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帝辛伐东夷
汉族的族名从汉朝而来源于黄炎东夷等部落联盟P31
徐姓的远古始祖就是东夷集团的首领是谁
炎帝属于群体
蛮
华夏
羌系
东夷
并称为山东三大文化的是
齐文化
鲁文化
莒文化
龙山文化
东夷文化
传说在上古时期中国大地上生活着许多部族把华夏周围四方的族人分别称为东夷南蛮西戎北狄以区别华夏历史上在
北狄
南蛮
东夷
西戎
早在远古时期广袤的中华大地上主要生活着四大部落群体华夏集团苗蛮集团百越集团和东夷集团请问徐氏部族是属
是我国东夷族的发祥地早在距今6000年前徐州一带就有了人类活动
中国人远祖的大体分类西方的华夏集团东方的东夷集团与
时期连云港是少昊之国
战国
三国
南北朝
古东夷
下列对夷的说法不准确的是
它是夏、商、周三代时期中原地区居民对海岱地区为主体的东方居民的称谓
东夷族图腾崇拜包括动物、植物和祖先崇拜
东夷文化的影响辐射到台湾海峡、日本海沿岸、阿留申群岛和库页岛
东夷族首领被尊为太昊、太阳神
九夷东夷
鲁俗继承东夷文化传统较少受宗周礼制的束缚带有商品经济的色彩
下列对夷的说法不准确的是______
它是夏、商、周三代时期中原地区居民对海岱地区为主体的东方居民的称谓
东夷族图腾崇拜包括动物、植物和祖先崇拜
东夷文化的影响辐射到台湾海峡、日本海沿岸、阿留申群岛和库页岛
东夷族首领被尊称为太吴、太阳神
父系公社时期黄河流域最强大的部落联盟是
黄帝部
炎帝部
蚩尤部
东夷部
太公周公分封于齐鲁这标志着周民族对东夷族的征服也象征着东夷文化被征服
东夷集团的代表人物
蚩尤、九黎
黄帝、炎帝
太昊、少昊
尧、舜
东夷集团的活动区域
陕西和甘肃
河南山东
云南广东
四川一带
齐鲁立国前在今山东地区生活的土著居民是
沂源人
东夷人
北京人
山顶洞人
中国古代典籍礼记·王制记载的最早的民族是
南蛮
东夷
北狄
西戎
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Inthedimlylitcyber-cafeatSciences-Pohot-houseoftheFrenchelitenoGauloisesmokefillstheairnodog-earedcopiesofSartrelieonthetables.Frenchstudentsaredoingwhatallstudentsdo:surfingthewebviaGoogle.NowPresidentJacquesChiracwantstostopthisAmericanculturalinvasionbysettinguparivalFrenchsearch-engine.TheideawaspromptedbyGoogle’splantoputonlinemillionsoftextsfromAmericanandBritishuniversitylibraries.IfEnglishbooksarethreateningtoswampcyberspaceMrChiracwillnotstandidlyby.HeaskedhiscultureministerRenaudDonnedieudeVabresandJean-NoёlJeanneneyheadofFrance’sBibliothèqueNationaletodothesameforFrenchtext—andcreateahome-grownsearch-enginetobrowsethem.WhynotletGoogledothejobItsFrenchversionisusedfor74%ofintemetsearchesinFrance.Theansweristhevulgarcriteriaitusestorankresults.IdonotbelievewroteMrDonnedieudeVabresinLeMondethattheonlykeytoaccessourcultureshouldbetheautomaticrankingbypopularitywhichhasbeenbehindGoogle’ssuccess.ThisisnotthefirsttimeGooglehasmetFrenchresistance.AcourthasupheldarulingagainstitinalawsuitbroughtbytwofirmsthatclaimeditsdisplayofrivalsponsoredlinksGoogle’schiefsourceofrevenuesconstitutedtrademarkcounterfeiting.TheFrenchstatenewsagencyAgenceFrance-PressehasalsofiledsuitagainstGoogleforcopyrightinfringement.Googlephobiaisspreading.MrJeanneneyhastalkedoftheriskofcrushingdominationbyAmericaindefiningtheviewthatfuturegenerationshaveoftheworld.IhavenothinginparicularagainstGooglehetoldL’Expressamagazine.IsimplynotethatthiscommercialcialcompanyistheexpressionoftheAmericansysteminwhichthelawofthemarketisking.Advertisingmuscleandconsumerdemandshouldnottriumphovergoodtasteandculturalsophistication.TheflawsintheFrenchplanareobvious.IfpopularitycannotarbitratewhatwillMrJeanneneywantsacommitteeofexperts.HeappearstobeseriousthoughthesupplyofFrench-speakingexpertsorexpertsspeakinganylanguageforthatmatterwouldseemtobeinsufficient.AndifadvertisingisnottopaywillthetaxpayerTheplanmirrorsanotherofMrChirac’spetprojects:aCNNàlafrancaise.OverayearagostungbythepowerofEnglishspeakingtelevisionnewschannelsintheIraqwarMrChiracpromisedtosetupaFrenchrivalbytheendof2004.Theprojectisboggeddownbyinfighting.France’sdesiretocombatEnglishonthewebortheairwavesisunderstandable.ProtectingFrance’stonguefromitscitizens’inclinationtoadoptEnglishwordsisanancienthobbyoftheriflingelite.TheAcadémieFrancaisewassetupin1635tothatend.Linguistsdevisetranslationsofcyber-termssuchasarrosagespamorboguebug.LawslimittheuseofEnglishonTV—SuperNannyandStarAcademyarecurrentpests—andimposetranslationsofEnglishslogansinadvertising.TreatingtheinvasionofEnglishasamarketfailurethatmustbecorrectedbythestatemaylookclumsy.InFranceitisjustbusinessasusual.MrDonnedieudeVabresisagainstGooglebecausehe
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypt.tookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.Egyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedtheuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfilterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Aboutthree-quartersofAmericansaccordingtosurveysthinkthecountryisonthewrongtrack.Abouttwo-thirdsofthepublicdisapproveofthejobperformanceofPresidentBushandanevenhighernumberdisdainCongress.ThemediaareexcitedabouttheprospectofawealthybusinessmanrunningforPresidentasanindependentwhocouldtapintobroadpublicdisgruntlementwiththepartisanpoliticiansinWashington.2007Yes.Butalso1992.ThemaindifferencebetweenthetwosituationsisthatMichaelBloombergisricher—andsaner—thanRossPerot.Butonesimilaritymightbethis:theAmericanpeoplewerewrongthenandmaybewrongnow.Thewidespreadpessimismintheearly1990saboutthecourseofthecountryturnedouttobeunwarranted.Therestofthedecadefeaturedimpressiveeconomicgrowthafallingcrimeratesuccessfulreformofthewelfaresystemandareasonablypeacefulworld.Perhapstheproblemsweren’tsobadinthefirstplaceorperhapsthepoliticalsystemproducedpoliticianslikeBillClintonRudyGiulianiandNewtGingrichwhowereabletodealwiththeproblems.Butinanycasethecountrygotbackoncourse.That’snottosayallwaswellinthe1990sespeciallyinforeignpolicy.ResponsibilitiesinplacesrangingfromBosniatoRwandatoAfghanistanwereshirkedandgatheringdangersweren’tdealtwith.Stillthesourcomplaintsanddirepredictionsof1992—ohmyGodthebudgetdeficitwilldousin!—werequicklyovertakenbyevents.What’smorethefearofmanyconservativesthatwemightbeatthemercyofunstoppableforcesofsocialdisintegrationturnedouttobewrong.Indeedthedirepredictionswererenderedobsoletesoquicklythatonewonderswhetherwewerein1992reallyjustindulginginsomekindofpost-cold-warvictory.Sometimesthepublicmoodiswellmoody.Todaywe’remoodyagain.WeareobviouslyfightingadifficultanduntilrecentlybadlymanagedwarinIraqwhoseoutcomeisuncertain.Thisaccountsformuchofthepessimism.Italsodoesn’thelpthatthepoliticalsystemseemsincapableofdealingwithbigproblemslikeimmigrationanenergypolicyandhealthcare.Stillisthegeneralfeelingthateverythingisgoingtothedogsanymorejustifiedtodaythanitwas15yearsagoNotreally.Thinkofitthisway:HaveeventsingeneralgonebetterorworsethanmostpeoplewouldhavepredictedonSept.122001There’sbeennosuccessfulsecondattackhereilltheU.S.—andverylimitedterroristsuccessesinEuropeorevenintheMiddleEast.We’vehad51/2yearsofrobusteconomicgrowthlowunemploymentandastock-marketrecovery.SocialindicatorsintheU.S.aremostlystableorimproving—abortionsteenagebirthsandteenagedrugusearedownandeducationscoresareupabit.AsforAmericanforeignpolicysince9/11ithasnotproducedtheresultssomeofushopedforandtherearemanylegitimatecriticismsoftheBushAdministration’sperformance.Butinfactdespitethegloomanddoomfromcriticsleftandrightincludingoccasionallymetheworldseemstopresenttheusualmixedbagofdifficultproblemsandhearteningdevelopments.ThekeyquestionofcourseisthefateofIraq.Adecentoutcome—thedefeatofal-Qaedainwhatithasmadethecentralfrontinthewaronterrorismandenoughsecuritysotherecanbepeacefulrulebyarepresentativeregime—seemstomeachievableifwedon’tloseournervehereathome.WithsuccessinIraqprogresselsewhereintheMiddleEastwillbeeasier.Thebalancesheetisuncertain.Butitisbynomeansnecessarilygrim.Accordingtothetextwhatmighthavehappenedin1992
Druguseisrisingdramaticallyamongthenation’syouthafteradecadeofdecline.From1993to1994marijuanauseamongyoungpeople1from12to17jumped50percent.Oneinfivehighschoolseniors2marijuanadaily.MonitoringtheFuturewhich3studentdruguseannuallyreportsthatnegativeattitudesaboutdrugshavedeclinedforthefourthyearinarow.4youngpeopleseegreatriskinusingdrugs.Mood-alteringpharmaceuticaldrugsare5newpopularityamongyoungpeople.Ritalin6asadietpillinthe1970sandnowusedto7hyperactivechildrenhasbecomea8drugoncollegecampuses.Acentralnervoussystem9Ritalincancausestrokeshypertensionandseizures.RohypnolproducedinEuropeasa10tranquilizerlowersinhibitionsandsuppressesshort-termmemorywhichhasledtosomewomenbeingrapedbymentheyaregoingoutwith.11takenwithalcoholitseffectsaregreatly12.RocksingerKurtCobaincollapsedfroman13ofRohypnolandchampagneamonthbeforehecommitted14in1994.InFloridaandTexasRohypnolhasbecomewidelyabusedamongteenswhoseethedrugasalessexpensive15formarijuanaandLSD.Alcoholandtobaccouseisincreasingamongteenagers16youngeradolescents.Eachyearmorethanonemillionteensbecomeregularsmokers17theycannotlegallypurchasetobacco.By12thgradeoneinthreestudentssmokes.In1995oneinfive14-year-oldsreportedsmokingregularlya33percentjump181991.Drinkingamong14-year-oldsclimbed50percentfrom1992to1994andallteensreportedsubstantialincreasesin19drinking.In1995oneinfive10thgradersreportedhavingbeendrunkinthepast30days.Two-thirdsofhighschoolseniorssaytheyknowa20withadrinkingproblem. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Druguseisrisingdramaticallyamongthenation’syouthafteradecadeofdecline.From1993to1994marijuanauseamongyoungpeople1from12to17jumped50percent.Oneinfivehighschoolseniors2marijuanadaily.MonitoringtheFuturewhich3studentdruguseannuallyreportsthatnegativeattitudesaboutdrugshavedeclinedforthefourthyearinarow.4youngpeopleseegreatriskinusingdrugs.Mood-alteringpharmaceuticaldrugsare5newpopularityamongyoungpeople.Ritalin6asadietpillinthe1970sandnowusedto7hyperactivechildrenhasbecomea8drugoncollegecampuses.Acentralnervoussystem9Ritalincancausestrokeshypertensionandseizures.RohypnolproducedinEuropeasa10tranquilizerlowersinhibitionsandsuppressesshort-termmemorywhichhasledtosomewomenbeingrapedbymentheyaregoingoutwith.11takenwithalcoholitseffectsaregreatly12.RocksingerKurtCobaincollapsedfroman13ofRohypnolandchampagneamonthbeforehecommitted14in1994.InFloridaandTexasRohypnolhasbecomewidelyabusedamongteenswhoseethedrugasalessexpensive15formarijuanaandLSD.Alcoholandtobaccouseisincreasingamongteenagers16youngeradolescents.Eachyearmorethanonemillionteensbecomeregularsmokers17theycannotlegallypurchasetobacco.By12thgradeoneinthreestudentssmokes.In1995oneinfive14-year-oldsreportedsmokingregularlya33percentjump181991.Drinkingamong14-year-oldsclimbed50percentfrom1992to1994andallteensreportedsubstantialincreasesin19drinking.In1995oneinfive10thgradersreportedhavingbeendrunkinthepast30days.Two-thirdsofhighschoolseniorssaytheyknowa20withadrinkingproblem. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
HistoricallytheEuropeanUnionhasnotbotheredwithfundingmuchbasicscientificresearch.Suchactivitieshavemainlyremainedthepreserveofnationalgovernmentsnotleastbecausegivingscientistsfreereincanleadtodiscoveriesthatnotonlymakemoneybutultimatelyenhancemilitarymight.Thatattitudeisnowchanging.TheEuropeanCommissionproposestoestablishaEuropeanResearchCouncilERCthatwouldspendamaximumof12billion＄14billionoversevenyearsonblueskiesresearch.WhiletheplansarebeinggenerallywelcomedbyEurope’smemberstatestheirdetailsareproblematic.TheproposedERCisintendedtomakeEuropemorecompetitive.Europehassomefirst-classuniversitiesscientificinstitutionsandresearchorganisations.ButtheERC’sproponentsarguetheiractivitiesarefragmentedsotheyarenotreachingtheirfullpotential.InAmericateamsfromacrossthecountrycompetewitheachotherforgrantsfromtheNationalScienceFoundation.TheproposedERCismodelledonthisscheme.Itwouldawardgrantstoindividualresearchteamsforaspecificprojectsolelyonthebasisofscientificmeritjudgedbypeerreview.IftheERCwerecreatedscientistsfromacrossEuropewouldcompetewitheachotherforfundsratherthanmerelycompetingwiththeirfellowcountrymenashappensatpresent.ThiscompareswiththelimitedfundingforbasicresearchthatcurrentlyexistsintheEUwhichplacesitsemphasisoncollaborationbetweenresearchers.ItisopenonlytoresearchersinanarrowrangeofdisciplineschosenbytheEuropeanParliamentandthecommission.TheERCwouldbequitedifferentplacingitsemphasisoncompetitionbetweenresearchersandleavingscientiststhemselvestodecidewhichareasofsciencetopursue.HelgaNowotnywhochairstheEuropeanResearchAdvisoryBoard—anadvisorybodytothecommission—saysthatwinningagrantfromtheERCcouldcometobeseenasunmistakablerecognitionofresearchexcellence.ThequalityofEuropeanresearchneedstobesteppedupanotch.Between1980and2003Europehad68Nobellaureatesinmedicinephysicsandchemistrycomparedwith154inAmerica.WithcompetitionfromChinaandIndiaEurope’ssharecouldfallfurther.OneofthereasonsforEurope’srelativelyweakperformanceisthoughttobealackofgenuinecompetitionbetweenEurope’sresearchers.Anotherisitspoorabilitytoattractyoungpeopleintoaresearchcareer.RecentestimatessuggestthatEuropeneedsanextra700000researchersifitistomeetitsoveralltargetofraisingspendingprivatenationalandEUonresearchanddevelopmentto3%ofGDPby2010.ManyyoungscientistsleaveEuropeforAmericaoncetheyhavefinishedtheirtraining.DrNowotnysaystheERCcouldhelpheretoo.ItcouldestablishaschemetogiveyoungresearcherstheopportunitytofollowtheirownideasandbecomeindependentatanearlierstageintheircareersencouragingtalenttostayinEurope.ThecrucialissuenowiswhethertheERCwillbeabletosetitsownresearchagendafreefromtheinterferenceandbureaucracyofthecommissionandinfluenceofmemberstates.Lastmonth22leadingEuropeanscientistschargedwithshapingtheERC’sscientificstrategymetforthefirsttimetostarthammeringoutacharterandconstitution.Seriousconcernsremainoverthelegalstructureofthebody.ThefinaldecisionontheERC’slegalformonadateyetunspecifiedrestswiththeEuropeanParliamentandmemberstatesintheEuropeanCouncil.IfbotharegenuineintheirsupportfortheERCandEurope’saimofbecomingmorecompetitivethentheymustfindawayofkeepingtheERCfreefrompoliticalinterference.Europewouldbenefitfromacompetitionforitsbestresearcherswhichrewardsscientificexcellence.Aquasi-competitionthatrecognizeshowmanyvoteseachmemberstateisallottedwouldbepointless.WhydidtheEUseldomfinancebasicscientificresearchinthepast
Druguseisrisingdramaticallyamongthenation’syouthafteradecadeofdecline.From1993to1994marijuanauseamongyoungpeople1from12to17jumped50percent.Oneinfivehighschoolseniors2marijuanadaily.MonitoringtheFuturewhich3studentdruguseannuallyreportsthatnegativeattitudesaboutdrugshavedeclinedforthefourthyearinarow.4youngpeopleseegreatriskinusingdrugs.Mood-alteringpharmaceuticaldrugsare5newpopularityamongyoungpeople.Ritalin6asadietpillinthe1970sandnowusedto7hyperactivechildrenhasbecomea8drugoncollegecampuses.Acentralnervoussystem9Ritalincancausestrokeshypertensionandseizures.RohypnolproducedinEuropeasa10tranquilizerlowersinhibitionsandsuppressesshort-termmemorywhichhasledtosomewomenbeingrapedbymentheyaregoingoutwith.11takenwithalcoholitseffectsaregreatly12.RocksingerKurtCobaincollapsedfroman13ofRohypnolandchampagneamonthbeforehecommitted14in1994.InFloridaandTexasRohypnolhasbecomewidelyabusedamongteenswhoseethedrugasalessexpensive15formarijuanaandLSD.Alcoholandtobaccouseisincreasingamongteenagers16youngeradolescents.Eachyearmorethanonemillionteensbecomeregularsmokers17theycannotlegallypurchasetobacco.By12thgradeoneinthreestudentssmokes.In1995oneinfive14-year-oldsreportedsmokingregularlya33percentjump181991.Drinkingamong14-year-oldsclimbed50percentfrom1992to1994andallteensreportedsubstantialincreasesin19drinking.In1995oneinfive10thgradersreportedhavingbeendrunkinthepast30days.Two-thirdsofhighschoolseniorssaytheyknowa20withadrinkingproblem. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Aboutthree-quartersofAmericansaccordingtosurveysthinkthecountryisonthewrongtrack.Abouttwo-thirdsofthepublicdisapproveofthejobperformanceofPresidentBushandanevenhighernumberdisdainCongress.ThemediaareexcitedabouttheprospectofawealthybusinessmanrunningforPresidentasanindependentwhocouldtapintobroadpublicdisgruntlementwiththepartisanpoliticiansinWashington.2007Yes.Butalso1992.ThemaindifferencebetweenthetwosituationsisthatMichaelBloombergisricher—andsaner—thanRossPerot.Butonesimilaritymightbethis:theAmericanpeoplewerewrongthenandmaybewrongnow.Thewidespreadpessimismintheearly1990saboutthecourseofthecountryturnedouttobeunwarranted.Therestofthedecadefeaturedimpressiveeconomicgrowthafallingcrimeratesuccessfulreformofthewelfaresystemandareasonablypeacefulworld.Perhapstheproblemsweren’tsobadinthefirstplaceorperhapsthepoliticalsystemproducedpoliticianslikeBillClintonRudyGiulianiandNewtGingrichwhowereabletodealwiththeproblems.Butinanycasethecountrygotbackoncourse.That’snottosayallwaswellinthe1990sespeciallyinforeignpolicy.ResponsibilitiesinplacesrangingfromBosniatoRwandatoAfghanistanwereshirkedandgatheringdangersweren’tdealtwith.Stillthesourcomplaintsanddirepredictionsof1992—ohmyGodthebudgetdeficitwilldousin!—werequicklyovertakenbyevents.What’smorethefearofmanyconservativesthatwemightbeatthemercyofunstoppableforcesofsocialdisintegrationturnedouttobewrong.Indeedthedirepredictionswererenderedobsoletesoquicklythatonewonderswhetherwewerein1992reallyjustindulginginsomekindofpost-cold-warvictory.Sometimesthepublicmoodiswellmoody.Todaywe’remoodyagain.WeareobviouslyfightingadifficultanduntilrecentlybadlymanagedwarinIraqwhoseoutcomeisuncertain.Thisaccountsformuchofthepessimism.Italsodoesn’thelpthatthepoliticalsystemseemsincapableofdealingwithbigproblemslikeimmigrationanenergypolicyandhealthcare.Stillisthegeneralfeelingthateverythingisgoingtothedogsanymorejustifiedtodaythanitwas15yearsagoNotreally.Thinkofitthisway:HaveeventsingeneralgonebetterorworsethanmostpeoplewouldhavepredictedonSept.122001There’sbeennosuccessfulsecondattackhereilltheU.S.—andverylimitedterroristsuccessesinEuropeorevenintheMiddleEast.We’vehad51/2yearsofrobusteconomicgrowthlowunemploymentandastock-marketrecovery.SocialindicatorsintheU.S.aremostlystableorimproving—abortionsteenagebirthsandteenagedrugusearedownandeducationscoresareupabit.AsforAmericanforeignpolicysince9/11ithasnotproducedtheresultssomeofushopedforandtherearemanylegitimatecriticismsoftheBushAdministration’sperformance.Butinfactdespitethegloomanddoomfromcriticsleftandrightincludingoccasionallymetheworldseemstopresenttheusualmixedbagofdifficultproblemsandhearteningdevelopments.ThekeyquestionofcourseisthefateofIraq.Adecentoutcome—thedefeatofal-Qaedainwhatithasmadethecentralfrontinthewaronterrorismandenoughsecuritysotherecanbepeacefulrulebyarepresentativeregime—seemstomeachievableifwedon’tloseournervehereathome.WithsuccessinIraqprogresselsewhereintheMiddleEastwillbeeasier.Thebalancesheetisuncertain.Butitisbynomeansnecessarilygrim.Thephrasegoingtothedogsline4paragraph3mostprobablymeans
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypt.tookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.Egyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedtheuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfilterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Directions:Youhaven’theardfromyourfriendLiPingsincelastyear.Writealetteraccordingtothefollowingoutline:1greethimandtellhimhowyouspendyourvocationand2invitehimtoBeijing.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdon’thavetowritetheaddress.
Druguseisrisingdramaticallyamongthenation’syouthafteradecadeofdecline.From1993to1994marijuanauseamongyoungpeople1from12to17jumped50percent.Oneinfivehighschoolseniors2marijuanadaily.MonitoringtheFuturewhich3studentdruguseannuallyreportsthatnegativeattitudesaboutdrugshavedeclinedforthefourthyearinarow.4youngpeopleseegreatriskinusingdrugs.Mood-alteringpharmaceuticaldrugsare5newpopularityamongyoungpeople.Ritalin6asadietpillinthe1970sandnowusedto7hyperactivechildrenhasbecomea8drugoncollegecampuses.Acentralnervoussystem9Ritalincancausestrokeshypertensionandseizures.RohypnolproducedinEuropeasa10tranquilizerlowersinhibitionsandsuppressesshort-termmemorywhichhasledtosomewomenbeingrapedbymentheyaregoingoutwith.11takenwithalcoholitseffectsaregreatly12.RocksingerKurtCobaincollapsedfroman13ofRohypnolandchampagneamonthbeforehecommitted14in1994.InFloridaandTexasRohypnolhasbecomewidelyabusedamongteenswhoseethedrugasalessexpensive15formarijuanaandLSD.Alcoholandtobaccouseisincreasingamongteenagers16youngeradolescents.Eachyearmorethanonemillionteensbecomeregularsmokers17theycannotlegallypurchasetobacco.By12thgradeoneinthreestudentssmokes.In1995oneinfive14-year-oldsreportedsmokingregularlya33percentjump181991.Drinkingamong14-year-oldsclimbed50percentfrom1992to1994andallteensreportedsubstantialincreasesin19drinking.In1995oneinfive10thgradersreportedhavingbeendrunkinthepast30days.Two-thirdsofhighschoolseniorssaytheyknowa20withadrinkingproblem. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Druguseisrisingdramaticallyamongthenation’syouthafteradecadeofdecline.From1993to1994marijuanauseamongyoungpeople1from12to17jumped50percent.Oneinfivehighschoolseniors2marijuanadaily.MonitoringtheFuturewhich3studentdruguseannuallyreportsthatnegativeattitudesaboutdrugshavedeclinedforthefourthyearinarow.4youngpeopleseegreatriskinusingdrugs.Mood-alteringpharmaceuticaldrugsare5newpopularityamongyoungpeople.Ritalin6asadietpillinthe1970sandnowusedto7hyperactivechildrenhasbecomea8drugoncollegecampuses.Acentralnervoussystem9Ritalincancausestrokeshypertensionandseizures.RohypnolproducedinEuropeasa10tranquilizerlowersinhibitionsandsuppressesshort-termmemorywhichhasledtosomewomenbeingrapedbymentheyaregoingoutwith.11takenwithalcoholitseffectsaregreatly12.RocksingerKurtCobaincollapsedfroman13ofRohypnolandchampagneamonthbeforehecommitted14in1994.InFloridaandTexasRohypnolhasbecomewidelyabusedamongteenswhoseethedrugasalessexpensive15formarijuanaandLSD.Alcoholandtobaccouseisincreasingamongteenagers16youngeradolescents.Eachyearmorethanonemillionteensbecomeregularsmokers17theycannotlegallypurchasetobacco.By12thgradeoneinthreestudentssmokes.In1995oneinfive14-year-oldsreportedsmokingregularlya33percentjump181991.Drinkingamong14-year-oldsclimbed50percentfrom1992to1994andallteensreportedsubstantialincreasesin19drinking.In1995oneinfive10thgradersreportedhavingbeendrunkinthepast30days.Two-thirdsofhighschoolseniorssaytheyknowa20withadrinkingproblem. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Largemultinationalcorporationsmaybethecompanieswhoseupsanddownsseizeheadlines.ButtoafargreaterextentthanmostAmericansrealizetheeconomy’svitalitydependsonthefortunesoftinyshopsandrestaurantsneighborhoodservicesandfactories.Smallbusinessesdefinedasthosewithfewerthan100workersnowemploynearly60percentoftheworkforceandareexpectedtogeneratehalfofallnewjobsbetweennowandtheyear2000.Some1.2millionsmallfirmshaveopenedtheirdoorsoverthepastsixyearsofeconomicgrowthand1989willseeanadditional200000entrepreneursstrikingoffontheirown.Toomanyofthesepioneershoweverwillblazeaheadunprepared.Idealistswilloverestimatetheclamorfortheirproductsorfailtofactorinthecompetition.Nearlyeveryonewillunderestimateoftenfatallythecapitalthatsuccessrequires.Midcareerexecutivesforcedbyatakeoverorarestructuringtoquitthecorporationandfindanotherwaytosupportthemselvesmaysavortheideaofbeingtheirownbossbutmayforgetthatentrepreneursmustalsoatleastforawhilebebookkeeperandreceptionisttoo.AccordingtoSmallBusinessAdministrationdata24ofevery100businessesstartingouttodayarelikelytohavedisappearedintwoyearsand27morewillhaveshuttheirdoorsfouryearsfromnow.By1995morethan60ofthose100start-upswillhavefolded.Anewstudyof3000smallbusinessessponsoredbyAmericanExpressandtheNationalFederationofIndependentBusinesssuggestsslightlybetterodds:Threeyearsafterstart-up77percentofthecompaniessurveyedwerestillalive.Mostcreditedtheirsuccessinlargeparttohavingpickedabusinesstheyalreadywerecomfortablein.Eightypercenthadworkedwiththesameproductorserviceintheirlastjobs.Thinkingthroughanenterprisebeforethelaunchisobviouslycritical.Butmanyentrepreneursforgetthatafirm’shealthinitsinfancymaybelittleindicationofhowwellitwillage.Youmusttenderlymonitoritspulse.Intheirzealtoexpandsmall-businessownersoftenignoreearlywarningsignsofastagnantmarketorofdecayingprofitability.Theyhopefullypourmoreandmoremoneyintotheenterprisepreferringnottoacknowledgeerodingprofitmarginsthatmeanthemarketfortheiringeniousserviceorproducthasevaporatedorthattheymustcutthepayrollorvacatetheirlavishoffices.Onlywhenthefinancialwellrunsdrydotheyseetheseriousnessoftheillnessandbythenthepatientisusuallytoofargonetosave.Frequentchecksofyourfirm’svitalsignswillalsoguideyoutoasensiblerateofgrowth.Tosnatchopportunityyoumustspotthesignalsthatitistimetoconquernewmarketsaddproductsorperhapsfranchiseyourhotidea.Inarecentresearchafterthreeyears______smallenterpriseswillbealiveamong3000smallbusinesses.
HistoricallytheEuropeanUnionhasnotbotheredwithfundingmuchbasicscientificresearch.Suchactivitieshavemainlyremainedthepreserveofnationalgovernmentsnotleastbecausegivingscientistsfreereincanleadtodiscoveriesthatnotonlymakemoneybutultimatelyenhancemilitarymight.Thatattitudeisnowchanging.TheEuropeanCommissionproposestoestablishaEuropeanResearchCouncilERCthatwouldspendamaximumof12billion＄14billionoversevenyearsonblueskiesresearch.WhiletheplansarebeinggenerallywelcomedbyEurope’smemberstatestheirdetailsareproblematic.TheproposedERCisintendedtomakeEuropemorecompetitive.Europehassomefirst-classuniversitiesscientificinstitutionsandresearchorganisations.ButtheERC’sproponentsarguetheiractivitiesarefragmentedsotheyarenotreachingtheirfullpotential.InAmericateamsfromacrossthecountrycompetewitheachotherforgrantsfromtheNationalScienceFoundation.TheproposedERCismodelledonthisscheme.Itwouldawardgrantstoindividualresearchteamsforaspecificprojectsolelyonthebasisofscientificmeritjudgedbypeerreview.IftheERCwerecreatedscientistsfromacrossEuropewouldcompetewitheachotherforfundsratherthanmerelycompetingwiththeirfellowcountrymenashappensatpresent.ThiscompareswiththelimitedfundingforbasicresearchthatcurrentlyexistsintheEUwhichplacesitsemphasisoncollaborationbetweenresearchers.ItisopenonlytoresearchersinanarrowrangeofdisciplineschosenbytheEuropeanParliamentandthecommission.TheERCwouldbequitedifferentplacingitsemphasisoncompetitionbetweenresearchersandleavingscientiststhemselvestodecidewhichareasofsciencetopursue.HelgaNowotnywhochairstheEuropeanResearchAdvisoryBoard—anadvisorybodytothecommission—saysthatwinningagrantfromtheERCcouldcometobeseenasunmistakablerecognitionofresearchexcellence.ThequalityofEuropeanresearchneedstobesteppedupanotch.Between1980and2003Europehad68Nobellaureatesinmedicinephysicsandchemistrycomparedwith154inAmerica.WithcompetitionfromChinaandIndiaEurope’ssharecouldfallfurther.OneofthereasonsforEurope’srelativelyweakperformanceisthoughttobealackofgenuinecompetitionbetweenEurope’sresearchers.Anotherisitspoorabilitytoattractyoungpeopleintoaresearchcareer.RecentestimatessuggestthatEuropeneedsanextra700000researchersifitistomeetitsoveralltargetofraisingspendingprivatenationalandEUonresearchanddevelopmentto3%ofGDPby2010.ManyyoungscientistsleaveEuropeforAmericaoncetheyhavefinishedtheirtraining.DrNowotnysaystheERCcouldhelpheretoo.ItcouldestablishaschemetogiveyoungresearcherstheopportunitytofollowtheirownideasandbecomeindependentatanearlierstageintheircareersencouragingtalenttostayinEurope.ThecrucialissuenowiswhethertheERCwillbeabletosetitsownresearchagendafreefromtheinterferenceandbureaucracyofthecommissionandinfluenceofmemberstates.Lastmonth22leadingEuropeanscientistschargedwithshapingtheERC’sscientificstrategymetforthefirsttimetostarthammeringoutacharterandconstitution.Seriousconcernsremainoverthelegalstructureofthebody.ThefinaldecisionontheERC’slegalformonadateyetunspecifiedrestswiththeEuropeanParliamentandmemberstatesintheEuropeanCouncil.IfbotharegenuineintheirsupportfortheERCandEurope’saimofbecomingmorecompetitivethentheymustfindawayofkeepingtheERCfreefrompoliticalinterference.Europewouldbenefitfromacompetitionforitsbestresearcherswhichrewardsscientificexcellence.Aquasi-competitionthatrecognizeshowmanyvoteseachmemberstateisallottedwouldbepointless.Thephrasesteppedupanotchline1paragraph5mostprobablymeans
Druguseisrisingdramaticallyamongthenation’syouthafteradecadeofdecline.From1993to1994marijuanauseamongyoungpeople1from12to17jumped50percent.Oneinfivehighschoolseniors2marijuanadaily.MonitoringtheFuturewhich3studentdruguseannuallyreportsthatnegativeattitudesaboutdrugshavedeclinedforthefourthyearinarow.4youngpeopleseegreatriskinusingdrugs.Mood-alteringpharmaceuticaldrugsare5newpopularityamongyoungpeople.Ritalin6asadietpillinthe1970sandnowusedto7hyperactivechildrenhasbecomea8drugoncollegecampuses.Acentralnervoussystem9Ritalincancausestrokeshypertensionandseizures.RohypnolproducedinEuropeasa10tranquilizerlowersinhibitionsandsuppressesshort-termmemorywhichhasledtosomewomenbeingrapedbymentheyaregoingoutwith.11takenwithalcoholitseffectsaregreatly12.RocksingerKurtCobaincollapsedfroman13ofRohypnolandchampagneamonthbeforehecommitted14in1994.InFloridaandTexasRohypnolhasbecomewidelyabusedamongteenswhoseethedrugasalessexpensive15formarijuanaandLSD.Alcoholandtobaccouseisincreasingamongteenagers16youngeradolescents.Eachyearmorethanonemillionteensbecomeregularsmokers17theycannotlegallypurchasetobacco.By12thgradeoneinthreestudentssmokes.In1995oneinfive14-year-oldsreportedsmokingregularlya33percentjump181991.Drinkingamong14-year-oldsclimbed50percentfrom1992to1994andallteensreportedsubstantialincreasesin19drinking.In1995oneinfive10thgradersreportedhavingbeendrunkinthepast30days.Two-thirdsofhighschoolseniorssaytheyknowa20withadrinkingproblem. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Largemultinationalcorporationsmaybethecompanieswhoseupsanddownsseizeheadlines.ButtoafargreaterextentthanmostAmericansrealizetheeconomy’svitalitydependsonthefortunesoftinyshopsandrestaurantsneighborhoodservicesandfactories.Smallbusinessesdefinedasthosewithfewerthan100workersnowemploynearly60percentoftheworkforceandareexpectedtogeneratehalfofallnewjobsbetweennowandtheyear2000.Some1.2millionsmallfirmshaveopenedtheirdoorsoverthepastsixyearsofeconomicgrowthand1989willseeanadditional200000entrepreneursstrikingoffontheirown.Toomanyofthesepioneershoweverwillblazeaheadunprepared.Idealistswilloverestimatetheclamorfortheirproductsorfailtofactorinthecompetition.Nearlyeveryonewillunderestimateoftenfatallythecapitalthatsuccessrequires.Midcareerexecutivesforcedbyatakeoverorarestructuringtoquitthecorporationandfindanotherwaytosupportthemselvesmaysavortheideaofbeingtheirownbossbutmayforgetthatentrepreneursmustalsoatleastforawhilebebookkeeperandreceptionisttoo.AccordingtoSmallBusinessAdministrationdata24ofevery100businessesstartingouttodayarelikelytohavedisappearedintwoyearsand27morewillhaveshuttheirdoorsfouryearsfromnow.By1995morethan60ofthose100start-upswillhavefolded.Anewstudyof3000smallbusinessessponsoredbyAmericanExpressandtheNationalFederationofIndependentBusinesssuggestsslightlybetterodds:Threeyearsafterstart-up77percentofthecompaniessurveyedwerestillalive.Mostcreditedtheirsuccessinlargeparttohavingpickedabusinesstheyalreadywerecomfortablein.Eightypercenthadworkedwiththesameproductorserviceintheirlastjobs.Thinkingthroughanenterprisebeforethelaunchisobviouslycritical.Butmanyentrepreneursforgetthatafirm’shealthinitsinfancymaybelittleindicationofhowwellitwillage.Youmusttenderlymonitoritspulse.Intheirzealtoexpandsmall-businessownersoftenignoreearlywarningsignsofastagnantmarketorofdecayingprofitability.Theyhopefullypourmoreandmoremoneyintotheenterprisepreferringnottoacknowledgeerodingprofitmarginsthatmeanthemarketfortheiringeniousserviceorproducthasevaporatedorthattheymustcutthepayrollorvacatetheirlavishoffices.Onlywhenthefinancialwellrunsdrydotheyseetheseriousnessoftheillnessandbythenthepatientisusuallytoofargonetosave.Frequentchecksofyourfirm’svitalsignswillalsoguideyoutoasensiblerateofgrowth.Tosnatchopportunityyoumustspotthesignalsthatitistimetoconquernewmarketsaddproductsorperhapsfranchiseyourhotidea.Wemayconcludefromthetextthat
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypt.tookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.Egyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedtheuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfilterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
[A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational [B]Theconventionhavingbeenrevisedthreetimes [C]Whyisunificationofmaritimelawnecessary [D]Theconventionwiththemostsignaturestates. [E]Incompatibletimescale [F]Thesalvageconvention AccordingtoConstitution:"TheComiteMaritimeInternationalCMIisanon-governmentalinternationalorganizationtheobjectofwhichistocontributebyallappropriatemeansandactivitiestotheunificationofmaritimelawinallitsaspects.Tothisenditshallpromotetheestablishmentofnationalassociationsofmaritimelawandshallco-operatewithotherinternationalorganizations."TheCMIhasbeendoingjustthatsince1897. 41__________ InanaddresstotheUniversityofTurinin1860theJuristMancinisaid:"Theseawithitswindsitsstormsanditsdangersneverchangesandthisdemandsanecessaryuniformityofjuridicalregime."Inotherwordsthoseinvolvedintheworldofmaritimetradeneedtoknowthatwherevertheytradetheapplicablelawwillbyandlargebethesame.Traditionallyuniformityisachievedbymeansofinternationalconventionsorotherformsofagreementnegotiatedbetweengovernmentsandenforceddomesticallybythosesamegovernments. 42__________ Itistemptingtomeasurethesuccessofaconventiononastrictlynumericalbasis.IfthatisthepropercriterionofsuccessonecouldsaythatoneofthemostsuccessfulconventionseverproducedwastheveryfirstCMIconvention—theCollisionConventionof1910.ThetermsofthisconventionwereagreedonSeptember231910andtheconventionenteredintoforcelessthanthreeyearslateronMarch11913. 43__________ AlmostassuccessfulinnumericaltermsisaconventionofsimilarvintagenamelytheSalvageConventionof1910.LessthanthreeyearselapsedbetweenagreementofthetextattheBrusselsDiplomaticConferenceandentryintoforceonMarch11913.wearequiteproperlystartingtoseeanumberofdenunciationsofthisconventionascountriesadoptthenewsalvageConventionof1989.ItisworthrecordingthattheSalvageConventionof1989designedtoreplacethe1910ConventiondidnotenterintoforceuntilJuly1996morethansevenyearsafteragreement.ThelatestinformationavailableisthatfortyStateshavenowratifiedoraccededtothe1989convention. 44__________ ThetextofthefirstLimitationConventionwasagreedattheBrusselsDiplomaticConferenceinAugust1924butdidnotenterintoforceuntil1931-sevenyearsafterthetexthadbeenagreed.Thisconventionwasnotwidelysupportedandeventuallyattractedonlyfifteenratificationsoraccessions.TheCMIhadasecondgoatlimitationwithits1957ConventionthetextofwhichwasagreedinOctoberofthatyear.ItenteredintoforceinMay1968andhasbeenratifiedoraccededtobyfifty-onestatesthoughofcourseanumberhavesubsequentlydenouncedthisconventioninordertoembracethethirdCMILimitationConventionthatof1976.Atthelatestcountthe76Conventionhasbeenratifiedoraccededtobythirtysevenstates.Thefourthinstrumentonlimitationnamelythe1996ProtocolhasnotyetcomeintoforcedespitethepassageofsixyearssincetheDiplomaticConferenceatwhichthetextofthewasagreed. 45__________ Byalmostanystandardofmeasurementthemostsuccessfulmaritimelawconventionofalltime:theCivilLiabilityConventionof1969.ThetextofthatconventiontowhichtheCMIcontributedbothinbackgroundresearchanddraftingwasagreedataDiplomaticConferencein1969anditenteredintoforcesixyearslaterinJune1975.Theconventionhasatvariousstagesbeenaccededtoorratifiedby103stateswithtwoadditional"provisional"ratifications.IfweaddtothisthevariousstatesanddependenciesthatcomeinundertheUKumbrellawerealizethatwearelookingatahugelysuccessfulconvention. Conventionsandotherunifyinginstrumentsareborninadversity.Anareaoflawmaycomeunderreviewbecauseoneortwostateshavebeenconfrontedbyamaritimelegalproblemthathasaffectedthemdirectly.Thosesponsoringstatesmaywellspendsometimereviewingtheproblemandproducingthefirstdraftofaninstrument.EventuallythisdraftmaybeofferedtotheInternationalMaritimeOrganisation’sIMOLegalCommitteeforinclusioninitsworkprogram.OverensuingyearstheLegalCommitteemeetingeverysicmonthsorsoissuespresentedbythedraftwillbedebatednewissueswillberaisedandtheinstrumentwillbeendlesslyre-drafted.AtsomestagetheviewwillbetakenthattheinstrumentissufficientlymaturetowarrantaDiplomaticConferenceatwhichthetextwillbefinalized.IftheinstrumentisapprovedattheDiplomaticConferenceitwillsitfortwelvemonthsawaitingsignatureandthenbeopentoratificationandaccession.Theinstrumentwillcontainanentryintoforcerequirementwhichwillneedtobesatisfied. 41
Druguseisrisingdramaticallyamongthenation’syouthafteradecadeofdecline.From1993to1994marijuanauseamongyoungpeople1from12to17jumped50percent.Oneinfivehighschoolseniors2marijuanadaily.MonitoringtheFuturewhich3studentdruguseannuallyreportsthatnegativeattitudesaboutdrugshavedeclinedforthefourthyearinarow.4youngpeopleseegreatriskinusingdrugs.Mood-alteringpharmaceuticaldrugsare5newpopularityamongyoungpeople.Ritalin6asadietpillinthe1970sandnowusedto7hyperactivechildrenhasbecomea8drugoncollegecampuses.Acentralnervoussystem9Ritalincancausestrokeshypertensionandseizures.RohypnolproducedinEuropeasa10tranquilizerlowersinhibitionsandsuppressesshort-termmemorywhichhasledtosomewomenbeingrapedbymentheyaregoingoutwith.11takenwithalcoholitseffectsaregreatly12.RocksingerKurtCobaincollapsedfroman13ofRohypnolandchampagneamonthbeforehecommitted14in1994.InFloridaandTexasRohypnolhasbecomewidelyabusedamongteenswhoseethedrugasalessexpensive15formarijuanaandLSD.Alcoholandtobaccouseisincreasingamongteenagers16youngeradolescents.Eachyearmorethanonemillionteensbecomeregularsmokers17theycannotlegallypurchasetobacco.By12thgradeoneinthreestudentssmokes.In1995oneinfive14-year-oldsreportedsmokingregularlya33percentjump181991.Drinkingamong14-year-oldsclimbed50percentfrom1992to1994andallteensreportedsubstantialincreasesin19drinking.In1995oneinfive10thgradersreportedhavingbeendrunkinthepast30days.Two-thirdsofhighschoolseniorssaytheyknowa20withadrinkingproblem. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Practicallyspeakingtheartisticmaturingofthecinemawasthesingle-handedachievementofDavidW.Griffith1875-1948.46BeforeGriffithphotographyindramaticfilmsconsistedoflittlemorethanplacingtheactorsbeforeastationarycameraandshowingtheminfulllengthastheywouldhaveappearedonstage.FromthebeginningofhiscareerasadirectorhoweverGriffithbecauseofhisloveofVictorianpaintingemployedcomposition.Heconceivedofthecameraimageashavingaforegroundandareargroundaswellasthemiddledistancepreferredbymostdirectors.By1910hewasusingclose-upstorevealsignificantdetailsofthesceneoroftheactingandextremelongshotstoachieveasenseofspectacleanddistance.Hisappreciationofthecamera’spossibilitiesproducednoveldramaticeffects.47Bysplittinganeventintofragmentsandrecordingeachfromthemostsuitablecamerapositionhecouldsignificantlyvarytheemphasisfromcamerashottocamerashot. Griffithalsoachieveddramaticeffectsbymeansofcreativeediting.Byjuxtaposingimagesandvaryingthespeedandrhythmoftheirpresentationhecouldcontroltiledramaticintensityoftheeventsasthestoryprogressed.48DespitethereluctanceofhisproducerswhofearedthatthepublicwouldnotbeabletofollowaplotthatwasmadeupofsuchjuxtaposedimagesGriffithpersistedandexperimentedaswellwithotherelementsofcinematicsyntaxthathavebecomestandardeversince.Theseincludedtheflashbackpermittingbroadpsychologicalandemotionalexplorationaswellasnarrativethatwasnotchronologicalandthecrosscutbetweentwoparallelactionstoheightensuspenseandexcitement.InthusexploitingfullythepossibilitiesofeditingGriffithtransposeddevicesoftheVictoriannoveltofilmandgavefilmmasteryoftimeaswellasspace. Besidesdevelopingthecinema’slanguageGriffithimmenselybroadeneditsrangeandtreatmentofsubjects.49Hisearlyoutputwasremarkablyeclectic:itincludednotonlythestandardcomediesmelodramaswesternsandthrillersbutalsosuchnoveltiesasadaptationsfromBrowningandTennysonandtreatmentsofsocialissues.AshissuccessesmountedhisambitionsgrewandwiththemthewholeofAmericancinema.WhenheremadeEnochArdenin1911heinsistedthatasubjectofsuchimportancecouldnotbetreatedinthethenconventionallengthofonereel.Griffith’sintroductionoftheAmerican-mademulti-reelpicturebegananimmenserevolution.TwoyearslaterJudithofBethuliaanelaboratehistoricphilosophicalspectaclereachedtheunprecedentedlengthoffourreelsoronehour’srunningtime.50Fromourcontemporaryviewpointthepretensionsofthisfilmmayseemalittleridiculousbutatthetimeitprovokedendlessdebateanddiscussionandgaveanewintellectualrespectabilitytothecinema. Bysplittinganeventintofragmentsandrecordingeachfromthemostsuitablecamerapositionhecouldsignificantlyvarytheemphasisfromcamerashottocamerashot.
Druguseisrisingdramaticallyamongthenation’syouthafteradecadeofdecline.From1993to1994marijuanauseamongyoungpeople1from12to17jumped50percent.Oneinfivehighschoolseniors2marijuanadaily.MonitoringtheFuturewhich3studentdruguseannuallyreportsthatnegativeattitudesaboutdrugshavedeclinedforthefourthyearinarow.4youngpeopleseegreatriskinusingdrugs.Mood-alteringpharmaceuticaldrugsare5newpopularityamongyoungpeople.Ritalin6asadietpillinthe1970sandnowusedto7hyperactivechildrenhasbecomea8drugoncollegecampuses.Acentralnervoussystem9Ritalincancausestrokeshypertensionandseizures.RohypnolproducedinEuropeasa10tranquilizerlowersinhibitionsandsuppressesshort-termmemorywhichhasledtosomewomenbeingrapedbymentheyaregoingoutwith.11takenwithalcoholitseffectsaregreatly12.RocksingerKurtCobaincollapsedfroman13ofRohypnolandchampagneamonthbeforehecommitted14in1994.InFloridaandTexasRohypnolhasbecomewidelyabusedamongteenswhoseethedrugasalessexpensive15formarijuanaandLSD.Alcoholandtobaccouseisincreasingamongteenagers16youngeradolescents.Eachyearmorethanonemillionteensbecomeregularsmokers17theycannotlegallypurchasetobacco.By12thgradeoneinthreestudentssmokes.In1995oneinfive14-year-oldsreportedsmokingregularlya33percentjump181991.Drinkingamong14-year-oldsclimbed50percentfrom1992to1994andallteensreportedsubstantialincreasesin19drinking.In1995oneinfive10thgradersreportedhavingbeendrunkinthepast30days.Two-thirdsofhighschoolseniorssaytheyknowa20withadrinkingproblem. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Druguseisrisingdramaticallyamongthenation’syouthafteradecadeofdecline.From1993to1994marijuanauseamongyoungpeople1from12to17jumped50percent.Oneinfivehighschoolseniors2marijuanadaily.MonitoringtheFuturewhich3studentdruguseannuallyreportsthatnegativeattitudesaboutdrugshavedeclinedforthefourthyearinarow.4youngpeopleseegreatriskinusingdrugs.Mood-alteringpharmaceuticaldrugsare5newpopularityamongyoungpeople.Ritalin6asadietpillinthe1970sandnowusedto7hyperactivechildrenhasbecomea8drugoncollegecampuses.Acentralnervoussystem9Ritalincancausestrokeshypertensionandseizures.RohypnolproducedinEuropeasa10tranquilizerlowersinhibitionsandsuppressesshort-termmemorywhichhasledtosomewomenbeingrapedbymentheyaregoingoutwith.11takenwithalcoholitseffectsaregreatly12.RocksingerKurtCobaincollapsedfroman13ofRohypnolandchampagneamonthbeforehecommitted14in1994.InFloridaandTexasRohypnolhasbecomewidelyabusedamongteenswhoseethedrugasalessexpensive15formarijuanaandLSD.Alcoholandtobaccouseisincreasingamongteenagers16youngeradolescents.Eachyearmorethanonemillionteensbecomeregularsmokers17theycannotlegallypurchasetobacco.By12thgradeoneinthreestudentssmokes.In1995oneinfive14-year-oldsreportedsmokingregularlya33percentjump181991.Drinkingamong14-year-oldsclimbed50percentfrom1992to1994andallteensreportedsubstantialincreasesin19drinking.In1995oneinfive10thgradersreportedhavingbeendrunkinthepast30days.Two-thirdsofhighschoolseniorssaytheyknowa20withadrinkingproblem. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
[A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational [B]Theconventionhavingbeenrevisedthreetimes [C]Whyisunificationofmaritimelawnecessary [D]Theconventionwiththemostsignaturestates. [E]Incompatibletimescale [F]Thesalvageconvention AccordingtoConstitution:"TheComiteMaritimeInternationalCMIisanon-governmentalinternationalorganizationtheobjectofwhichistocontributebyallappropriatemeansandactivitiestotheunificationofmaritimelawinallitsaspects.Tothisenditshallpromotetheestablishmentofnationalassociationsofmaritimelawandshallco-operatewithotherinternationalorganizations."TheCMIhasbeendoingjustthatsince1897. 41__________ InanaddresstotheUniversityofTurinin1860theJuristMancinisaid:"Theseawithitswindsitsstormsanditsdangersneverchangesandthisdemandsanecessaryuniformityofjuridicalregime."Inotherwordsthoseinvolvedintheworldofmaritimetradeneedtoknowthatwherevertheytradetheapplicablelawwillbyandlargebethesame.Traditionallyuniformityisachievedbymeansofinternationalconventionsorotherformsofagreementnegotiatedbetweengovernmentsandenforceddomesticallybythosesamegovernments. 42__________ Itistemptingtomeasurethesuccessofaconventiononastrictlynumericalbasis.IfthatisthepropercriterionofsuccessonecouldsaythatoneofthemostsuccessfulconventionseverproducedwastheveryfirstCMIconvention—theCollisionConventionof1910.ThetermsofthisconventionwereagreedonSeptember231910andtheconventionenteredintoforcelessthanthreeyearslateronMarch11913. 43__________ AlmostassuccessfulinnumericaltermsisaconventionofsimilarvintagenamelytheSalvageConventionof1910.LessthanthreeyearselapsedbetweenagreementofthetextattheBrusselsDiplomaticConferenceandentryintoforceonMarch11913.wearequiteproperlystartingtoseeanumberofdenunciationsofthisconventionascountriesadoptthenewsalvageConventionof1989.ItisworthrecordingthattheSalvageConventionof1989designedtoreplacethe1910ConventiondidnotenterintoforceuntilJuly1996morethansevenyearsafteragreement.ThelatestinformationavailableisthatfortyStateshavenowratifiedoraccededtothe1989convention. 44__________ ThetextofthefirstLimitationConventionwasagreedattheBrusselsDiplomaticConferenceinAugust1924butdidnotenterintoforceuntil1931-sevenyearsafterthetexthadbeenagreed.Thisconventionwasnotwidelysupportedandeventuallyattractedonlyfifteenratificationsoraccessions.TheCMIhadasecondgoatlimitationwithits1957ConventionthetextofwhichwasagreedinOctoberofthatyear.ItenteredintoforceinMay1968andhasbeenratifiedoraccededtobyfifty-onestatesthoughofcourseanumberhavesubsequentlydenouncedthisconventioninordertoembracethethirdCMILimitationConventionthatof1976.Atthelatestcountthe76Conventionhasbeenratifiedoraccededtobythirtysevenstates.Thefourthinstrumentonlimitationnamelythe1996ProtocolhasnotyetcomeintoforcedespitethepassageofsixyearssincetheDiplomaticConferenceatwhichthetextofthewasagreed. 45__________ Byalmostanystandardofmeasurementthemostsuccessfulmaritimelawconventionofalltime:theCivilLiabilityConventionof1969.ThetextofthatconventiontowhichtheCMIcontributedbothinbackgroundresearchanddraftingwasagreedataDiplomaticConferencein1969anditenteredintoforcesixyearslaterinJune1975.Theconventionhasatvariousstagesbeenaccededtoorratifiedby103stateswithtwoadditional"provisional"ratifications.IfweaddtothisthevariousstatesanddependenciesthatcomeinundertheUKumbrellawerealizethatwearelookingatahugelysuccessfulconvention. Conventionsandotherunifyinginstrumentsareborninadversity.Anareaoflawmaycomeunderreviewbecauseoneortwostateshavebeenconfrontedbyamaritimelegalproblemthathasaffectedthemdirectly.Thosesponsoringstatesmaywellspendsometimereviewingtheproblemandproducingthefirstdraftofaninstrument.EventuallythisdraftmaybeofferedtotheInternationalMaritimeOrganisation’sIMOLegalCommitteeforinclusioninitsworkprogram.OverensuingyearstheLegalCommitteemeetingeverysicmonthsorsoissuespresentedbythedraftwillbedebatednewissueswillberaisedandtheinstrumentwillbeendlesslyre-drafted.AtsomestagetheviewwillbetakenthattheinstrumentissufficientlymaturetowarrantaDiplomaticConferenceatwhichthetextwillbefinalized.IftheinstrumentisapprovedattheDiplomaticConferenceitwillsitfortwelvemonthsawaitingsignatureandthenbeopentoratificationandaccession.Theinstrumentwillcontainanentryintoforcerequirementwhichwillneedtobesatisfied. 45
Inthedimlylitcyber-cafeatSciences-Pohot-houseoftheFrenchelitenoGauloisesmokefillstheairnodog-earedcopiesofSartrelieonthetables.Frenchstudentsaredoingwhatallstudentsdo:surfingthewebviaGoogle.NowPresidentJacquesChiracwantstostopthisAmericanculturalinvasionbysettinguparivalFrenchsearch-engine.TheideawaspromptedbyGoogle’splantoputonlinemillionsoftextsfromAmericanandBritishuniversitylibraries.IfEnglishbooksarethreateningtoswampcyberspaceMrChiracwillnotstandidlyby.HeaskedhiscultureministerRenaudDonnedieudeVabresandJean-NoёlJeanneneyheadofFrance’sBibliothèqueNationaletodothesameforFrenchtext—andcreateahome-grownsearch-enginetobrowsethem.WhynotletGoogledothejobItsFrenchversionisusedfor74%ofintemetsearchesinFrance.Theansweristhevulgarcriteriaitusestorankresults.IdonotbelievewroteMrDonnedieudeVabresinLeMondethattheonlykeytoaccessourcultureshouldbetheautomaticrankingbypopularitywhichhasbeenbehindGoogle’ssuccess.ThisisnotthefirsttimeGooglehasmetFrenchresistance.AcourthasupheldarulingagainstitinalawsuitbroughtbytwofirmsthatclaimeditsdisplayofrivalsponsoredlinksGoogle’schiefsourceofrevenuesconstitutedtrademarkcounterfeiting.TheFrenchstatenewsagencyAgenceFrance-PressehasalsofiledsuitagainstGoogleforcopyrightinfringement.Googlephobiaisspreading.MrJeanneneyhastalkedoftheriskofcrushingdominationbyAmericaindefiningtheviewthatfuturegenerationshaveoftheworld.IhavenothinginparicularagainstGooglehetoldL’Expressamagazine.IsimplynotethatthiscommercialcialcompanyistheexpressionoftheAmericansysteminwhichthelawofthemarketisking.Advertisingmuscleandconsumerdemandshouldnottriumphovergoodtasteandculturalsophistication.TheflawsintheFrenchplanareobvious.IfpopularitycannotarbitratewhatwillMrJeanneneywantsacommitteeofexperts.HeappearstobeseriousthoughthesupplyofFrench-speakingexpertsorexpertsspeakinganylanguageforthatmatterwouldseemtobeinsufficient.AndifadvertisingisnottopaywillthetaxpayerTheplanmirrorsanotherofMrChirac’spetprojects:aCNNàlafrancaise.OverayearagostungbythepowerofEnglishspeakingtelevisionnewschannelsintheIraqwarMrChiracpromisedtosetupaFrenchrivalbytheendof2004.Theprojectisboggeddownbyinfighting.France’sdesiretocombatEnglishonthewebortheairwavesisunderstandable.ProtectingFrance’stonguefromitscitizens’inclinationtoadoptEnglishwordsisanancienthobbyoftheriflingelite.TheAcadémieFrancaisewassetupin1635tothatend.Linguistsdevisetranslationsofcyber-termssuchasarrosagespamorboguebug.LawslimittheuseofEnglishonTV—SuperNannyandStarAcademyarecurrentpests—andimposetranslationsofEnglishslogansinadvertising.TreatingtheinvasionofEnglishasamarketfailurethatmustbecorrectedbythestatemaylookclumsy.InFranceitisjustbusinessasusual.Thephraseboggeddownlastlineparagraph5isclosestinmeaningto
HistoricallytheEuropeanUnionhasnotbotheredwithfundingmuchbasicscientificresearch.Suchactivitieshavemainlyremainedthepreserveofnationalgovernmentsnotleastbecausegivingscientistsfreereincanleadtodiscoveriesthatnotonlymakemoneybutultimatelyenhancemilitarymight.Thatattitudeisnowchanging.TheEuropeanCommissionproposestoestablishaEuropeanResearchCouncilERCthatwouldspendamaximumof12billion＄14billionoversevenyearsonblueskiesresearch.WhiletheplansarebeinggenerallywelcomedbyEurope’smemberstatestheirdetailsareproblematic.TheproposedERCisintendedtomakeEuropemorecompetitive.Europehassomefirst-classuniversitiesscientificinstitutionsandresearchorganisations.ButtheERC’sproponentsarguetheiractivitiesarefragmentedsotheyarenotreachingtheirfullpotential.InAmericateamsfromacrossthecountrycompetewitheachotherforgrantsfromtheNationalScienceFoundation.TheproposedERCismodelledonthisscheme.Itwouldawardgrantstoindividualresearchteamsforaspecificprojectsolelyonthebasisofscientificmeritjudgedbypeerreview.IftheERCwerecreatedscientistsfromacrossEuropewouldcompetewitheachotherforfundsratherthanmerelycompetingwiththeirfellowcountrymenashappensatpresent.ThiscompareswiththelimitedfundingforbasicresearchthatcurrentlyexistsintheEUwhichplacesitsemphasisoncollaborationbetweenresearchers.ItisopenonlytoresearchersinanarrowrangeofdisciplineschosenbytheEuropeanParliamentandthecommission.TheERCwouldbequitedifferentplacingitsemphasisoncompetitionbetweenresearchersandleavingscientiststhemselvestodecidewhichareasofsciencetopursue.HelgaNowotnywhochairstheEuropeanResearchAdvisoryBoard—anadvisorybodytothecommission—saysthatwinningagrantfromtheERCcouldcometobeseenasunmistakablerecognitionofresearchexcellence.ThequalityofEuropeanresearchneedstobesteppedupanotch.Between1980and2003Europehad68Nobellaureatesinmedicinephysicsandchemistrycomparedwith154inAmerica.WithcompetitionfromChinaandIndiaEurope’ssharecouldfallfurther.OneofthereasonsforEurope’srelativelyweakperformanceisthoughttobealackofgenuinecompetitionbetweenEurope’sresearchers.Anotherisitspoorabilitytoattractyoungpeopleintoaresearchcareer.RecentestimatessuggestthatEuropeneedsanextra700000researchersifitistomeetitsoveralltargetofraisingspendingprivatenationalandEUonresearchanddevelopmentto3%ofGDPby2010.ManyyoungscientistsleaveEuropeforAmericaoncetheyhavefinishedtheirtraining.DrNowotnysaystheERCcouldhelpheretoo.ItcouldestablishaschemetogiveyoungresearcherstheopportunitytofollowtheirownideasandbecomeindependentatanearlierstageintheircareersencouragingtalenttostayinEurope.ThecrucialissuenowiswhethertheERCwillbeabletosetitsownresearchagendafreefromtheinterferenceandbureaucracyofthecommissionandinfluenceofmemberstates.Lastmonth22leadingEuropeanscientistschargedwithshapingtheERC’sscientificstrategymetforthefirsttimetostarthammeringoutacharterandconstitution.Seriousconcernsremainoverthelegalstructureofthebody.ThefinaldecisionontheERC’slegalformonadateyetunspecifiedrestswiththeEuropeanParliamentandmemberstatesintheEuropeanCouncil.IfbotharegenuineintheirsupportfortheERCandEurope’saimofbecomingmorecompetitivethentheymustfindawayofkeepingtheERCfreefrompoliticalinterference.Europewouldbenefitfromacompetitionforitsbestresearcherswhichrewardsscientificexcellence.Aquasi-competitionthatrecognizeshowmanyvoteseachmemberstateisallottedwouldbepointless.ERC’sultimatesuccessseemstoliein
Druguseisrisingdramaticallyamongthenation’syouthafteradecadeofdecline.From1993to1994marijuanauseamongyoungpeople1from12to17jumped50percent.Oneinfivehighschoolseniors2marijuanadaily.MonitoringtheFuturewhich3studentdruguseannuallyreportsthatnegativeattitudesaboutdrugshavedeclinedforthefourthyearinarow.4youngpeopleseegreatriskinusingdrugs.Mood-alteringpharmaceuticaldrugsare5newpopularityamongyoungpeople.Ritalin6asadietpillinthe1970sandnowusedto7hyperactivechildrenhasbecomea8drugoncollegecampuses.Acentralnervoussystem9Ritalincancausestrokeshypertensionandseizures.RohypnolproducedinEuropeasa10tranquilizerlowersinhibitionsandsuppressesshort-termmemorywhichhasledtosomewomenbeingrapedbymentheyaregoingoutwith.11takenwithalcoholitseffectsaregreatly12.RocksingerKurtCobaincollapsedfroman13ofRohypnolandchampagneamonthbeforehecommitted14in1994.InFloridaandTexasRohypnolhasbecomewidelyabusedamongteenswhoseethedrugasalessexpensive15formarijuanaandLSD.Alcoholandtobaccouseisincreasingamongteenagers16youngeradolescents.Eachyearmorethanonemillionteensbecomeregularsmokers17theycannotlegallypurchasetobacco.By12thgradeoneinthreestudentssmokes.In1995oneinfive14-year-oldsreportedsmokingregularlya33percentjump181991.Drinkingamong14-year-oldsclimbed50percentfrom1992to1994andallteensreportedsubstantialincreasesin19drinking.In1995oneinfive10thgradersreportedhavingbeendrunkinthepast30days.Two-thirdsofhighschoolseniorssaytheyknowa20withadrinkingproblem. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
[A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational [B]Theconventionhavingbeenrevisedthreetimes [C]Whyisunificationofmaritimelawnecessary [D]Theconventionwiththemostsignaturestates. [E]Incompatibletimescale [F]Thesalvageconvention AccordingtoConstitution:"TheComiteMaritimeInternationalCMIisanon-governmentalinternationalorganizationtheobjectofwhichistocontributebyallappropriatemeansandactivitiestotheunificationofmaritimelawinallitsaspects.Tothisenditshallpromotetheestablishmentofnationalassociationsofmaritimelawandshallco-operatewithotherinternationalorganizations."TheCMIhasbeendoingjustthatsince1897. 41__________ InanaddresstotheUniversityofTurinin1860theJuristMancinisaid:"Theseawithitswindsitsstormsanditsdangersneverchangesandthisdemandsanecessaryuniformityofjuridicalregime."Inotherwordsthoseinvolvedintheworldofmaritimetradeneedtoknowthatwherevertheytradetheapplicablelawwillbyandlargebethesame.Traditionallyuniformityisachievedbymeansofinternationalconventionsorotherformsofagreementnegotiatedbetweengovernmentsandenforceddomesticallybythosesamegovernments. 42__________ Itistemptingtomeasurethesuccessofaconventiononastrictlynumericalbasis.IfthatisthepropercriterionofsuccessonecouldsaythatoneofthemostsuccessfulconventionseverproducedwastheveryfirstCMIconvention—theCollisionConventionof1910.ThetermsofthisconventionwereagreedonSeptember231910andtheconventionenteredintoforcelessthanthreeyearslateronMarch11913. 43__________ AlmostassuccessfulinnumericaltermsisaconventionofsimilarvintagenamelytheSalvageConventionof1910.LessthanthreeyearselapsedbetweenagreementofthetextattheBrusselsDiplomaticConferenceandentryintoforceonMarch11913.wearequiteproperlystartingtoseeanumberofdenunciationsofthisconventionascountriesadoptthenewsalvageConventionof1989.ItisworthrecordingthattheSalvageConventionof1989designedtoreplacethe1910ConventiondidnotenterintoforceuntilJuly1996morethansevenyearsafteragreement.ThelatestinformationavailableisthatfortyStateshavenowratifiedoraccededtothe1989convention. 44__________ ThetextofthefirstLimitationConventionwasagreedattheBrusselsDiplomaticConferenceinAugust1924butdidnotenterintoforceuntil1931-sevenyearsafterthetexthadbeenagreed.Thisconventionwasnotwidelysupportedandeventuallyattractedonlyfifteenratificationsoraccessions.TheCMIhadasecondgoatlimitationwithits1957ConventionthetextofwhichwasagreedinOctoberofthatyear.ItenteredintoforceinMay1968andhasbeenratifiedoraccededtobyfifty-onestatesthoughofcourseanumberhavesubsequentlydenouncedthisconventioninordertoembracethethirdCMILimitationConventionthatof1976.Atthelatestcountthe76Conventionhasbeenratifiedoraccededtobythirtysevenstates.Thefourthinstrumentonlimitationnamelythe1996ProtocolhasnotyetcomeintoforcedespitethepassageofsixyearssincetheDiplomaticConferenceatwhichthetextofthewasagreed. 45__________ Byalmostanystandardofmeasurementthemostsuccessfulmaritimelawconventionofalltime:theCivilLiabilityConventionof1969.ThetextofthatconventiontowhichtheCMIcontributedbothinbackgroundresearchanddraftingwasagreedataDiplomaticConferencein1969anditenteredintoforcesixyearslaterinJune1975.Theconventionhasatvariousstagesbeenaccededtoorratifiedby103stateswithtwoadditional"provisional"ratifications.IfweaddtothisthevariousstatesanddependenciesthatcomeinundertheUKumbrellawerealizethatwearelookingatahugelysuccessfulconvention. Conventionsandotherunifyinginstrumentsareborninadversity.Anareaoflawmaycomeunderreviewbecauseoneortwostateshavebeenconfrontedbyamaritimelegalproblemthathasaffectedthemdirectly.Thosesponsoringstatesmaywellspendsometimereviewingtheproblemandproducingthefirstdraftofaninstrument.EventuallythisdraftmaybeofferedtotheInternationalMaritimeOrganisation’sIMOLegalCommitteeforinclusioninitsworkprogram.OverensuingyearstheLegalCommitteemeetingeverysicmonthsorsoissuespresentedbythedraftwillbedebatednewissueswillberaisedandtheinstrumentwillbeendlesslyre-drafted.AtsomestagetheviewwillbetakenthattheinstrumentissufficientlymaturetowarrantaDiplomaticConferenceatwhichthetextwillbefinalized.IftheinstrumentisapprovedattheDiplomaticConferenceitwillsitfortwelvemonthsawaitingsignatureandthenbeopentoratificationandaccession.Theinstrumentwillcontainanentryintoforcerequirementwhichwillneedtobesatisfied. 43
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypt.tookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.Egyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedtheuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfilterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Practicallyspeakingtheartisticmaturingofthecinemawasthesingle-handedachievementofDavidW.Griffith1875-1948.46BeforeGriffithphotographyindramaticfilmsconsistedoflittlemorethanplacingtheactorsbeforeastationarycameraandshowingtheminfulllengthastheywouldhaveappearedonstage.FromthebeginningofhiscareerasadirectorhoweverGriffithbecauseofhisloveofVictorianpaintingemployedcomposition.Heconceivedofthecameraimageashavingaforegroundandareargroundaswellasthemiddledistancepreferredbymostdirectors.By1910hewasusingclose-upstorevealsignificantdetailsofthesceneoroftheactingandextremelongshotstoachieveasenseofspectacleanddistance.Hisappreciationofthecamera’spossibilitiesproducednoveldramaticeffects.47Bysplittinganeventintofragmentsandrecordingeachfromthemostsuitablecamerapositionhecouldsignificantlyvarytheemphasisfromcamerashottocamerashot. Griffithalsoachieveddramaticeffectsbymeansofcreativeediting.Byjuxtaposingimagesandvaryingthespeedandrhythmoftheirpresentationhecouldcontroltiledramaticintensityoftheeventsasthestoryprogressed.48DespitethereluctanceofhisproducerswhofearedthatthepublicwouldnotbeabletofollowaplotthatwasmadeupofsuchjuxtaposedimagesGriffithpersistedandexperimentedaswellwithotherelementsofcinematicsyntaxthathavebecomestandardeversince.Theseincludedtheflashbackpermittingbroadpsychologicalandemotionalexplorationaswellasnarrativethatwasnotchronologicalandthecrosscutbetweentwoparallelactionstoheightensuspenseandexcitement.InthusexploitingfullythepossibilitiesofeditingGriffithtransposeddevicesoftheVictoriannoveltofilmandgavefilmmasteryoftimeaswellasspace. Besidesdevelopingthecinema’slanguageGriffithimmenselybroadeneditsrangeandtreatmentofsubjects.49Hisearlyoutputwasremarkablyeclectic:itincludednotonlythestandardcomediesmelodramaswesternsandthrillersbutalsosuchnoveltiesasadaptationsfromBrowningandTennysonandtreatmentsofsocialissues.AshissuccessesmountedhisambitionsgrewandwiththemthewholeofAmericancinema.WhenheremadeEnochArdenin1911heinsistedthatasubjectofsuchimportancecouldnotbetreatedinthethenconventionallengthofonereel.Griffith’sintroductionoftheAmerican-mademulti-reelpicturebegananimmenserevolution.TwoyearslaterJudithofBethuliaanelaboratehistoricphilosophicalspectaclereachedtheunprecedentedlengthoffourreelsoronehour’srunningtime.50Fromourcontemporaryviewpointthepretensionsofthisfilmmayseemalittleridiculousbutatthetimeitprovokedendlessdebateanddiscussionandgaveanewintellectualrespectabilitytothecinema. Hisearlyoutputwasremarkablyeclectic:itincludednotonlythestandardcomediesmelodramaswesternsandthrillersbutalsosuchnoveltiesasadaptationsfromBrowningandTennysonandtreatmentsofsocialissues.
Aboutthree-quartersofAmericansaccordingtosurveysthinkthecountryisonthewrongtrack.Abouttwo-thirdsofthepublicdisapproveofthejobperformanceofPresidentBushandanevenhighernumberdisdainCongress.ThemediaareexcitedabouttheprospectofawealthybusinessmanrunningforPresidentasanindependentwhocouldtapintobroadpublicdisgruntlementwiththepartisanpoliticiansinWashington.2007Yes.Butalso1992.ThemaindifferencebetweenthetwosituationsisthatMichaelBloombergisricher—andsaner—thanRossPerot.Butonesimilaritymightbethis:theAmericanpeoplewerewrongthenandmaybewrongnow.Thewidespreadpessimismintheearly1990saboutthecourseofthecountryturnedouttobeunwarranted.Therestofthedecadefeaturedimpressiveeconomicgrowthafallingcrimeratesuccessfulreformofthewelfaresystemandareasonablypeacefulworld.Perhapstheproblemsweren’tsobadinthefirstplaceorperhapsthepoliticalsystemproducedpoliticianslikeBillClintonRudyGiulianiandNewtGingrichwhowereabletodealwiththeproblems.Butinanycasethecountrygotbackoncourse.That’snottosayallwaswellinthe1990sespeciallyinforeignpolicy.ResponsibilitiesinplacesrangingfromBosniatoRwandatoAfghanistanwereshirkedandgatheringdangersweren’tdealtwith.Stillthesourcomplaintsanddirepredictionsof1992—ohmyGodthebudgetdeficitwilldousin!—werequicklyovertakenbyevents.What’smorethefearofmanyconservativesthatwemightbeatthemercyofunstoppableforcesofsocialdisintegrationturnedouttobewrong.Indeedthedirepredictionswererenderedobsoletesoquicklythatonewonderswhetherwewerein1992reallyjustindulginginsomekindofpost-cold-warvictory.Sometimesthepublicmoodiswellmoody.Todaywe’remoodyagain.WeareobviouslyfightingadifficultanduntilrecentlybadlymanagedwarinIraqwhoseoutcomeisuncertain.Thisaccountsformuchofthepessimism.Italsodoesn’thelpthatthepoliticalsystemseemsincapableofdealingwithbigproblemslikeimmigrationanenergypolicyandhealthcare.Stillisthegeneralfeelingthateverythingisgoingtothedogsanymorejustifiedtodaythanitwas15yearsagoNotreally.Thinkofitthisway:HaveeventsingeneralgonebetterorworsethanmostpeoplewouldhavepredictedonSept.122001There’sbeennosuccessfulsecondattackhereilltheU.S.—andverylimitedterroristsuccessesinEuropeorevenintheMiddleEast.We’vehad51/2yearsofrobusteconomicgrowthlowunemploymentandastock-marketrecovery.SocialindicatorsintheU.S.aremostlystableorimproving—abortionsteenagebirthsandteenagedrugusearedownandeducationscoresareupabit.AsforAmericanforeignpolicysince9/11ithasnotproducedtheresultssomeofushopedforandtherearemanylegitimatecriticismsoftheBushAdministration’sperformance.Butinfactdespitethegloomanddoomfromcriticsleftandrightincludingoccasionallymetheworldseemstopresenttheusualmixedbagofdifficultproblemsandhearteningdevelopments.ThekeyquestionofcourseisthefateofIraq.Adecentoutcome—thedefeatofal-Qaedainwhatithasmadethecentralfrontinthewaronterrorismandenoughsecuritysotherecanbepeacefulrulebyarepresentativeregime—seemstomeachievableifwedon’tloseournervehereathome.WithsuccessinIraqprogresselsewhereintheMiddleEastwillbeeasier.Thebalancesheetisuncertain.Butitisbynomeansnecessarilygrim.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthepresentsituationintheUSis
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