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在类风湿关节炎发病中起主要作用的细胞是
交感神经兴奋可使
下列哪项不引起高排血量心力衰竭
下列哪种类型的急性心肌梗死危险性最大
下列关于高血压病降压治疗的原则哪一项是错误的
下列哪种疾病与胃癌发病无关
已知某种酶的Km值为50mmol/L欲使酶促反应达到最大反应速度的50%该底物应为
下列关于Na+-K+泵的捕述错误的是
Directions: Writealetterofcomplaintsaccordingtothefollowingsituation:Youboughtanairconditionerandhaditinstalledtheotherdaybutyoufoundthattheair-conditioningdidn’tworkwhenitoperated.Writealetterto 1pointoutthemalfunctionand 2suggestsomesolutions. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdon’thavetowritetheaddress.
下列属于终止密码子的是
不属于正反馈调节的过程是
慢性排斥反应中移植物的血管病变特点是
下列参与糖代谢的酶中哪种酶催化的反应是可逆的
下列关于长春新碱治疗ITP的说法错误的是
下列哪项不是溃疡性结肠炎的表现
Directions: Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Mostpeoplewouldnotobjecttolivingafewyearslongerthannormalaslongasitmeanttheycouldlivethoseyearsingoodhealth.Sadlytheonlyprovenwaytoextendthelifespanofananimalinthiswayistoreduceitscalorieintake.Studiesgoingbacktothe1930shaveshownthataconsiderablereductioninconsumptionabout50%canextendthelifespanofeverythingfromdogstonematodewormsbybetween30%and70%.Althoughhumansareneitherdogsnorwormsafewpeoplearewillingtogivethecalorie-restricteddietatryinthehopethatitmightworkforthemtoo.Butnotmany—astheoldjokehasitgiveupthethingsyouenjoyandyoumaynotlivelongerbutitwillsureseemasifyoudid. NowthoughworkdonebyMarcHellersteinandhiscolleaguesattheUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeleysuggeststhatitmaybepossibletohaveasitwereyourcakeandeatittoo.Oratleasttoeat95%ofit.TheirstudytobepublishedintheAmericanJournalofPhysiology—EndocrinologyandMetabolismsuggeststhatsignificantgainsinlongevitymightbemadebyamere5%reductionincalorieintake.Thestudywasdoneonmiceratherthanpeople.Buttheubiquityofpreviouscalorie-restrictionresultssuggeststhesameoutcomemightwelloccurinotherspeciespossiblyincludinghumans.Howeveryouwouldhavetofastonalternatedays. 41__________ Canceristheuncontrolledgrowthofcells.ForacancertodevelopefficientlyitneedsmultiplemutationstoaccumulateintheDNAofthecellthatbecomesthetumor’sancestor. 42__________ Aslowerrateofcelldivisionthusresultsinasloweraccumulationofcancer-causingmutations. 43__________ Heavywaterisheavybecausethehydrogeninitweighstwiceasmuchasordinaryhydrogenithasaprotonandaneutroninitsnucleusinsteadofjustaproton.Chemicallyhoweveritbehaveslikeitslighterrelative.ThismeansamongotherthingsthatitgetsincorporatedintoDNAasthatmoleculedoublesinquantityduringcelldivision. 44__________ DrHellersteinfirstestablishedhowmuchmiceeatifallowedtofeedasmuchastheywant.Thenhesetupagroupofmicethatwereallowedtoeatonly95%ofthatamount.Inbothcasesheusedtheheavy-watermethodtomonitorcelldivision.Theupshotwasthattherateofdivisioninthecalorie-restrictedmicewas37%lowerthanthatinthosemicethatcouldeatasmuchastheywanted—whichcouldhaveasignificanteffectontheaccumulationofcancer-causingmutations. 45__________ [A]TostopthishappeningcellshaveDNA-repairmechanisms.Butifacelldividesbeforethedamageisrepairedthechanceofasuccessfulrepairissignificantlyreduced. [B]Bingeingandstarvingishowmanyanimalstendtofeedinthewild.Theuncertainfoodsupplymeanstheyregularlygothroughcyclesoftoomuchandtoolittlefooditalsomeansthattheyareoftenrestrictedtoeatinglessthantheycouldmanageiffoodwereomnipresent. [C]Butcalorie-reductionisnotallthemicehadtoendure.Theywereinadditionfedonlyonalternatedays:bingeingonedayandstarvingthenext.Sowhethermodernmanandwomanconstantlysurroundedbyfoodandadvertisementsforfoodwouldreallybeabletoforgoeatingeveryotherdayisdebatable. [D]Whycaloricrestrictionextendsthelifespanofanyanimalisunclearbutmuchofthesmartmoneybackstheideathatitslowsdowncelldivisionbydenyingcellstheresourcestheyneedtogrowandproliferate.Oneconsequenceofthatslow-downwouldbetohamperthedevelopmentofcanceroustumors. [E]SobyputtingheavywaterinthedietsoftheirmicetheresearcherswereabletomeasurehowmuchDNAinthetissuesofthoseanimalshadbeenmadesincethestartoftheexperimentandbyinferencehowmuchcelldivisionhadtakenplacebythesimpleexpedientofextractingtheDNAandweighingit. [F]ThesecondreasonaccordingtoElaineHsiehoneofDrHellerstein’scolleaguesisthatcuttingjustafewcaloriesoverallbutfeedingintermittentlymaybeamorefeasibleeatingpatternforsomepeopletomaintainthanmakingsmallreductionseachandeveryday. [G]Atleastthatisthetheory.Untilnowthoughnoonehastestedwhetherreducedcalorieintakeactuallydoesresultinslowercelldivision.DrHellersteinandhisteamwereabletodosousingheavywaterasachemical"marker"oftheprocess. 43
用硝酸甘油类药物使肥厚型梗阻性心肌病患者症状加重的原因是
通过细胞内受体发挥作用的激素是
下列关于嗜铬细胞瘤患者的代谢紊乱错误的是
病毒性肝炎时肝细胞的点状坏死属于
红细胞悬浮稳定性差会导致
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. 46Along-heldviewofthehistoryoftheEnglishcoloniesthatbecametheUnitedStateshasbeenthatEngland’spolicytowardthesecoloniesbefore1763wasdictatedbycommercialinterestsandthatachangetoamoreimperialpolicydominatedbyexpansionistmilitaristobjectivesgeneratedthetensionsthatultimatelyledtotheAmericanRevolution.InarecentstudyStephenSaundersWebbhasresentedaformidablechallengetothisview.AccordingtoWebbEnglandalreadyhadamilitaryimperialpolicyformorethanacenturybeforetheAmericanRevolution.HeseesCharlesⅡtheEnglishmonarchbetween1660and1685asthepropersuccessoroftheTudormonarchsofthesixteenthcenturyandofOliverCromwellallofwhomwerebentonextendingcentralizedexecutivepoweroverEngland’spossessionsthroughtheuseofwhatWebbcalls"garrisongovernment."GarrisongovernmentallowedthecolonistsalegislativeassemblybutrealauthorityinWebb’sviewbelongedtothecolonialgovernorwhowasappointedbythekingandsupportedbythe"garrison"thatis.bythelocalcontingentofEnglishtroopsunderthecolonialgovernor’scommand. AccordingtoWebbthepurposeofgarrisongovernmentwastoprovidemilitarysupportforaroyalpolicydesignedtolimitthepoweroftheupperclassesintheAmericancolonies.47Webbarguesthatthecoloniallegislativeassembliesrepresentedtheinterestsnotofthecommonpeoplebutofthecolonialupperclassesacoalitionofmerchantsandnobilitywhofavoredself-ruleandsoughttoelevatelegislativeauthorityattheexpenseoftheexecutive.ItwasaccordingtoWebbthecolonialgovernorswhofavoredthesmallfarmeropposedtheplantationsystemandtriedthroughtaxationtobreakuplargeholdingsofland.BackedbythemilitarypresenceofthegarrisonthesegovernorstriedtopreventthegentryandmerchantsalliedinthecolonialassembliesfromtransformingcolonialAmericaintoacapitalisticoligarchy. 48Webb’sstudyilluminatesthepoliticalalignmentsthatexistedinthecoloniesinthecenturypriortotheAmericanRevolutionbuthisviewofthecrown’suseofthemilitaryasaninstrumentofcolonialpolicyisnotentirelyconvincing.Englandduringtheseventeenthcenturywasnotnotedforitsmilitaryachievements.CromwelldidmountEngland’smostambitiousoverseasmilitaryexpeditioninmorethanacenturybutitprovedtobeanutterfailure.UnderCharlesⅡtheEnglisharmywastoosmalltobeamajorinstrumentofgovernment.49NotuntilthewarinFrancein1697didWilliamⅢpersuadeParliamenttocreateaprofessionalstandingarmyandParliament’spricefordoingsowastokeepthearmyundertightlegislativecontrol.50WhileitmaybetruethatthecrownattemptedtodiminishthepowerofthecolonialupperclassesitishardtoimaginehowtheEnglisharmyduringtheseventeenthcenturycouldhaveprovidedsignificantmilitarysupportforsuchapolicy. NotuntilthewarinFrancein1697didWilliamⅢpersuadeParliamenttocreateaprofessionalstandingarmyandParliament’spricefordoingsowastokeepthearmyundertightlegislativecontrol.
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. 46Along-heldviewofthehistoryoftheEnglishcoloniesthatbecametheUnitedStateshasbeenthatEngland’spolicytowardthesecoloniesbefore1763wasdictatedbycommercialinterestsandthatachangetoamoreimperialpolicydominatedbyexpansionistmilitaristobjectivesgeneratedthetensionsthatultimatelyledtotheAmericanRevolution.InarecentstudyStephenSaundersWebbhasresentedaformidablechallengetothisview.AccordingtoWebbEnglandalreadyhadamilitaryimperialpolicyformorethanacenturybeforetheAmericanRevolution.HeseesCharlesⅡtheEnglishmonarchbetween1660and1685asthepropersuccessoroftheTudormonarchsofthesixteenthcenturyandofOliverCromwellallofwhomwerebentonextendingcentralizedexecutivepoweroverEngland’spossessionsthroughtheuseofwhatWebbcalls"garrisongovernment."GarrisongovernmentallowedthecolonistsalegislativeassemblybutrealauthorityinWebb’sviewbelongedtothecolonialgovernorwhowasappointedbythekingandsupportedbythe"garrison"thatis.bythelocalcontingentofEnglishtroopsunderthecolonialgovernor’scommand. AccordingtoWebbthepurposeofgarrisongovernmentwastoprovidemilitarysupportforaroyalpolicydesignedtolimitthepoweroftheupperclassesintheAmericancolonies.47Webbarguesthatthecoloniallegislativeassembliesrepresentedtheinterestsnotofthecommonpeoplebutofthecolonialupperclassesacoalitionofmerchantsandnobilitywhofavoredself-ruleandsoughttoelevatelegislativeauthorityattheexpenseoftheexecutive.ItwasaccordingtoWebbthecolonialgovernorswhofavoredthesmallfarmeropposedtheplantationsystemandtriedthroughtaxationtobreakuplargeholdingsofland.BackedbythemilitarypresenceofthegarrisonthesegovernorstriedtopreventthegentryandmerchantsalliedinthecolonialassembliesfromtransformingcolonialAmericaintoacapitalisticoligarchy. 48Webb’sstudyilluminatesthepoliticalalignmentsthatexistedinthecoloniesinthecenturypriortotheAmericanRevolutionbuthisviewofthecrown’suseofthemilitaryasaninstrumentofcolonialpolicyisnotentirelyconvincing.Englandduringtheseventeenthcenturywasnotnotedforitsmilitaryachievements.CromwelldidmountEngland’smostambitiousoverseasmilitaryexpeditioninmorethanacenturybutitprovedtobeanutterfailure.UnderCharlesⅡtheEnglisharmywastoosmalltobeamajorinstrumentofgovernment.49NotuntilthewarinFrancein1697didWilliamⅢpersuadeParliamenttocreateaprofessionalstandingarmyandParliament’spricefordoingsowastokeepthearmyundertightlegislativecontrol.50WhileitmaybetruethatthecrownattemptedtodiminishthepowerofthecolonialupperclassesitishardtoimaginehowtheEnglisharmyduringtheseventeenthcenturycouldhaveprovidedsignificantmilitarysupportforsuchapolicy. Webbarguesthatthecoloniallegislativeassembliesrepresentedtheinterestsnotofthecommonpeoplebutofthecolonialupperclassesacoalitionofmerchantsandnobilitywhofavoredself-ruleandsoughttoelevatelegislativeauthorityattheexpenseoftheexecutive.
Directions: Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Mostpeoplewouldnotobjecttolivingafewyearslongerthannormalaslongasitmeanttheycouldlivethoseyearsingoodhealth.Sadlytheonlyprovenwaytoextendthelifespanofananimalinthiswayistoreduceitscalorieintake.Studiesgoingbacktothe1930shaveshownthataconsiderablereductioninconsumptionabout50%canextendthelifespanofeverythingfromdogstonematodewormsbybetween30%and70%.Althoughhumansareneitherdogsnorwormsafewpeoplearewillingtogivethecalorie-restricteddietatryinthehopethatitmightworkforthemtoo.Butnotmany—astheoldjokehasitgiveupthethingsyouenjoyandyoumaynotlivelongerbutitwillsureseemasifyoudid. NowthoughworkdonebyMarcHellersteinandhiscolleaguesattheUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeleysuggeststhatitmaybepossibletohaveasitwereyourcakeandeatittoo.Oratleasttoeat95%ofit.TheirstudytobepublishedintheAmericanJournalofPhysiology—EndocrinologyandMetabolismsuggeststhatsignificantgainsinlongevitymightbemadebyamere5%reductionincalorieintake.Thestudywasdoneonmiceratherthanpeople.Buttheubiquityofpreviouscalorie-restrictionresultssuggeststhesameoutcomemightwelloccurinotherspeciespossiblyincludinghumans.Howeveryouwouldhavetofastonalternatedays. 41__________ Canceristheuncontrolledgrowthofcells.ForacancertodevelopefficientlyitneedsmultiplemutationstoaccumulateintheDNAofthecellthatbecomesthetumor’sancestor. 42__________ Aslowerrateofcelldivisionthusresultsinasloweraccumulationofcancer-causingmutations. 43__________ Heavywaterisheavybecausethehydrogeninitweighstwiceasmuchasordinaryhydrogenithasaprotonandaneutroninitsnucleusinsteadofjustaproton.Chemicallyhoweveritbehaveslikeitslighterrelative.ThismeansamongotherthingsthatitgetsincorporatedintoDNAasthatmoleculedoublesinquantityduringcelldivision. 44__________ DrHellersteinfirstestablishedhowmuchmiceeatifallowedtofeedasmuchastheywant.Thenhesetupagroupofmicethatwereallowedtoeatonly95%ofthatamount.Inbothcasesheusedtheheavy-watermethodtomonitorcelldivision.Theupshotwasthattherateofdivisioninthecalorie-restrictedmicewas37%lowerthanthatinthosemicethatcouldeatasmuchastheywanted—whichcouldhaveasignificanteffectontheaccumulationofcancer-causingmutations. 45__________ [A]TostopthishappeningcellshaveDNA-repairmechanisms.Butifacelldividesbeforethedamageisrepairedthechanceofasuccessfulrepairissignificantlyreduced. [B]Bingeingandstarvingishowmanyanimalstendtofeedinthewild.Theuncertainfoodsupplymeanstheyregularlygothroughcyclesoftoomuchandtoolittlefooditalsomeansthattheyareoftenrestrictedtoeatinglessthantheycouldmanageiffoodwereomnipresent. [C]Butcalorie-reductionisnotallthemicehadtoendure.Theywereinadditionfedonlyonalternatedays:bingeingonedayandstarvingthenext.Sowhethermodernmanandwomanconstantlysurroundedbyfoodandadvertisementsforfoodwouldreallybeabletoforgoeatingeveryotherdayisdebatable. [D]Whycaloricrestrictionextendsthelifespanofanyanimalisunclearbutmuchofthesmartmoneybackstheideathatitslowsdowncelldivisionbydenyingcellstheresourcestheyneedtogrowandproliferate.Oneconsequenceofthatslow-downwouldbetohamperthedevelopmentofcanceroustumors. [E]SobyputtingheavywaterinthedietsoftheirmicetheresearcherswereabletomeasurehowmuchDNAinthetissuesofthoseanimalshadbeenmadesincethestartoftheexperimentandbyinferencehowmuchcelldivisionhadtakenplacebythesimpleexpedientofextractingtheDNAandweighingit. [F]ThesecondreasonaccordingtoElaineHsiehoneofDrHellerstein’scolleaguesisthatcuttingjustafewcaloriesoverallbutfeedingintermittentlymaybeamorefeasibleeatingpatternforsomepeopletomaintainthanmakingsmallreductionseachandeveryday. [G]Atleastthatisthetheory.Untilnowthoughnoonehastestedwhetherreducedcalorieintakeactuallydoesresultinslowercelldivision.DrHellersteinandhisteamwereabletodosousingheavywaterasachemical"marker"oftheprocess. 45
分泌内因子的细胞为
决定微循环营养通路周期性开闭的主要因素是
女性60岁慢性咳喘18年加重1周血气分析结果如下pH7.35PaO27.33kPa55mmHgPaCO29.86kPa74mmHgAB42mmol/L血钾2.8mmol/L血氯80mmol/L考虑诊断为
下列哪种疾病的临床表现与缩窄性心包炎最相似
单侧肺局限性哮鸣音可见于
下列哪种疾病不是慢性呼吸衰竭的病因
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