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( )是资产阶级分权学说的代表人物。
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资产阶级传统教育学的代表人物是
卢梭
洛克
杜威
赫尔巴特
事实表明不触动封建根基的自强运动和改良主义旧式的农民战争资产阶级革命派领导的民主革命以及照搬西方资本
资产阶级革命派的代表人物是
梁启超
李鸿章
洪仁汪
章太炎
资产阶级改良派的代表人物有
孙中山、章太炎
康有为、梁启超
张之洞、刘坤一
谭嗣同、严复
五四时期与资产阶级改良派展开问题与主义论战的代表人物是
子夜中买办资产阶级的代表人物是
我国旧民主主义革命时期地主阶级农民阶级和资产阶级不同派别的代表人物在向西方学习的问题上各持有哪些不同
最早提出近代主权学说的代表人物是法国早期资产阶级政治思想家
卢梭
孟德斯鸠
霍布斯
布丹
英国资产阶级革命文学的代表人物是
弥尔顿
贡哥拉
卡尔德隆
马里诺
资产阶级维新派的主要代表人物有
康有为
梁启超
谭嗣同
严复
在中国近代反映资产阶级作战思想的代表人物是
林则徐
孙中
黄兴
蔡锷
英国资产阶级革命的重要代表人物是
罗伯斯比尔
华盛顿
克伦威尔
林肯
资产阶级军事思想的代表人物及主要观点
英国资产阶级革命的主要代表人物是
林肯
华盛顿
罗伯斯比尔
克伦威尔
不属于中国资产阶级军事思想的代表人物
__
孙中山
蒋介石
蔡锷
以下哪位是资产阶级维新派的代表人物
魏源
林则徐
曾国藩
康有为
资产阶级传统教育学的代表人物是
卢梭
洛克
杜威
赫尔巴特
不是民族资产阶级代表人物的是
张謇
荣宗敬
李鸿章
周学熙
资产阶级维新派的主要代表人物是
康有为
梁启超
谭嗣同
严复
张之洞
下列属于资产阶级庸俗经济学代表人物的是
威廉·配第
萨伊
西斯蒙第
普鲁东
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Theessentialweaknessoftheoldandtraditionaleducationwasnotjustthatitemphasizedthenecessityforprovisionofdefinitesubject-matterandactivities.Thesethingsarenecessitiesforanythingthatcanrightlybecallededucation.Theweaknessandevilwasthattheimaginationofeducatorsdidnotgobeyondprovisionofafixedandrigidenvironmentofsubject-matteronedrawnmoreoverfromsourcesaltogethertooremotefromtheexperiencesofthepupil.Whatisneededintheneweducationismoreattentionnotlesstosubject-matterandtoprogressintechnique.ButwhenIsaymoreIdonotmeanmoreinquantityofthesameoldkind.Imeananimaginativevisionwhichseesthatnoprescribedandready-madeschemecanpossiblydeterminetheexactsubject-matterthatwillbestpromotetheeducativegrowthofeveryindividualyoungperson;thateverynewindividualsetsanewproblem;thathecallsforatleastasomewhatdifferentemphasisinsubject-matterpresented.Thereisnothingmoreblindlystupidthantheconventionwhichsupposesthatthematteractuallycontainedintextbooksofarithmetichistorygeographyetc.isjustwhatwillfurthertheeducationaldevelopmentofallchildren. Butwithdrawalfromthehardandfastandnarrowcontentsoftheoldcurriculumisonlythenegativesideofthematter.Ifwedonotgofarinthepositivedirectionofprovidingabodyofsubject-mattermuchrichermorevariedandflexibleandalsointruthmoredefinitejudgedintermsoftheexperienceofthosebeingeducatedthantraditionaleducationsuppliedweshalltendtoleaveaneducationalvacuuminwhichanythingmayhappen.Completeisolationisimpossibleinnature.Theyoungliveinsomeenvironmentwhetherweintenditornotandthisenvironmentisconstantlyinteractingwithwhatchildrenandyouthbringtoit.andtheresultistheshapingoftheirinterestsmindsandcharacter―eithereducativelyormis-educatively.Iftheprofessededucatorgivesuphisresponsibilityforjudgingandselectingthekindofenvironmentthathisbestunderstandingleadshimtothinkwillbecontributivetogrowththentheyoungareleftatthemercyofalltheunorganizedandcasualforcesofthemodernsocialenvironmentthatinevitablyplayuponthemaslongastheylive.Intheeducativeenvironmenttheknowledgejudgmentandexperienceoftheteacherisagreaternotasmallerfactorthanitisinthetraditionalschool.Thedifferenceisthattheteacheroperatesnotasajudgesetonhighandmarkedbyarbitraryauthoritybutasafriendlyco-partnerandguideinacommonenterprise. Itseemsthatneweducationalistsfavor
Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleepcharacterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreamingandlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.________kindofsleepisatallwell-understoodbutREMsleepis________toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore________.Thenewexperimentssuchasthose________forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolissuggestfascinatingexplanations________ofnon-REMsleep. Forexampleithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep________is100percentfataltoratsyet________examinationofthedeadbodiestheanimalslookcompletelynormal.Aresearcherhasnow________themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Therats________bacterialinfectionsoftheblood________theirimmunesystemstheself-protectingmechanismagainstdiseases―hadcrashed.
Therewillbeasteadytrendtowardvegetarianism.Agivenquantityofgroundcanprovideplantfoodformanoritcanprovideplantfoodforanimalswhicharelaterkilledformeat. Inconvertingthetissuesoffoodintothetissuesofthefeederupto90percentisusedforreasonsotherthantissuemaintenanceandgrowth.Thismeansthatonehundredpoundsofplantfoodwillsupporttenpoundsofhumantissue―whileonehundredpoundsofplantfoodwillsupporttenpoundsofanimaltissuewhichwillthensupportonepoundofhumantissue.Inotherwordslanddevotedtoplantfoodwillsupporttentimesasmanyhumanbeingsaslanddevotedtoanimalfood. Itisthisfarmorethanfoodpreferencesorreligiousdirectionsthatforcesovercrowdedpopulationsintovegetarianism.AnditwillbethedirectioninwhichtheUnitedStatesof2001willbemoving―notbypresidentialorderbutthroughtheforceofasteadyriseinmeatpricesascomparedwithotherkindsoffood. Thisinturnwillcomeaboutbecauseourherdswilldecreaseasthefooddemandcausesmoreandmoremeadowtobeturnedtofarmlandandaslandproducingcornandotheranimalfoodisconvertedtoprovidingfooddirectlyforman. Anotherpointisthatitisnotonlyenergythatisinshortsupply.Ashortageofoilmeansashortageofplastics;ashortageofelectricitymeansashortageofaluminium.Wearealsoexperiencingashortageofpaperandmostotherrawmaterials. Thismeansthatforonethingourgenerosityinwrappingbaggingandpackagingwillhavetorecede.Therewillhavetobeatleastapartialreturninsupermarketstotheolddayswheregoodsweresuppliedinbulkandgivenoutinbagstoorder.Itmayevenbecomenecessarytoreturnbagsasweoncereturnedbottlesorpayfornewones. Adeclineinper-capitaenergyusewillmakeitnecessarytoresorttohumanmuscleagainsothatthedeliverymanwillmakeacomebackhispriceaddedtothatofthefoodofcourse.Sinceenergyshortageswillcauseunemploymentinmanysectorsoftheeconomytherewillbeidlehandstodothemanualworkthatwillbecomenecessary. Fromanenergy-savingstandpointitwouldmakefarmoresensetoorderbyphoneandhaveasingletruckdeliverfoodtomanyhomesthanforamemberofeachhometodriveanautomobileround-triptopickupaone-familyfoodsupply. Tobesureitwillnotallberetrogression.EvenassumingthatEarthisinadesperatebattleofsurvivalthroughacrisisofstillrisingpopulationanddwindlingenergyreservesthereshouldstillcontinuetobetechnologicaladvancesinthosedirectionsthatdon’’tdependonwastefulbulkuseofenergy.Therewillbecontinuingadvancesinthedirectionofsophisticationinotherwords. Weknowfromthetextthat
Financialengineersdon’’twearwhitelabcoats.Theydon’’texperimentonratsorperformgaschromatography气相层析.Theirrawmaterial-money-isn’’tasshowyaswhatbiologistsandphysicistsinvestigate.Buttheinnovationstheyproducewillcontributejustasmuchtoeconomicgrowth. Maybemoreinfactbecausewithoutthescienceoffinanceallothersciencesarejustabunchofneatconcepts.Ideasbegintotributetohumanbettermentwhenthey’’refinanced-byventurecapitalstockofferingsloansorbuyouts.Asmoothlyoperatingfinancialsystemshowersmoneyongoodideas.Equallyimportantitcutsofffundingtotiredideasandtiredcompaniessotheirassetscanbeemployedmoreefficientlyelsewhere. Inthe21stcenturyeconomyinnovationinfinancewillincreaseinconcertwiththeincreaseincompetition.Partlybecauseofderegulationandglobalizationcompetitionshouldgettougherandmarginsthinner.Asproductssuchashomemortgageloansbecomecommoditizedfinancial-servicecompanieswillbeforcedtogetmorecreative. Financialtechnologywillkeepfeedingoffinformationtechnology.Thesecrettosuccesswillbeastrongsoftwareplatformwhichwilllowerthecostofgeneralserviceswhilemakingitpossibletocreatehigh-marginvariationsaswell.Afewcompaniesthatgetitrightcanspinawayfromtherestandbecomestrongerandstronger. Inthenewworldoffinancesizecounts.Bigcompaniesenjoyeconomiesofscaleandnamerecognitionandtheycanbesaferbecausetheirbetsarespreadacrossmoreregionsandmarketsegments.ThevalueofU.S.bankmergersinthefirsthalfof1998wasgreaterthanthatofthethreepreviousyearscombined.Themergersareoccurringacrossindustriesaswell. Attheotherextremewillbespecialiststhatsurvivebydoingonethingeitherverycheaplyorexceptionallywell.Byofferinglowerpricesorbetterservicespecialistswilldisciplinethefinancialsupermarkets;thebigguysknowtheircustomerscanwalkawayiftheygetarawdeal.Thereisnowaywearegoingtomaximizeashort-termtransactionalbenefitattheriskofdestroyingalong-termrelationshipsaysChaseManhattanCorp.Vice-ChairmanJosephG.Sponholz. Predictablythebiggestwinnersfromfinancialinnovationwillbecompaniesandfamiliesthathavecomplexfinances.Banksalreadyshowsignsoflosinginterestinpeoplewhowantjustplaincheckingaccounts. Butasincomesandwealthrisemorepeoplewillfindthemselvesthrustintotheroleofassetmanagers.Businessestoowillhavetobecomemoresophisticated-ifonlytokeeppacewithfinanciallyinnovativerivals. .Incomparisonwithnaturalscientistsfinancialengineers
"BLOGGOPLC"announcesitspressofficeat7amLondontime"lastnightagreedtopurchaseJunkoIncofWichita."46AquotefromBloggo’sproudchairmansetsouthowwelltheAmericanpurchasefitstheBritishbuyer’sstrategy.AndtheBritishshareholderifheiswiseheadsforhisbrokerandtheexit. 47ThatrepeatedlyhasbeenthelessonofBritishincursionsintotheUnitedStates:fromattemptsinthe1950soffirmslikeAustinandMorristoselltheirutterlyill-suitedandoftenill-builtsmallcarsofthetimethroughEuropeanFerrieswhichinthe1980sboughtupseveralthousandacresnearDenverpresumablywithoutasking—untilitwentall-butbellyup—whetheracross-ChannelferryfirmreallyknewmoreaboutlandinColoradothanlocalreal-estatebuffsdid. EveninthelatereraofseriousdirectinvestmentBritishincursionshavehadaspottyrecord.TwoacademicsatXfiExeterUniversity’snewfinanceandinvestmentcentrehavenowputfiguresonit.AlanGregoryandSteveMcCorristonstudied197BritishtakeoversinAmericanearlyallthesignificantonesinmanufacturingandservicesbankingexcludedin1984-94.48Overafive-yearperiodfromthepurchasetheyfoundthecumulativereturntoshareholderswas27%lowerthan"normal"—iefor;similarcompaniesthathadstayedathome—andnotablyworsethanthetrivialdifferenceoveroneyearthatstockmarketsandacademicshavetendedtolookat. 49Thefigurewasalsoinnotablecontrasttocomparableonesfrom97takeoversintheEuropeanUnionand39elsewhereintheworld.ReturnsintheEUlookedbetterthannormalbutthefigureswerenotstatisticallysignificant;thoseintherestoftheworldwereboth32%better. 50YoumightexpecttheoppositegiventhatBritain’scorporatecultureismuchlikeAmerica’s.butsomewayfromthoseofmostEUcountries.SowhytheunexpectedoutcomeTheExeteracademicsdonotknowbutwouldlovetofindout—iftheycangettheresearchfunding. YoumightexpecttheoppositegiventhatBritain’scorporatecultureismuchlikeAmerica’s.butsomewayfromthoseofmostEUcountries.
[A]SeparationofHollinger [B]Profitsofnewspaper [C]Theidealbusinessmodel [D]Hollingerdeniestherumor [E]Difficulttoshareintheinternationalmarket [F]LordBlacksellshisremaininglocalnewspapersinCanada HEHASbeensellingnewspapertitlesinCanada.backinganewoneinNewYorkandtryingtoquashrumoursthatheissellingtheminBritain.WhatexactlyisConradBlackchairmanofHollingarex-CanadiannewlyennobledBritonupto 41._______________. LastmonthLordBlackofCrossharbour.asheisnowknownsoldhisremaininglocalnewspapersinCanada.Thiscameshortlyafterhehadoffloadedhisresidual50%stakeintheNationalPosttheCanadiandailypaperhefoundedonlyin1998toCanWestGlobalCommunications.ThisCanadianmediagrouphadalreadypickeduptheotherhalflastyearalongwithmostofLordBlack’sotherlocalnewspapersinthecountryfor$1.8billion. 42._______________. ShornofitsCanadianoperationsandapartfromthetinyJerusalemPostHollingerhasnowbeenpareddowntotwochiefassets:theChicagoSun-TimesplusabagfuloflocalpapersinthatareaandtheDailyTelegraphBritain’smostpopularbroadsheetpaper.Afterthegrouprecentlyreportedanetlossof$9millionfortheninemonthstoSeptember.excludingexceptionalitemsrumoursswirledthateventheTelegraphmightbeforsale. 43._______________. NotsosaysHollinger.AlthoughearningsattheTelegraphanditsSundaysisterarewelldownonlastyearandthepapersplantosackupto40editorialstafftheystillprovidemostofthegroup’sprofits."ThereisnosubstanceatalltothestorythattheTelegraphisforsale"saysDanielColsonHollinger’svice-chairman.IndeedhavingstemmedtheNationalPost’slossesandbookedagoodpriceforthesaleofmostofitsCanadianassetslastyearthegrouphascutitsheavydebtburdenandiswall-placedtolookfornewprojects. 44._______________. ButwhatEconomiesofscaleinthenewspapermarketarebestachievedwiththelocalandregionalpress.TheidealbusinessmodelsaysPeterKreiskyofMercerManagementConsultingisageographicalclusterofregionaltitles.Withlocalmonopolypowerthiscanbringdownthecostofpaperandinkofprintinganddistributionandofmarketing.HollingerenjoysmanyofthesebenefitsintheChicagoareawhereithas97papers. 45._______________. Butitisfarhardertoachievecost-sharingacrossinternationalborders.Mostnationalpapersarestillmnfromandownedintheirhomecountry.ThosethatbelongtoaninternationalownersuchasHollingerTonyO’Reilly’sIndependentNewsandMediaandRupertMurdoch’sNewsCorpconcentrateonEnglish-speakingmarkets. Yetowningnewspapersisasmuchtodowithkudosandinfluenceasitisaboutprofits.Althoughhewouldnotruleoutopportunitieseveninnon-English-speakingpartsofEuropeLordBlack’ssightsnowseemtobesetontheUnitedStates.HehasjustmadeasmallbetonanewqualitypaperTheNewYorkSunbyputtingin$2millionorabout13%ofthetotalinvestment.AlthoughHollingerstressesthatitisonlylooselyinvolvedtheprojectisneverthelessintriguing.TherehaslongbeenaviewthatNewYork.acityof8millionpeopleoughtmbeabletosupportmorethanoneall-roundqualitynewspaper;yettheNewYorkTimeswithacirculationof1.1millionhasnodirectcross-townrival.LordBlack’sexperienceoflaunchinganewtitleTheNationalPostinCanadamaybesalutary.Hemanagedtocreateafranchisefromnothinginacompetitivemarketandindoingsostirreduppoliticalcontroversyinconsensus-mindedCanada.ButitnevermadehimanymoneywhichmaybewhyhisbetonTheNewYorkSunissomodest.Buyingestablishedbutfalteringpaperswouldmakemoresense."TherewillbeinvestmentopportunitiesarisingfromthiseconomicdownturnthatH.advantageof"saysMrColson"notonlyinNewYorkbutelsewhereintheUS." 44
Therewillbeasteadytrendtowardvegetarianism.Agivenquantityofgroundcanprovideplantfoodformanoritcanprovideplantfoodforanimalswhicharelaterkilledformeat. Inconvertingthetissuesoffoodintothetissuesofthefeederupto90percentisusedforreasonsotherthantissuemaintenanceandgrowth.Thismeansthatonehundredpoundsofplantfoodwillsupporttenpoundsofhumantissue―whileonehundredpoundsofplantfoodwillsupporttenpoundsofanimaltissuewhichwillthensupportonepoundofhumantissue.Inotherwordslanddevotedtoplantfoodwillsupporttentimesasmanyhumanbeingsaslanddevotedtoanimalfood. Itisthisfarmorethanfoodpreferencesorreligiousdirectionsthatforcesovercrowdedpopulationsintovegetarianism.AnditwillbethedirectioninwhichtheUnitedStatesof2001willbemoving―notbypresidentialorderbutthroughtheforceofasteadyriseinmeatpricesascomparedwithotherkindsoffood. Thisinturnwillcomeaboutbecauseourherdswilldecreaseasthefooddemandcausesmoreandmoremeadowtobeturnedtofarmlandandaslandproducingcornandotheranimalfoodisconvertedtoprovidingfooddirectlyforman. Anotherpointisthatitisnotonlyenergythatisinshortsupply.Ashortageofoilmeansashortageofplastics;ashortageofelectricitymeansashortageofaluminium.Wearealsoexperiencingashortageofpaperandmostotherrawmaterials. Thismeansthatforonethingourgenerosityinwrappingbaggingandpackagingwillhavetorecede.Therewillhavetobeatleastapartialreturninsupermarketstotheolddayswheregoodsweresuppliedinbulkandgivenoutinbagstoorder.Itmayevenbecomenecessarytoreturnbagsasweoncereturnedbottlesorpayfornewones. Adeclineinper-capitaenergyusewillmakeitnecessarytoresorttohumanmuscleagainsothatthedeliverymanwillmakeacomebackhispriceaddedtothatofthefoodofcourse.Sinceenergyshortageswillcauseunemploymentinmanysectorsoftheeconomytherewillbeidlehandstodothemanualworkthatwillbecomenecessary. Fromanenergy-savingstandpointitwouldmakefarmoresensetoorderbyphoneandhaveasingletruckdeliverfoodtomanyhomesthanforamemberofeachhometodriveanautomobileround-triptopickupaone-familyfoodsupply. Tobesureitwillnotallberetrogression.EvenassumingthatEarthisinadesperatebattleofsurvivalthroughacrisisofstillrisingpopulationanddwindlingenergyreservesthereshouldstillcontinuetobetechnologicaladvancesinthosedirectionsthatdon’’tdependonwastefulbulkuseofenergy.Therewillbecontinuingadvancesinthedirectionofsophisticationinotherwords. ThephrasewillhavetorecedeinPar.6mostprobablymeans
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Enoughisneverenoughnotwhenthegovernmentbelievesthatitcaninvadeyourprivacywithoutrepercussions.TheJusticeDepartmentwantsafederaljudgetoforceGoogletoturnovermillionsofprivateInternetsearches.GoogleisrightlyfightingthedemandbutthegovernmentsaysAmericaOnlineYahooandMSNMicrosoft’sOnlineService.havealreadycompliedwithsimilarrequests. Thisisnotaboutnationalsecurity.TheJusticeDepartmentismakingthisbaldfacedgrabtotrytosupportanonlinepornographylawthathasbeenblockedoncebytheSupremeCourt.Andit’snotthefirsttimewe’veseenthissortofbehavior.ThegovernmenthaszealouslyprotectedthePatriotAct’spowertoexaminelibraryrecords.ItsoughttheprivatemedicalhistoriesofaselectedgroupofwomensayingitneededtheinformationtodefendthePartial-BirthAbortionBanActinthefederalcourts. ThefurorisstillragingoverPresidentBush’sdecisionmpermitspyingonAmericanswithoutwarrants.AndthegovernmentnowwantswhatcouldbebillionsofsearchtermsenteredintoGoogle’swebpagesandpossiblyamillionwebsiteaddressestogoalongwiththem. ProtectingminorsfromthenastiermaterialontheInternetisavalidgoal:thecourtshaveaskedthegovernmenttotestwhethertechnologiesforfilteringoutthebadstuffareeffective.Andthegovernmenthasn’taskedforusers’personaldatathistimearound.What’sfrighteningisthattheJusticeDepartmentistryingonceagaintodigupinformationfirstandanswerquestionslaterifatall.HadGooglenotresistedthegovernment’sattempttoseizerecordswouldthepublichaveeverfoundabouttherequest Thebattleraisesthequestionofhowmuch.ofourpersonalinformationcompaniesshouldbeallowedtoholdontointhefirstplace.WithoutmuchthoughtInternetusershavehandedovervastquantitiesofprivateinformationtocorporations.Manypeopledon’trealizethatsomeharmlesslynamed"cookies"inpersonalcomputersallowcompaniestotrackvisitstovariouswebsites. Internetuserspermittheire-mailtobereadbypeopleandmachinesinwaystheywouldnevertoleratefortheirold-fashionedmail.AndmuchofthatinformationisnowcollectedandstoredbycompanieslikeGoogle.WhenpressedonprivacyissuesGooglewhoseinformalmottois"Don’tbeevil"—saysitcanbetrustedwiththisinformation.Butprofilingconsumers’behaviorispotentiallyprofitableforcompanies.Andoncecataloguedinformationcanbeabusedbythegovernmentaswell.Eitherwaytheindividualcitizenloses. Whatdoesthelastsentenceofthefourthparagraphimply
"BLOGGOPLC"announcesitspressofficeat7amLondontime"lastnightagreedtopurchaseJunkoIncofWichita."46AquotefromBloggo’sproudchairmansetsouthowwelltheAmericanpurchasefitstheBritishbuyer’sstrategy.AndtheBritishshareholderifheiswiseheadsforhisbrokerandtheexit. 47ThatrepeatedlyhasbeenthelessonofBritishincursionsintotheUnitedStates:fromattemptsinthe1950soffirmslikeAustinandMorristoselltheirutterlyill-suitedandoftenill-builtsmallcarsofthetimethroughEuropeanFerrieswhichinthe1980sboughtupseveralthousandacresnearDenverpresumablywithoutasking—untilitwentall-butbellyup—whetheracross-ChannelferryfirmreallyknewmoreaboutlandinColoradothanlocalreal-estatebuffsdid. EveninthelatereraofseriousdirectinvestmentBritishincursionshavehadaspottyrecord.TwoacademicsatXfiExeterUniversity’snewfinanceandinvestmentcentrehavenowputfiguresonit.AlanGregoryandSteveMcCorristonstudied197BritishtakeoversinAmericanearlyallthesignificantonesinmanufacturingandservicesbankingexcludedin1984-94.48Overafive-yearperiodfromthepurchasetheyfoundthecumulativereturntoshareholderswas27%lowerthan"normal"—iefor;similarcompaniesthathadstayedathome—andnotablyworsethanthetrivialdifferenceoveroneyearthatstockmarketsandacademicshavetendedtolookat. 49Thefigurewasalsoinnotablecontrasttocomparableonesfrom97takeoversintheEuropeanUnionand39elsewhereintheworld.ReturnsintheEUlookedbetterthannormalbutthefigureswerenotstatisticallysignificant;thoseintherestoftheworldwereboth32%better. 50YoumightexpecttheoppositegiventhatBritain’scorporatecultureismuchlikeAmerica’s.butsomewayfromthoseofmostEUcountries.SowhytheunexpectedoutcomeTheExeteracademicsdonotknowbutwouldlovetofindout—iftheycangettheresearchfunding. AquotefromBloggo’sproudchairmansetsouthowwelltheAmericanpurchasefitstheBritishbuyer’sstrategy.
[A]SeparationofHollinger [B]Profitsofnewspaper [C]Theidealbusinessmodel [D]Hollingerdeniestherumor [E]Difficulttoshareintheinternationalmarket [F]LordBlacksellshisremaininglocalnewspapersinCanada HEHASbeensellingnewspapertitlesinCanada.backinganewoneinNewYorkandtryingtoquashrumoursthatheissellingtheminBritain.WhatexactlyisConradBlackchairmanofHollingarex-CanadiannewlyennobledBritonupto 41._______________. LastmonthLordBlackofCrossharbour.asheisnowknownsoldhisremaininglocalnewspapersinCanada.Thiscameshortlyafterhehadoffloadedhisresidual50%stakeintheNationalPosttheCanadiandailypaperhefoundedonlyin1998toCanWestGlobalCommunications.ThisCanadianmediagrouphadalreadypickeduptheotherhalflastyearalongwithmostofLordBlack’sotherlocalnewspapersinthecountryfor$1.8billion. 42._______________. ShornofitsCanadianoperationsandapartfromthetinyJerusalemPostHollingerhasnowbeenpareddowntotwochiefassets:theChicagoSun-TimesplusabagfuloflocalpapersinthatareaandtheDailyTelegraphBritain’smostpopularbroadsheetpaper.Afterthegrouprecentlyreportedanetlossof$9millionfortheninemonthstoSeptember.excludingexceptionalitemsrumoursswirledthateventheTelegraphmightbeforsale. 43._______________. NotsosaysHollinger.AlthoughearningsattheTelegraphanditsSundaysisterarewelldownonlastyearandthepapersplantosackupto40editorialstafftheystillprovidemostofthegroup’sprofits."ThereisnosubstanceatalltothestorythattheTelegraphisforsale"saysDanielColsonHollinger’svice-chairman.IndeedhavingstemmedtheNationalPost’slossesandbookedagoodpriceforthesaleofmostofitsCanadianassetslastyearthegrouphascutitsheavydebtburdenandiswall-placedtolookfornewprojects. 44._______________. ButwhatEconomiesofscaleinthenewspapermarketarebestachievedwiththelocalandregionalpress.TheidealbusinessmodelsaysPeterKreiskyofMercerManagementConsultingisageographicalclusterofregionaltitles.Withlocalmonopolypowerthiscanbringdownthecostofpaperandinkofprintinganddistributionandofmarketing.HollingerenjoysmanyofthesebenefitsintheChicagoareawhereithas97papers. 45._______________. Butitisfarhardertoachievecost-sharingacrossinternationalborders.Mostnationalpapersarestillmnfromandownedintheirhomecountry.ThosethatbelongtoaninternationalownersuchasHollingerTonyO’Reilly’sIndependentNewsandMediaandRupertMurdoch’sNewsCorpconcentrateonEnglish-speakingmarkets. Yetowningnewspapersisasmuchtodowithkudosandinfluenceasitisaboutprofits.Althoughhewouldnotruleoutopportunitieseveninnon-English-speakingpartsofEuropeLordBlack’ssightsnowseemtobesetontheUnitedStates.HehasjustmadeasmallbetonanewqualitypaperTheNewYorkSunbyputtingin$2millionorabout13%ofthetotalinvestment.AlthoughHollingerstressesthatitisonlylooselyinvolvedtheprojectisneverthelessintriguing.TherehaslongbeenaviewthatNewYork.acityof8millionpeopleoughtmbeabletosupportmorethanoneall-roundqualitynewspaper;yettheNewYorkTimeswithacirculationof1.1millionhasnodirectcross-townrival.LordBlack’sexperienceoflaunchinganewtitleTheNationalPostinCanadamaybesalutary.Hemanagedtocreateafranchisefromnothinginacompetitivemarketandindoingsostirreduppoliticalcontroversyinconsensus-mindedCanada.ButitnevermadehimanymoneywhichmaybewhyhisbetonTheNewYorkSunissomodest.Buyingestablishedbutfalteringpaperswouldmakemoresense."TherewillbeinvestmentopportunitiesarisingfromthiseconomicdownturnthatH.advantageof"saysMrColson"notonlyinNewYorkbutelsewhereintheUS." 42
Therewillbeasteadytrendtowardvegetarianism.Agivenquantityofgroundcanprovideplantfoodformanoritcanprovideplantfoodforanimalswhicharelaterkilledformeat. Inconvertingthetissuesoffoodintothetissuesofthefeederupto90percentisusedforreasonsotherthantissuemaintenanceandgrowth.Thismeansthatonehundredpoundsofplantfoodwillsupporttenpoundsofhumantissue―whileonehundredpoundsofplantfoodwillsupporttenpoundsofanimaltissuewhichwillthensupportonepoundofhumantissue.Inotherwordslanddevotedtoplantfoodwillsupporttentimesasmanyhumanbeingsaslanddevotedtoanimalfood. Itisthisfarmorethanfoodpreferencesorreligiousdirectionsthatforcesovercrowdedpopulationsintovegetarianism.AnditwillbethedirectioninwhichtheUnitedStatesof2001willbemoving―notbypresidentialorderbutthroughtheforceofasteadyriseinmeatpricesascomparedwithotherkindsoffood. Thisinturnwillcomeaboutbecauseourherdswilldecreaseasthefooddemandcausesmoreandmoremeadowtobeturnedtofarmlandandaslandproducingcornandotheranimalfoodisconvertedtoprovidingfooddirectlyforman. Anotherpointisthatitisnotonlyenergythatisinshortsupply.Ashortageofoilmeansashortageofplastics;ashortageofelectricitymeansashortageofaluminium.Wearealsoexperiencingashortageofpaperandmostotherrawmaterials. Thismeansthatforonethingourgenerosityinwrappingbaggingandpackagingwillhavetorecede.Therewillhavetobeatleastapartialreturninsupermarketstotheolddayswheregoodsweresuppliedinbulkandgivenoutinbagstoorder.Itmayevenbecomenecessarytoreturnbagsasweoncereturnedbottlesorpayfornewones. Adeclineinper-capitaenergyusewillmakeitnecessarytoresorttohumanmuscleagainsothatthedeliverymanwillmakeacomebackhispriceaddedtothatofthefoodofcourse.Sinceenergyshortageswillcauseunemploymentinmanysectorsoftheeconomytherewillbeidlehandstodothemanualworkthatwillbecomenecessary. Fromanenergy-savingstandpointitwouldmakefarmoresensetoorderbyphoneandhaveasingletruckdeliverfoodtomanyhomesthanforamemberofeachhometodriveanautomobileround-triptopickupaone-familyfoodsupply. Tobesureitwillnotallberetrogression.EvenassumingthatEarthisinadesperatebattleofsurvivalthroughacrisisofstillrisingpopulationanddwindlingenergyreservesthereshouldstillcontinuetobetechnologicaladvancesinthosedirectionsthatdon’’tdependonwastefulbulkuseofenergy.Therewillbecontinuingadvancesinthedirectionofsophisticationinotherwords. .Theauthorseesthepositiveeffectofenergycrisisinits
Oneofthecomicalmomentsintheearlyhistoryofprintingoccurredin1631whentheEnglishprinterRobertBarkerproducedaneditionofthescriptureswhichbecameknownasthe"WickedBible."Thiseditioncontainedamisprintoftheseventhcommandmem.Onethousandcopieswereprintedandreadyforpublicationbeforesomeonenoticedthatthecommandmenthadbeenchangedto"Thoushaltcommitadultery."Nothingmuchcameofit.Theprinterwasfinedthecopiesdestroyedandthemoralfiberofthenationremainedintact. Butwhathappenswhentheverseatissueisnotmerelyaprinter’serrorbutanancientinterpolationintoanevenmoreancienttextSuchwasthecasewith1John5:7thebiblicalproof-textforthedoctrineoftheTrinity.ErasmusSirIsaacNewtonandJohnLockeamongotherschallengedthetext’sauthenticity.WhenErasmuslefttheverseoutofthefirsteditionofhismonumentalGreekNewTestament1516hewasroundlycriticizedforencouragingheresiesschismsandconflicts.Erasmus’scriticsknewthatapproachingtheBibleinascholarlyfashionwasdangerous:eventhemostpiousattemptsatrationalunderstandingofscripturecouldresultinskepticismoratheism.HowcanoneappraisetheBiblecriticallyandstillmaintainitsauthority. InhisengagingandverythoroughbookDavidKatzexploresthewaysthisquestionwasaddressedinEnglandfromtheReformationonward.AprofessoratTelAvivUniversityKatzistheauthorofTheJewsintheHistoryofEngland1485-1850andahostofbooksandarticlesonearly-modemskepticismandreligion.InGod’sLastWordsKatzmaintainsthateveryerarespondstotheBibledifferentlybasedonshiftingculturalassumptionsandheexaminesthe"lensthroughwhichtheBiblewasread"invarioushistoricalmoments.WhileReformationleadersacceptedthetransparencyoftheBible’smessagebythelate17thcenturythisviewcouldnolongerbemaintainedKatzstates.Duringthe18thcenturytheBiblecametoberegardedasjustanotherliterarytext--onewhichincreasinglyhadtoconformtocontemporarystandardsofrealism.AsDarwin’stheoriesbecamewidelyknown19th-centuryreadersappliedanevolutionarymodeltotheBibleandbeganmseeitastheproductofaprimitivementalityverydifferentfromtheirown.ThesenewwaysofreadingtheBibleseemedtodestroyitsauthoritycompletelyuntilthefundamentalistmovementreassertedtheoldProtestantbeliefintheBible’ssoleauthority. Erasmus’sworkwascriticizedasheresiesbecause
InthefirstyearorsoofWebbusinessmostoftheactionhasrevolvedaroundeffortstotaptheconsumermarket.MorerecentlyastheWebprovedtobemorethanfashioncompanieshavestartedtobuyandsellproductsandserviceswithoneanother.Suchbusiness-to-businesssalesmakesensebecausebusinesspeopletypicallyknowwhatproductthey’’relookingfor. NonethelessmanycompaniesstillhesitatetousetheWebbecauseofdoubtsaboutitsreliability.BusinessesneedtofeeltheycantrustthepathwaybetweenthemandthesuppliersayssenioranalystBlaneErwinofForresterResearch.Somecompaniesarelimitingtheriskbyconductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesspartnerswhoaregivenaccesstothecompany’’sprivateinternet. AnothermajorshiftinthemodelforInternetcommerceconcernsthetechnologyavailableformarketing.UntilrecentlyInternetmarketingactivitieshavefocusedonstrategiestopullcustomersintosites.Inthepastyearhoweversoftwarecompanieshavedevelopedtoolsthatallowcompaniestopushinformationdirectlyouttoconsumerstransmittingmarketingmessagesdirectlytotargetedcustomers.MostnotablythePointcastNetworkusesascreensavertodeliveracontinuallyupdatedstreamofnewsandadvertisementstosubscribers’’computermonitors.Subscriberscancustomizetheinformationtheywanttoreceiveandproceeddirectlytoacompany’’sWebsite.CompaniessuchasVirtualVineyardsarealreadystartingtousesimilartechnologiestopushmessagestocustomersaboutspecialsalesproductofferingsorotherevents.ButpushtechnologyhasearnedthecontemptofmanyWebusers.Onlineculturethinkshighlyofthenotionthattheinformationflowingontothescreencomestherebyspecificrequest.OncecommercialpromotionbeginstofillthescreenuninvitedthedistinctionbetweentheWebandtelevisionfades.That’’saprospectthathorrifiesNetpurists. ButitishardlyinevitablethatcompaniesontheWebwillneedtoresorttopushstrategiestomakemoney.TheexamplesofVirtualVineyardsAmazon.comandotherpioneersshowthataWebsitesellingtherightkindofproductswiththerightmixofinteractivityhospitalityandsecuritywillattractonlinecustomers.Andthecostofcomputingpowercontinuestofreefallwhichisagoodsignforanyenterprisesettingupshopinsilicon.Peoplelookingback5or10yearsfromnowmaywellwonderwhysofewcompaniestooktheonlineplunge. WelearnfromthebeginningofthepassagethatWebbusiness____________.
Financialengineersdon’’twearwhitelabcoats.Theydon’’texperimentonratsorperformgaschromatography气相层析.Theirrawmaterial-money-isn’’tasshowyaswhatbiologistsandphysicistsinvestigate.Buttheinnovationstheyproducewillcontributejustasmuchtoeconomicgrowth. Maybemoreinfactbecausewithoutthescienceoffinanceallothersciencesarejustabunchofneatconcepts.Ideasbegintotributetohumanbettermentwhenthey’’refinanced-byventurecapitalstockofferingsloansorbuyouts.Asmoothlyoperatingfinancialsystemshowersmoneyongoodideas.Equallyimportantitcutsofffundingtotiredideasandtiredcompaniessotheirassetscanbeemployedmoreefficientlyelsewhere. Inthe21stcenturyeconomyinnovationinfinancewillincreaseinconcertwiththeincreaseincompetition.Partlybecauseofderegulationandglobalizationcompetitionshouldgettougherandmarginsthinner.Asproductssuchashomemortgageloansbecomecommoditizedfinancial-servicecompanieswillbeforcedtogetmorecreative. Financialtechnologywillkeepfeedingoffinformationtechnology.Thesecrettosuccesswillbeastrongsoftwareplatformwhichwilllowerthecostofgeneralserviceswhilemakingitpossibletocreatehigh-marginvariationsaswell.Afewcompaniesthatgetitrightcanspinawayfromtherestandbecomestrongerandstronger. Inthenewworldoffinancesizecounts.Bigcompaniesenjoyeconomiesofscaleandnamerecognitionandtheycanbesaferbecausetheirbetsarespreadacrossmoreregionsandmarketsegments.ThevalueofU.S.bankmergersinthefirsthalfof1998wasgreaterthanthatofthethreepreviousyearscombined.Themergersareoccurringacrossindustriesaswell. Attheotherextremewillbespecialiststhatsurvivebydoingonethingeitherverycheaplyorexceptionallywell.Byofferinglowerpricesorbetterservicespecialistswilldisciplinethefinancialsupermarkets;thebigguysknowtheircustomerscanwalkawayiftheygetarawdeal.Thereisnowaywearegoingtomaximizeashort-termtransactionalbenefitattheriskofdestroyingalong-termrelationshipsaysChaseManhattanCorp.Vice-ChairmanJosephG.Sponholz. Predictablythebiggestwinnersfromfinancialinnovationwillbecompaniesandfamiliesthathavecomplexfinances.Banksalreadyshowsignsoflosinginterestinpeoplewhowantjustplaincheckingaccounts. Butasincomesandwealthrisemorepeoplewillfindthemselvesthrustintotheroleofassetmanagers.Businessestoowillhavetobecomemoresophisticated-ifonlytokeeppacewithfinanciallyinnovativerivals. Companiesorfamiliesmayfailinfinancingifthey
"ThenewshittheBritishHighCommissioninNairobiatnine-thirtyonaMondaymorning.SandyWoodrowtookitlikeabulletjawrigidchestoutsmackthroughhisdividedEnglishheart."Crikey.Sothat’showyoutakeabullet.PooroldSandy.HisEnglishheartmustbereallydividednow.Thisdeliriouslyhardboiledopeningsetsthetoneforwhat’stocome.WhitemischiefPshaw!Whiteplaguemorelikeit. SandyWoodrowisheadofchanceryattheBritishHighCommissioninNairobi.ThenewsthatneatlysubdivideshisheartasthenovelopensisthedeathofayoungbeautifulandidealisticlawyerturnedaidworkernamedTessaQuayle.TessahasbeenmurderedforlearningtoomuchaboutthedishonestpracticesofalargepharmaceuticalcompanyoperatinginAfrica.HerbodyisfoundatLakeTurkanainnorthernKenyaneartheborderwithSudan.Tessa’shusband.JustinisalsoaBritishdiplomatstationedinNairobi.UntilnowJustinhasbeenanobedientcivilservantcontenttotoetheofficialline—inshortahardworker.Butallthatchangesintheaftermathofhiswife’smurder.Fullofrighteousangerheresolvestogettothebottomofitcomewhatmay. "TheConstantGardener"hasgotplentyoftensemomentsandsuddentwistsandcomescompletelywithshadowyfigureslurkinginthebush.Thereisafamiliartoneofgentlemanlyworld-wearinesstoitallwhichshouldkeepMr.leCarre’sfanshappy.ButthenovelisalsoanimpassionedattackonthecorruptionwhichallowsAfricatobeusedasasortoflaboratoryforthetestingofnewmedicines.ElsewhereMr.leCartehasdenouncedthe"corporatecamhypocrisycorruptionandgreed"ofthepharmaceuticalindustry.Thispositionisexcitinglydramatizedinhisbookeveniftheabusesherailsagainstarenotexactlybreakingnews. Inotherrespects"TheConstantGardener"islesssatisfactory.Mr.leCartecan’tseemtomakeuphismindwhetherhe’swritingathrilleroranexpose.InarecentarticlefortheNewYorkerhedescribedhiscreativeprocessas"akindofdeliberatelytwistedjournalismwherenothingisquitewhatitis"andwhereanyencountermaybe"freelyrecastforitsdramaticpossibilities".Suchisthemethodemployedin"TheConstantGardener"whoseheroine.Mr.leCartesayswasinspiredbyanoldfriendofhis.Oneortwoprominentreal-lifeKenyanpoliticiansarementionedoftenenoughtobecomeineffect."characters"inthestory.AndinanoteattheendofthebookMr.leCanethanksthevariousdiplomatsdoctorspharmaceuticalexpertsandoldAfricahandswhogavehimadviceandassistancethoughinthesamebreathheinsiststhatthestaffoftheBritishmissioninNairobiarenodoubtalljollygoodeggswhobearnoresemblancewhatsoevertotheheartlessscoundrelsinhisstory. There’snothingwrongwithabitofartisticlicenseOfcourse.ButMr.leCarre’sequivocationaboutthenovel’srelationtofactunderminesitseffectivenessasaworkofsocialcriticismwhichisprettyclearlywhatitaspirestobe."TheConstantGardener"isacrackingthrillerbutaflawedexplorationofacomplicatedsetofpoliticalissues ThethrillerisalwaysfullofthefollowingfeaturesEXCEPT
Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleepcharacterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreamingandlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.________kindofsleepisatallwell-understoodbutREMsleepis________toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore________.Thenewexperimentssuchasthose________forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolissuggestfascinatingexplanations________ofnon-REMsleep. Forexampleithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep________is100percentfataltoratsyet________examinationofthedeadbodiestheanimalslookcompletelynormal.Aresearcherhasnow________themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Therats________bacterialinfectionsoftheblood________theirimmunesystemstheself-protectingmechanismagainstdiseases―hadcrashed.
"ThenewshittheBritishHighCommissioninNairobiatnine-thirtyonaMondaymorning.SandyWoodrowtookitlikeabulletjawrigidchestoutsmackthroughhisdividedEnglishheart."Crikey.Sothat’showyoutakeabullet.PooroldSandy.HisEnglishheartmustbereallydividednow.Thisdeliriouslyhardboiledopeningsetsthetoneforwhat’stocome.WhitemischiefPshaw!Whiteplaguemorelikeit. SandyWoodrowisheadofchanceryattheBritishHighCommissioninNairobi.ThenewsthatneatlysubdivideshisheartasthenovelopensisthedeathofayoungbeautifulandidealisticlawyerturnedaidworkernamedTessaQuayle.TessahasbeenmurderedforlearningtoomuchaboutthedishonestpracticesofalargepharmaceuticalcompanyoperatinginAfrica.HerbodyisfoundatLakeTurkanainnorthernKenyaneartheborderwithSudan.Tessa’shusband.JustinisalsoaBritishdiplomatstationedinNairobi.UntilnowJustinhasbeenanobedientcivilservantcontenttotoetheofficialline—inshortahardworker.Butallthatchangesintheaftermathofhiswife’smurder.Fullofrighteousangerheresolvestogettothebottomofitcomewhatmay. "TheConstantGardener"hasgotplentyoftensemomentsandsuddentwistsandcomescompletelywithshadowyfigureslurkinginthebush.Thereisafamiliartoneofgentlemanlyworld-wearinesstoitallwhichshouldkeepMr.leCarre’sfanshappy.ButthenovelisalsoanimpassionedattackonthecorruptionwhichallowsAfricatobeusedasasortoflaboratoryforthetestingofnewmedicines.ElsewhereMr.leCartehasdenouncedthe"corporatecamhypocrisycorruptionandgreed"ofthepharmaceuticalindustry.Thispositionisexcitinglydramatizedinhisbookeveniftheabusesherailsagainstarenotexactlybreakingnews. Inotherrespects"TheConstantGardener"islesssatisfactory.Mr.leCartecan’tseemtomakeuphismindwhetherhe’swritingathrilleroranexpose.InarecentarticlefortheNewYorkerhedescribedhiscreativeprocessas"akindofdeliberatelytwistedjournalismwherenothingisquitewhatitis"andwhereanyencountermaybe"freelyrecastforitsdramaticpossibilities".Suchisthemethodemployedin"TheConstantGardener"whoseheroine.Mr.leCartesayswasinspiredbyanoldfriendofhis.Oneortwoprominentreal-lifeKenyanpoliticiansarementionedoftenenoughtobecomeineffect."characters"inthestory.AndinanoteattheendofthebookMr.leCanethanksthevariousdiplomatsdoctorspharmaceuticalexpertsandoldAfricahandswhogavehimadviceandassistancethoughinthesamebreathheinsiststhatthestaffoftheBritishmissioninNairobiarenodoubtalljollygoodeggswhobearnoresemblancewhatsoevertotheheartlessscoundrelsinhisstory. There’snothingwrongwithabitofartisticlicenseOfcourse.ButMr.leCarre’sequivocationaboutthenovel’srelationtofactunderminesitseffectivenessasaworkofsocialcriticismwhichisprettyclearlywhatitaspirestobe."TheConstantGardener"isacrackingthrillerbutaflawedexplorationofacomplicatedsetofpoliticalissues EquivocationLine1Lastparagraphmeans
Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleepcharacterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreamingandlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.________kindofsleepisatallwell-understoodbutREMsleepis________toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore________.Thenewexperimentssuchasthose________forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolissuggestfascinatingexplanations________ofnon-REMsleep. Forexampleithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep________is100percentfataltoratsyet________examinationofthedeadbodiestheanimalslookcompletelynormal.Aresearcherhasnow________themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Therats________bacterialinfectionsoftheblood________theirimmunesystemstheself-protectingmechanismagainstdiseases―hadcrashed.
Oneofthecomicalmomentsintheearlyhistoryofprintingoccurredin1631whentheEnglishprinterRobertBarkerproducedaneditionofthescriptureswhichbecameknownasthe"WickedBible."Thiseditioncontainedamisprintoftheseventhcommandmem.Onethousandcopieswereprintedandreadyforpublicationbeforesomeonenoticedthatthecommandmenthadbeenchangedto"Thoushaltcommitadultery."Nothingmuchcameofit.Theprinterwasfinedthecopiesdestroyedandthemoralfiberofthenationremainedintact. Butwhathappenswhentheverseatissueisnotmerelyaprinter’serrorbutanancientinterpolationintoanevenmoreancienttextSuchwasthecasewith1John5:7thebiblicalproof-textforthedoctrineoftheTrinity.ErasmusSirIsaacNewtonandJohnLockeamongotherschallengedthetext’sauthenticity.WhenErasmuslefttheverseoutofthefirsteditionofhismonumentalGreekNewTestament1516hewasroundlycriticizedforencouragingheresiesschismsandconflicts.Erasmus’scriticsknewthatapproachingtheBibleinascholarlyfashionwasdangerous:eventhemostpiousattemptsatrationalunderstandingofscripturecouldresultinskepticismoratheism.HowcanoneappraisetheBiblecriticallyandstillmaintainitsauthority. InhisengagingandverythoroughbookDavidKatzexploresthewaysthisquestionwasaddressedinEnglandfromtheReformationonward.AprofessoratTelAvivUniversityKatzistheauthorofTheJewsintheHistoryofEngland1485-1850andahostofbooksandarticlesonearly-modemskepticismandreligion.InGod’sLastWordsKatzmaintainsthateveryerarespondstotheBibledifferentlybasedonshiftingculturalassumptionsandheexaminesthe"lensthroughwhichtheBiblewasread"invarioushistoricalmoments.WhileReformationleadersacceptedthetransparencyoftheBible’smessagebythelate17thcenturythisviewcouldnolongerbemaintainedKatzstates.Duringthe18thcenturytheBiblecametoberegardedasjustanotherliterarytext--onewhichincreasinglyhadtoconformtocontemporarystandardsofrealism.AsDarwin’stheoriesbecamewidelyknown19th-centuryreadersappliedanevolutionarymodeltotheBibleandbeganmseeitastheproductofaprimitivementalityverydifferentfromtheirown.ThesenewwaysofreadingtheBibleseemedtodestroyitsauthoritycompletelyuntilthefundamentalistmovementreassertedtheoldProtestantbeliefintheBible’ssoleauthority. WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue
Evenforoverachieverswhoareusedtomultitaskingtheideaofwatchingtwoversionsofthesametelevisionshowatthesametime--oneontelevisionandoneonacomputer—issomethingthatisprobablyforeigntomostpeopleovertheageof30.TotheeternallyyoungbrainsthatnmMTVhoweveritisthenextstepinreshapingtheirbusiness. BeginningthissummerwiththeMTVVideoMusicAwardsandcontinuinginthefallwiththecablechannel’sliveafternoonprogram"TotalRequestLive"MTVwilloffertwosimultaneousversionsofeachshowoneontelevisionandanotherfocusingonabehind-the-scenesnarrativeonitsbroadbandchannelMTVOverdrive. "WedotonsofresearchonouraudienceanditshowsthattheyareinstantmessagingandlisteningtomusicandwatchingTVallatthesametime"saidChristinaNormanpresidentofMTV."We’vedefinitelyseenthembecomemoreadeptatnavigatingthroughmultiplemedia.Theylivecomfortablyinseveralworldsatonce." TheOverdrivecomponentlocatedatmtv.comwillfeatureasortofvideodigressionthatwillcontinuetostreamlivewhilethetelevisionshowisbroadcastingcommercials.Forexampleifaviewerwantstowatchanentiremusicvideoafterasnippetisshownonthe"TotalRequestLive"videocountdownortakeabackstagetourwithJamieFoxxafterhefinisheshisonstageappearanceonthesetof"T.R.L."astheshowisfamiliarlyknownOverdrivewillbetheplacetoturn. "Doingthreethingsatoncewhenyou’re19yearsoldisnothard"saidDaveSirulnickanexecutivevicepresidentatMTVwhooverseesmultiplatformproductionnewsandmusic. LastThursdayatMTV’sstudiosinTimesSquareMr.Sirulnickprovedadeptatdoingatleasttwothingsatoncedashingbetweentwocontrolroomsthatwerestepsawayfromeachotherjustdownthehallwayfromthe"T.R.L."set. Itwasthesecondtest-runofsimultaneousproductionandineachcontrolroom-oneforOverdriveonefor"T.R.L".—separatesetsofdirectorsandproducersguidedcameramenandtheshow’shostsknownasV.J.’sthroughtheirpaces. "Noonethatweknowhasdonealivestreamofadifferentsignalofanexistingshow."Mr.Sirulnicksaid."It’saliveparallelexperienceonethatveryquicklyturnsintoanon-demandexperiment"withportionsofeachshowarchivcdandkeptontheOverdrivesiteforfanstoreplayatwill. Sirulnick’sattitudemthiskindofexperienceis
InthefirstyearorsoofWebbusinessmostoftheactionhasrevolvedaroundeffortstotaptheconsumermarket.MorerecentlyastheWebprovedtobemorethanfashioncompanieshavestartedtobuyandsellproductsandserviceswithoneanother.Suchbusiness-to-businesssalesmakesensebecausebusinesspeopletypicallyknowwhatproductthey’’relookingfor. NonethelessmanycompaniesstillhesitatetousetheWebbecauseofdoubtsaboutitsreliability.BusinessesneedtofeeltheycantrustthepathwaybetweenthemandthesuppliersayssenioranalystBlaneErwinofForresterResearch.Somecompaniesarelimitingtheriskbyconductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesspartnerswhoaregivenaccesstothecompany’’sprivateinternet. AnothermajorshiftinthemodelforInternetcommerceconcernsthetechnologyavailableformarketing.UntilrecentlyInternetmarketingactivitieshavefocusedonstrategiestopullcustomersintosites.Inthepastyearhoweversoftwarecompanieshavedevelopedtoolsthatallowcompaniestopushinformationdirectlyouttoconsumerstransmittingmarketingmessagesdirectlytotargetedcustomers.MostnotablythePointcastNetworkusesascreensavertodeliveracontinuallyupdatedstreamofnewsandadvertisementstosubscribers’’computermonitors.Subscriberscancustomizetheinformationtheywanttoreceiveandproceeddirectlytoacompany’’sWebsite.CompaniessuchasVirtualVineyardsarealreadystartingtousesimilartechnologiestopushmessagestocustomersaboutspecialsalesproductofferingsorotherevents.ButpushtechnologyhasearnedthecontemptofmanyWebusers.Onlineculturethinkshighlyofthenotionthattheinformationflowingontothescreencomestherebyspecificrequest.OncecommercialpromotionbeginstofillthescreenuninvitedthedistinctionbetweentheWebandtelevisionfades.That’’saprospectthathorrifiesNetpurists. ButitishardlyinevitablethatcompaniesontheWebwillneedtoresorttopushstrategiestomakemoney.TheexamplesofVirtualVineyardsAmazon.comandotherpioneersshowthataWebsitesellingtherightkindofproductswiththerightmixofinteractivityhospitalityandsecuritywillattractonlinecustomers.Andthecostofcomputingpowercontinuestofreefallwhichisagoodsignforanyenterprisesettingupshopinsilicon.Peoplelookingback5or10yearsfromnowmaywellwonderwhysofewcompaniestooktheonlineplunge. IntheviewofNetpurists____________.
Evenforoverachieverswhoareusedtomultitaskingtheideaofwatchingtwoversionsofthesametelevisionshowatthesametime--oneontelevisionandoneonacomputer—issomethingthatisprobablyforeigntomostpeopleovertheageof30.TotheeternallyyoungbrainsthatnmMTVhoweveritisthenextstepinreshapingtheirbusiness. BeginningthissummerwiththeMTVVideoMusicAwardsandcontinuinginthefallwiththecablechannel’sliveafternoonprogram"TotalRequestLive"MTVwilloffertwosimultaneousversionsofeachshowoneontelevisionandanotherfocusingonabehind-the-scenesnarrativeonitsbroadbandchannelMTVOverdrive. "WedotonsofresearchonouraudienceanditshowsthattheyareinstantmessagingandlisteningtomusicandwatchingTVallatthesametime"saidChristinaNormanpresidentofMTV."We’vedefinitelyseenthembecomemoreadeptatnavigatingthroughmultiplemedia.Theylivecomfortablyinseveralworldsatonce." TheOverdrivecomponentlocatedatmtv.comwillfeatureasortofvideodigressionthatwillcontinuetostreamlivewhilethetelevisionshowisbroadcastingcommercials.Forexampleifaviewerwantstowatchanentiremusicvideoafterasnippetisshownonthe"TotalRequestLive"videocountdownortakeabackstagetourwithJamieFoxxafterhefinisheshisonstageappearanceonthesetof"T.R.L."astheshowisfamiliarlyknownOverdrivewillbetheplacetoturn. "Doingthreethingsatoncewhenyou’re19yearsoldisnothard"saidDaveSirulnickanexecutivevicepresidentatMTVwhooverseesmultiplatformproductionnewsandmusic. LastThursdayatMTV’sstudiosinTimesSquareMr.Sirulnickprovedadeptatdoingatleasttwothingsatoncedashingbetweentwocontrolroomsthatwerestepsawayfromeachotherjustdownthehallwayfromthe"T.R.L."set. Itwasthesecondtest-runofsimultaneousproductionandineachcontrolroom-oneforOverdriveonefor"T.R.L".—separatesetsofdirectorsandproducersguidedcameramenandtheshow’shostsknownasV.J.’sthroughtheirpaces. "Noonethatweknowhasdonealivestreamofadifferentsignalofanexistingshow."Mr.Sirulnicksaid."It’saliveparallelexperienceonethatveryquicklyturnsintoanon-demandexperiment"withportionsofeachshowarchivcdandkeptontheOverdrivesiteforfanstoreplayatwill. AccordingtothepassageT.R.L.is
Oneofthecomicalmomentsintheearlyhistoryofprintingoccurredin1631whentheEnglishprinterRobertBarkerproducedaneditionofthescriptureswhichbecameknownasthe"WickedBible."Thiseditioncontainedamisprintoftheseventhcommandmem.Onethousandcopieswereprintedandreadyforpublicationbeforesomeonenoticedthatthecommandmenthadbeenchangedto"Thoushaltcommitadultery."Nothingmuchcameofit.Theprinterwasfinedthecopiesdestroyedandthemoralfiberofthenationremainedintact. Butwhathappenswhentheverseatissueisnotmerelyaprinter’serrorbutanancientinterpolationintoanevenmoreancienttextSuchwasthecasewith1John5:7thebiblicalproof-textforthedoctrineoftheTrinity.ErasmusSirIsaacNewtonandJohnLockeamongotherschallengedthetext’sauthenticity.WhenErasmuslefttheverseoutofthefirsteditionofhismonumentalGreekNewTestament1516hewasroundlycriticizedforencouragingheresiesschismsandconflicts.Erasmus’scriticsknewthatapproachingtheBibleinascholarlyfashionwasdangerous:eventhemostpiousattemptsatrationalunderstandingofscripturecouldresultinskepticismoratheism.HowcanoneappraisetheBiblecriticallyandstillmaintainitsauthority. InhisengagingandverythoroughbookDavidKatzexploresthewaysthisquestionwasaddressedinEnglandfromtheReformationonward.AprofessoratTelAvivUniversityKatzistheauthorofTheJewsintheHistoryofEngland1485-1850andahostofbooksandarticlesonearly-modemskepticismandreligion.InGod’sLastWordsKatzmaintainsthateveryerarespondstotheBibledifferentlybasedonshiftingculturalassumptionsandheexaminesthe"lensthroughwhichtheBiblewasread"invarioushistoricalmoments.WhileReformationleadersacceptedthetransparencyoftheBible’smessagebythelate17thcenturythisviewcouldnolongerbemaintainedKatzstates.Duringthe18thcenturytheBiblecametoberegardedasjustanotherliterarytext--onewhichincreasinglyhadtoconformtocontemporarystandardsofrealism.AsDarwin’stheoriesbecamewidelyknown19th-centuryreadersappliedanevolutionarymodeltotheBibleandbeganmseeitastheproductofaprimitivementalityverydifferentfromtheirown.ThesenewwaysofreadingtheBibleseemedtodestroyitsauthoritycompletelyuntilthefundamentalistmovementreassertedtheoldProtestantbeliefintheBible’ssoleauthority. WhywastheeditionprintedbyRobertBarkercalledtheWickedBible
Enoughisneverenoughnotwhenthegovernmentbelievesthatitcaninvadeyourprivacywithoutrepercussions.TheJusticeDepartmentwantsafederaljudgetoforceGoogletoturnovermillionsofprivateInternetsearches.GoogleisrightlyfightingthedemandbutthegovernmentsaysAmericaOnlineYahooandMSNMicrosoft’sOnlineService.havealreadycompliedwithsimilarrequests. Thisisnotaboutnationalsecurity.TheJusticeDepartmentismakingthisbaldfacedgrabtotrytosupportanonlinepornographylawthathasbeenblockedoncebytheSupremeCourt.Andit’snotthefirsttimewe’veseenthissortofbehavior.ThegovernmenthaszealouslyprotectedthePatriotAct’spowertoexaminelibraryrecords.ItsoughttheprivatemedicalhistoriesofaselectedgroupofwomensayingitneededtheinformationtodefendthePartial-BirthAbortionBanActinthefederalcourts. ThefurorisstillragingoverPresidentBush’sdecisionmpermitspyingonAmericanswithoutwarrants.AndthegovernmentnowwantswhatcouldbebillionsofsearchtermsenteredintoGoogle’swebpagesandpossiblyamillionwebsiteaddressestogoalongwiththem. ProtectingminorsfromthenastiermaterialontheInternetisavalidgoal:thecourtshaveaskedthegovernmenttotestwhethertechnologiesforfilteringoutthebadstuffareeffective.Andthegovernmenthasn’taskedforusers’personaldatathistimearound.What’sfrighteningisthattheJusticeDepartmentistryingonceagaintodigupinformationfirstandanswerquestionslaterifatall.HadGooglenotresistedthegovernment’sattempttoseizerecordswouldthepublichaveeverfoundabouttherequest Thebattleraisesthequestionofhowmuch.ofourpersonalinformationcompaniesshouldbeallowedtoholdontointhefirstplace.WithoutmuchthoughtInternetusershavehandedovervastquantitiesofprivateinformationtocorporations.Manypeopledon’trealizethatsomeharmlesslynamed"cookies"inpersonalcomputersallowcompaniestotrackvisitstovariouswebsites. Internetuserspermittheire-mailtobereadbypeopleandmachinesinwaystheywouldnevertoleratefortheirold-fashionedmail.AndmuchofthatinformationisnowcollectedandstoredbycompanieslikeGoogle.WhenpressedonprivacyissuesGooglewhoseinformalmottois"Don’tbeevil"—saysitcanbetrustedwiththisinformation.Butprofilingconsumers’behaviorispotentiallyprofitableforcompanies.Andoncecataloguedinformationcanbeabusedbythegovernmentaswell.Eitherwaytheindividualcitizenloses. TheJusticeDepartmentmadesuchadecisioninorderto
Theessentialweaknessoftheoldandtraditionaleducationwasnotjustthatitemphasizedthenecessityforprovisionofdefinitesubject-matterandactivities.Thesethingsarenecessitiesforanythingthatcanrightlybecallededucation.Theweaknessandevilwasthattheimaginationofeducatorsdidnotgobeyondprovisionofafixedandrigidenvironmentofsubject-matteronedrawnmoreoverfromsourcesaltogethertooremotefromtheexperiencesofthepupil.Whatisneededintheneweducationismoreattentionnotlesstosubject-matterandtoprogressintechnique.ButwhenIsaymoreIdonotmeanmoreinquantityofthesameoldkind.Imeananimaginativevisionwhichseesthatnoprescribedandready-madeschemecanpossiblydeterminetheexactsubject-matterthatwillbestpromotetheeducativegrowthofeveryindividualyoungperson;thateverynewindividualsetsanewproblem;thathecallsforatleastasomewhatdifferentemphasisinsubject-matterpresented.Thereisnothingmoreblindlystupidthantheconventionwhichsupposesthatthematteractuallycontainedintextbooksofarithmetichistorygeographyetc.isjustwhatwillfurthertheeducationaldevelopmentofallchildren. Butwithdrawalfromthehardandfastandnarrowcontentsoftheoldcurriculumisonlythenegativesideofthematter.Ifwedonotgofarinthepositivedirectionofprovidingabodyofsubject-mattermuchrichermorevariedandflexibleandalsointruthmoredefinitejudgedintermsoftheexperienceofthosebeingeducatedthantraditionaleducationsuppliedweshalltendtoleaveaneducationalvacuuminwhichanythingmayhappen.Completeisolationisimpossibleinnature.Theyoungliveinsomeenvironmentwhetherweintenditornotandthisenvironmentisconstantlyinteractingwithwhatchildrenandyouthbringtoit.andtheresultistheshapingoftheirinterestsmindsandcharacter―eithereducativelyormis-educatively.Iftheprofessededucatorgivesuphisresponsibilityforjudgingandselectingthekindofenvironmentthathisbestunderstandingleadshimtothinkwillbecontributivetogrowththentheyoungareleftatthemercyofalltheunorganizedandcasualforcesofthemodernsocialenvironmentthatinevitablyplayuponthemaslongastheylive.Intheeducativeenvironmenttheknowledgejudgmentandexperienceoftheteacherisagreaternotasmallerfactorthanitisinthetraditionalschool.Thedifferenceisthattheteacheroperatesnotasajudgesetonhighandmarkedbyarbitraryauthoritybutasafriendlyco-partnerandguideinacommonenterprise. Theauthoragitatesreformschieflyinthe
Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleepcharacterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreamingandlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.________kindofsleepisatallwell-understoodbutREMsleepis________toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore________.Thenewexperimentssuchasthose________forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolissuggestfascinatingexplanations________ofnon-REMsleep. Forexampleithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep________is100percentfataltoratsyet________examinationofthedeadbodiestheanimalslookcompletelynormal.Aresearcherhasnow________themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Therats________bacterialinfectionsoftheblood________theirimmunesystemstheself-protectingmechanismagainstdiseases―hadcrashed.
"BLOGGOPLC"announcesitspressofficeat7amLondontime"lastnightagreedtopurchaseJunkoIncofWichita."46AquotefromBloggo’sproudchairmansetsouthowwelltheAmericanpurchasefitstheBritishbuyer’sstrategy.AndtheBritishshareholderifheiswiseheadsforhisbrokerandtheexit. 47ThatrepeatedlyhasbeenthelessonofBritishincursionsintotheUnitedStates:fromattemptsinthe1950soffirmslikeAustinandMorristoselltheirutterlyill-suitedandoftenill-builtsmallcarsofthetimethroughEuropeanFerrieswhichinthe1980sboughtupseveralthousandacresnearDenverpresumablywithoutasking—untilitwentall-butbellyup—whetheracross-ChannelferryfirmreallyknewmoreaboutlandinColoradothanlocalreal-estatebuffsdid. EveninthelatereraofseriousdirectinvestmentBritishincursionshavehadaspottyrecord.TwoacademicsatXfiExeterUniversity’snewfinanceandinvestmentcentrehavenowputfiguresonit.AlanGregoryandSteveMcCorristonstudied197BritishtakeoversinAmericanearlyallthesignificantonesinmanufacturingandservicesbankingexcludedin1984-94.48Overafive-yearperiodfromthepurchasetheyfoundthecumulativereturntoshareholderswas27%lowerthan"normal"—iefor;similarcompaniesthathadstayedathome—andnotablyworsethanthetrivialdifferenceoveroneyearthatstockmarketsandacademicshavetendedtolookat. 49Thefigurewasalsoinnotablecontrasttocomparableonesfrom97takeoversintheEuropeanUnionand39elsewhereintheworld.ReturnsintheEUlookedbetterthannormalbutthefigureswerenotstatisticallysignificant;thoseintherestoftheworldwereboth32%better. 50YoumightexpecttheoppositegiventhatBritain’scorporatecultureismuchlikeAmerica’s.butsomewayfromthoseofmostEUcountries.SowhytheunexpectedoutcomeTheExeteracademicsdonotknowbutwouldlovetofindout—iftheycangettheresearchfunding. Overafive-yearperiodfromthepurchasetheyfoundthecumulativereturntoshareholderswas27%lowerthannormal—iefor;similarcompaniesthathadstayedathome—andnotablyworsethanthetrivialdifferenceoveroneyearthatstockmarketsandacademicshavetendedtolookat.
Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleepcharacterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreamingandlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.________kindofsleepisatallwell-understoodbutREMsleepis________toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore________.Thenewexperimentssuchasthose________forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolissuggestfascinatingexplanations________ofnon-REMsleep. Forexampleithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep________is100percentfataltoratsyet________examinationofthedeadbodiestheanimalslookcompletelynormal.Aresearcherhasnow________themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Therats________bacterialinfectionsoftheblood________theirimmunesystemstheself-protectingmechanismagainstdiseases―hadcrashed.
Directions: Studythetwo;picturesabovecarefullyandwriteanessayentitled"OntheRelationshipbetweenEnvironmentandEconomy".Intheessayyoushould1describethepicturesandinterprettheirmeaning;2giveyouropinionWithsomeproof;3giveyourconclusion. Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
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