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先行组织者包括说明性组织者比较性组织者和解释性组织者
先行组织者先行组织者
先行组织者包括两种一种是陈述性组织者另一种是比 较性组织者
先行组织者主要包括
说明性组织者
概括性组织者
比较性组织者
论证性组织者
提纲性组织者
先行组织者主要包括
说明性组织者
概括性组织者
比较性组织者
论证性组织者
提纲性组织者
奥苏伯尔认为先行组织者可分为
程序性组织者
命题性组织者
陈述性组织者
辨别性组织者
比较性组织者
先行组织者可以分为
陈述性组织者
程序性组织者
比较性组织者
分析性组织者
综合性组织者
奥苏贝尔认为先行组织者可分为
陈述性组织者
比较性组织者
直观性组织者
概括性组织者
抽象性组织者
先行组织者包括两种类型分别是说明性组织者和
概括性组织者
比较性组织眷
论证性组织者
提纲性组织者
在奥苏伯尔的理论中先行组织者包括
概括性组织者
具体性组织者
陈述性组织者
比较性组织者
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B Todaytherearepolicemeneverywherebutinl700Londonhadnopolicemenatall．Afewoldmenusedtoprotectthecitystreetsatnightandtheywerenotpaid． About300yearsa90Londonwasstartingtogetbiggerandmoreandmorepeoplebegantolivethere．Thecitywasverydirtyandmanypeoplewerepoor．Thereweresomanythieveswhostolemoneyinthestreetsthatpeoplestayedintheirhomesasmuchaspossible． Inl750HenryFieldingstartedtopayagroupofpeopletostopthieves．TheywerelikepolicemenandwerecalledBowStreetRunnersbecausetheyworkednearBowStreet． Fiftyyearslatertherewerel20BowStreetRunnersbutLondonhadbecomeverybigandneededmorepolicemen．Soinl829thefirstMetropolitanorLondonPoliceForcewasstartedwith 30000fficers．Mostofthemenworkedonfootbutafewrodehorses．Untill920allthepolicein Londonweremen． TodayLondonpolicearequitewellpaidandforthefewpoliceofficerswhostilltidehorsesthepayisevenbetterthanfortheothers． Inl700．themenwhoprotectedthestreetswerepaid．
D Koreanculture韩国文化isreallyexcitingrightnOW．TheKoreanWaveissweepingAsiancountriesincludingChinaYoungpeoplearegoingcrazy疯狂的aboutKoreanTVplaysKoreanpopsongstaekwondoandtheKoreanlanguage． TheKoreanWavestartedafewyearsagowiththeTVseriesWinterSonata．Thislovestoryisstillpopular．Peopleespeciallygirlshkethebeautifulstoryandgood—lookingactors演员likeBaeYongJun． InthemusicworldKoreangirlsaremakingthemselvesheardinChina．YoucanoftenfindbigKoreannamesl／keBabyCoxS．E．SandFinkleatthetopoftheChinesemusiccharts排行榜． TheKoreanWavehasalsomakeyoungpeoplewanttotrytheclothesandhairstylesofpopstarstoo．Notonlythat．NowsomegirlsinChinaarehavingplasticsurgery整容tochangethewaytheylook．PeoplesaysomebeautifulKoreanstarshavehadplasticsurgery．Thesestarsdon’tmakeplasticsurgerylookshameful丢面子的. AreallthefacesofbeautifulKoreangirlsnotrealFindoutforyourselfwhenyounextvisit SouthKorea． Fromthethirdparagraphweknow．
Onceamanandhiswifeworkedforabusinessman．Therewasabigboxinthebusinessman’Slivingroom．ThebusinessmanpointedattheboxandsaidThere’sonlyonethingyoul6do．Don’topenthebox．Mtersayingthishel7thelivingroom． ThewomansaidtoherhusbandTherel8besomethingexpensiveinthebox．Let’s19itshallwe’’Herhusbandsaidnotoher． Thewomandidn’tgiveupher20．Onedayshedecidedtofindoutwhatwas21it．Herhusbanddidn’tstopher．Sheopenedtheboxandlooked22Shefoundnothingintheboxandtriedhardtocloseit23shefailed． Thateveningthebusinessmancamehomeandfoundtheboxwas24．Hewasveryangryandaskedthewomanandherhusbandtoleavehishome． Buttherewasnothingintheboxthewomansaid．Wehaven’ttakenanything25ThebusinessmanshoutedatthemTheboxisnotimportant．Icannotbelieveyou．1’hat’simportant．
Pleaselookupthenewwordsinad．
E Aroundtheworldmoreandmorepeoplearetakingpartindangeroussportsandactivities．Ofcourse．therehavealwaysbeenpeoplewhohavelookedforadventures——thosewhohaveclimbedthehighestmountainstraveledintounknownpartsoftheworldorsailedinsmallboatsacrossthegreatestoceans．Nowhowevertherearepeoplewholookforanimmediateexcitementfromariskyactivitywhichmayonlylastafewminutesorevenseconds． 1wouldconsiderbungeejumpingtobeagoodexample．ofsuchanactivity．Youjumpfromahighplaceperhapsabridgeorahot—airballoon200metre8abovethegroundwithanelastic有弹性的ropetiedtoyourankles．Youfallatupt0150kilometresanhouruntiltheropestopsyoufromhittingtheground．Itissaidthatabout2millionpeoplearoundtheworldhavenowtriedbun-geejumpin9．Otheractivitieswhichmostpeoplewouldsayareasriskyasbungeejumpingincludejumpingfromtallbuildinganddivingintotheseafromthetopofhighcliff悬崖． WhydopeopletakepartinsuchactivitiesastheseSomepsychologistssuggestthatitisbecauselifeinmodemsocietieshasbecomesafeandborin9．Notverylongagodiseasescouldnoteasilybecuredandlifewasacontinuousbattleforsurvival生存． Nowadaysaccordingtomanypeoplelifeofferslittleexcitement．Theyliveandworkincomparativelysafeconditionstheybuyfoodinshopsandtherearedoctorsandhospitalstolookafterthemiftheybecomeill．Theanswerforsomeofthesepeopleistolookfordangerinactivitiessuchasbungeejumping． Moreandmorepeopletoday．
A YearsagoIlivedinabuildinginalargecity．Thebuildin9’Snextdoorwasonlyafewfeetawayfrommine．TherewasawomanwholivedtherewhomIhadnevermetyetIcouldseeherseatedbyherwindoweachafternoonsewingorreadin9． AfterseveralmonthshadgonebyIbegantonoticethatherwindowwasdirty．Everythingwasunclearthroughthedirtywindow．1wouldsaytomyselflwonderwhythatwomandoesn’twashherwindow．Itreallylooksterrible． OnebrightmorningIdecidedtocleanmyflatincludingwashingthewindowontheinside． LateintheafternoonwhenIfinishedthecleanin9．Isatdownbythewindowwithacupofcoffeeforarest．Whatasurprise!Acrossthewaythewomansittingbyherwindowwasclearlyvisible．Herwindowwasclean! Thenitdawnedonme．Ihadbeencriticizing批评herdirtywindowbutallthetimelwaswatchinghersthroughmyowndirtywindow． Thatwasquiteanimportantlessonforme．HowoftenhadIlookedatandcriticizedothersthroughthedirtywindowofmyheartthroughmyownshortcomings Sincethenwheneverlwantedtojudge评判someoneIaskedmyselffirstAmIlookingathimthroughmyowndirtywindowThenItrytocleanthewindowofmyownworldsothatImayseetheworldaboutmemoreclearly． It’Sclearthat．
Manyyearsagoapoormangrewanorangetree．51． Onthetreethereweremanyfineoranges．Somedayhefound52． oneofthemwassobigasafootball．Hetookit53． forthekin9．ThekingwasSOhappythathegavethe54． poormanlotsmoney．Whenarichmanheardofit55． hesaidforhimself．I’lltakemygoldcuptothekin956． andhewillgivememuchmoney．Nextdaythekingreceived57． fromthecup．Thekingwasveryfondofthecupandhetold58． therichmanIhaveanorange．It’Sbeautifulthanthecup59． SOIhavedecidedtogiveittoyouastherewardinsteadmoney．60．
Thisweektheweather——tochangeeverydayOnedayishotthenextiscold．
——WhereisTom．9 ——HeSleftsayingthathehassomethingimportanttodo．
Onceamanandhiswifeworkedforabusinessman．Therewasabigboxinthebusinessman’Slivingroom．ThebusinessmanpointedattheboxandsaidThere’sonlyonethingyoul6do．Don’topenthebox．Mtersayingthishel7thelivingroom． ThewomansaidtoherhusbandTherel8besomethingexpensiveinthebox．Let’s19itshallwe’’Herhusbandsaidnotoher． Thewomandidn’tgiveupher20．Onedayshedecidedtofindoutwhatwas21it．Herhusbanddidn’tstopher．Sheopenedtheboxandlooked22Shefoundnothingintheboxandtriedhardtocloseit23shefailed． Thateveningthebusinessmancamehomeandfoundtheboxwas24．Hewasveryangryandaskedthewomanandherhusbandtoleavehishome． Buttherewasnothingintheboxthewomansaid．Wehaven’ttakenanything25ThebusinessmanshoutedatthemTheboxisnotimportant．Icannotbelieveyou．1’hat’simportant．
C MaLili’sparentsaregoingtogiveabiahdaypartyforher．She’sgoingtobefourteenyearsold．MaLilihasalotoffriends．Theyaregoingtocometotheparty．TheyaregirlsfromMaLili’sschool．Therearetwenty．fiveofthem． MaLili’smotherismakingbirthdaycake8fortheparty．Theyareverynicecakes．MaLilisaystohermotherMumyotlgleverynice．Thankyouforyournicecakes．Herfatherisgoingshopping．Hebuysalotofapplesbananasorangesandpears． It’sfouro’eloekintheafternoon．Noweverythingisready．Thepartybeginsinthirtyminutes． HowoldislVlaLiligoingtobe
Onceamanandhiswifeworkedforabusinessman．Therewasabigboxinthebusinessman’Slivingroom．ThebusinessmanpointedattheboxandsaidThere’sonlyonethingyoul6do．Don’topenthebox．Mtersayingthishel7thelivingroom． ThewomansaidtoherhusbandTherel8besomethingexpensiveinthebox．Let’s19itshallwe’’Herhusbandsaidnotoher． Thewomandidn’tgiveupher20．Onedayshedecidedtofindoutwhatwas21it．Herhusbanddidn’tstopher．Sheopenedtheboxandlooked22Shefoundnothingintheboxandtriedhardtocloseit23shefailed． Thateveningthebusinessmancamehomeandfoundtheboxwas24．Hewasveryangryandaskedthewomanandherhusbandtoleavehishome． Buttherewasnothingintheboxthewomansaid．Wehaven’ttakenanything25ThebusinessmanshoutedatthemTheboxisnotimportant．Icannotbelieveyou．1’hat’simportant．
——What’Sthewoman 一一
A YearsagoIlivedinabuildinginalargecity．Thebuildin9’Snextdoorwasonlyafewfeetawayfrommine．TherewasawomanwholivedtherewhomIhadnevermetyetIcouldseeherseatedbyherwindoweachafternoonsewingorreadin9． AfterseveralmonthshadgonebyIbegantonoticethatherwindowwasdirty．Everythingwasunclearthroughthedirtywindow．1wouldsaytomyselflwonderwhythatwomandoesn’twashherwindow．Itreallylooksterrible． OnebrightmorningIdecidedtocleanmyflatincludingwashingthewindowontheinside． LateintheafternoonwhenIfinishedthecleanin9．Isatdownbythewindowwithacupofcoffeeforarest．Whatasurprise!Acrossthewaythewomansittingbyherwindowwasclearlyvisible．Herwindowwasclean! Thenitdawnedonme．Ihadbeencriticizing批评herdirtywindowbutallthetimelwaswatchinghersthroughmyowndirtywindow． Thatwasquiteanimportantlessonforme．HowoftenhadIlookedatandcriticizedothersthroughthedirtywindowofmyheartthroughmyownshortcomings Sincethenwheneverlwantedtojudge评判someoneIaskedmyselffirstAmIlookingathimthroughmyowndirtywindowThenItrytocleanthewindowofmyownworldsothatImayseetheworldaboutmemoreclearly． Thewriterwassurprisedthat．
E Aroundtheworldmoreandmorepeoplearetakingpartindangeroussportsandactivities．Ofcourse．therehavealwaysbeenpeoplewhohavelookedforadventures——thosewhohaveclimbedthehighestmountainstraveledintounknownpartsoftheworldorsailedinsmallboatsacrossthegreatestoceans．Nowhowevertherearepeoplewholookforanimmediateexcitementfromariskyactivitywhichmayonlylastafewminutesorevenseconds． 1wouldconsiderbungeejumpingtobeagoodexample．ofsuchanactivity．Youjumpfromahighplaceperhapsabridgeorahot—airballoon200metre8abovethegroundwithanelastic有弹性的ropetiedtoyourankles．Youfallatupt0150kilometresanhouruntiltheropestopsyoufromhittingtheground．Itissaidthatabout2millionpeoplearoundtheworldhavenowtriedbun-geejumpin9．Otheractivitieswhichmostpeoplewouldsayareasriskyasbungeejumpingincludejumpingfromtallbuildinganddivingintotheseafromthetopofhighcliff悬崖． WhydopeopletakepartinsuchactivitiesastheseSomepsychologistssuggestthatitisbecauselifeinmodemsocietieshasbecomesafeandborin9．Notverylongagodiseasescouldnoteasilybecuredandlifewasacontinuousbattleforsurvival生存． Nowadaysaccordingtomanypeoplelifeofferslittleexcitement．Theyliveandworkincomparativelysafeconditionstheybuyfoodinshopsandtherearedoctorsandhospitalstolookafterthemiftheybecomeill．Theanswerforsomeofthesepeopleistolookfordangerinactivitiessuchasbungeejumping． Peopleprobablytakepartindangeroussportsnowadaysbecause——．
Onceamanandhiswifeworkedforabusinessman．Therewasabigboxinthebusinessman’Slivingroom．ThebusinessmanpointedattheboxandsaidThere’sonlyonethingyoul6do．Don’topenthebox．Mtersayingthishel7thelivingroom． ThewomansaidtoherhusbandTherel8besomethingexpensiveinthebox．Let’s19itshallwe’’Herhusbandsaidnotoher． Thewomandidn’tgiveupher20．Onedayshedecidedtofindoutwhatwas21it．Herhusbanddidn’tstopher．Sheopenedtheboxandlooked22Shefoundnothingintheboxandtriedhardtocloseit23shefailed． Thateveningthebusinessmancamehomeandfoundtheboxwas24．Hewasveryangryandaskedthewomanandherhusbandtoleavehishome． Buttherewasnothingintheboxthewomansaid．Wehaven’ttakenanything25ThebusinessmanshoutedatthemTheboxisnotimportant．Icannotbelieveyou．1’hat’simportant．
B Todaytherearepolicemeneverywherebutinl700Londonhadnopolicemenatall．Afewoldmenusedtoprotectthecitystreetsatnightandtheywerenotpaid． About300yearsa90Londonwasstartingtogetbiggerandmoreandmorepeoplebegantolivethere．Thecitywasverydirtyandmanypeoplewerepoor．Thereweresomanythieveswhostolemoneyinthestreetsthatpeoplestayedintheirhomesasmuchaspossible． Inl750HenryFieldingstartedtopayagroupofpeopletostopthieves．TheywerelikepolicemenandwerecalledBowStreetRunnersbecausetheyworkednearBowStreet． Fiftyyearslatertherewerel20BowStreetRunnersbutLondonhadbecomeverybigandneededmorepolicemen．Soinl829thefirstMetropolitanorLondonPoliceForcewasstartedwith 30000fficers．Mostofthemenworkedonfootbutafewrodehorses．Untill920allthepolicein Londonweremen． TodayLondonpolicearequitewellpaidandforthefewpoliceofficerswhostilltidehorsesthepayisevenbetterthanfortheothers． Today．policeofficerswhoridehorsesarepaid．
C MaLili’sparentsaregoingtogiveabiahdaypartyforher．She’sgoingtobefourteenyearsold．MaLilihasalotoffriends．Theyaregoingtocometotheparty．TheyaregirlsfromMaLili’sschool．Therearetwenty．fiveofthem． MaLili’smotherismakingbirthdaycake8fortheparty．Theyareverynicecakes．MaLilisaystohermotherMumyotlgleverynice．Thankyouforyournicecakes．Herfatherisgoingshopping．Hebuysalotofapplesbananasorangesandpears． It’sfouro’eloekintheafternoon．Noweverythingisready．Thepartybeginsinthirtyminutes． HowmanypeoplearecomingtoMaLili’8party
Yourroomisverydirty．Youshouldkeepit．
——Wherearethe ——Theyareplayingfootballontheplayground．
——Haveyouyourfatherrecently ——N0．Hedoesn’toftenwritetome．
Hiseyeslooklikehis．
Wegaveourteacherssomecardsbestwishes
Onceamanandhiswifeworkedforabusinessman．Therewasabigboxinthebusinessman’Slivingroom．ThebusinessmanpointedattheboxandsaidThere’sonlyonethingyoul6do．Don’topenthebox．Mtersayingthishel7thelivingroom． ThewomansaidtoherhusbandTherel8besomethingexpensiveinthebox．Let’s19itshallwe’’Herhusbandsaidnotoher． Thewomandidn’tgiveupher20．Onedayshedecidedtofindoutwhatwas21it．Herhusbanddidn’tstopher．Sheopenedtheboxandlooked22Shefoundnothingintheboxandtriedhardtocloseit23shefailed． Thateveningthebusinessmancamehomeandfoundtheboxwas24．Hewasveryangryandaskedthewomanandherhusbandtoleavehishome． Buttherewasnothingintheboxthewomansaid．Wehaven’ttakenanything25ThebusinessmanshoutedatthemTheboxisnotimportant．Icannotbelieveyou．1’hat’simportant．
It’Seforhimtoflyakite．Hecanflyitwell．
InGradeEightItookphysics．InonetestIget only36percentoftheanswercorrect．Ifailedthe52． nextoneeither．Istartedtothinkthatmaybelwas53． notgoodatit．However1wasnotluckyenought054． haveateacherwhichdidn’ttakemybadgradesasa55． judgmentofmyabilitiesbutsimplylikeanindication56． howIshouldstudyharder．Hepulledmeasideandtold57． methatheknewIcoulddobetter．Hepermittedtoretake58． thetestandlwaspulledmygradetoanA．Thisiswhat59． Idiscoveredjustbecauseasubjectisdifficultytolearn60． itdoesn’tmeanyouarenotgoodatit．
B Todaytherearepolicemeneverywherebutinl700Londonhadnopolicemenatall．Afewoldmenusedtoprotectthecitystreetsatnightandtheywerenotpaid． About300yearsa90Londonwasstartingtogetbiggerandmoreandmorepeoplebegantolivethere．Thecitywasverydirtyandmanypeoplewerepoor．Thereweresomanythieveswhostolemoneyinthestreetsthatpeoplestayedintheirhomesasmuchaspossible． Inl750HenryFieldingstartedtopayagroupofpeopletostopthieves．TheywerelikepolicemenandwerecalledBowStreetRunnersbecausetheyworkednearBowStreet． Fiftyyearslatertherewerel20BowStreetRunnersbutLondonhadbecomeverybigandneededmorepolicemen．Soinl829thefirstMetropolitanorLondonPoliceForcewasstartedwith 30000fficers．Mostofthemenworkedonfootbutafewrodehorses．Untill920allthepolicein Londonweremen． TodayLondonpolicearequitewellpaidandforthefewpoliceofficerswhostilltidehorsesthepayisevenbetterthanfortheothers． Peopledidn’tleavetheirhousesbecause．
D Koreanculture韩国文化isreallyexcitingrightnOW．TheKoreanWaveissweepingAsiancountriesincludingChinaYoungpeoplearegoingcrazy疯狂的aboutKoreanTVplaysKoreanpopsongstaekwondoandtheKoreanlanguage． TheKoreanWavestartedafewyearsagowiththeTVseriesWinterSonata．Thislovestoryisstillpopular．Peopleespeciallygirlshkethebeautifulstoryandgood—lookingactors演员likeBaeYongJun． InthemusicworldKoreangirlsaremakingthemselvesheardinChina．YoucanoftenfindbigKoreannamesl／keBabyCoxS．E．SandFinkleatthetopoftheChinesemusiccharts排行榜． TheKoreanWavehasalsomakeyoungpeoplewanttotrytheclothesandhairstylesofpopstarstoo．Notonlythat．NowsomegirlsinChinaarehavingplasticsurgery整容tochangethewaytheylook．PeoplesaysomebeautifulKoreanstarshavehadplasticsurgery．Thesestarsdon’tmakeplasticsurgerylookshameful丢面子的. AreallthefacesofbeautifulKoreangirlsnotrealFindoutforyourselfwhenyounextvisit SouthKorea． TheKoreanWaverefersto指．
D Koreanculture韩国文化isreallyexcitingrightnOW．TheKoreanWaveissweepingAsiancountriesincludingChinaYoungpeoplearegoingcrazy疯狂的aboutKoreanTVplaysKoreanpopsongstaekwondoandtheKoreanlanguage． TheKoreanWavestartedafewyearsagowiththeTVseriesWinterSonata．Thislovestoryisstillpopular．Peopleespeciallygirlshkethebeautifulstoryandgood—lookingactors演员likeBaeYongJun． InthemusicworldKoreangirlsaremakingthemselvesheardinChina．YoucanoftenfindbigKoreannamesl／keBabyCoxS．E．SandFinkleatthetopoftheChinesemusiccharts排行榜． TheKoreanWavehasalsomakeyoungpeoplewanttotrytheclothesandhairstylesofpopstarstoo．Notonlythat．NowsomegirlsinChinaarehavingplasticsurgery整容tochangethewaytheylook．PeoplesaysomebeautifulKoreanstarshavehadplasticsurgery．Thesestarsdon’tmakeplasticsurgerylookshameful丢面子的. AreallthefacesofbeautifulKoreangirlsnotrealFindoutforyourselfwhenyounextvisit SouthKorea． WhichofthefollowingisNOTTRUEaccordingtothepassage
Therearesixtyminanhour．
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