Sharingyourpainwillactuallydeepenafriendship. [C]Besidesletterscarolsandpostcardshavethevirtueofbeingtangible--friendscankeepthemandrereadthemforyearstocome. [D]Thetrickisrememberingthatalittleisbetterthannoneandthatyoucandotwothingsatonce.Forinstanceifyoubothgoforaweeklyaerobicsgoonthesameday.Ifyoubothwanttogoonvocationschedulethesamedestination. [E]Carefullisteningclearwritingclosereadingplainspeakingandaccuratedescription-willbeinvaluable.Intomorrow’sfast-pacedbusinessenvironmenttherewillbepreciouslittletimetocorrectanymisunderstandings.Communicationsbreakdownmaywellbecomeafatalcorporatedisease. [F]Sometimesbecauseofourunbreakablecommitmentsorothercircumstanceswesimplycan’tgiveaneedyfriendthetimewe’dlike.Ifyoucan’tbethereatthatgivenmomentsaysomethinglike"IwishIcouldbewithyou--Icanhearthatyou’reinpain.MayIcallyoutomorrow"Besureyourfriendknowsshe’scaredabout. 45
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomo--andLinne’shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3hair. Modern4arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan’slofty5andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7thatchimpsarehumans’nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9itisherethatthe10mustoriginate. Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek’sNature12thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13answerstoage-oldquestions14thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes--presentinonebutnottheother--thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomo--andLinne’shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3hair. Modern4arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan’slofty5andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7thatchimpsarehumans’nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9itisherethatthe10mustoriginate. Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek’sNature12thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13answerstoage-oldquestions14thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes--presentinonebutnottheother--thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
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