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腰痛实证的主要病机有( )
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腰痛实证的主要病机有
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湿热蕴结
瘀血阻滞
感受风寒
胸痹病机属实证
三焦之邪里结阳明证与伤寒腑实证的病机治法有何不同
试述温病实证痉的表现及其病机
实证腹满的特征病机是什么
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AmericansnolongerexpectpublicfigureswhetherinspeechorinwritingtocommandtheEnglishlanguagewithskillandgift.Nordotheyaspiretosuchcommandthemselves.InhislatestbookDoingOurOwnThing:TheDegradationofLanguageandMusicandWhyWeShouldLikeCareJohnMcWhorteralinguistandcontroversialistofmixedliberalandconservativeviewsseesthetriumphof1960scounter-cultureasresponsibleforthedeclineofformalEnglish. Blamingthepermissive1960sisnothingnewbutthisisnotyetanothercriticismagainstthedeclineineducation.Mr.McWhorter’’sacademicspecialityislanguagehistoryandchangeandheseesthegradualdisappearanceofwhomforexampletobenaturalandnomoreregrettablethanthelossofthecase-endingsofOldEnglish. Butthecultoftheauthenticandthepersonaldoingourownthinghasspeltthedeathofformalspeechwritingpoetryandmusic.Whileeventhemodestlyeducatedsoughtanelevatedtonewhentheyputpentopaperbeforethe1960seventhemostwellregardedwritingsincethenhassoughttocapturespokenEnglishonthepage.Equallyinpoetrythehighlypersonalperformativegenreistheonlyformthatcouldclaimrealliveliness.InbothoralandwrittenEnglishtalkingstriumphingoverspeakingspontaneityovercraft. IllustratedwithanentertainingarrayofexamplesfrombothhighandlowculturethetrendthatMr.McWhorterdocumentsisunmistakable.Butitislesscleartotakethequestionofhissubtitlewhyweshouldlikecare.Asalinguistheacknowledgesthatallvarietiesofhumanlanguageincludingnon-standardoneslikeBlackEnglishcanbepowerfullyexpressive--thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideas.Heisnotarguingasmanydothatwecannolongerthinkstraightbecausewedonottalkproper. RussianshaveadeeplovefortheirownlanguageandcarrylargechunksofmemorizedpoetryintheirheadswhileItalianpoliticianstendtoelaboratespeechthatwouldseemold-fashionedtomostEnglish-speakers.Mr.McWhorteracknowledgesthatformallanguageisnotstrictlynecessaryandproposesnoradicaleducationreforms--heisreallygrievingoverthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful.WenowtakeourEnglishonpaperplatesinsteadofchina.Ashameperhapsbutprobablyaninevitableone. TowhichofthefollowingstatementswouldMcWhortermostlikelyagree
ThestandardizededucationalorpsychologicalteststhatarewidelyusedtoaidinselectingclassifyingassigningorpromotingstudentsemployeesandmilitarypersonnelhavebeenthetargetofrecentattacksinbooksmagazinesthedailypressandeveninCongress.71.Thetargetiswrongforinattackingthetestscriticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithillinformedorincompetentusers.Theteststhemselvesaremerelytoolswithcharacteristicsthatcanbemeasuredwithreasonableprecisionunderspecifiedconditions.Whethertheresultswillbevaluablemeaninglessorevenmisleadingdependspartlyuponthetoolitselfbutlargelyupontheuser. Allinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebaseduponsomeknowledgeofrelevantpastperformance:schoolgradesresearchproductivitysalesrecordsorwhateverisappropriate.72.Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamountreliabilityandappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisalwaysinterpreted.Anyonewhokeepscarefulscoreknowsthattheinformationavailableisalwaysincompleteandthatthepredictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror. Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext.Theyprovideaquickobjectivemethodofgettingsomekindsofinformationaboutwhatapersonlearnedtheskillshehasdevelopedorthekindofpersonheis.Theinformationsoobtainedhasqualitativelythesameadvantagesandshortcomingsasotherkindsofinformation.73.Whethertousetestsotherkindsofinformationorbothinaparticularsituationdependsthereforeupontheevidencefromexperienceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability. 74.Ingeneralthetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.Properlyusedtheyprovidearapidmeansofgettingcomparableinformationaboutmanypeople.Sometimestheyidentifystudentswhosehighpotentialhasnotbeenpreviouslyrecognizedbuttherearemanythingstheydonotdo.75.Forexampletheydonotcompensateforgrosssocialinequalityandthusdonottellhowableanunderprivilegedyoungstermighthavebeenhadhegrownupundermorefavorablecircumstances.
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent―A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoffspring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohaveaprofoundeffectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomeamajorfactorinthelivesoftheirchildren. OneplacewherechildrensoakupAcharacteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthewinatallcostsmoralstandardandmeasuretheirsuccessbysportingachievements.Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveAtypesseeminsomewaybetterthantheirBtypefellows.Beingtookeentowincanhavedangerousconsequences:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdroppeddeadsecondsaftersaying:Rejoiceweconquer! Byfartheworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisarareschoolthatallowspupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhatquestionablebutcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. ObviouslyitisneitherpracticalnordesirablethatallAyoungsterschangeintoB’’s.Theworldneedstypesandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’’spersonalitytohispossiblefutureemployment.Itistopmanagement. Ifthepreoccupationofschoolswithacademicworkwaslessenedmoretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthecaringprofessionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuchconsiderationsassensitivityandsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromAtypestock.B’’sareimportantandshouldbeencouraged. Fromthepassagewecandrawtheconclusionthat________________.
Inaworldwherebadnewshasbecomeeverydaynewspeopleareturningtoanancienttechniquetodealwithstress:meditation.AtmeditationcentersprayergroupsandyogastudiosaroundtheUnitedStatesmoreandmorearefindingpeaceofmindbybeingquiet:Someusemeditationtohelpdealwithlifechanges;otherstoprocessthepainfulrealityofpoliticalandsocialunrestaroundtheworldofthetypethathasbeenexperiencedmorerecently.StressfromtheSeptember11terroristattacksisprobablyabout70percentofthereasononeChicagomanstartedmeditatingandpracticingyogawithhisnewwife.Hebecamesoemotionallyaffectedthatherealizedheneededhelpinmanaginghisstress.Theyogaclasseshetakesbeginandendwithmeditation.Thisquiettimehelpshimfeelalotmorerelaxedandgiveshimmorebreathcontrol.Thefactisthoughthatheisnotalone. Acrossthecountrymanyareturningtomoremeditativeexerciseastheyseekbothpsychologicalandphysiologicalrelief.Inadditiontohelpingpeopleworkouttheirstresstheseclassesbringpeopletogetherinthesamewaythatreligiousservicesorothercommunityactivitieshavedoneinthepast.Differentschoolsofmeditationteachparticulartechniquesbuttheyshareacommonbasis―focusingattentiononsomethingyourmindcanreturntoifyouaredistracted.Thismaybetherhythmofbreathinganobjectsuchasacandleflamelovingkindnessorarepetitivemovementasinwalkingort’’aichitaiji.Regardlessofthespecifictechniqueormodethatisfollowedmeditationhaswell-documentedbenefits.Medicalresearchindicatesthatitcausesasharpdecreaseinmetabolicactivityreducedmuscletensionslowerbreathingandashiftfromfasterbrainwavestoslowerwaves.Italsoreduceshighbloodpressure.Practitionersareconvincedthatmeditationisgoodforhealthbecauseitrelaxesthebody. Foragesmeditationhasbeenacorepracticeofmanygroupsmeetingintheircommunalorreligiouscenters.Howeverlet’’snotforgetthatthisisthetwenty-firstcentury.SoforthosepeoplewhoaretooshyorbusytogotothenearestmeditationcenterthereareInternetsitesthatofferonlineguidedmeditation.Onehasavarietyofmeditationsfromvariousreligioustraditions.AtanotherJesuitpriestspostmeditationsandreadingsfromtheScriptureseverydayandatstillanotherBuddhistandHindupractitionersincludemusicandvisualstoaccompanytheirofferings.Thesewebsitesallowanyonewithacomputeraccesstomeditationatanytime.ThefactisthatwhetheronlineatYogaclassesoratlocalspiritualcentersmorepeopleareturningtothepracticeofmeditation. Theunderlyingapproachofmeditativetechniquesrequires
Teachersneedtobeawareoftheemotionalintellectualandphysicalchangesthatyoungadultsexperience.Andtheyalsoneedtogiveserious________tohowtheycanbest________suchchanges.Growingbodiesneedmovementand________butnotjustinwaysthatemphasizecompetition.________theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallengesteenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedthe________thatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentsare________byothers.Howeverthetypicalteenagelifestyleisalreadyfilledwithsomuchcompetitionthatitwouldbe________toplanactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanlosers________publishingnewsletterswithmanystudent-writtenbookreviews________studentartworkandsponsoringbookdiscussionclubs.Avarietyofsmallclubscanprovide________opportunitiesforleadershipaswellasforpracticeinsuccessful________dynamics.Makingfriendsisextremelyimportanttoteenagersandmanyshystudentsneedthe________ofsomekindoforganizationwithasupportiveadult________visibleinthebackground. Intheseactivitiesitisimportanttorememberthatyoungteenshave________attentionspans.Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized________participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoonto________elsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipants________.Thisdoesnotmeanthatadultsmustacceptirresponsibility.________theycanhelpstudentsacquireasenseofcommitmentby________forrolesthatarewithintheir________andtheirattentionspansandbyhavingclearlystatedroles.
ThestandardizededucationalorpsychologicalteststhatarewidelyusedtoaidinselectingclassifyingassigningorpromotingstudentsemployeesandmilitarypersonnelhavebeenthetargetofrecentattacksinbooksmagazinesthedailypressandeveninCongress.71.Thetargetiswrongforinattackingthetestscriticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithillinformedorincompetentusers.Theteststhemselvesaremerelytoolswithcharacteristicsthatcanbemeasuredwithreasonableprecisionunderspecifiedconditions.Whethertheresultswillbevaluablemeaninglessorevenmisleadingdependspartlyuponthetoolitselfbutlargelyupontheuser. Allinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebaseduponsomeknowledgeofrelevantpastperformance:schoolgradesresearchproductivitysalesrecordsorwhateverisappropriate.72.Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamountreliabilityandappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisalwaysinterpreted.Anyonewhokeepscarefulscoreknowsthattheinformationavailableisalwaysincompleteandthatthepredictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror. Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext.Theyprovideaquickobjectivemethodofgettingsomekindsofinformationaboutwhatapersonlearnedtheskillshehasdevelopedorthekindofpersonheis.Theinformationsoobtainedhasqualitativelythesameadvantagesandshortcomingsasotherkindsofinformation.73.Whethertousetestsotherkindsofinformationorbothinaparticularsituationdependsthereforeupontheevidencefromexperienceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability. 74.Ingeneralthetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.Properlyusedtheyprovidearapidmeansofgettingcomparableinformationaboutmanypeople.Sometimestheyidentifystudentswhosehighpotentialhasnotbeenpreviouslyrecognizedbuttherearemanythingstheydonotdo.75.Forexampletheydonotcompensateforgrosssocialinequalityandthusdonottellhowableanunderprivilegedyoungstermighthavebeenhadhegrownupundermorefavorablecircumstances.
AmericansnolongerexpectpublicfigureswhetherinspeechorinwritingtocommandtheEnglishlanguagewithskillandgift.Nordotheyaspiretosuchcommandthemselves.InhislatestbookDoingOurOwnThing:TheDegradationofLanguageandMusicandWhyWeShouldLikeCareJohnMcWhorteralinguistandcontroversialistofmixedliberalandconservativeviewsseesthetriumphof1960scounter-cultureasresponsibleforthedeclineofformalEnglish. Blamingthepermissive1960sisnothingnewbutthisisnotyetanothercriticismagainstthedeclineineducation.Mr.McWhorter’’sacademicspecialityislanguagehistoryandchangeandheseesthegradualdisappearanceofwhomforexampletobenaturalandnomoreregrettablethanthelossofthecase-endingsofOldEnglish. Butthecultoftheauthenticandthepersonaldoingourownthinghasspeltthedeathofformalspeechwritingpoetryandmusic.Whileeventhemodestlyeducatedsoughtanelevatedtonewhentheyputpentopaperbeforethe1960seventhemostwellregardedwritingsincethenhassoughttocapturespokenEnglishonthepage.Equallyinpoetrythehighlypersonalperformativegenreistheonlyformthatcouldclaimrealliveliness.InbothoralandwrittenEnglishtalkingstriumphingoverspeakingspontaneityovercraft. IllustratedwithanentertainingarrayofexamplesfrombothhighandlowculturethetrendthatMr.McWhorterdocumentsisunmistakable.Butitislesscleartotakethequestionofhissubtitlewhyweshouldlikecare.Asalinguistheacknowledgesthatallvarietiesofhumanlanguageincludingnon-standardoneslikeBlackEnglishcanbepowerfullyexpressive--thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideas.Heisnotarguingasmanydothatwecannolongerthinkstraightbecausewedonottalkproper. RussianshaveadeeplovefortheirownlanguageandcarrylargechunksofmemorizedpoetryintheirheadswhileItalianpoliticianstendtoelaboratespeechthatwouldseemold-fashionedtomostEnglish-speakers.Mr.McWhorteracknowledgesthatformallanguageisnotstrictlynecessaryandproposesnoradicaleducationreforms--heisreallygrievingoverthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful.WenowtakeourEnglishonpaperplatesinsteadofchina.Ashameperhapsbutprobablyaninevitableone. Accordingtothelastparagraphpaperplatesistochinaas
AradiativeforcingisanychangeimposedontheEarththataffecttheplanetaryenergybalance.Radiativeforcingsincludechangesingreenhousegasessuchascarbondioxideandozoneaerosolsintheatmospheresolarirradianceandsurfacereflectivity.Aforcingmayresultfromeitheranaturalorananthropogeniccauseorfrombothasinthecaseofatmosphericaerosolconcentrationswhichcanbealteredeitherbyvolcanicactionortheburningoffossilfuels.Radiativeforcingsaretypicallyspecifiedforthepurposeoftheoreticalglobalclimatesimulations.Incontrastradiativefeedbacksareenvironmentalchangesresultingfromclimatechangesandarecalculatedfromscientificobservation.Radiativefeedbacksincludechangesinsuchphenomenaascloudsatmosphericwatervaporsea-icecoverandsnowcover. Theinterplaybetweenforcingsandfeedbackscanbequitecomplex.Forexampleanincreaseintheconcentrationofatmosphericwatervaporincreasessolarirradiancetherebywarmingtheatmosphereandinturnincreasingevaporationandtheconcentrationofatmosphericwatervapor.Arelatedexampleofthiscomplexinterplayalsoshowstheuncertaintyoffutureclimaticchangesassociatedwithforcingsandfeedbacks.ScientistsareunsurehowthereductionofozonewillultimatelyaffectcloudsandinturntheEarthtemperature.Cloudstrapoutgoingcoolingradiationtherebyprovidingawarminginfluence.Howevertheyalsoreflectincomingsolarradiationandthusprovideacoolinginfluence.CurrentsmeasurementsindicatethattheneteffectofcloudsistocooltheEarth.Howeverscientistsdonotknowhowthebalancemightshiftinthefutureascloudformationanddispersionareaffectedbyozonereduction. Contributingtothisuncertaintyisthecomplexityofthemechanismsatworkintheprocessofozonereduction.Theamountofradiationreachingtheearth’’ssurfaceandtheamountofreradiatedradiationthatistrappedbythegreenhouseeffectinfluencetheEarth’’stemperatureinoppositedirections.Bothmechanismsareaffectedbytheverticaldistributionofozone.Alsotherelativeimportanceofthesetwocompetingmechanismsdependsonthealtitudeatwhichozonechangesoccur.InarecentNASA-sponsoredaircraftstudyoftheAntarcticozoneholechlorinemonoxidewasmeasuredatvaryingaltitudes.Themeasurementssuggestthatchlorineplaysagreaterroleandoxidesofnitrogenalesserrolethanpreviouslythoughtinthedestructionofozoneintheloweratmosphere.Thestudyconcludedthatsimultaneoushigh-resolutionmeasurementsatmanydifferentaltitudesonthescaleof0.1kilometerinverticalextentarenecessarytodiagnosetheoperativemechanisms.Thesefindingshavecalledintoquestionconventionalexplanationsforozonereductionwhichfailtoadequatelyaccountforthenewevidence.NASA=NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration国家航空航天局 TheNASA-sponsoredstudyoftheozonehole
既有季节性特点又不受季节限制常为外感致病之先导的邪气是
行痹的代表方是
AradiativeforcingisanychangeimposedontheEarththataffecttheplanetaryenergybalance.Radiativeforcingsincludechangesingreenhousegasessuchascarbondioxideandozoneaerosolsintheatmospheresolarirradianceandsurfacereflectivity.Aforcingmayresultfromeitheranaturalorananthropogeniccauseorfrombothasinthecaseofatmosphericaerosolconcentrationswhichcanbealteredeitherbyvolcanicactionortheburningoffossilfuels.Radiativeforcingsaretypicallyspecifiedforthepurposeoftheoreticalglobalclimatesimulations.Incontrastradiativefeedbacksareenvironmentalchangesresultingfromclimatechangesandarecalculatedfromscientificobservation.Radiativefeedbacksincludechangesinsuchphenomenaascloudsatmosphericwatervaporsea-icecoverandsnowcover. Theinterplaybetweenforcingsandfeedbackscanbequitecomplex.Forexampleanincreaseintheconcentrationofatmosphericwatervaporincreasessolarirradiancetherebywarmingtheatmosphereandinturnincreasingevaporationandtheconcentrationofatmosphericwatervapor.Arelatedexampleofthiscomplexinterplayalsoshowstheuncertaintyoffutureclimaticchangesassociatedwithforcingsandfeedbacks.ScientistsareunsurehowthereductionofozonewillultimatelyaffectcloudsandinturntheEarthtemperature.Cloudstrapoutgoingcoolingradiationtherebyprovidingawarminginfluence.Howevertheyalsoreflectincomingsolarradiationandthusprovideacoolinginfluence.CurrentsmeasurementsindicatethattheneteffectofcloudsistocooltheEarth.Howeverscientistsdonotknowhowthebalancemightshiftinthefutureascloudformationanddispersionareaffectedbyozonereduction. Contributingtothisuncertaintyisthecomplexityofthemechanismsatworkintheprocessofozonereduction.Theamountofradiationreachingtheearth’’ssurfaceandtheamountofreradiatedradiationthatistrappedbythegreenhouseeffectinfluencetheEarth’’stemperatureinoppositedirections.Bothmechanismsareaffectedbytheverticaldistributionofozone.Alsotherelativeimportanceofthesetwocompetingmechanismsdependsonthealtitudeatwhichozonechangesoccur.InarecentNASA-sponsoredaircraftstudyoftheAntarcticozoneholechlorinemonoxidewasmeasuredatvaryingaltitudes.Themeasurementssuggestthatchlorineplaysagreaterroleandoxidesofnitrogenalesserrolethanpreviouslythoughtinthedestructionofozoneintheloweratmosphere.Thestudyconcludedthatsimultaneoushigh-resolutionmeasurementsatmanydifferentaltitudesonthescaleof0.1kilometerinverticalextentarenecessarytodiagnosetheoperativemechanisms.Thesefindingshavecalledintoquestionconventionalexplanationsforozonereductionwhichfailtoadequatelyaccountforthenewevidence.NASA=NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration国家航空航天局 Welearnfromthetextthattheburningofpetrol
症见鼻衄血鲜红口渴引饮胸闷口臭便秘舌红苔黄脉数其病机是
应用电针止痛时应选用何种波型
Inaworldwherebadnewshasbecomeeverydaynewspeopleareturningtoanancienttechniquetodealwithstress:meditation.AtmeditationcentersprayergroupsandyogastudiosaroundtheUnitedStatesmoreandmorearefindingpeaceofmindbybeingquiet:Someusemeditationtohelpdealwithlifechanges;otherstoprocessthepainfulrealityofpoliticalandsocialunrestaroundtheworldofthetypethathasbeenexperiencedmorerecently.StressfromtheSeptember11terroristattacksisprobablyabout70percentofthereasononeChicagomanstartedmeditatingandpracticingyogawithhisnewwife.Hebecamesoemotionallyaffectedthatherealizedheneededhelpinmanaginghisstress.Theyogaclasseshetakesbeginandendwithmeditation.Thisquiettimehelpshimfeelalotmorerelaxedandgiveshimmorebreathcontrol.Thefactisthoughthatheisnotalone. Acrossthecountrymanyareturningtomoremeditativeexerciseastheyseekbothpsychologicalandphysiologicalrelief.Inadditiontohelpingpeopleworkouttheirstresstheseclassesbringpeopletogetherinthesamewaythatreligiousservicesorothercommunityactivitieshavedoneinthepast.Differentschoolsofmeditationteachparticulartechniquesbuttheyshareacommonbasis―focusingattentiononsomethingyourmindcanreturntoifyouaredistracted.Thismaybetherhythmofbreathinganobjectsuchasacandleflamelovingkindnessorarepetitivemovementasinwalkingort’’aichitaiji.Regardlessofthespecifictechniqueormodethatisfollowedmeditationhaswell-documentedbenefits.Medicalresearchindicatesthatitcausesasharpdecreaseinmetabolicactivityreducedmuscletensionslowerbreathingandashiftfromfasterbrainwavestoslowerwaves.Italsoreduceshighbloodpressure.Practitionersareconvincedthatmeditationisgoodforhealthbecauseitrelaxesthebody. Foragesmeditationhasbeenacorepracticeofmanygroupsmeetingintheircommunalorreligiouscenters.Howeverlet’’snotforgetthatthisisthetwenty-firstcentury.SoforthosepeoplewhoaretooshyorbusytogotothenearestmeditationcenterthereareInternetsitesthatofferonlineguidedmeditation.Onehasavarietyofmeditationsfromvariousreligioustraditions.AtanotherJesuitpriestspostmeditationsandreadingsfromtheScriptureseverydayandatstillanotherBuddhistandHindupractitionersincludemusicandvisualstoaccompanytheirofferings.Thesewebsitesallowanyonewithacomputeraccesstomeditationatanytime.ThefactisthatwhetheronlineatYogaclassesoratlocalspiritualcentersmorepeopleareturningtothepracticeofmeditation. TheexampleofoneChicagomanshows
AmericansnolongerexpectpublicfigureswhetherinspeechorinwritingtocommandtheEnglishlanguagewithskillandgift.Nordotheyaspiretosuchcommandthemselves.InhislatestbookDoingOurOwnThing:TheDegradationofLanguageandMusicandWhyWeShouldLikeCareJohnMcWhorteralinguistandcontroversialistofmixedliberalandconservativeviewsseesthetriumphof1960scounter-cultureasresponsibleforthedeclineofformalEnglish. Blamingthepermissive1960sisnothingnewbutthisisnotyetanothercriticismagainstthedeclineineducation.Mr.McWhorter’’sacademicspecialityislanguagehistoryandchangeandheseesthegradualdisappearanceofwhomforexampletobenaturalandnomoreregrettablethanthelossofthecase-endingsofOldEnglish. Butthecultoftheauthenticandthepersonaldoingourownthinghasspeltthedeathofformalspeechwritingpoetryandmusic.Whileeventhemodestlyeducatedsoughtanelevatedtonewhentheyputpentopaperbeforethe1960seventhemostwellregardedwritingsincethenhassoughttocapturespokenEnglishonthepage.Equallyinpoetrythehighlypersonalperformativegenreistheonlyformthatcouldclaimrealliveliness.InbothoralandwrittenEnglishtalkingstriumphingoverspeakingspontaneityovercraft. IllustratedwithanentertainingarrayofexamplesfrombothhighandlowculturethetrendthatMr.McWhorterdocumentsisunmistakable.Butitislesscleartotakethequestionofhissubtitlewhyweshouldlikecare.Asalinguistheacknowledgesthatallvarietiesofhumanlanguageincludingnon-standardoneslikeBlackEnglishcanbepowerfullyexpressive--thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideas.Heisnotarguingasmanydothatwecannolongerthinkstraightbecausewedonottalkproper. RussianshaveadeeplovefortheirownlanguageandcarrylargechunksofmemorizedpoetryintheirheadswhileItalianpoliticianstendtoelaboratespeechthatwouldseemold-fashionedtomostEnglish-speakers.Mr.McWhorteracknowledgesthatformallanguageisnotstrictlynecessaryandproposesnoradicaleducationreforms--heisreallygrievingoverthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful.WenowtakeourEnglishonpaperplatesinsteadofchina.Ashameperhapsbutprobablyaninevitableone. AccordingtoMcWhorterthedeclineofformalEnglish
组成药物中没有丹皮的方剂是
AradiativeforcingisanychangeimposedontheEarththataffecttheplanetaryenergybalance.Radiativeforcingsincludechangesingreenhousegasessuchascarbondioxideandozoneaerosolsintheatmospheresolarirradianceandsurfacereflectivity.Aforcingmayresultfromeitheranaturalorananthropogeniccauseorfrombothasinthecaseofatmosphericaerosolconcentrationswhichcanbealteredeitherbyvolcanicactionortheburningoffossilfuels.Radiativeforcingsaretypicallyspecifiedforthepurposeoftheoreticalglobalclimatesimulations.Incontrastradiativefeedbacksareenvironmentalchangesresultingfromclimatechangesandarecalculatedfromscientificobservation.Radiativefeedbacksincludechangesinsuchphenomenaascloudsatmosphericwatervaporsea-icecoverandsnowcover. Theinterplaybetweenforcingsandfeedbackscanbequitecomplex.Forexampleanincreaseintheconcentrationofatmosphericwatervaporincreasessolarirradiancetherebywarmingtheatmosphereandinturnincreasingevaporationandtheconcentrationofatmosphericwatervapor.Arelatedexampleofthiscomplexinterplayalsoshowstheuncertaintyoffutureclimaticchangesassociatedwithforcingsandfeedbacks.ScientistsareunsurehowthereductionofozonewillultimatelyaffectcloudsandinturntheEarthtemperature.Cloudstrapoutgoingcoolingradiationtherebyprovidingawarminginfluence.Howevertheyalsoreflectincomingsolarradiationandthusprovideacoolinginfluence.CurrentsmeasurementsindicatethattheneteffectofcloudsistocooltheEarth.Howeverscientistsdonotknowhowthebalancemightshiftinthefutureascloudformationanddispersionareaffectedbyozonereduction. Contributingtothisuncertaintyisthecomplexityofthemechanismsatworkintheprocessofozonereduction.Theamountofradiationreachingtheearth’’ssurfaceandtheamountofreradiatedradiationthatistrappedbythegreenhouseeffectinfluencetheEarth’’stemperatureinoppositedirections.Bothmechanismsareaffectedbytheverticaldistributionofozone.Alsotherelativeimportanceofthesetwocompetingmechanismsdependsonthealtitudeatwhichozonechangesoccur.InarecentNASA-sponsoredaircraftstudyoftheAntarcticozoneholechlorinemonoxidewasmeasuredatvaryingaltitudes.Themeasurementssuggestthatchlorineplaysagreaterroleandoxidesofnitrogenalesserrolethanpreviouslythoughtinthedestructionofozoneintheloweratmosphere.Thestudyconcludedthatsimultaneoushigh-resolutionmeasurementsatmanydifferentaltitudesonthescaleof0.1kilometerinverticalextentarenecessarytodiagnosetheoperativemechanisms.Thesefindingshavecalledintoquestionconventionalexplanationsforozonereductionwhichfailtoadequatelyaccountforthenewevidence.NASA=NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration国家航空航天局 Scientistscouldmoreaccuratelypredicttheextentanddirectionofgreenhouseeffectiftheywereto
虚人外感风寒痰湿阻滞之证治宜选用
临房早泄面白神疲少气乏力腰酸耳鸣舌淡脉弱最宜诊为
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent―A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoffspring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohaveaprofoundeffectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomeamajorfactorinthelivesoftheirchildren. OneplacewherechildrensoakupAcharacteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthewinatallcostsmoralstandardandmeasuretheirsuccessbysportingachievements.Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveAtypesseeminsomewaybetterthantheirBtypefellows.Beingtookeentowincanhavedangerousconsequences:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdroppeddeadsecondsaftersaying:Rejoiceweconquer! Byfartheworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisarareschoolthatallowspupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhatquestionablebutcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. ObviouslyitisneitherpracticalnordesirablethatallAyoungsterschangeintoB’’s.Theworldneedstypesandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’’spersonalitytohispossiblefutureemployment.Itistopmanagement. Ifthepreoccupationofschoolswithacademicworkwaslessenedmoretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthecaringprofessionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuchconsiderationsassensitivityandsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromAtypestock.B’’sareimportantandshouldbeencouraged. Theauthorisstronglyopposedtothepracticeofexaminationsatschoolsbecause________________.
ThestandardizededucationalorpsychologicalteststhatarewidelyusedtoaidinselectingclassifyingassigningorpromotingstudentsemployeesandmilitarypersonnelhavebeenthetargetofrecentattacksinbooksmagazinesthedailypressandeveninCongress.71.Thetargetiswrongforinattackingthetestscriticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithillinformedorincompetentusers.Theteststhemselvesaremerelytoolswithcharacteristicsthatcanbemeasuredwithreasonableprecisionunderspecifiedconditions.Whethertheresultswillbevaluablemeaninglessorevenmisleadingdependspartlyuponthetoolitselfbutlargelyupontheuser. Allinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebaseduponsomeknowledgeofrelevantpastperformance:schoolgradesresearchproductivitysalesrecordsorwhateverisappropriate.72.Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamountreliabilityandappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisalwaysinterpreted.Anyonewhokeepscarefulscoreknowsthattheinformationavailableisalwaysincompleteandthatthepredictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror. Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext.Theyprovideaquickobjectivemethodofgettingsomekindsofinformationaboutwhatapersonlearnedtheskillshehasdevelopedorthekindofpersonheis.Theinformationsoobtainedhasqualitativelythesameadvantagesandshortcomingsasotherkindsofinformation.73.Whethertousetestsotherkindsofinformationorbothinaparticularsituationdependsthereforeupontheevidencefromexperienceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability. 74.Ingeneralthetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.Properlyusedtheyprovidearapidmeansofgettingcomparableinformationaboutmanypeople.Sometimestheyidentifystudentswhosehighpotentialhasnotbeenpreviouslyrecognizedbuttherearemanythingstheydonotdo.75.Forexampletheydonotcompensateforgrosssocialinequalityandthusdonottellhowableanunderprivilegedyoungstermighthavebeenhadhegrownupundermorefavorablecircumstances. ThestandardizededucationalorpsychologicalteststhatarewidelyusedtoaidinselectingclassifyingassigningorpromotingstudentsemployeesandmilitarypersonnelhavebeenthetargetofrecentattacksinbooksmagazinesthedailypressandeveninCongress.71.Thetargetiswrongforinattackingthetestscriticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithillinformedorincompetentusers.Theteststhemselvesaremerelytoolswithcharacteristicsthatcanbemeasuredwithreasonableprecisionunderspecifiedconditions.Whethertheresultswillbevaluablemeaninglessorevenmisleadingdependspartlyuponthetoolitselfbutlargelyupontheuser. Allinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebaseduponsomeknowledgeofrelevantpastperformance:schoolgradesresearchproductivitysalesrecordsorwhateverisappropriate.72.Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamountreliabilityandappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisalwaysinterpreted.Anyonewhokeepscarefulscoreknowsthattheinformationavailableisalwaysincompleteandthatthepredictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror. Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext.Theyprovideaquickobjectivemethodofgettingsomekindsofinformationaboutwhatapersonlearnedtheskillshehasdevelopedorthekindofpersonheis.Theinformationsoobtainedhasqualitativelythesameadvantagesandshortcomingsasotherkindsofinformation.73.Whethertousetestsotherkindsofinformationorbothinaparticularsituationdependsthereforeupontheevidencefromexperienceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability. 74.Ingeneralthetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.Properlyusedtheyprovidearapidmeansofgettingcomparableinformationaboutmanypeople.Sometimestheyidentifystudentswhosehighpotentialhasnotbeenpreviouslyrecognizedbuttherearemanythingstheydonotdo.75.Forexampletheydonotcompensateforgrosssocialinequalityandthusdonottellhowableanunderprivilegedyoungstermighthavebeenhadhegrownupundermorefavorablecircumstances.
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