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Text 1 Nothing approaching last week’ s toll of death and destruction has visited European or U...
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Text4 Whitepeopletendtobenervousofraisingthesubjectofraceandeducationbutareoftenvolubleontheissueifablackpersonbringsitup.SowhenTrevorPhillipschairmanofBritain’sCommissionforRacialEqualitysaidthattherewasaparticularproblemwithblackboys’performanceatschoolandthatitmightbeagoodideatoeducatethemapartfromotherpupilstherewasatorrentofcomment.Someofitcommendedhisproposalandsomecriticizeditbutnoneofitquestioneditspremise.Everybodyacceptsthatblackboysareaproblem. OnthefaceofititlooksasthoughMrPhillipsisright.Only27%ofAfro-CaribbeanboysgetfiveA-CgradesatGCSEtheexamstakenby16-year-oldscomparedwith47%ofboysasaWholeand44%ofAfro-Caribbeangirls.Sinceinsomesubjectscandidateswhoscorelessthan50%getCsthosewhodon’treachthisthresholdhavepickedupprettylittleatschool. MrPhillips’ssuggestionthatblackboysshouldbetaughtseparatelyimpliesthatethnicityandgenderexplaintheirunderachievement.Certainlymalenessseemstobeadisadvantageatschool.That’strueforallethnicgroups:57%ofgirlsasawholegetfiveA-Cscomparedwith47%ofboys.Butit’snotsoclearthatblacknessisattherootoftheproblem. AmongchildrenasawholeAfro-Caribbeansdoindeedperformbadly.ButAfroCaribbeanstendtobepoor.Sotogetabetterideaofwhetherraceratherthanpovertyistheproblemonemustcontrolforeconomicstatus.TheonlywaytodothatgiventhelimitsofBritisheducationalstatisticsistoseparateouttheexamresultsofchildrenwhogetfreeschoolmeals:onlythepoorgetfreegrub. Poorchildren’sresultstellaratherdifferentstory.Afro-Caribbeansstilldoremarkablybadlybutwhitesareatthebottomofthepile.Allethnicminoritygroupsdobetterthanthem.EvenBangladeshisaprettydeprivedlotdotwiceaswellasthenativesintheirexams;Indiansdobetterstill.AndabsolutenumbersofunderperformingwhitesdwarfthoseofunderperformingAfro-Caribbeans:lastyear131393ofwhiteboysfailedtohitthegovernment’sbenchmarkcomparedwith3151Afro-Caribbeanboys. Thesefiguressuggestthatatschoolatleastblackpeople’sproblemisnotsomuchraceaspoverty.Andtheyunderminetheideaofteachingblackboysseparatelyforifpoorwhitesaredoingworsethanpoorblacksthere’snotmuchargumentforsinglingoutblacksforspecialmeasures:whitesneedhelpjustasbadly. ThetermgrubLine5Paragraph4mostprobablymeans
EricHansenwritesabouttravelasaparticipatingenthusiastratherthanamereobserver.46Itgivesthesenineessaysbasedonhisadventuresoverthepastquartercenturyaresonanceandpsychologicaldepthnotusuallyseeninmoreroutinetravelnarratives. 47Thereaderfollowswide-eyedfromthearmchairasMrHansenjourneysfromtheFrenchRivieratotheSouthPacificIndiatheUnitedStatesandBorneo.Eachstorycombinesnuancedportraitsofmemorablecharacterswithlyricaldescriptionsofhumanfallibilityandgenerosity. InhiswildesttaleMrHansenrecountshistimeworkingatahotelonThursdayIslandintheTorresStrait.48"Seldom"hewrites"doesonehavethechancetoenjoythecompanyofpeoplewhohavesocompletelygiventhemselvesovertothecultivationofthelowlifeinsuchstyleandwithsuchgusto."49Beyondtheboozebrokenglassandfistfightstheauthorlearnsthehistoryoftheisland’spearldiverswhoincanvassuitsandlead-weightedshoessnatchgold-lippearlshellsfromaseabedteemingwithseasnakesgiantgroupersandsaltwatercrocodiles. OtherstoriestellofdrinkinghallucinogenickavainVanuatu;lingeringonabeachwithabeautifulMaldiviangirlinapleasurablepursuitthatthelocalscall"nightfishing";cookingpiroshkiwithaMoscowemigreinatinymanhattanapartmentwhiledrugdealersshooteachotherinthelobbybelow;andwatchingtheIndonesiancrewofabecalmedtallshipdanceondecktocountryandwesternmusic. 50ThemostmovingstorycomesfromKolkataformerlyCalcuttawheretheauthor’sfrustrationattheimpenetrablebureaucracywhentryingtoshiphisbelongingshomeisputintoperspectivebyhisvoluntaryworkatMotherTheresa’shomeforthedying.Herehebathesfeedsandcomfortstheinhabitantsofthemen’swardwherethepanicanddespairofdeatharereplacedbydignityandhumour.Thissensitiveportraitalonemakesthisheartfeltcollectionamagicalandupliftingread. 49
Text2 AteenagerwasunabletocallanambulanceafterherparentswereshotinFebruarybecausethefamily’sinternetphoneservicedidnotofferaccesstothe911emergencynumber.AbabydiedinMarchforthesamereason.SadtalessuchastheseledAmerica’sFederalCommunicationsCommissionFCCtovoteonMay19thtorequireinternetphonecompaniestooffera911service. InsodoingtheFCCseemedtohavetakenitsfirstbigsteptowardsimposingtraditionaltelecomsrulesontheinternet--acontentiousmovegiventhefearsthatthiswillstranglewhatmanystillregardasaninfantindustryespeciallyifregulatorselsewherefollowsuit.Butarethenewrulesreallysobad ThenewrulesupholdasubsetoftelecomspolicysocialobjectiveswhichismuchlessburdensomethantheFCC’Shugelyunpopulareconomicregulation.Manyprovidersofinternettelephony--strictlyVoiceoverInternetProtocolVOIP--haveforyearssoughtthetechnicalabilitytoprovideanemergencyserviceknowingthatsuchafeaturewouldbeessentialwereinternettelephonyevertobecomeatrulycrediblealternativetothetraditionalphoneservice.Incumbentoperatorsthatmanagetheemergency-servicesystemhavenotalwaysmadeiteasyfortheupstartstointerconnectwhichcostsaprovideralmost$10mayearfornationwideservice.TheFCChassignaledthatincumbentoperatorshadbetternowactfairly. Moreoverthenewrulesapplyonlytocertainfirmsareeasytoimplementandprovideflexibilityforfuturetechnicalimprovements.OnlyfirmsthatofferVOIPviathepublictelephonenetworkwillhavetoprovide911andtouseittheircustomerswillhavetoregistertheiraddresses.OnlywheninternettechnologyisdevelopedtoallowthenetworktotellwhereaphoneisconnectedtoitwillotherVOIPoperatorsberequiredtointroducethisfacility.Significantlyservicesbasedmainlyonsoftwaresuchasvoice-enabledinstant-messengerprogramsoronlinevideogameswhichdonottrytoresembleregularphoneserviceareexempt. Allinallthenthenewpolicyisunlikelytodomuchtoslowabusinessnowgrowingrapidlyworldwide.InAmericaVOIPisontracktoexceed$1billioninrevenuethisyearwithover3musers.ManyordinaryphonefirmsnowusethetechnologytoconnectcallshelpingVOIPtoaccountforagrowingsliceofinternationalphonetraffic. Havingfoundanelegantwaytoimpose911rulesonVOIPtheFCC’snextchallengewillbetosecurewire-tappingcapabilityforlaw-enforcementsurveillance.Thisisanissuethatsimilarlyhasbeenquietlydebatedforyears.Itmaytakeanothersetoftragediesbeforeitismandatedinaquickunanimousvotebytheregulators. Theauthor'sattitudetowardFCC'snewrulesseemstobe
Text2 AteenagerwasunabletocallanambulanceafterherparentswereshotinFebruarybecausethefamily’sinternetphoneservicedidnotofferaccesstothe911emergencynumber.AbabydiedinMarchforthesamereason.SadtalessuchastheseledAmerica’sFederalCommunicationsCommissionFCCtovoteonMay19thtorequireinternetphonecompaniestooffera911service. InsodoingtheFCCseemedtohavetakenitsfirstbigsteptowardsimposingtraditionaltelecomsrulesontheinternet--acontentiousmovegiventhefearsthatthiswillstranglewhatmanystillregardasaninfantindustryespeciallyifregulatorselsewherefollowsuit.Butarethenewrulesreallysobad ThenewrulesupholdasubsetoftelecomspolicysocialobjectiveswhichismuchlessburdensomethantheFCC’Shugelyunpopulareconomicregulation.Manyprovidersofinternettelephony--strictlyVoiceoverInternetProtocolVOIP--haveforyearssoughtthetechnicalabilitytoprovideanemergencyserviceknowingthatsuchafeaturewouldbeessentialwereinternettelephonyevertobecomeatrulycrediblealternativetothetraditionalphoneservice.Incumbentoperatorsthatmanagetheemergency-servicesystemhavenotalwaysmadeiteasyfortheupstartstointerconnectwhichcostsaprovideralmost$10mayearfornationwideservice.TheFCChassignaledthatincumbentoperatorshadbetternowactfairly. Moreoverthenewrulesapplyonlytocertainfirmsareeasytoimplementandprovideflexibilityforfuturetechnicalimprovements.OnlyfirmsthatofferVOIPviathepublictelephonenetworkwillhavetoprovide911andtouseittheircustomerswillhavetoregistertheiraddresses.OnlywheninternettechnologyisdevelopedtoallowthenetworktotellwhereaphoneisconnectedtoitwillotherVOIPoperatorsberequiredtointroducethisfacility.Significantlyservicesbasedmainlyonsoftwaresuchasvoice-enabledinstant-messengerprogramsoronlinevideogameswhichdonottrytoresembleregularphoneserviceareexempt. Allinallthenthenewpolicyisunlikelytodomuchtoslowabusinessnowgrowingrapidlyworldwide.InAmericaVOIPisontracktoexceed$1billioninrevenuethisyearwithover3musers.ManyordinaryphonefirmsnowusethetechnologytoconnectcallshelpingVOIPtoaccountforagrowingsliceofinternationalphonetraffic. Havingfoundanelegantwaytoimpose911rulesonVOIPtheFCC’snextchallengewillbetosecurewire-tappingcapabilityforlaw-enforcementsurveillance.Thisisanissuethatsimilarlyhasbeenquietlydebatedforyears.Itmaytakeanothersetoftragediesbeforeitismandatedinaquickunanimousvotebytheregulators. WecanlearnfromthetextthatFCC'smandate
WhileAmericanshavebecomeevermoredependentuponelectricityintheirdailylivesacrucialpartofthesystemthatsupportstheirwayoflifehasnotkeptup.Yesthecountryhasbuiltmorepowerplants--enoughtocreateaglutofpowerinmostpartsofthecountry.41_____________________________. California’sdisastrouspartialenergyderegulationandtheroleplayedbyEnronandotherenergymarketingcompaniesinitspowercrisishaveimpededchangesinthenationalabilitytodeliverpower. 42_____________________________.Moreoverthedeficiencyalsoincludesinadequatecoordinationamongtheregionsinmanagingtheflowofelectricity.TheseinterregionalweaknessesaresofarthemostplausibleexplanationfortheblackoutonThursday. 43_____________________________.Theproblemiswiththesystemofrulesorganizationandoversightthatgovernsthetransmissionnetworks.Itwassetupforaverydifferenteraandisnowcaughtinadifficulttransition. Thetransmissionnetworkswerebuilttoserveautilitysystembasedonregulatedmonopolies.Intheolddaystherewasnocompetitionforcustomers.Todaythemissionistoconnectbuyersandsellersseekingthebestdealirrespectiveofpoliticalboundariesandlocaljurisdictions. 44_____________________________.Yetthepowerindustryisprobablynotevenhalfwaythereinitsshiftfromregulationtothemarketplace.TheCaliforniapowercrisisandthepower-tradingscandalssentregulatorsbacktothedrawingboardslowingthedevelopmentofnewinstitutionsrulesandinvestmenttomakecompetitivemarketswork. 45_____________________________. [A]Overallformorethanadecadethepowerindustryhasbeenstrugglingwithhowtomovefromtheoldregulationtothenewmarketplace.Thisshiftwasdrivenbytheviewthathalfacenturyofstateregulationhadproducedpowerpricesthatweretoohighandtoovariedamongstates.Factoriesandjobsweremigratingfromstateswithhighelectricpowerpricestothosewithlowerprices. [B]ButthetransmissionsystemiscaughtinthemiddleofthestalledderegulationoftheAmericanelectricpowerindustry. [C]Asaresultthedevelopmentoftheregionaltransmissionorganizationsiserratic.Morethanone-thirdofthepowertransmittedisnotunderthecontrolofregionaltransmissionorganizations.Somestatesfearthattheircheappowerwouldbesuckedawaytoothermarkets;othersdonotwanttosubordinatestateauthoritytotheFederalEnergyRegulatoryCommission. [D]Itwasunclearwhenthewaterswouldrecedenevermindwhenlifewouldreturntonormal.Powermaynotberestoredforweeks.Lootingtoo.Begantospiraloutofcontrol.MrNaginwhosaidthecitymightbeuninhabitableforthreemonthswasforcedtoorderpolicetoconcentrateonstoppingcrimenotsavingpeople. [E]What’spreventinggreaterconnectionandcoordinationbetweenregionsThetechnologyexistsandisavailable;theeconomicbenefitsofrelievingthebottlenecksbetweenregionsfarexceedsthecostsbymanybillionsofdollars. [F]Yetdespiteclaimsinthewakeoflastweek’sblackoutthatthenationhasa"thirdworld"powergridtheregionalnetworksarefirstworld.Butinonecriticalaspectthesystemhasbecomeincreasinglyvulnerable:intheinterconnectionsamongthedifferentregions.Boththenumberandsizeofthewiresonthebordersbetweenregionsareinadequatefortherisingflowofelectricity.Thismissingpartcreatestheworstbottlenecksinthesystem. [G]Sinceenteringtheoverseaspowermarketin1993KEPCOhasestablishedseveralachievementsthroughitsdistinguishedinternationalbusinessstrategiestopromoteelectricpowerdevelopmentoftheworld.Basedonitslongexperienceandadvancedtechnologygainedover100yearsinKoreaKEPCOcontinuestobuildupitsoutstandingreputationasaleadingutilitycompany.MoreoverKEPCOembraceschallengesandmakesboldstepsintowidermarketsintheworldbyitsflairfordynamicactivitieswhichisfavorablyreceivedinthePhilippinesChinaVietnamandLibya. 45
Text1 ForgetIraqandbudgetdeficits.ThemostseriouspoliticalproblemonbothsidesoftheAtlanticisnoneofthese.Itisadifficultythathasdoggedtherulingclassesformillennia.Itistheservantproblem. InBritainDavidBlunkettthehomesecretaryhasresignedoveranembarrassmentoroneofmanyembarrassmentsinastoryinvolvinghisex-girlfriendherhusbandtwopregnanciesandsomeDNAconcerningavisaforaFilipinanannyemployedbyhismistress.Hisofficespeededitthroughforreasonsunconnectedtothenationalshortageofunskilledlabour.MrBlunkettresignedaheadofareportbySirAlanBuddaneconomistwhoisinvestigatingthematteratthegovernment’srequest. InAmericaBernardKerikthepresident’snomineefortheDepartmentofHomelandSecuritywithdrewlastweekbecausehehadcarelesslyemployedaMexicannannywhosePlay-Dohskillswereinbetterorderthanherpaperwork.MrKerikalsorememberedthathehadn’tpaidhertaxes.Thenomineehasoneortwoother"issues"anarrestwarrantin1998andallegationsofdodgybusinessdealingsandextra-maritalaffairs.Butemployinganillegalnannywouldprobablyhavebeenenoughtoundohimasithasseveralothercabinetandjudicialappointeesinrecentyears. Thereisaneasyanswertotheservantproblem--obvioustoeconomistsifnottothelessclear-sighted.PerhapsSirAlanadismalscientistofimpeccablerationalitywillbethoughtfulenoughtopointitoutinhisreport. Parentsarenottheonlypeoplewhohavedifficultygettingvisasforworkers.Allemployersfacerestrictiveimmigrationpolicieswhichraiselabourcosts.Somemayrespondbytryingtofiddletheimmigrationsystembutmostdealwiththematterbyexportingjobs.Intheageoftheglobaleconomythesolutiontotheservantproblemissimple:ratherthanimportingthenannyoffshorethechildren. Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthetext
SometimebetweendigestingChristmasdinnerandputtingyourheadbackdowntoworkspareathoughtortwoforthecranberry.Itisofcoursea1ofChristmas:merrybrightredbittersweetlydeliciouswithturkeyandtheverydeviltogetoutofthetablecloth2spilled.Butthecranberryisalsoasymbolofthemodernfoodindustryandinthetaleofits3fromcolonialcuriositytobusiness-schoolcasestudy4adeeperunderstandingoftheopportunitiesand5ofmoderneating. Thefastestgrowingpartoftoday’scranberrymarketisforcranberriesthatdonottastelikecranberries.OceanSpray’s"flavouredfruitpieces"FFPStothetradetastelikeorangecherryraspberryorany6ofotherfruits.Theyareinfactcranberries.WhymakeacranberrytastelikeanorangeMostlybecauseitisa7littlefruit:FFPShaveashelf-lifeoftwoyears.Better8theykeepachewytexture9bakedunlikethefruitswhoseflavourstheymimicwhichturnto10. Thedynamicthathasbroughtthecranberrytothispointis11tothedynamicbehindmostmass-producedgoods.Growing12providedthe13tocreatecheaperandmorereliablesupply.Cheaperandmorereliablesupply14createdincentivestofindnewmarketswhichincreaseddemand.Thuswasthe15keptchurning. Thecranberryisoneofonlythreefruitsnative16NorthAmericagrowingwildfromMainetoNorthCarolina.TheothersaretheConcordgrapeandtheblueberry.TheAmericanIndianshadseveralnamesforcranberriesmany17thewordsfor"bitter"ormore18"noisy".Theyatetheberriesmostly19pemmicanbutalsousedthemfordyeandmedicine.Andtheyintroducedthemtothewhitesettlers--atthefirstThanksgivingdinnerin1621itissaid.Thesettlerspromptlyrenamedthisdelicacythe"craneberry"20thepointypinkblossomsofthecranberrylookabitliketheheadoftheSandhillcrane. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.9
WhileAmericanshavebecomeevermoredependentuponelectricityintheirdailylivesacrucialpartofthesystemthatsupportstheirwayoflifehasnotkeptup.Yesthecountryhasbuiltmorepowerplants--enoughtocreateaglutofpowerinmostpartsofthecountry.41_____________________________. California’sdisastrouspartialenergyderegulationandtheroleplayedbyEnronandotherenergymarketingcompaniesinitspowercrisishaveimpededchangesinthenationalabilitytodeliverpower. 42_____________________________.Moreoverthedeficiencyalsoincludesinadequatecoordinationamongtheregionsinmanagingtheflowofelectricity.TheseinterregionalweaknessesaresofarthemostplausibleexplanationfortheblackoutonThursday. 43_____________________________.Theproblemiswiththesystemofrulesorganizationandoversightthatgovernsthetransmissionnetworks.Itwassetupforaverydifferenteraandisnowcaughtinadifficulttransition. Thetransmissionnetworkswerebuilttoserveautilitysystembasedonregulatedmonopolies.Intheolddaystherewasnocompetitionforcustomers.Todaythemissionistoconnectbuyersandsellersseekingthebestdealirrespectiveofpoliticalboundariesandlocaljurisdictions. 44_____________________________.Yetthepowerindustryisprobablynotevenhalfwaythereinitsshiftfromregulationtothemarketplace.TheCaliforniapowercrisisandthepower-tradingscandalssentregulatorsbacktothedrawingboardslowingthedevelopmentofnewinstitutionsrulesandinvestmenttomakecompetitivemarketswork. 45_____________________________. [A]Overallformorethanadecadethepowerindustryhasbeenstrugglingwithhowtomovefromtheoldregulationtothenewmarketplace.Thisshiftwasdrivenbytheviewthathalfacenturyofstateregulationhadproducedpowerpricesthatweretoohighandtoovariedamongstates.Factoriesandjobsweremigratingfromstateswithhighelectricpowerpricestothosewithlowerprices. [B]ButthetransmissionsystemiscaughtinthemiddleofthestalledderegulationoftheAmericanelectricpowerindustry. [C]Asaresultthedevelopmentoftheregionaltransmissionorganizationsiserratic.Morethanone-thirdofthepowertransmittedisnotunderthecontrolofregionaltransmissionorganizations.Somestatesfearthattheircheappowerwouldbesuckedawaytoothermarkets;othersdonotwanttosubordinatestateauthoritytotheFederalEnergyRegulatoryCommission. [D]Itwasunclearwhenthewaterswouldrecedenevermindwhenlifewouldreturntonormal.Powermaynotberestoredforweeks.Lootingtoo.Begantospiraloutofcontrol.MrNaginwhosaidthecitymightbeuninhabitableforthreemonthswasforcedtoorderpolicetoconcentrateonstoppingcrimenotsavingpeople. [E]What’spreventinggreaterconnectionandcoordinationbetweenregionsThetechnologyexistsandisavailable;theeconomicbenefitsofrelievingthebottlenecksbetweenregionsfarexceedsthecostsbymanybillionsofdollars. [F]Yetdespiteclaimsinthewakeoflastweek’sblackoutthatthenationhasa"thirdworld"powergridtheregionalnetworksarefirstworld.Butinonecriticalaspectthesystemhasbecomeincreasinglyvulnerable:intheinterconnectionsamongthedifferentregions.Boththenumberandsizeofthewiresonthebordersbetweenregionsareinadequatefortherisingflowofelectricity.Thismissingpartcreatestheworstbottlenecksinthesystem. [G]Sinceenteringtheoverseaspowermarketin1993KEPCOhasestablishedseveralachievementsthroughitsdistinguishedinternationalbusinessstrategiestopromoteelectricpowerdevelopmentoftheworld.Basedonitslongexperienceandadvancedtechnologygainedover100yearsinKoreaKEPCOcontinuestobuildupitsoutstandingreputationasaleadingutilitycompany.MoreoverKEPCOembraceschallengesandmakesboldstepsintowidermarketsintheworldbyitsflairfordynamicactivitieswhichisfavorablyreceivedinthePhilippinesChinaVietnamandLibya. 43
Text3 America’sspaceagencyhasalegendaryloveofpaperwork.ConsequentlyNASAhaspublishedover6000pagesaboutthecontractsforitsCrewExplorationVehicleCEVthecraftthatwillputpeopleintoorbitaroundEarthallowingthemtocarryouttaskssuchasvisitingtheinternationalspacestationaftertheshuttlefleetisretiredin2010.ButtheCEVisalsocentraltotheagency’snewvisionofputtingpeoplebackonthemoon. FrankSietzenajournalistandcoauthorof"NewMoonRising"achronicleofthedevelopmentofthenewNASAvisionhasspentthebetterpartofthepastsixmonthsleafingthroughthesecontractsinordertodivinetheagency’splans.HesaysthatbecausetheCEVmustbecompatiblewithothercomponentsofthevisionthecontractsgivedetailsofhowNASAisplanningtoexplorethemoonandMars. AccordingtoMrSietzenthenewmoonshipswillhavethreecomponentsthatwillbelaunchedseparatelyandthenboltedtogetherinorbit--unlikeNASA’spreviousmoonrockettheSaturn5inwhicheverythingwentupatonce.OnecomponentwillbetheCEV.ThesecondwillbeanEarth-departurestage--arocketthatprovidestheoomphneededtopushtheshiponitswaytothemoon.Thethirdwillbethe"lunarsurfaceaccessmodule"orlunarlandertothemaninthestreet. ThedecisiontoassemblethenewmoonshipsinorbitlowersthecostofdevelopingtherocketneededtogetthemofftheEarth’ssurface.MrSietzeenpredictsthatinaboutamonth’stimewhenNASApickstwobiddersforaCEVitwillannouncewhatthisrocketwillbe--andthatitwillbebasedonthetechnologynowusedtolaunchtheshuttles. Itisalsoheaddspossibletoworkoutfromthecontractswhatthemassesofthedifferentcomponentswillbe.ThesesuggestthatfourastronautswilltraveltothemoonandsixastronautstoMarsandthattheaccessmodulewillsometimesflyasanunmannedtruckcarryingcargotothemoon’ssurface. Hepredictsthattherewillbethreephasesoflunarexploration.InitiallandingsoftwotothreedayswillpickupwhereApolloleftoff.Subsequenttripstorougherterrainwilllastforaweektotendays.Andeventuallyabasecampwillbeestablishedatoneofthepoles.Thiswillbeoccupiedforperiodsrangingfrom90daystoayearandwillleadtoapermanentmannedpresencethatwouldactasaprototypeMarsbase. ItisimpliedinthetextthatthecontractswouldfailtoinformthepublicofNASA'snewvisionif
Text4 Whitepeopletendtobenervousofraisingthesubjectofraceandeducationbutareoftenvolubleontheissueifablackpersonbringsitup.SowhenTrevorPhillipschairmanofBritain’sCommissionforRacialEqualitysaidthattherewasaparticularproblemwithblackboys’performanceatschoolandthatitmightbeagoodideatoeducatethemapartfromotherpupilstherewasatorrentofcomment.Someofitcommendedhisproposalandsomecriticizeditbutnoneofitquestioneditspremise.Everybodyacceptsthatblackboysareaproblem. OnthefaceofititlooksasthoughMrPhillipsisright.Only27%ofAfro-CaribbeanboysgetfiveA-CgradesatGCSEtheexamstakenby16-year-oldscomparedwith47%ofboysasaWholeand44%ofAfro-Caribbeangirls.Sinceinsomesubjectscandidateswhoscorelessthan50%getCsthosewhodon’treachthisthresholdhavepickedupprettylittleatschool. MrPhillips’ssuggestionthatblackboysshouldbetaughtseparatelyimpliesthatethnicityandgenderexplaintheirunderachievement.Certainlymalenessseemstobeadisadvantageatschool.That’strueforallethnicgroups:57%ofgirlsasawholegetfiveA-Cscomparedwith47%ofboys.Butit’snotsoclearthatblacknessisattherootoftheproblem. AmongchildrenasawholeAfro-Caribbeansdoindeedperformbadly.ButAfroCaribbeanstendtobepoor.Sotogetabetterideaofwhetherraceratherthanpovertyistheproblemonemustcontrolforeconomicstatus.TheonlywaytodothatgiventhelimitsofBritisheducationalstatisticsistoseparateouttheexamresultsofchildrenwhogetfreeschoolmeals:onlythepoorgetfreegrub. Poorchildren’sresultstellaratherdifferentstory.Afro-Caribbeansstilldoremarkablybadlybutwhitesareatthebottomofthepile.Allethnicminoritygroupsdobetterthanthem.EvenBangladeshisaprettydeprivedlotdotwiceaswellasthenativesintheirexams;Indiansdobetterstill.AndabsolutenumbersofunderperformingwhitesdwarfthoseofunderperformingAfro-Caribbeans:lastyear131393ofwhiteboysfailedtohitthegovernment’sbenchmarkcomparedwith3151Afro-Caribbeanboys. Thesefiguressuggestthatatschoolatleastblackpeople’sproblemisnotsomuchraceaspoverty.Andtheyunderminetheideaofteachingblackboysseparatelyforifpoorwhitesaredoingworsethanpoorblacksthere’snotmuchargumentforsinglingoutblacksforspecialmeasures:whitesneedhelpjustasbadly. Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthetext
Text1 IthasbeenawretchedfewweeksforAmerica’scelebritybosses.AIG’sMaurice"Hank"Greenberghasbeendramaticallyoustedfromthefirmthroughwhichhedominatedglobalinsurancefordecades.AtMorganStanleyamutinyisforcingPhilipPurcellabossusedtogettinghisownwayintoanincreasinglydesperatecampaigntosavehisskin.AtBoeingHarryStonecipherwascalledoutofretirementtoleadthescandal-hitfirmandraiseethicalstandardsonlytocommitalapseofhisownbeingsackeditseemsforsendinge-mailstoaloverwhowasalsoanemployee.CurlyFiorinawasthemostpowerfulwomanincorporateAmericauntilafewweeksagowhenHewlett-PackardHPsackedherforpoorperformance.ThefateofBernieEbbersismuchgrimmer.Theoncehigh-profilebossofWorld-Comcouldwellspendtherestofhislifebehindbarsfollowinghisconvictionlastmonthonfraudcharges. Indifferentwayseachoftheseexamplesappearstopointtothesamewelcomeconclusion:thattheimbalanceincorporatepowerofthelate1990swhenmanybosseswereallowedtobehavelikeabsolutemonarchshasbeencorrected.Alasappearancescanbedeceptive.Whileeachoftheserecenttalesofchief-executivewoeisasignofprogressnoneprovidesmuchevidencethatthecrisisinAmericancorporategovernanceisyetover.Infacteachofthesecasesisanexampleoffailednotsuccessfulgovernance. AttheveryleasttheboardsofbothMorganStanleyandHPwerefartooslowtoaddresstheirbosses’inadequacies.TherecordoftheBoeingboardinpickingchiefspronetoethicallapsesistoolongtobedismissedasmerebadluck.ThefallofMessrsGreenbergandEbbersmeanwhilehighlightsthegrowingroleofgovernment--andinparticularofcriminalprosecutors--inholdingbossestoaccount:adevelopmentthatisatbestamixedblessing.TheSarbanes-OxleyactpassedinhastefollowingtheEnronandWorldComscandalsisimposingheavycostsonAmericancompanies;whethertheseareexceededbyanybenefitsisthesubjectoffiercedebateandmanynotbeknownforyears. EliotSpitzerNewYork’sattorney-generalistheleadingadvocateandpractitionerofanenergetic"lawenforcement"approach.Hemayberightthattherecentburstofpunitiveactionshasbeengoodfortheeconomyevenifasissurelythecasesomeofhisowndecisionshavebeenopentoquestion.WhereheisundoubtedlyrightisinarguingthatcorporateAmericahasdonealamentablejobofgoverningitself.AshesaysinanarticleintheWallStreetJournalthisweek:"ThehonourcodeamongCEOSdidn’twork.Boardoversightdidn’twork.Self-regulationwasacompletefailure."AIG’sboardforexampledidnothingaboutMrGreenberg’suseofmurkyaccountingortheconflictsposedbyhisuseofoffshorevehiclesorhisconstantbullyingofhiscritics--letalonethefirm’sallegedparticipationinbid-rigging--untilMrSpitzerthreatenedacriminalprosecutionthatmighthavedestroyedthefirm. TheviewsofthewriterandSpitzeronAmericancorporategovernanceare
EricHansenwritesabouttravelasaparticipatingenthusiastratherthanamereobserver.46Itgivesthesenineessaysbasedonhisadventuresoverthepastquartercenturyaresonanceandpsychologicaldepthnotusuallyseeninmoreroutinetravelnarratives. 47Thereaderfollowswide-eyedfromthearmchairasMrHansenjourneysfromtheFrenchRivieratotheSouthPacificIndiatheUnitedStatesandBorneo.Eachstorycombinesnuancedportraitsofmemorablecharacterswithlyricaldescriptionsofhumanfallibilityandgenerosity. InhiswildesttaleMrHansenrecountshistimeworkingatahotelonThursdayIslandintheTorresStrait.48"Seldom"hewrites"doesonehavethechancetoenjoythecompanyofpeoplewhohavesocompletelygiventhemselvesovertothecultivationofthelowlifeinsuchstyleandwithsuchgusto."49Beyondtheboozebrokenglassandfistfightstheauthorlearnsthehistoryoftheisland’spearldiverswhoincanvassuitsandlead-weightedshoessnatchgold-lippearlshellsfromaseabedteemingwithseasnakesgiantgroupersandsaltwatercrocodiles. OtherstoriestellofdrinkinghallucinogenickavainVanuatu;lingeringonabeachwithabeautifulMaldiviangirlinapleasurablepursuitthatthelocalscall"nightfishing";cookingpiroshkiwithaMoscowemigreinatinymanhattanapartmentwhiledrugdealersshooteachotherinthelobbybelow;andwatchingtheIndonesiancrewofabecalmedtallshipdanceondecktocountryandwesternmusic. 50ThemostmovingstorycomesfromKolkataformerlyCalcuttawheretheauthor’sfrustrationattheimpenetrablebureaucracywhentryingtoshiphisbelongingshomeisputintoperspectivebyhisvoluntaryworkatMotherTheresa’shomeforthedying.Herehebathesfeedsandcomfortstheinhabitantsofthemen’swardwherethepanicanddespairofdeatharereplacedbydignityandhumour.Thissensitiveportraitalonemakesthisheartfeltcollectionamagicalandupliftingread. 47
Text2 ThetwinEnglishpassionsforgardeningandlongmuddywalksmayseempuzzlingtoforeignersyettheyareeasilyexplainedintermsofafavouriteeconomist’sconcept:scarcity.Mostothernationshavelotsofcountryside.Englanddoesn’tandthereforeitspeopleprizethestuff.OneconsequenceoftheruralromanceisawordwhichexistsonlyinEnglishanddescribesthosewithaparticularsortofhostilitytodevelopment:Nimbyswhodon’tmindnewhousingsolongasitisNotInMyBackYard.Anotherconsequenceisaproblemforthegovernment. Comparedwithitsneighbours’economiesBritain’shasbeendoingverynicelyinrecentyears.Onlyonebigthreatlooms:thepossibilityofabustintheoverheatedandvolatilehousingmarketwhichcouldfeedthroughtotherestoftheeconomyandleadtorecessionashappenedintheearly1990s.Thegovernmentreckonsthatonereasonwhyhousepriceshavebeenrisingsofastparticularlyinthesouth-eastofEnglandisthatwhilerealwageshavebeengoingupandforeignerspouringinlittlenewhousingisbeingbuilt. Nimbyismhelpsexplaintheshortageofnewhousinginthesouth-east.Peoplelivinginprettyvillagesdon’twantnewestatesontheirdoorstep.Afteralltheyspenttheirhard-earneddoshonaviewofrollingacresnotofspankingnewred-tiledroofs.Nimbys’hostilitytodevelopmentacquireslegalforcethroughtheplanningsystemwhichhasinlargepartbeencontrolledbyelectedlocalauthorities. Althoughsomebignewdevelopments--includingthefirstnewtownssincetheearly1970s--aregettingthego-aheadothersarehard-fought.Thegovernment’ssolutionistounderminelocalplanningpowers.ThenewPlanningandCompulsoryPurchaseActwhichstartstocomeintoforcenextmonthshiftspowerfromelectedcountycouncilstounelectedregionalbodiesandgivesstatutoryforcetothegovernment’sestimatesofthenumberofnewhousesneededindifferentbitsofthecountry.Thatwillmakeitharderforcouncilsinoverheatedareastoturndowndevelopers. Thegovernmentisrightthattheplanningsystemisexcessivelybiasedagainstgrowth:existingproperty-ownerswhocontrolthesystemthroughlocalauthoritieshavelittleinterestinsanctioningdevelopmentswhichmayreducethevalueoftheirhouses.ButthegovernmentwaswrongtogoaboutloweringthebarrierstodevelopmentbytalkingpowerawayfromlocalauthoritiesthusfurthercentralizingBritain’salreadyfar-too-centralisedpoliticalsystem. AccordingtothetextDowningStreetNo.10isinanawkwardpredicamentof
WhileAmericanshavebecomeevermoredependentuponelectricityintheirdailylivesacrucialpartofthesystemthatsupportstheirwayoflifehasnotkeptup.Yesthecountryhasbuiltmorepowerplants--enoughtocreateaglutofpowerinmostpartsofthecountry.41_____________________________. California’sdisastrouspartialenergyderegulationandtheroleplayedbyEnronandotherenergymarketingcompaniesinitspowercrisishaveimpededchangesinthenationalabilitytodeliverpower. 42_____________________________.Moreoverthedeficiencyalsoincludesinadequatecoordinationamongtheregionsinmanagingtheflowofelectricity.TheseinterregionalweaknessesaresofarthemostplausibleexplanationfortheblackoutonThursday. 43_____________________________.Theproblemiswiththesystemofrulesorganizationandoversightthatgovernsthetransmissionnetworks.Itwassetupforaverydifferenteraandisnowcaughtinadifficulttransition. Thetransmissionnetworkswerebuilttoserveautilitysystembasedonregulatedmonopolies.Intheolddaystherewasnocompetitionforcustomers.Todaythemissionistoconnectbuyersandsellersseekingthebestdealirrespectiveofpoliticalboundariesandlocaljurisdictions. 44_____________________________.Yetthepowerindustryisprobablynotevenhalfwaythereinitsshiftfromregulationtothemarketplace.TheCaliforniapowercrisisandthepower-tradingscandalssentregulatorsbacktothedrawingboardslowingthedevelopmentofnewinstitutionsrulesandinvestmenttomakecompetitivemarketswork. 45_____________________________. [A]Overallformorethanadecadethepowerindustryhasbeenstrugglingwithhowtomovefromtheoldregulationtothenewmarketplace.Thisshiftwasdrivenbytheviewthathalfacenturyofstateregulationhadproducedpowerpricesthatweretoohighandtoovariedamongstates.Factoriesandjobsweremigratingfromstateswithhighelectricpowerpricestothosewithlowerprices. [B]ButthetransmissionsystemiscaughtinthemiddleofthestalledderegulationoftheAmericanelectricpowerindustry. [C]Asaresultthedevelopmentoftheregionaltransmissionorganizationsiserratic.Morethanone-thirdofthepowertransmittedisnotunderthecontrolofregionaltransmissionorganizations.Somestatesfearthattheircheappowerwouldbesuckedawaytoothermarkets;othersdonotwanttosubordinatestateauthoritytotheFederalEnergyRegulatoryCommission. [D]Itwasunclearwhenthewaterswouldrecedenevermindwhenlifewouldreturntonormal.Powermaynotberestoredforweeks.Lootingtoo.Begantospiraloutofcontrol.MrNaginwhosaidthecitymightbeuninhabitableforthreemonthswasforcedtoorderpolicetoconcentrateonstoppingcrimenotsavingpeople. [E]What’spreventinggreaterconnectionandcoordinationbetweenregionsThetechnologyexistsandisavailable;theeconomicbenefitsofrelievingthebottlenecksbetweenregionsfarexceedsthecostsbymanybillionsofdollars. [F]Yetdespiteclaimsinthewakeoflastweek’sblackoutthatthenationhasa"thirdworld"powergridtheregionalnetworksarefirstworld.Butinonecriticalaspectthesystemhasbecomeincreasinglyvulnerable:intheinterconnectionsamongthedifferentregions.Boththenumberandsizeofthewiresonthebordersbetweenregionsareinadequatefortherisingflowofelectricity.Thismissingpartcreatestheworstbottlenecksinthesystem. [G]Sinceenteringtheoverseaspowermarketin1993KEPCOhasestablishedseveralachievementsthroughitsdistinguishedinternationalbusinessstrategiestopromoteelectricpowerdevelopmentoftheworld.Basedonitslongexperienceandadvancedtechnologygainedover100yearsinKoreaKEPCOcontinuestobuildupitsoutstandingreputationasaleadingutilitycompany.MoreoverKEPCOembraceschallengesandmakesboldstepsintowidermarketsintheworldbyitsflairfordynamicactivitieswhichisfavorablyreceivedinthePhilippinesChinaVietnamandLibya. 41
SometimebetweendigestingChristmasdinnerandputtingyourheadbackdowntoworkspareathoughtortwoforthecranberry.Itisofcoursea1ofChristmas:merrybrightredbittersweetlydeliciouswithturkeyandtheverydeviltogetoutofthetablecloth2spilled.Butthecranberryisalsoasymbolofthemodernfoodindustryandinthetaleofits3fromcolonialcuriositytobusiness-schoolcasestudy4adeeperunderstandingoftheopportunitiesand5ofmoderneating. Thefastestgrowingpartoftoday’scranberrymarketisforcranberriesthatdonottastelikecranberries.OceanSpray’s"flavouredfruitpieces"FFPStothetradetastelikeorangecherryraspberryorany6ofotherfruits.Theyareinfactcranberries.WhymakeacranberrytastelikeanorangeMostlybecauseitisa7littlefruit:FFPShaveashelf-lifeoftwoyears.Better8theykeepachewytexture9bakedunlikethefruitswhoseflavourstheymimicwhichturnto10. Thedynamicthathasbroughtthecranberrytothispointis11tothedynamicbehindmostmass-producedgoods.Growing12providedthe13tocreatecheaperandmorereliablesupply.Cheaperandmorereliablesupply14createdincentivestofindnewmarketswhichincreaseddemand.Thuswasthe15keptchurning. Thecranberryisoneofonlythreefruitsnative16NorthAmericagrowingwildfromMainetoNorthCarolina.TheothersaretheConcordgrapeandtheblueberry.TheAmericanIndianshadseveralnamesforcranberriesmany17thewordsfor"bitter"ormore18"noisy".Theyatetheberriesmostly19pemmicanbutalsousedthemfordyeandmedicine.Andtheyintroducedthemtothewhitesettlers--atthefirstThanksgivingdinnerin1621itissaid.Thesettlerspromptlyrenamedthisdelicacythe"craneberry"20thepointypinkblossomsofthecranberrylookabitliketheheadoftheSandhillcrane. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.19
SometimebetweendigestingChristmasdinnerandputtingyourheadbackdowntoworkspareathoughtortwoforthecranberry.Itisofcoursea1ofChristmas:merrybrightredbittersweetlydeliciouswithturkeyandtheverydeviltogetoutofthetablecloth2spilled.Butthecranberryisalsoasymbolofthemodernfoodindustryandinthetaleofits3fromcolonialcuriositytobusiness-schoolcasestudy4adeeperunderstandingoftheopportunitiesand5ofmoderneating. Thefastestgrowingpartoftoday’scranberrymarketisforcranberriesthatdonottastelikecranberries.OceanSpray’s"flavouredfruitpieces"FFPStothetradetastelikeorangecherryraspberryorany6ofotherfruits.Theyareinfactcranberries.WhymakeacranberrytastelikeanorangeMostlybecauseitisa7littlefruit:FFPShaveashelf-lifeoftwoyears.Better8theykeepachewytexture9bakedunlikethefruitswhoseflavourstheymimicwhichturnto10. Thedynamicthathasbroughtthecranberrytothispointis11tothedynamicbehindmostmass-producedgoods.Growing12providedthe13tocreatecheaperandmorereliablesupply.Cheaperandmorereliablesupply14createdincentivestofindnewmarketswhichincreaseddemand.Thuswasthe15keptchurning. Thecranberryisoneofonlythreefruitsnative16NorthAmericagrowingwildfromMainetoNorthCarolina.TheothersaretheConcordgrapeandtheblueberry.TheAmericanIndianshadseveralnamesforcranberriesmany17thewordsfor"bitter"ormore18"noisy".Theyatetheberriesmostly19pemmicanbutalsousedthemfordyeandmedicine.Andtheyintroducedthemtothewhitesettlers--atthefirstThanksgivingdinnerin1621itissaid.Thesettlerspromptlyrenamedthisdelicacythe"craneberry"20thepointypinkblossomsofthecranberrylookabitliketheheadoftheSandhillcrane. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.5
SometimebetweendigestingChristmasdinnerandputtingyourheadbackdowntoworkspareathoughtortwoforthecranberry.Itisofcoursea1ofChristmas:merrybrightredbittersweetlydeliciouswithturkeyandtheverydeviltogetoutofthetablecloth2spilled.Butthecranberryisalsoasymbolofthemodernfoodindustryandinthetaleofits3fromcolonialcuriositytobusiness-schoolcasestudy4adeeperunderstandingoftheopportunitiesand5ofmoderneating. Thefastestgrowingpartoftoday’scranberrymarketisforcranberriesthatdonottastelikecranberries.OceanSpray’s"flavouredfruitpieces"FFPStothetradetastelikeorangecherryraspberryorany6ofotherfruits.Theyareinfactcranberries.WhymakeacranberrytastelikeanorangeMostlybecauseitisa7littlefruit:FFPShaveashelf-lifeoftwoyears.Better8theykeepachewytexture9bakedunlikethefruitswhoseflavourstheymimicwhichturnto10. Thedynamicthathasbroughtthecranberrytothispointis11tothedynamicbehindmostmass-producedgoods.Growing12providedthe13tocreatecheaperandmorereliablesupply.Cheaperandmorereliablesupply14createdincentivestofindnewmarketswhichincreaseddemand.Thuswasthe15keptchurning. Thecranberryisoneofonlythreefruitsnative16NorthAmericagrowingwildfromMainetoNorthCarolina.TheothersaretheConcordgrapeandtheblueberry.TheAmericanIndianshadseveralnamesforcranberriesmany17thewordsfor"bitter"ormore18"noisy".Theyatetheberriesmostly19pemmicanbutalsousedthemfordyeandmedicine.Andtheyintroducedthemtothewhitesettlers--atthefirstThanksgivingdinnerin1621itissaid.Thesettlerspromptlyrenamedthisdelicacythe"craneberry"20thepointypinkblossomsofthecranberrylookabitliketheheadoftheSandhillcrane. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.15
Text1 ForgetIraqandbudgetdeficits.ThemostseriouspoliticalproblemonbothsidesoftheAtlanticisnoneofthese.Itisadifficultythathasdoggedtherulingclassesformillennia.Itistheservantproblem. InBritainDavidBlunkettthehomesecretaryhasresignedoveranembarrassmentoroneofmanyembarrassmentsinastoryinvolvinghisex-girlfriendherhusbandtwopregnanciesandsomeDNAconcerningavisaforaFilipinanannyemployedbyhismistress.Hisofficespeededitthroughforreasonsunconnectedtothenationalshortageofunskilledlabour.MrBlunkettresignedaheadofareportbySirAlanBuddaneconomistwhoisinvestigatingthematteratthegovernment’srequest. InAmericaBernardKerikthepresident’snomineefortheDepartmentofHomelandSecuritywithdrewlastweekbecausehehadcarelesslyemployedaMexicannannywhosePlay-Dohskillswereinbetterorderthanherpaperwork.MrKerikalsorememberedthathehadn’tpaidhertaxes.Thenomineehasoneortwoother"issues"anarrestwarrantin1998andallegationsofdodgybusinessdealingsandextra-maritalaffairs.Butemployinganillegalnannywouldprobablyhavebeenenoughtoundohimasithasseveralothercabinetandjudicialappointeesinrecentyears. Thereisaneasyanswertotheservantproblem--obvioustoeconomistsifnottothelessclear-sighted.PerhapsSirAlanadismalscientistofimpeccablerationalitywillbethoughtfulenoughtopointitoutinhisreport. Parentsarenottheonlypeoplewhohavedifficultygettingvisasforworkers.Allemployersfacerestrictiveimmigrationpolicieswhichraiselabourcosts.Somemayrespondbytryingtofiddletheimmigrationsystembutmostdealwiththematterbyexportingjobs.Intheageoftheglobaleconomythesolutiontotheservantproblemissimple:ratherthanimportingthenannyoffshorethechildren. Inparagraph1bothsidesoftheAtlanticprobablyrefersto
PartA Directions: Forthetimebeingyouareworkingasanapprenticeinaworkingunit.Nextweekyoucannotgotowork.WriteanotetoyourdepartmentheadMr.Wangaskingforleavestatingyourreasonsandmakinganapology. Donotsignyourownnameattheendofthenote;use"LiMing"instead.10points
SometimebetweendigestingChristmasdinnerandputtingyourheadbackdowntoworkspareathoughtortwoforthecranberry.Itisofcoursea1ofChristmas:merrybrightredbittersweetlydeliciouswithturkeyandtheverydeviltogetoutofthetablecloth2spilled.Butthecranberryisalsoasymbolofthemodernfoodindustryandinthetaleofits3fromcolonialcuriositytobusiness-schoolcasestudy4adeeperunderstandingoftheopportunitiesand5ofmoderneating. Thefastestgrowingpartoftoday’scranberrymarketisforcranberriesthatdonottastelikecranberries.OceanSpray’s"flavouredfruitpieces"FFPStothetradetastelikeorangecherryraspberryorany6ofotherfruits.Theyareinfactcranberries.WhymakeacranberrytastelikeanorangeMostlybecauseitisa7littlefruit:FFPShaveashelf-lifeoftwoyears.Better8theykeepachewytexture9bakedunlikethefruitswhoseflavourstheymimicwhichturnto10. Thedynamicthathasbroughtthecranberrytothispointis11tothedynamicbehindmostmass-producedgoods.Growing12providedthe13tocreatecheaperandmorereliablesupply.Cheaperandmorereliablesupply14createdincentivestofindnewmarketswhichincreaseddemand.Thuswasthe15keptchurning. Thecranberryisoneofonlythreefruitsnative16NorthAmericagrowingwildfromMainetoNorthCarolina.TheothersaretheConcordgrapeandtheblueberry.TheAmericanIndianshadseveralnamesforcranberriesmany17thewordsfor"bitter"ormore18"noisy".Theyatetheberriesmostly19pemmicanbutalsousedthemfordyeandmedicine.Andtheyintroducedthemtothewhitesettlers--atthefirstThanksgivingdinnerin1621itissaid.Thesettlerspromptlyrenamedthisdelicacythe"craneberry"20thepointypinkblossomsofthecranberrylookabitliketheheadoftheSandhillcrane. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.11
Text1 IthasbeenawretchedfewweeksforAmerica’scelebritybosses.AIG’sMaurice"Hank"Greenberghasbeendramaticallyoustedfromthefirmthroughwhichhedominatedglobalinsurancefordecades.AtMorganStanleyamutinyisforcingPhilipPurcellabossusedtogettinghisownwayintoanincreasinglydesperatecampaigntosavehisskin.AtBoeingHarryStonecipherwascalledoutofretirementtoleadthescandal-hitfirmandraiseethicalstandardsonlytocommitalapseofhisownbeingsackeditseemsforsendinge-mailstoaloverwhowasalsoanemployee.CurlyFiorinawasthemostpowerfulwomanincorporateAmericauntilafewweeksagowhenHewlett-PackardHPsackedherforpoorperformance.ThefateofBernieEbbersismuchgrimmer.Theoncehigh-profilebossofWorld-Comcouldwellspendtherestofhislifebehindbarsfollowinghisconvictionlastmonthonfraudcharges. Indifferentwayseachoftheseexamplesappearstopointtothesamewelcomeconclusion:thattheimbalanceincorporatepowerofthelate1990swhenmanybosseswereallowedtobehavelikeabsolutemonarchshasbeencorrected.Alasappearancescanbedeceptive.Whileeachoftheserecenttalesofchief-executivewoeisasignofprogressnoneprovidesmuchevidencethatthecrisisinAmericancorporategovernanceisyetover.Infacteachofthesecasesisanexampleoffailednotsuccessfulgovernance. AttheveryleasttheboardsofbothMorganStanleyandHPwerefartooslowtoaddresstheirbosses’inadequacies.TherecordoftheBoeingboardinpickingchiefspronetoethicallapsesistoolongtobedismissedasmerebadluck.ThefallofMessrsGreenbergandEbbersmeanwhilehighlightsthegrowingroleofgovernment--andinparticularofcriminalprosecutors--inholdingbossestoaccount:adevelopmentthatisatbestamixedblessing.TheSarbanes-OxleyactpassedinhastefollowingtheEnronandWorldComscandalsisimposingheavycostsonAmericancompanies;whethertheseareexceededbyanybenefitsisthesubjectoffiercedebateandmanynotbeknownforyears. EliotSpitzerNewYork’sattorney-generalistheleadingadvocateandpractitionerofanenergetic"lawenforcement"approach.Hemayberightthattherecentburstofpunitiveactionshasbeengoodfortheeconomyevenifasissurelythecasesomeofhisowndecisionshavebeenopentoquestion.WhereheisundoubtedlyrightisinarguingthatcorporateAmericahasdonealamentablejobofgoverningitself.AshesaysinanarticleintheWallStreetJournalthisweek:"ThehonourcodeamongCEOSdidn’twork.Boardoversightdidn’twork.Self-regulationwasacompletefailure."AIG’sboardforexampledidnothingaboutMrGreenberg’suseofmurkyaccountingortheconflictsposedbyhisuseofoffshorevehiclesorhisconstantbullyingofhiscritics--letalonethefirm’sallegedparticipationinbid-rigging--untilMrSpitzerthreatenedacriminalprosecutionthatmighthavedestroyedthefirm. ItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatMrSpitzer
SometimebetweendigestingChristmasdinnerandputtingyourheadbackdowntoworkspareathoughtortwoforthecranberry.Itisofcoursea1ofChristmas:merrybrightredbittersweetlydeliciouswithturkeyandtheverydeviltogetoutofthetablecloth2spilled.Butthecranberryisalsoasymbolofthemodernfoodindustryandinthetaleofits3fromcolonialcuriositytobusiness-schoolcasestudy4adeeperunderstandingoftheopportunitiesand5ofmoderneating. Thefastestgrowingpartoftoday’scranberrymarketisforcranberriesthatdonottastelikecranberries.OceanSpray’s"flavouredfruitpieces"FFPStothetradetastelikeorangecherryraspberryorany6ofotherfruits.Theyareinfactcranberries.WhymakeacranberrytastelikeanorangeMostlybecauseitisa7littlefruit:FFPShaveashelf-lifeoftwoyears.Better8theykeepachewytexture9bakedunlikethefruitswhoseflavourstheymimicwhichturnto10. Thedynamicthathasbroughtthecranberrytothispointis11tothedynamicbehindmostmass-producedgoods.Growing12providedthe13tocreatecheaperandmorereliablesupply.Cheaperandmorereliablesupply14createdincentivestofindnewmarketswhichincreaseddemand.Thuswasthe15keptchurning. Thecranberryisoneofonlythreefruitsnative16NorthAmericagrowingwildfromMainetoNorthCarolina.TheothersaretheConcordgrapeandtheblueberry.TheAmericanIndianshadseveralnamesforcranberriesmany17thewordsfor"bitter"ormore18"noisy".Theyatetheberriesmostly19pemmicanbutalsousedthemfordyeandmedicine.Andtheyintroducedthemtothewhitesettlers--atthefirstThanksgivingdinnerin1621itissaid.Thesettlerspromptlyrenamedthisdelicacythe"craneberry"20thepointypinkblossomsofthecranberrylookabitliketheheadoftheSandhillcrane. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.7
SometimebetweendigestingChristmasdinnerandputtingyourheadbackdowntoworkspareathoughtortwoforthecranberry.Itisofcoursea1ofChristmas:merrybrightredbittersweetlydeliciouswithturkeyandtheverydeviltogetoutofthetablecloth2spilled.Butthecranberryisalsoasymbolofthemodernfoodindustryandinthetaleofits3fromcolonialcuriositytobusiness-schoolcasestudy4adeeperunderstandingoftheopportunitiesand5ofmoderneating. Thefastestgrowingpartoftoday’scranberrymarketisforcranberriesthatdonottastelikecranberries.OceanSpray’s"flavouredfruitpieces"FFPStothetradetastelikeorangecherryraspberryorany6ofotherfruits.Theyareinfactcranberries.WhymakeacranberrytastelikeanorangeMostlybecauseitisa7littlefruit:FFPShaveashelf-lifeoftwoyears.Better8theykeepachewytexture9bakedunlikethefruitswhoseflavourstheymimicwhichturnto10. Thedynamicthathasbroughtthecranberrytothispointis11tothedynamicbehindmostmass-producedgoods.Growing12providedthe13tocreatecheaperandmorereliablesupply.Cheaperandmorereliablesupply14createdincentivestofindnewmarketswhichincreaseddemand.Thuswasthe15keptchurning. Thecranberryisoneofonlythreefruitsnative16NorthAmericagrowingwildfromMainetoNorthCarolina.TheothersaretheConcordgrapeandtheblueberry.TheAmericanIndianshadseveralnamesforcranberriesmany17thewordsfor"bitter"ormore18"noisy".Theyatetheberriesmostly19pemmicanbutalsousedthemfordyeandmedicine.Andtheyintroducedthemtothewhitesettlers--atthefirstThanksgivingdinnerin1621itissaid.Thesettlerspromptlyrenamedthisdelicacythe"craneberry"20thepointypinkblossomsofthecranberrylookabitliketheheadoftheSandhillcrane. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.1
Text3 America’sspaceagencyhasalegendaryloveofpaperwork.ConsequentlyNASAhaspublishedover6000pagesaboutthecontractsforitsCrewExplorationVehicleCEVthecraftthatwillputpeopleintoorbitaroundEarthallowingthemtocarryouttaskssuchasvisitingtheinternationalspacestationaftertheshuttlefleetisretiredin2010.ButtheCEVisalsocentraltotheagency’snewvisionofputtingpeoplebackonthemoon. FrankSietzenajournalistandcoauthorof"NewMoonRising"achronicleofthedevelopmentofthenewNASAvisionhasspentthebetterpartofthepastsixmonthsleafingthroughthesecontractsinordertodivinetheagency’splans.HesaysthatbecausetheCEVmustbecompatiblewithothercomponentsofthevisionthecontractsgivedetailsofhowNASAisplanningtoexplorethemoonandMars. AccordingtoMrSietzenthenewmoonshipswillhavethreecomponentsthatwillbelaunchedseparatelyandthenboltedtogetherinorbit--unlikeNASA’spreviousmoonrockettheSaturn5inwhicheverythingwentupatonce.OnecomponentwillbetheCEV.ThesecondwillbeanEarth-departurestage--arocketthatprovidestheoomphneededtopushtheshiponitswaytothemoon.Thethirdwillbethe"lunarsurfaceaccessmodule"orlunarlandertothemaninthestreet. ThedecisiontoassemblethenewmoonshipsinorbitlowersthecostofdevelopingtherocketneededtogetthemofftheEarth’ssurface.MrSietzeenpredictsthatinaboutamonth’stimewhenNASApickstwobiddersforaCEVitwillannouncewhatthisrocketwillbe--andthatitwillbebasedonthetechnologynowusedtolaunchtheshuttles. Itisalsoheaddspossibletoworkoutfromthecontractswhatthemassesofthedifferentcomponentswillbe.ThesesuggestthatfourastronautswilltraveltothemoonandsixastronautstoMarsandthattheaccessmodulewillsometimesflyasanunmannedtruckcarryingcargotothemoon’ssurface. Hepredictsthattherewillbethreephasesoflunarexploration.InitiallandingsoftwotothreedayswillpickupwhereApolloleftoff.Subsequenttripstorougherterrainwilllastforaweektotendays.Andeventuallyabasecampwillbeestablishedatoneofthepoles.Thiswillbeoccupiedforperiodsrangingfrom90daystoayearandwillleadtoapermanentmannedpresencethatwouldactasaprototypeMarsbase. ThetermoomphLine4Paragraph3inthetextdenotes
SometimebetweendigestingChristmasdinnerandputtingyourheadbackdowntoworkspareathoughtortwoforthecranberry.Itisofcoursea1ofChristmas:merrybrightredbittersweetlydeliciouswithturkeyandtheverydeviltogetoutofthetablecloth2spilled.Butthecranberryisalsoasymbolofthemodernfoodindustryandinthetaleofits3fromcolonialcuriositytobusiness-schoolcasestudy4adeeperunderstandingoftheopportunitiesand5ofmoderneating. Thefastestgrowingpartoftoday’scranberrymarketisforcranberriesthatdonottastelikecranberries.OceanSpray’s"flavouredfruitpieces"FFPStothetradetastelikeorangecherryraspberryorany6ofotherfruits.Theyareinfactcranberries.WhymakeacranberrytastelikeanorangeMostlybecauseitisa7littlefruit:FFPShaveashelf-lifeoftwoyears.Better8theykeepachewytexture9bakedunlikethefruitswhoseflavourstheymimicwhichturnto10. Thedynamicthathasbroughtthecranberrytothispointis11tothedynamicbehindmostmass-producedgoods.Growing12providedthe13tocreatecheaperandmorereliablesupply.Cheaperandmorereliablesupply14createdincentivestofindnewmarketswhichincreaseddemand.Thuswasthe15keptchurning. Thecranberryisoneofonlythreefruitsnative16NorthAmericagrowingwildfromMainetoNorthCarolina.TheothersaretheConcordgrapeandtheblueberry.TheAmericanIndianshadseveralnamesforcranberriesmany17thewordsfor"bitter"ormore18"noisy".Theyatetheberriesmostly19pemmicanbutalsousedthemfordyeandmedicine.Andtheyintroducedthemtothewhitesettlers--atthefirstThanksgivingdinnerin1621itissaid.Thesettlerspromptlyrenamedthisdelicacythe"craneberry"20thepointypinkblossomsofthecranberrylookabitliketheheadoftheSandhillcrane. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.17
SometimebetweendigestingChristmasdinnerandputtingyourheadbackdowntoworkspareathoughtortwoforthecranberry.Itisofcoursea1ofChristmas:merrybrightredbittersweetlydeliciouswithturkeyandtheverydeviltogetoutofthetablecloth2spilled.Butthecranberryisalsoasymbolofthemodernfoodindustryandinthetaleofits3fromcolonialcuriositytobusiness-schoolcasestudy4adeeperunderstandingoftheopportunitiesand5ofmoderneating. Thefastestgrowingpartoftoday’scranberrymarketisforcranberriesthatdonottastelikecranberries.OceanSpray’s"flavouredfruitpieces"FFPStothetradetastelikeorangecherryraspberryorany6ofotherfruits.Theyareinfactcranberries.WhymakeacranberrytastelikeanorangeMostlybecauseitisa7littlefruit:FFPShaveashelf-lifeoftwoyears.Better8theykeepachewytexture9bakedunlikethefruitswhoseflavourstheymimicwhichturnto10. Thedynamicthathasbroughtthecranberrytothispointis11tothedynamicbehindmostmass-producedgoods.Growing12providedthe13tocreatecheaperandmorereliablesupply.Cheaperandmorereliablesupply14createdincentivestofindnewmarketswhichincreaseddemand.Thuswasthe15keptchurning. Thecranberryisoneofonlythreefruitsnative16NorthAmericagrowingwildfromMainetoNorthCarolina.TheothersaretheConcordgrapeandtheblueberry.TheAmericanIndianshadseveralnamesforcranberriesmany17thewordsfor"bitter"ormore18"noisy".Theyatetheberriesmostly19pemmicanbutalsousedthemfordyeandmedicine.Andtheyintroducedthemtothewhitesettlers--atthefirstThanksgivingdinnerin1621itissaid.Thesettlerspromptlyrenamedthisdelicacythe"craneberry"20thepointypinkblossomsofthecranberrylookabitliketheheadoftheSandhillcrane. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.3
Text1 IthasbeenawretchedfewweeksforAmerica’scelebritybosses.AIG’sMaurice"Hank"Greenberghasbeendramaticallyoustedfromthefirmthroughwhichhedominatedglobalinsurancefordecades.AtMorganStanleyamutinyisforcingPhilipPurcellabossusedtogettinghisownwayintoanincreasinglydesperatecampaigntosavehisskin.AtBoeingHarryStonecipherwascalledoutofretirementtoleadthescandal-hitfirmandraiseethicalstandardsonlytocommitalapseofhisownbeingsackeditseemsforsendinge-mailstoaloverwhowasalsoanemployee.CurlyFiorinawasthemostpowerfulwomanincorporateAmericauntilafewweeksagowhenHewlett-PackardHPsackedherforpoorperformance.ThefateofBernieEbbersismuchgrimmer.Theoncehigh-profilebossofWorld-Comcouldwellspendtherestofhislifebehindbarsfollowinghisconvictionlastmonthonfraudcharges. Indifferentwayseachoftheseexamplesappearstopointtothesamewelcomeconclusion:thattheimbalanceincorporatepowerofthelate1990swhenmanybosseswereallowedtobehavelikeabsolutemonarchshasbeencorrected.Alasappearancescanbedeceptive.Whileeachoftheserecenttalesofchief-executivewoeisasignofprogressnoneprovidesmuchevidencethatthecrisisinAmericancorporategovernanceisyetover.Infacteachofthesecasesisanexampleoffailednotsuccessfulgovernance. AttheveryleasttheboardsofbothMorganStanleyandHPwerefartooslowtoaddresstheirbosses’inadequacies.TherecordoftheBoeingboardinpickingchiefspronetoethicallapsesistoolongtobedismissedasmerebadluck.ThefallofMessrsGreenbergandEbbersmeanwhilehighlightsthegrowingroleofgovernment--andinparticularofcriminalprosecutors--inholdingbossestoaccount:adevelopmentthatisatbestamixedblessing.TheSarbanes-OxleyactpassedinhastefollowingtheEnronandWorldComscandalsisimposingheavycostsonAmericancompanies;whethertheseareexceededbyanybenefitsisthesubjectoffiercedebateandmanynotbeknownforyears. EliotSpitzerNewYork’sattorney-generalistheleadingadvocateandpractitionerofanenergetic"lawenforcement"approach.Hemayberightthattherecentburstofpunitiveactionshasbeengoodfortheeconomyevenifasissurelythecasesomeofhisowndecisionshavebeenopentoquestion.WhereheisundoubtedlyrightisinarguingthatcorporateAmericahasdonealamentablejobofgoverningitself.AshesaysinanarticleintheWallStreetJournalthisweek:"ThehonourcodeamongCEOSdidn’twork.Boardoversightdidn’twork.Self-regulationwasacompletefailure."AIG’sboardforexampledidnothingaboutMrGreenberg’suseofmurkyaccountingortheconflictsposedbyhisuseofoffshorevehiclesorhisconstantbullyingofhiscritics--letalonethefirm’sallegedparticipationinbid-rigging--untilMrSpitzerthreatenedacriminalprosecutionthatmighthavedestroyedthefirm. Theauthorseemstosuggestthatthedefectincorporatepowerofthelate1990's
Text3 America’sspaceagencyhasalegendaryloveofpaperwork.ConsequentlyNASAhaspublishedover6000pagesaboutthecontractsforitsCrewExplorationVehicleCEVthecraftthatwillputpeopleintoorbitaroundEarthallowingthemtocarryouttaskssuchasvisitingtheinternationalspacestationaftertheshuttlefleetisretiredin2010.ButtheCEVisalsocentraltotheagency’snewvisionofputtingpeoplebackonthemoon. FrankSietzenajournalistandcoauthorof"NewMoonRising"achronicleofthedevelopmentofthenewNASAvisionhasspentthebetterpartofthepastsixmonthsleafingthroughthesecontractsinordertodivinetheagency’splans.HesaysthatbecausetheCEVmustbecompatiblewithothercomponentsofthevisionthecontractsgivedetailsofhowNASAisplanningtoexplorethemoonandMars. AccordingtoMrSietzenthenewmoonshipswillhavethreecomponentsthatwillbelaunchedseparatelyandthenboltedtogetherinorbit--unlikeNASA’spreviousmoonrockettheSaturn5inwhicheverythingwentupatonce.OnecomponentwillbetheCEV.ThesecondwillbeanEarth-departurestage--arocketthatprovidestheoomphneededtopushtheshiponitswaytothemoon.Thethirdwillbethe"lunarsurfaceaccessmodule"orlunarlandertothemaninthestreet. ThedecisiontoassemblethenewmoonshipsinorbitlowersthecostofdevelopingtherocketneededtogetthemofftheEarth’ssurface.MrSietzeenpredictsthatinaboutamonth’stimewhenNASApickstwobiddersforaCEVitwillannouncewhatthisrocketwillbe--andthatitwillbebasedonthetechnologynowusedtolaunchtheshuttles. Itisalsoheaddspossibletoworkoutfromthecontractswhatthemassesofthedifferentcomponentswillbe.ThesesuggestthatfourastronautswilltraveltothemoonandsixastronautstoMarsandthattheaccessmodulewillsometimesflyasanunmannedtruckcarryingcargotothemoon’ssurface. Hepredictsthattherewillbethreephasesoflunarexploration.InitiallandingsoftwotothreedayswillpickupwhereApolloleftoff.Subsequenttripstorougherterrainwilllastforaweektotendays.Andeventuallyabasecampwillbeestablishedatoneofthepoles.Thiswillbeoccupiedforperiodsrangingfrom90daystoayearandwillleadtoapermanentmannedpresencethatwouldactasaprototypeMarsbase. Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext
Text1 ForgetIraqandbudgetdeficits.ThemostseriouspoliticalproblemonbothsidesoftheAtlanticisnoneofthese.Itisadifficultythathasdoggedtherulingclassesformillennia.Itistheservantproblem. InBritainDavidBlunkettthehomesecretaryhasresignedoveranembarrassmentoroneofmanyembarrassmentsinastoryinvolvinghisex-girlfriendherhusbandtwopregnanciesandsomeDNAconcerningavisaforaFilipinanannyemployedbyhismistress.Hisofficespeededitthroughforreasonsunconnectedtothenationalshortageofunskilledlabour.MrBlunkettresignedaheadofareportbySirAlanBuddaneconomistwhoisinvestigatingthematteratthegovernment’srequest. InAmericaBernardKerikthepresident’snomineefortheDepartmentofHomelandSecuritywithdrewlastweekbecausehehadcarelesslyemployedaMexicannannywhosePlay-Dohskillswereinbetterorderthanherpaperwork.MrKerikalsorememberedthathehadn’tpaidhertaxes.Thenomineehasoneortwoother"issues"anarrestwarrantin1998andallegationsofdodgybusinessdealingsandextra-maritalaffairs.Butemployinganillegalnannywouldprobablyhavebeenenoughtoundohimasithasseveralothercabinetandjudicialappointeesinrecentyears. Thereisaneasyanswertotheservantproblem--obvioustoeconomistsifnottothelessclear-sighted.PerhapsSirAlanadismalscientistofimpeccablerationalitywillbethoughtfulenoughtopointitoutinhisreport. Parentsarenottheonlypeoplewhohavedifficultygettingvisasforworkers.Allemployersfacerestrictiveimmigrationpolicieswhichraiselabourcosts.Somemayrespondbytryingtofiddletheimmigrationsystembutmostdealwiththematterbyexportingjobs.Intheageoftheglobaleconomythesolutiontotheservantproblemissimple:ratherthanimportingthenannyoffshorethechildren. Paragraph2and3arewrittento
SometimebetweendigestingChristmasdinnerandputtingyourheadbackdowntoworkspareathoughtortwoforthecranberry.Itisofcoursea1ofChristmas:merrybrightredbittersweetlydeliciouswithturkeyandtheverydeviltogetoutofthetablecloth2spilled.Butthecranberryisalsoasymbolofthemodernfoodindustryandinthetaleofits3fromcolonialcuriositytobusiness-schoolcasestudy4adeeperunderstandingoftheopportunitiesand5ofmoderneating. Thefastestgrowingpartoftoday’scranberrymarketisforcranberriesthatdonottastelikecranberries.OceanSpray’s"flavouredfruitpieces"FFPStothetradetastelikeorangecherryraspberryorany6ofotherfruits.Theyareinfactcranberries.WhymakeacranberrytastelikeanorangeMostlybecauseitisa7littlefruit:FFPShaveashelf-lifeoftwoyears.Better8theykeepachewytexture9bakedunlikethefruitswhoseflavourstheymimicwhichturnto10. Thedynamicthathasbroughtthecranberrytothispointis11tothedynamicbehindmostmass-producedgoods.Growing12providedthe13tocreatecheaperandmorereliablesupply.Cheaperandmorereliablesupply14createdincentivestofindnewmarketswhichincreaseddemand.Thuswasthe15keptchurning. Thecranberryisoneofonlythreefruitsnative16NorthAmericagrowingwildfromMainetoNorthCarolina.TheothersaretheConcordgrapeandtheblueberry.TheAmericanIndianshadseveralnamesforcranberriesmany17thewordsfor"bitter"ormore18"noisy".Theyatetheberriesmostly19pemmicanbutalsousedthemfordyeandmedicine.Andtheyintroducedthemtothewhitesettlers--atthefirstThanksgivingdinnerin1621itissaid.Thesettlerspromptlyrenamedthisdelicacythe"craneberry"20thepointypinkblossomsofthecranberrylookabitliketheheadoftheSandhillcrane. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.13
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