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Vitaminsareorganiccompoundsnecessaryinsmallamountsinthedietforthenormalgrowthandmaintenanceoflifeofanimalsincludingman. Theydonotprovideenergy________dotheyconstructorbuildanypartofthebody.Theyareneededfor________foodsintoenergyandbodymaintenance.Therearethirteenormoreofthemandif________ismissingadeficiencydiseasebecomes________. Vitaminsaresimilarbecausetheyaremadeofthesameelements―usuallycarbonhydrogenoxygenand______nitrogen.Theyaredifferent______theirelementsarearrangeddifferentlyandeachvitamin______oneormorespecificfunctionsinthebody. ________enoughvitaminsisessentialtolifealthoughthebodyhasnonutritionalusefor________vitamins.Manypeople________believeinbeingonthesafesideandthustakeextravitamins.Howeverawell-balanceddietwillusuallymeetallthebody’’svitaminneeds.
IsitpossiblethattheideaswehavetodayaboutownershipandpropertyrightshavebeensouniversalinthehumanmindthatitistrulyasiftheyhadsprungfromthemindofGodBynomeans.Theideaofowningandpropertyemergedinthemistsofunrecordedhistory.TheancientJewsforonehadaverydifferentoutlookonpropertyandownershipviewingitassomethingmuchmoretemporaryandtentativethanwedo. TheideaswehaveinAmericaabouttheprivateownershipofproductivepropertyasanaturalanduniversalrightofmankindperhapsofdivineoriginarebynomeansuniversalandmustbeviewedasaninventionofmanratherthanadecreeorderofGod.Ofcoursewearecompletelytrainedtoaccepttheideaofownershipoftheearthanditsproductsrawandtransformed.Itseemsnotatallstrange;infactitisquitedifficulttoimagineasocietywithoutsucharrangements.Ifsomeonesomeindividualdidn’’townthatplotoflandthathousethatfactorythatmachinethattowerofwheathowwouldwefunctionWhatwouldtherulesbeWhomwouldwebuyfromandhowwouldwesell Itisimportanttoacknowledgeasignificantdifferencebetweenachievingownershipsimplybytakingorclaimingpropertyandowningwhatwetendtocallthefruitoflabor.IfIaloneortogetherwithmyfamilyworkonthelandandraisecropsorifImakesomethingusefuloutofnaturalmaterialitseemsreasonableandfairtoclaimthatthecropsortheobjectsbelongtomeormyfamilyaremypropertyatleastinthesensethatIhavefirstclaimonthem.Hardlyanyonewoulddisputethat.Infactsomeoftheearlyradicalworkingmen’’smovementsmadeanownershipclaimonthoseverygrounds.AsindustrialorganizationbecamemorecomplexhoweversuchissuesbecamevastlymoreintricateItmustbeclearthatinmodernsocietythesocialheritageofknowledgeandtechnologyandthesocialorganizationofmanufactureandexchangeaccountforfarmoreoftheproductivityofindustryandthevalueofwhatisproducedthancanbeaccountedforbythelaborofanynumberofindividuals.HardlyanypersoncannowpointandsayThat--thatrightthere--isthefruitofmylabor.Wecansayasasocietyasanation--asaworldreally--thatwhatisproducedisthefruitofourlabortheproductofthewholesocietyasacollectivity. Wehavetorecognizethattherightofprivateindividualownershipofpropertyisman-madeandconstantlydependentontheextenttowhichthosewithoutpropertybelievethattheownercanmakehisclaimstick. Accordingtothetexttheconceptofownershipprobably
Text2TheWorldWideWebhasbeensteadilycreatingawidespreadsurgeinsocialcapitalthroughE-mailconversationschatroomsnewsgroupsande-zones.TheseongoingconnectionsarenotanundergroundphenomenonbutamainstreammovementthatisrapidlyoverwhelmingtraditionalbusinessmodelsaccordingtotheauthorsofanotherrecentbookTheCluetrainManifesto."OurlongingfortheWebisrootedinthedeepresentmentwefeeltowardsbeingmanaged"writesco-authorDavidWeinbergeracolumnistandcommentatorontheWeb’seffectonbusiness.TheCluetrainManifestoarguesthatknowledgeworkersarefindingitintolerablethattheiremployersrequirethemtospeakinartificial"businessvoices".TheWebhasbecometheidealalternative:apublicplacewherepeoplecanconverseintheir"authenticvoices"outsideofanorganization’sofficialcommunicationschannel.SomeofthesocialcapitalgeneratedbytheseindependentWebconversationsisbeingusedbyitscreatorstocircumventtheauthorityofcorporations.Forexampleacarownerwhothinkshewasoverchargedforservicetohisvehiclepostsaninquirytoanewsgroupforpeoplewhoownthesamemodelofear.Groupmembersrespondwiththeiradviceandpersonalexperiencesofgettingtheirowncarsserviced.Thenewsgroupisnotownedorcontrolledbythecarcompany.Infactamechanicemployedbythecarcompanyparticipatesintheconversationofferinghisknowledgeofwhatchargesarereasonableandhowcompanypoliciesvaryfromdealertodealerandevensuggestingwhichdealershipsofferthebestservice.Accordingtoco-authorRickLevinetilemechanic"wasspeakingforhiscompanyinanewway:honestlyopenlyprobablywithouthisboss’sexplicitsanction."Ineffectanemployeeofthecompanyindependentlyjoinedanetworkofconsumerstodirectlyhelpsatisfyacustomer."Companiesneedtoharnessthissortofcaringandletitsviralenthusiasmbecommunicatedinemployees’ownvoices"writesLevineformerWebArchitectforSunMicrosystem’sJavaSoftwaregroup.AsmoreandmorepeopleworkonlineandformWebrelationshipssharedknowledgecouldbecomeincreasinglypersonalincyberspace.Whetherbusinessjoinsintheconversationsornotitseemslikelythatthisfast-growingstrainofsocialcapitalwillremainvaluableforthosewhohelptocreateit. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattilecompany
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsAscientistwhodoesresearchineconomicpsychologyandwhowantstopredictthewayinwhichconsumerswillspendtheirmoneymuststudyconsumerbehavior.Hemustobtain1bothonresourcesofconsumersandonthemotivesthat2toencourageordiscouragemoneyspending.Ifan3wereaskedwhichofthreegroupsborrowmost--peoplewithrisingincomes4incomesordecliningincomes--hewould5answer:thosewithdecliningincomes.Actuallyintheyears1997-2000theanswerwas:peoplewithrisingincomes.Peoplewithdecliningincomeswerenextandpeoplewithstableincomesborrowedthe6.Thisshowsusthattradition-al7aboutearningandspendingarenotalways8Anothertraditionalassumptionisthatifpeoplewhohavemoneyexpectpricestogouptheywill9tobuy.Iftheyexpectpricestogodowntheywillpostponebuying.10researchsurveyshaveshownthatthisisnotalways11Theexpectationsofpriceincreasesmaynotstimulatebuying.One12attitudewasex-pressedbythewifeofamechanicinaninterviewatatimeofrisingprices.Herfamilyhadbeenplanningtobuyanewcarbuttheypostponedthispurchase.13theriseinpricesthathasal-readytakenplacemayberesentedandbuyer’sresistancemaybeevoked.The14mentionedabovewascarriedoutinAmerica.Investigations15atthesametimeinGreatBritainhoweveryieldedresultsthatweremore16traditionalassumptionsaboutsavingandspendingpatterns.Theconditionmostcontributivetospending17tobepricestability.Ifpriceshavebeenstableandpeopleconsiderthattheyare18theyarelikelytobuy.Thusitappearsthatthecommon19policyofmaintainingstablepricesisbasedonacorrectunderstandingof20psychology. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Atthestartofthe20thcenturyimmigrantlaborandinnovationhelpedturntheU.S.intoapowerfulmanufacturingnation.Todayforeign-bornengineersjamthecorridorsofSiliconValleyhelpingAmerica’’sinformation-technologyboom.Andasthe21stcenturydawnsyetanotherwaveofimmigrantswillonceagainhelptransformtheeconomy. 46DuringthenextdecadeexceptingachangeingovernmentpolicynearlyamillionimmigrantsareexpectedtoarriveintheU.S.everyyearmostofwhombothlegalandillegalwillcontinuetocomefromLatinAmericaandSoutheastAsiabuteveryforeignlandwillberepresented. Asdomesticbirthratesstagnateonlyforeign-bornworkerwillkeepthelaborpoolgrowing.By2006infactimmigrantswillaccountforhalfofallnewU.S.workers;overthenext30yearstheirsharewillriseto60%. 47EvenatcurrentlevelsofimmigrationaccordingtotheLaborDept.thenumberofpeopleavailabletoworkwillincreasebyamere0.8%peryearbetween1996and2006-halftherateofthepreviousdecade.WithoutimmigrantsaccordingtoanewstudytheU.S.workforcewouldactuallybegintoshrinkby2015. 48It’’snotallaboutsheernumbersofcourse:ToliftproductivityandspurgrowthimmigrantsmustprovidecreativityentrepreneurialenergyorsimpleinitiativethatAmericacouldn’’tfindotherwise.IfallyoudidwasbringinpeoplewhoareexactlythesameasthosewehaveheretherewouldbenoeconomicbenefitsaysRandCorp.economistJamesP.SmithYou’’djusthavemorepeople. Justascrucialthearrayofeducationandskillsimmigrantsbringcouldfitneatlywiththesupplyofjobsoverthenextdecade.AccordingtoLindaLevineattheCongressionalResearchService60%ofthejobscreatedthrough2005willrequiresomepost-secondaryeducation.Butsheaddslow-skilljobswillstillrepresentabouthalfoftotalemployment.49Yetimmigrantsalsoare50%morelikelythanAmericanstohaveagraduatedegreeandanunbelievable23%ofU.S.residentsholdingPhDsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-bornaccordingtotheNationalScienceFoundation. Indeedforeign-bornworkershaveshownanextraordinaryabilitytoassimilateandflourish.Certainlysomelessskilledworkerswillremainatthebottomeconomicrungalltheirlives.50Yetotherswillcatchupquicklyandwithinadecadeoftheirarrivalthewell-educatedwillgofrommakingbarelyhalfthatofnative-bornAmericansincomparableworktonearly90%accordingtoarecentstudy. Thatofcoursewillraiseimmigrants’’livingstandards.Moreimportantitwillhelpdriveinnovationandentrepreneurshipkeyenginesofthe21stCenturyEconomy. Atthestartofthe20thcenturyimmigrantlaborandinnovationhelpedturntheU.S.intoapowerfulmanufacturingnation.Todayforeign-bornengineersjamthecorridorsofSiliconValleyhelpingAmerica’’sinformation-technologyboom.Andasthe21stcenturydawnsyetanotherwaveofimmigrantswillonceagainhelptransformtheeconomy. 46DuringthenextdecadeexceptingachangeingovernmentpolicynearlyamillionimmigrantsareexpectedtoarriveintheU.S.everyyearmostofwhombothlegalandillegalwillcontinuetocomefromLatinAmericaandSoutheastAsiabuteveryforeignlandwillberepresented. Asdomesticbirthratesstagnateonlyforeign-bornworkerwillkeepthelaborpoolgrowing.By2006infactimmigrantswillaccountforhalfofallnewU.S.workers;overthenext30yearstheirsharewillriseto60%. 47EvenatcurrentlevelsofimmigrationaccordingtotheLaborDept.thenumberofpeopleavailabletoworkwillincreasebyamere0.8%peryearbetween1996and2006-halftherateofthepreviousdecade.WithoutimmigrantsaccordingtoanewstudytheU.S.workforcewouldactuallybegintoshrinkby2015. 48It’’snotallaboutsheernumbersofcourse:ToliftproductivityandspurgrowthimmigrantsmustprovidecreativityentrepreneurialenergyorsimpleinitiativethatAmericacouldn’’tfindotherwise.IfallyoudidwasbringinpeoplewhoareexactlythesameasthosewehaveheretherewouldbenoeconomicbenefitsaysRandCorp.economistJamesP.SmithYou’’djusthavemorepeople. Justascrucialthearrayofeducationandskillsimmigrantsbringcouldfitneatlywiththesupplyofjobsoverthenextdecade.AccordingtoLindaLevineattheCongressionalResearchService60%ofthejobscreatedthrough2005willrequiresomepost-secondaryeducation.Butsheaddslow-skilljobswillstillrepresentabouthalfoftotalemployment.49Yetimmigrantsalsoare50%morelikelythanAmericanstohaveagraduatedegreeandanunbelievable23%ofU.S.residentsholdingPhDsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-bornaccordingtotheNationalScienceFoundation. Indeedforeign-bornworkershaveshownanextraordinaryabilitytoassimilateandflourish.Certainlysomelessskilledworkerswillremainatthebottomeconomicrungalltheirlives.50Yetotherswillcatchupquicklyandwithinadecadeoftheirarrivalthewell-educatedwillgofrommakingbarelyhalfthatofnative-bornAmericansincomparableworktonearly90%accordingtoarecentstudy. Thatofcoursewillraiseimmigrants’’livingstandards.Moreimportantitwillhelpdriveinnovationandentrepreneurshipkeyenginesofthe21stCenturyEconomy.
IsitpossiblethattheideaswehavetodayaboutownershipandpropertyrightshavebeensouniversalinthehumanmindthatitistrulyasiftheyhadsprungfromthemindofGodBynomeans.Theideaofowningandpropertyemergedinthemistsofunrecordedhistory.TheancientJewsforonehadaverydifferentoutlookonpropertyandownershipviewingitassomethingmuchmoretemporaryandtentativethanwedo. TheideaswehaveinAmericaabouttheprivateownershipofproductivepropertyasanaturalanduniversalrightofmankindperhapsofdivineoriginarebynomeansuniversalandmustbeviewedasaninventionofmanratherthanadecreeorderofGod.Ofcoursewearecompletelytrainedtoaccepttheideaofownershipoftheearthanditsproductsrawandtransformed.Itseemsnotatallstrange;infactitisquitedifficulttoimagineasocietywithoutsucharrangements.Ifsomeonesomeindividualdidn’’townthatplotoflandthathousethatfactorythatmachinethattowerofwheathowwouldwefunctionWhatwouldtherulesbeWhomwouldwebuyfromandhowwouldwesell Itisimportanttoacknowledgeasignificantdifferencebetweenachievingownershipsimplybytakingorclaimingpropertyandowningwhatwetendtocallthefruitoflabor.IfIaloneortogetherwithmyfamilyworkonthelandandraisecropsorifImakesomethingusefuloutofnaturalmaterialitseemsreasonableandfairtoclaimthatthecropsortheobjectsbelongtomeormyfamilyaremypropertyatleastinthesensethatIhavefirstclaimonthem.Hardlyanyonewoulddisputethat.Infactsomeoftheearlyradicalworkingmen’’smovementsmadeanownershipclaimonthoseverygrounds.AsindustrialorganizationbecamemorecomplexhoweversuchissuesbecamevastlymoreintricateItmustbeclearthatinmodernsocietythesocialheritageofknowledgeandtechnologyandthesocialorganizationofmanufactureandexchangeaccountforfarmoreoftheproductivityofindustryandthevalueofwhatisproducedthancanbeaccountedforbythelaborofanynumberofindividuals.HardlyanypersoncannowpointandsayThat--thatrightthere--isthefruitofmylabor.Wecansayasasocietyasanation--asaworldreally--thatwhatisproducedisthefruitofourlabortheproductofthewholesocietyasacollectivity. Wehavetorecognizethattherightofprivateindividualownershipofpropertyisman-madeandconstantlydependentontheextenttowhichthosewithoutpropertybelievethattheownercanmakehisclaimstick. Privateownershipofpropertyisfinallydescribedas
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsAscientistwhodoesresearchineconomicpsychologyandwhowantstopredictthewayinwhichconsumerswillspendtheirmoneymuststudyconsumerbehavior.Hemustobtain1bothonresourcesofconsumersandonthemotivesthat2toencourageordiscouragemoneyspending.Ifan3wereaskedwhichofthreegroupsborrowmost--peoplewithrisingincomes4incomesordecliningincomes--hewould5answer:thosewithdecliningincomes.Actuallyintheyears1997-2000theanswerwas:peoplewithrisingincomes.Peoplewithdecliningincomeswerenextandpeoplewithstableincomesborrowedthe6.Thisshowsusthattradition-al7aboutearningandspendingarenotalways8Anothertraditionalassumptionisthatifpeoplewhohavemoneyexpectpricestogouptheywill9tobuy.Iftheyexpectpricestogodowntheywillpostponebuying.10researchsurveyshaveshownthatthisisnotalways11Theexpectationsofpriceincreasesmaynotstimulatebuying.One12attitudewasex-pressedbythewifeofamechanicinaninterviewatatimeofrisingprices.Herfamilyhadbeenplanningtobuyanewcarbuttheypostponedthispurchase.13theriseinpricesthathasal-readytakenplacemayberesentedandbuyer’sresistancemaybeevoked.The14mentionedabovewascarriedoutinAmerica.Investigations15atthesametimeinGreatBritainhoweveryieldedresultsthatweremore16traditionalassumptionsaboutsavingandspendingpatterns.Theconditionmostcontributivetospending17tobepricestability.Ifpriceshavebeenstableandpeopleconsiderthattheyare18theyarelikelytobuy.Thusitappearsthatthecommon19policyofmaintainingstablepricesisbasedonacorrectunderstandingof20psychology. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Toavoidthevariousfoolishopinionstowhichmankindisliablenosuperhumangeniusisrequired.Afewsimpleruleswillkeepyounotfromallerrorsbutfromsillyerrors. Ifthematterisonethatcanbesettledbyobservationmaketheobservationyourself.AristotlecouldhaveavoidedthemistakeofthinkingthatwomenhavefewerteeththanmenbythesimpledeviceofaskingMrs.Aristotletokeephermouthopenwhilehecounted.Hedidnotdosobecausehethoughtheknew.Thinkingthatyouknowwheninfactyoudon’’tisafatalmistaketowhichweareallliable. Manymattershoweverarelesseasilybroughttothetestofexperience.Iflikemostofmankindyouhavestrongconvictionsonmanysuchmatterstherearewaysinwhichyoucanmakeyourselfawareofyourownprejudice.Ifanopinioncontrarytoyourownmakesyouangrythatisasignthatyousubconsciouslyareawareofhavingnogoodreasonforthinkingasyoudo.IfsomeonemaintainsthattwoandtwoarefiveorthatIcelandisontheequatoryoufeelpityratherthanangerunlessyouknowsolittleofarithmeticorgeographythathisopinionshakesyourowncontraryconviction.Themostsavagecontroversiesarethoseaboutmattersastowhichthereisnogoodevidenceeitherway.Sowheneveryoufindyourselfgettingangryaboutadifferenceofopinionbeonyourguard;youwillprobablyfindonexaminationthatyourbeliefisgoingbeyondwhattheevidencejustifies. Forthosewhohaveenoughpsychologicalimaginationitisagoodplantoimagineanargumentwithapersonhavingadifferentopinion.Thishasoneadvantageandonlyoneascomparedwithactualconversationwithopponents;thisoneadvantageisthatthemethodisnotsubjecttothesamelimitationsoftimeandspace.MahatmaGandhi圣雄甘地considereditunfortunatetohaverailwaysandsteamboatsandmachinery;hewouldhavelikedtoundothewholeoftheindustrialrevolution.YoumayneverhaveanopportunityofactuallymeetinganyonewhoholdsthisopinionbecauseinWesterncountriesmostpeopletaketheadvantageofmoderntechnologyforgranted.ButifyouwanttomakesurethatyouarerightinagreeingwiththeprevailingopinionyouwillfinditagoodplantotesttheargumentsthatoccurtoyoubyconsideringwhatGandhimighthavesaidinrefutationofthem.Ihavesometimesbeenledactuallytochangemymindasaresultofthiskindofimaginarydialogue.FurthermoreIhavefrequentlyfoundmyselfgrowingmoreagreeablethroughrealizingthepossiblereasonablenessofahypotheticalopponent. Mostpeopleareunlikelytobesubjecttosillyerrors
Toavoidthevariousfoolishopinionstowhichmankindisliablenosuperhumangeniusisrequired.Afewsimpleruleswillkeepyounotfromallerrorsbutfromsillyerrors. Ifthematterisonethatcanbesettledbyobservationmaketheobservationyourself.AristotlecouldhaveavoidedthemistakeofthinkingthatwomenhavefewerteeththanmenbythesimpledeviceofaskingMrs.Aristotletokeephermouthopenwhilehecounted.Hedidnotdosobecausehethoughtheknew.Thinkingthatyouknowwheninfactyoudon’’tisafatalmistaketowhichweareallliable. Manymattershoweverarelesseasilybroughttothetestofexperience.Iflikemostofmankindyouhavestrongconvictionsonmanysuchmatterstherearewaysinwhichyoucanmakeyourselfawareofyourownprejudice.Ifanopinioncontrarytoyourownmakesyouangrythatisasignthatyousubconsciouslyareawareofhavingnogoodreasonforthinkingasyoudo.IfsomeonemaintainsthattwoandtwoarefiveorthatIcelandisontheequatoryoufeelpityratherthanangerunlessyouknowsolittleofarithmeticorgeographythathisopinionshakesyourowncontraryconviction.Themostsavagecontroversiesarethoseaboutmattersastowhichthereisnogoodevidenceeitherway.Sowheneveryoufindyourselfgettingangryaboutadifferenceofopinionbeonyourguard;youwillprobablyfindonexaminationthatyourbeliefisgoingbeyondwhattheevidencejustifies. Forthosewhohaveenoughpsychologicalimaginationitisagoodplantoimagineanargumentwithapersonhavingadifferentopinion.Thishasoneadvantageandonlyoneascomparedwithactualconversationwithopponents;thisoneadvantageisthatthemethodisnotsubjecttothesamelimitationsoftimeandspace.MahatmaGandhi圣雄甘地considereditunfortunatetohaverailwaysandsteamboatsandmachinery;hewouldhavelikedtoundothewholeoftheindustrialrevolution.YoumayneverhaveanopportunityofactuallymeetinganyonewhoholdsthisopinionbecauseinWesterncountriesmostpeopletaketheadvantageofmoderntechnologyforgranted.ButifyouwanttomakesurethatyouarerightinagreeingwiththeprevailingopinionyouwillfinditagoodplantotesttheargumentsthatoccurtoyoubyconsideringwhatGandhimighthavesaidinrefutationofthem.Ihavesometimesbeenledactuallytochangemymindasaresultofthiskindofimaginarydialogue.FurthermoreIhavefrequentlyfoundmyselfgrowingmoreagreeablethroughrealizingthepossiblereasonablenessofahypotheticalopponent. Theauthorintendstotellusthat
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsAscientistwhodoesresearchineconomicpsychologyandwhowantstopredictthewayinwhichconsumerswillspendtheirmoneymuststudyconsumerbehavior.Hemustobtain1bothonresourcesofconsumersandonthemotivesthat2toencourageordiscouragemoneyspending.Ifan3wereaskedwhichofthreegroupsborrowmost--peoplewithrisingincomes4incomesordecliningincomes--hewould5answer:thosewithdecliningincomes.Actuallyintheyears1997-2000theanswerwas:peoplewithrisingincomes.Peoplewithdecliningincomeswerenextandpeoplewithstableincomesborrowedthe6.Thisshowsusthattradition-al7aboutearningandspendingarenotalways8Anothertraditionalassumptionisthatifpeoplewhohavemoneyexpectpricestogouptheywill9tobuy.Iftheyexpectpricestogodowntheywillpostponebuying.10researchsurveyshaveshownthatthisisnotalways11Theexpectationsofpriceincreasesmaynotstimulatebuying.One12attitudewasex-pressedbythewifeofamechanicinaninterviewatatimeofrisingprices.Herfamilyhadbeenplanningtobuyanewcarbuttheypostponedthispurchase.13theriseinpricesthathasal-readytakenplacemayberesentedandbuyer’sresistancemaybeevoked.The14mentionedabovewascarriedoutinAmerica.Investigations15atthesametimeinGreatBritainhoweveryieldedresultsthatweremore16traditionalassumptionsaboutsavingandspendingpatterns.Theconditionmostcontributivetospending17tobepricestability.Ifpriceshavebeenstableandpeopleconsiderthattheyare18theyarelikelytobuy.Thusitappearsthatthecommon19policyofmaintainingstablepricesisbasedonacorrectunderstandingof20psychology. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsAscientistwhodoesresearchineconomicpsychologyandwhowantstopredictthewayinwhichconsumerswillspendtheirmoneymuststudyconsumerbehavior.Hemustobtain1bothonresourcesofconsumersandonthemotivesthat2toencourageordiscouragemoneyspending.Ifan3wereaskedwhichofthreegroupsborrowmost--peoplewithrisingincomes4incomesordecliningincomes--hewould5answer:thosewithdecliningincomes.Actuallyintheyears1997-2000theanswerwas:peoplewithrisingincomes.Peoplewithdecliningincomeswerenextandpeoplewithstableincomesborrowedthe6.Thisshowsusthattradition-al7aboutearningandspendingarenotalways8Anothertraditionalassumptionisthatifpeoplewhohavemoneyexpectpricestogouptheywill9tobuy.Iftheyexpectpricestogodowntheywillpostponebuying.10researchsurveyshaveshownthatthisisnotalways11Theexpectationsofpriceincreasesmaynotstimulatebuying.One12attitudewasex-pressedbythewifeofamechanicinaninterviewatatimeofrisingprices.Herfamilyhadbeenplanningtobuyanewcarbuttheypostponedthispurchase.13theriseinpricesthathasal-readytakenplacemayberesentedandbuyer’sresistancemaybeevoked.The14mentionedabovewascarriedoutinAmerica.Investigations15atthesametimeinGreatBritainhoweveryieldedresultsthatweremore16traditionalassumptionsaboutsavingandspendingpatterns.Theconditionmostcontributivetospending17tobepricestability.Ifpriceshavebeenstableandpeopleconsiderthattheyare18theyarelikelytobuy.Thusitappearsthatthecommon19policyofmaintainingstablepricesisbasedonacorrectunderstandingof20psychology. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Toavoidthevariousfoolishopinionstowhichmankindisliablenosuperhumangeniusisrequired.Afewsimpleruleswillkeepyounotfromallerrorsbutfromsillyerrors. Ifthematterisonethatcanbesettledbyobservationmaketheobservationyourself.AristotlecouldhaveavoidedthemistakeofthinkingthatwomenhavefewerteeththanmenbythesimpledeviceofaskingMrs.Aristotletokeephermouthopenwhilehecounted.Hedidnotdosobecausehethoughtheknew.Thinkingthatyouknowwheninfactyoudon’’tisafatalmistaketowhichweareallliable. Manymattershoweverarelesseasilybroughttothetestofexperience.Iflikemostofmankindyouhavestrongconvictionsonmanysuchmatterstherearewaysinwhichyoucanmakeyourselfawareofyourownprejudice.Ifanopinioncontrarytoyourownmakesyouangrythatisasignthatyousubconsciouslyareawareofhavingnogoodreasonforthinkingasyoudo.IfsomeonemaintainsthattwoandtwoarefiveorthatIcelandisontheequatoryoufeelpityratherthanangerunlessyouknowsolittleofarithmeticorgeographythathisopinionshakesyourowncontraryconviction.Themostsavagecontroversiesarethoseaboutmattersastowhichthereisnogoodevidenceeitherway.Sowheneveryoufindyourselfgettingangryaboutadifferenceofopinionbeonyourguard;youwillprobablyfindonexaminationthatyourbeliefisgoingbeyondwhattheevidencejustifies. Forthosewhohaveenoughpsychologicalimaginationitisagoodplantoimagineanargumentwithapersonhavingadifferentopinion.Thishasoneadvantageandonlyoneascomparedwithactualconversationwithopponents;thisoneadvantageisthatthemethodisnotsubjecttothesamelimitationsoftimeandspace.MahatmaGandhi圣雄甘地considereditunfortunatetohaverailwaysandsteamboatsandmachinery;hewouldhavelikedtoundothewholeoftheindustrialrevolution.YoumayneverhaveanopportunityofactuallymeetinganyonewhoholdsthisopinionbecauseinWesterncountriesmostpeopletaketheadvantageofmoderntechnologyforgranted.ButifyouwanttomakesurethatyouarerightinagreeingwiththeprevailingopinionyouwillfinditagoodplantotesttheargumentsthatoccurtoyoubyconsideringwhatGandhimighthavesaidinrefutationofthem.Ihavesometimesbeenledactuallytochangemymindasaresultofthiskindofimaginarydialogue.FurthermoreIhavefrequentlyfoundmyselfgrowingmoreagreeablethroughrealizingthepossiblereasonablenessofahypotheticalopponent. Theauthortriestoconvinceusofthefactthat
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsAscientistwhodoesresearchineconomicpsychologyandwhowantstopredictthewayinwhichconsumerswillspendtheirmoneymuststudyconsumerbehavior.Hemustobtain1bothonresourcesofconsumersandonthemotivesthat2toencourageordiscouragemoneyspending.Ifan3wereaskedwhichofthreegroupsborrowmost--peoplewithrisingincomes4incomesordecliningincomes--hewould5answer:thosewithdecliningincomes.Actuallyintheyears1997-2000theanswerwas:peoplewithrisingincomes.Peoplewithdecliningincomeswerenextandpeoplewithstableincomesborrowedthe6.Thisshowsusthattradition-al7aboutearningandspendingarenotalways8Anothertraditionalassumptionisthatifpeoplewhohavemoneyexpectpricestogouptheywill9tobuy.Iftheyexpectpricestogodowntheywillpostponebuying.10researchsurveyshaveshownthatthisisnotalways11Theexpectationsofpriceincreasesmaynotstimulatebuying.One12attitudewasex-pressedbythewifeofamechanicinaninterviewatatimeofrisingprices.Herfamilyhadbeenplanningtobuyanewcarbuttheypostponedthispurchase.13theriseinpricesthathasal-readytakenplacemayberesentedandbuyer’sresistancemaybeevoked.The14mentionedabovewascarriedoutinAmerica.Investigations15atthesametimeinGreatBritainhoweveryieldedresultsthatweremore16traditionalassumptionsaboutsavingandspendingpatterns.Theconditionmostcontributivetospending17tobepricestability.Ifpriceshavebeenstableandpeopleconsiderthattheyare18theyarelikelytobuy.Thusitappearsthatthecommon19policyofmaintainingstablepricesisbasedonacorrectunderstandingof20psychology. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Vitaminsareorganiccompoundsnecessaryinsmallamountsinthedietforthenormalgrowthandmaintenanceoflifeofanimalsincludingman. Theydonotprovideenergy________dotheyconstructorbuildanypartofthebody.Theyareneededfor________foodsintoenergyandbodymaintenance.Therearethirteenormoreofthemandif________ismissingadeficiencydiseasebecomes________. Vitaminsaresimilarbecausetheyaremadeofthesameelements―usuallycarbonhydrogenoxygenand______nitrogen.Theyaredifferent______theirelementsarearrangeddifferentlyandeachvitamin______oneormorespecificfunctionsinthebody. ________enoughvitaminsisessentialtolifealthoughthebodyhasnonutritionalusefor________vitamins.Manypeople________believeinbeingonthesafesideandthustakeextravitamins.Howeverawell-balanceddietwillusuallymeetallthebody’’svitaminneeds.
Theessentialweaknessoftheoldandtraditionaleducationwasnotjustthatitemphasizedthenecessityforprovisionofdefinitesubject-matterandactivities.Thesethingsarenecessitiesforanythingthatcanrightlybecallededucation.Theweaknessandevilwasthattheimaginationofeducatorsdidnotgobeyondprovisionofafixedandrigidenvironmentofsubject-matteronedrawnmoreoverfromsourcesaltogethertooremotefromtheexperiencesofthepupil.Whatisneededintheneweducationismoreattentionnotlesstosubject-matterandtoprogressintechnique.ButwhenIsaymoreIdonotmeanmoreinquantityofthesameoldkind.Imeananimaginativevisionwhichseesthatnoprescribedandready-madeschemecanpossiblydeterminetheexactsubject-matterthatwillbestpromotetheeducativegrowthofeveryindividualyoungperson;thateverynewindividualsetsanewproblem;thathecallsforatleastasomewhatdifferentemphasisinsubject-matterpresented.Thereisnothingmoreblindlystupidthantheconventionwhichsupposesthatthematteractuallycontainedintextbooksofarithmetichistorygeographyetc.isjustwhatwillfurthertheeducationaldevelopmentofallchildren. Butwithdrawalfromthehardandfastandnarrowcontentsoftheoldcurriculumisonlythenegativesideofthematter.Ifwedonotgofarinthepositivedirectionofprovidingabodyofsubject-mattermuchrichermorevariedandflexibleandalsointruthmoredefinitejudgedintermsoftheexperienceofthosebeingeducatedthantraditionaleducationsuppliedweshalltendtoleaveaneducationalvacuuminwhichanythingmayhappen.Completeisolationisimpossibleinnature.Theyoungliveinsomeenvironmentwhetherweintenditornotandthisenvironmentisconstantlyinteractingwithwhatchildrenandyouthbringtoit.andtheresultistheshapingoftheirinterestsmindsandcharacter―eithereducativelyormis-educatively.Iftheprofessededucatorgivesuphisresponsibilityforjudgingandselectingthekindofenvironmentthathisbestunderstandingleadshimtothinkwillbecontributivetogrowththentheyoungareleftatthemercyofalltheunorganizedandcasualforcesofthemodernsocialenvironmentthatinevitablyplayuponthemaslongastheylive.Intheeducativeenvironmenttheknowledgejudgmentandexperienceoftheteacherisagreaternotasmallerfactorthanitisinthetraditionalschool.Thedifferenceisthattheteacheroperatesnotasajudgesetonhighandmarkedbyarbitraryauthoritybutasafriendlyco-partnerandguideinacommonenterprise. Itseemsthatneweducationalistsfavor
Vitaminsareorganiccompoundsnecessaryinsmallamountsinthedietforthenormalgrowthandmaintenanceoflifeofanimalsincludingman. Theydonotprovideenergy________dotheyconstructorbuildanypartofthebody.Theyareneededfor________foodsintoenergyandbodymaintenance.Therearethirteenormoreofthemandif________ismissingadeficiencydiseasebecomes________. Vitaminsaresimilarbecausetheyaremadeofthesameelements―usuallycarbonhydrogenoxygenand______nitrogen.Theyaredifferent______theirelementsarearrangeddifferentlyandeachvitamin______oneormorespecificfunctionsinthebody. ________enoughvitaminsisessentialtolifealthoughthebodyhasnonutritionalusefor________vitamins.Manypeople________believeinbeingonthesafesideandthustakeextravitamins.Howeverawell-balanceddietwillusuallymeetallthebody’’svitaminneeds.
Atthestartofthe20thcenturyimmigrantlaborandinnovationhelpedturntheU.S.intoapowerfulmanufacturingnation.Todayforeign-bornengineersjamthecorridorsofSiliconValleyhelpingAmerica’’sinformation-technologyboom.Andasthe21stcenturydawnsyetanotherwaveofimmigrantswillonceagainhelptransformtheeconomy. 46DuringthenextdecadeexceptingachangeingovernmentpolicynearlyamillionimmigrantsareexpectedtoarriveintheU.S.everyyearmostofwhombothlegalandillegalwillcontinuetocomefromLatinAmericaandSoutheastAsiabuteveryforeignlandwillberepresented. Asdomesticbirthratesstagnateonlyforeign-bornworkerwillkeepthelaborpoolgrowing.By2006infactimmigrantswillaccountforhalfofallnewU.S.workers;overthenext30yearstheirsharewillriseto60%. 47EvenatcurrentlevelsofimmigrationaccordingtotheLaborDept.thenumberofpeopleavailabletoworkwillincreasebyamere0.8%peryearbetween1996and2006-halftherateofthepreviousdecade.WithoutimmigrantsaccordingtoanewstudytheU.S.workforcewouldactuallybegintoshrinkby2015. 48It’’snotallaboutsheernumbersofcourse:ToliftproductivityandspurgrowthimmigrantsmustprovidecreativityentrepreneurialenergyorsimpleinitiativethatAmericacouldn’’tfindotherwise.IfallyoudidwasbringinpeoplewhoareexactlythesameasthosewehaveheretherewouldbenoeconomicbenefitsaysRandCorp.economistJamesP.SmithYou’’djusthavemorepeople. Justascrucialthearrayofeducationandskillsimmigrantsbringcouldfitneatlywiththesupplyofjobsoverthenextdecade.AccordingtoLindaLevineattheCongressionalResearchService60%ofthejobscreatedthrough2005willrequiresomepost-secondaryeducation.Butsheaddslow-skilljobswillstillrepresentabouthalfoftotalemployment.49Yetimmigrantsalsoare50%morelikelythanAmericanstohaveagraduatedegreeandanunbelievable23%ofU.S.residentsholdingPhDsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-bornaccordingtotheNationalScienceFoundation. Indeedforeign-bornworkershaveshownanextraordinaryabilitytoassimilateandflourish.Certainlysomelessskilledworkerswillremainatthebottomeconomicrungalltheirlives.50Yetotherswillcatchupquicklyandwithinadecadeoftheirarrivalthewell-educatedwillgofrommakingbarelyhalfthatofnative-bornAmericansincomparableworktonearly90%accordingtoarecentstudy. Thatofcoursewillraiseimmigrants’’livingstandards.Moreimportantitwillhelpdriveinnovationandentrepreneurshipkeyenginesofthe21stCenturyEconomy.
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.40PointsText1Overthelastdecadedemandforthemostcommoncosmeticsurgeryprocedureslikebreastenlargementandnosejobshasincreasedbymorethan400percent.AccordingtoDr.DuiDaviesofthePlasticSurgeryPartnershipinHammersmiththemajorityofcosmeticsurgerypatientsarenotchasingphysicalperfection.Rathertheyaredriventofantasticlengthstoimprovetheirappearancebyadesiretolooknormal."Whatwealllongforistolooknormalandbeingnormaliswhatisprescribedbytheadvertisingmediaandotherexternalpressures.Theygiveusperceptionofwhatisphysicallyacceptableandwefeelwemustlooklikethat."InAmericathedebateisnolongeraboutwhethersurgeryisnormal;ratheritcentersonwhatagepeopleshouldbebeforegoingundertheknife.NewYorksurgeonDr.GerardImberrecommends"maintenance"workforpeopleintheirthirties."Theideathatwaitinguntiloneneedsaheroictransformationissilly"hesays."Bythenyou’vewasted20greatyearsofyourlifeandal-lowedthingstogetoutofhand."Dr.Imberredrawsthelineatoperatingonpeoplewhoareunder18however"Itseemsthatsomeonewedon’tconsideroldenoughtoorderadrinkshouldn’tbeconsideringplasticsurgery.IntheUKcosmeticsurgeryhaslongbeenseenastheexclusivedomainoftheveryrichandfamous.Buttheproportionalcostoftreatmenthasfallensubstantiallybringingallbutthemostadvancedlasertechnologywithinthereachofmostpeople.Dr.Daviewhoclaimsto"eaterfortheaverageperson"agrees.Hesays:"Itreatafewoftherichandfamousandanawfullotofsecretaries.Ofcourse￡3000foranoperationisalotofmoney.Butitisalsoaninvestmentforlifewhichcostsabouthalfthepriceofagoodfamilyholiday."Dr.Daviessuspectsthattheincreasingsophisticationofthefatinjectingandremovaltechniquesthatallowpatientstobetreatedwithalocalanestheticinanafternoonhasalsohelpedpromotethepopularityofcosmeticsurgery.Yetasonewomanwhorecentlypaid￡2500foranoperationtoremovecellulitefromherthighsadmittedtheslopetobecomingacosmeticsurgeryveteranisadeceptivelygentleone."Ihadmylegsdonebecausethey’dbeenbuggingmeforyears.Butgoingintotheclinicstimulatedmyappetite.NowIdon’tthinkthere’sanyoperationthatIwouldruleouthavingifIcouldaffordit." Accordingtoparagraph3whatDr.Daviesaidimpliesthat
Sciencehaslonghadanuneasyrelationshipwithotheraspectsofculture.ThinkofGallileo’s17th-centurytrialforhisrebellingbeliefbeforetheCatholicChurchorpoetWilliamBlake’’sharshremarksagainstthemechanisticworldviewofIsaacNewton.Theschismbetweenscienceandthehumanitieshasifanythingdeepenedinthiscentury. Untilrecentlythescientificcommunitywassopowerfulthatitcouldaffordtoignoreitscriticsbutnolonger.AsfundingforsciencehasdeclinedscientistshaveattackedantiscienceinseveralbooksnotablyHigherSuperstitionbyPaulR.GrossabiologistattheUniversityofVirginiaandNormanLevittamathematicianatRutgersUniversity;andTheDemon-HauntedWorldbyCarlSaganofCornellUniversity. DefendersofsciencehavealsovoicedtheirconcernsatmeetingssuchasTheFlightfromScienceandReasonheldinNewYorkCityin1995andScienceintheAgeofMisinformationwhichassembledlastJunenearBuffalo. Antiscienceclearlymeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople.GrossandLevittfindfaultprimarilywithsociologistsphilosophersandotheracademicswhohavequestionedscience’’sobjectivity.Saganismoreconcernedwiththosewhobelieveinghostscreationismandotherphenomenathatcontradictthescientificworldview. Asurveyofnewsstoriesin1996revealsthattheantisciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswellfromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxvirustoRepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch. FewwoulddisputethatthetermappliestotheUnabomberwhosemanifestopublishedin1995scornsscienceandlongsforreturntoapretechnologicalUtopia.ButsurelythatdoesnotmeanenvironmentalistsconcernedaboutuncontrolledindustrialgrowthareantiscienceasanessayinUSNews&WorldReportlastMayseemedtosuggest. Theenvironmentalistsinevitablyrespondtosuchcritics.ThetrueenemiesofsciencearguesPaulEhrtichofStanfordUniversityapioneerofenvironmentalstudiesarethosewhoquestiontheevidencesupportingglobalwarmingthedepletionoftheozonelayerandotherconsequencesofindustrialgrowth. Indeedsomeobserversfearthattheantiscienceepithetisindangerofbecomingmeaningless.Theterm’’antiscience’’canlumptogethertoomanyquitedifferentthingsnotesHarvardUniversityphilosopherGeraldHoltoninhis1993workScienceandAnti-Science.Theyhaveincommononlyonethingthattheytendtoannoyorthreatenthosewhoregardthemselvesasmoreenlightened. Paragraphs2and3arewrittento____________.
Atthestartofthe20thcenturyimmigrantlaborandinnovationhelpedturntheU.S.intoapowerfulmanufacturingnation.Todayforeign-bornengineersjamthecorridorsofSiliconValleyhelpingAmerica’’sinformation-technologyboom.Andasthe21stcenturydawnsyetanotherwaveofimmigrantswillonceagainhelptransformtheeconomy. 46DuringthenextdecadeexceptingachangeingovernmentpolicynearlyamillionimmigrantsareexpectedtoarriveintheU.S.everyyearmostofwhombothlegalandillegalwillcontinuetocomefromLatinAmericaandSoutheastAsiabuteveryforeignlandwillberepresented. Asdomesticbirthratesstagnateonlyforeign-bornworkerwillkeepthelaborpoolgrowing.By2006infactimmigrantswillaccountforhalfofallnewU.S.workers;overthenext30yearstheirsharewillriseto60%. 47EvenatcurrentlevelsofimmigrationaccordingtotheLaborDept.thenumberofpeopleavailabletoworkwillincreasebyamere0.8%peryearbetween1996and2006-halftherateofthepreviousdecade.WithoutimmigrantsaccordingtoanewstudytheU.S.workforcewouldactuallybegintoshrinkby2015. 48It’’snotallaboutsheernumbersofcourse:ToliftproductivityandspurgrowthimmigrantsmustprovidecreativityentrepreneurialenergyorsimpleinitiativethatAmericacouldn’’tfindotherwise.IfallyoudidwasbringinpeoplewhoareexactlythesameasthosewehaveheretherewouldbenoeconomicbenefitsaysRandCorp.economistJamesP.SmithYou’’djusthavemorepeople. Justascrucialthearrayofeducationandskillsimmigrantsbringcouldfitneatlywiththesupplyofjobsoverthenextdecade.AccordingtoLindaLevineattheCongressionalResearchService60%ofthejobscreatedthrough2005willrequiresomepost-secondaryeducation.Butsheaddslow-skilljobswillstillrepresentabouthalfoftotalemployment.49Yetimmigrantsalsoare50%morelikelythanAmericanstohaveagraduatedegreeandanunbelievable23%ofU.S.residentsholdingPhDsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-bornaccordingtotheNationalScienceFoundation. Indeedforeign-bornworkershaveshownanextraordinaryabilitytoassimilateandflourish.Certainlysomelessskilledworkerswillremainatthebottomeconomicrungalltheirlives.50Yetotherswillcatchupquicklyandwithinadecadeoftheirarrivalthewell-educatedwillgofrommakingbarelyhalfthatofnative-bornAmericansincomparableworktonearly90%accordingtoarecentstudy. Thatofcoursewillraiseimmigrants’’livingstandards.Moreimportantitwillhelpdriveinnovationandentrepreneurshipkeyenginesofthe21stCenturyEconomy.
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsAscientistwhodoesresearchineconomicpsychologyandwhowantstopredictthewayinwhichconsumerswillspendtheirmoneymuststudyconsumerbehavior.Hemustobtain1bothonresourcesofconsumersandonthemotivesthat2toencourageordiscouragemoneyspending.Ifan3wereaskedwhichofthreegroupsborrowmost--peoplewithrisingincomes4incomesordecliningincomes--hewould5answer:thosewithdecliningincomes.Actuallyintheyears1997-2000theanswerwas:peoplewithrisingincomes.Peoplewithdecliningincomeswerenextandpeoplewithstableincomesborrowedthe6.Thisshowsusthattradition-al7aboutearningandspendingarenotalways8Anothertraditionalassumptionisthatifpeoplewhohavemoneyexpectpricestogouptheywill9tobuy.Iftheyexpectpricestogodowntheywillpostponebuying.10researchsurveyshaveshownthatthisisnotalways11Theexpectationsofpriceincreasesmaynotstimulatebuying.One12attitudewasex-pressedbythewifeofamechanicinaninterviewatatimeofrisingprices.Herfamilyhadbeenplanningtobuyanewcarbuttheypostponedthispurchase.13theriseinpricesthathasal-readytakenplacemayberesentedandbuyer’sresistancemaybeevoked.The14mentionedabovewascarriedoutinAmerica.Investigations15atthesametimeinGreatBritainhoweveryieldedresultsthatweremore16traditionalassumptionsaboutsavingandspendingpatterns.Theconditionmostcontributivetospending17tobepricestability.Ifpriceshavebeenstableandpeopleconsiderthattheyare18theyarelikelytobuy.Thusitappearsthatthecommon19policyofmaintainingstablepricesisbasedonacorrectunderstandingof20psychology. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsAscientistwhodoesresearchineconomicpsychologyandwhowantstopredictthewayinwhichconsumerswillspendtheirmoneymuststudyconsumerbehavior.Hemustobtain1bothonresourcesofconsumersandonthemotivesthat2toencourageordiscouragemoneyspending.Ifan3wereaskedwhichofthreegroupsborrowmost--peoplewithrisingincomes4incomesordecliningincomes--hewould5answer:thosewithdecliningincomes.Actuallyintheyears1997-2000theanswerwas:peoplewithrisingincomes.Peoplewithdecliningincomeswerenextandpeoplewithstableincomesborrowedthe6.Thisshowsusthattradition-al7aboutearningandspendingarenotalways8Anothertraditionalassumptionisthatifpeoplewhohavemoneyexpectpricestogouptheywill9tobuy.Iftheyexpectpricestogodowntheywillpostponebuying.10researchsurveyshaveshownthatthisisnotalways11Theexpectationsofpriceincreasesmaynotstimulatebuying.One12attitudewasex-pressedbythewifeofamechanicinaninterviewatatimeofrisingprices.Herfamilyhadbeenplanningtobuyanewcarbuttheypostponedthispurchase.13theriseinpricesthathasal-readytakenplacemayberesentedandbuyer’sresistancemaybeevoked.The14mentionedabovewascarriedoutinAmerica.Investigations15atthesametimeinGreatBritainhoweveryieldedresultsthatweremore16traditionalassumptionsaboutsavingandspendingpatterns.Theconditionmostcontributivetospending17tobepricestability.Ifpriceshavebeenstableandpeopleconsiderthattheyare18theyarelikelytobuy.Thusitappearsthatthecommon19policyofmaintainingstablepricesisbasedonacorrectunderstandingof20psychology. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsAscientistwhodoesresearchineconomicpsychologyandwhowantstopredictthewayinwhichconsumerswillspendtheirmoneymuststudyconsumerbehavior.Hemustobtain1bothonresourcesofconsumersandonthemotivesthat2toencourageordiscouragemoneyspending.Ifan3wereaskedwhichofthreegroupsborrowmost--peoplewithrisingincomes4incomesordecliningincomes--hewould5answer:thosewithdecliningincomes.Actuallyintheyears1997-2000theanswerwas:peoplewithrisingincomes.Peoplewithdecliningincomeswerenextandpeoplewithstableincomesborrowedthe6.Thisshowsusthattradition-al7aboutearningandspendingarenotalways8Anothertraditionalassumptionisthatifpeoplewhohavemoneyexpectpricestogouptheywill9tobuy.Iftheyexpectpricestogodowntheywillpostponebuying.10researchsurveyshaveshownthatthisisnotalways11Theexpectationsofpriceincreasesmaynotstimulatebuying.One12attitudewasex-pressedbythewifeofamechanicinaninterviewatatimeofrisingprices.Herfamilyhadbeenplanningtobuyanewcarbuttheypostponedthispurchase.13theriseinpricesthathasal-readytakenplacemayberesentedandbuyer’sresistancemaybeevoked.The14mentionedabovewascarriedoutinAmerica.Investigations15atthesametimeinGreatBritainhoweveryieldedresultsthatweremore16traditionalassumptionsaboutsavingandspendingpatterns.Theconditionmostcontributivetospending17tobepricestability.Ifpriceshavebeenstableandpeopleconsiderthattheyare18theyarelikelytobuy.Thusitappearsthatthecommon19policyofmaintainingstablepricesisbasedonacorrectunderstandingof20psychology. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsAscientistwhodoesresearchineconomicpsychologyandwhowantstopredictthewayinwhichconsumerswillspendtheirmoneymuststudyconsumerbehavior.Hemustobtain1bothonresourcesofconsumersandonthemotivesthat2toencourageordiscouragemoneyspending.Ifan3wereaskedwhichofthreegroupsborrowmost--peoplewithrisingincomes4incomesordecliningincomes--hewould5answer:thosewithdecliningincomes.Actuallyintheyears1997-2000theanswerwas:peoplewithrisingincomes.Peoplewithdecliningincomeswerenextandpeoplewithstableincomesborrowedthe6.Thisshowsusthattradition-al7aboutearningandspendingarenotalways8Anothertraditionalassumptionisthatifpeoplewhohavemoneyexpectpricestogouptheywill9tobuy.Iftheyexpectpricestogodowntheywillpostponebuying.10researchsurveyshaveshownthatthisisnotalways11Theexpectationsofpriceincreasesmaynotstimulatebuying.One12attitudewasex-pressedbythewifeofamechanicinaninterviewatatimeofrisingprices.Herfamilyhadbeenplanningtobuyanewcarbuttheypostponedthispurchase.13theriseinpricesthathasal-readytakenplacemayberesentedandbuyer’sresistancemaybeevoked.The14mentionedabovewascarriedoutinAmerica.Investigations15atthesametimeinGreatBritainhoweveryieldedresultsthatweremore16traditionalassumptionsaboutsavingandspendingpatterns.Theconditionmostcontributivetospending17tobepricestability.Ifpriceshavebeenstableandpeopleconsiderthattheyare18theyarelikelytobuy.Thusitappearsthatthecommon19policyofmaintainingstablepricesisbasedonacorrectunderstandingof20psychology. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Text2TheWorldWideWebhasbeensteadilycreatingawidespreadsurgeinsocialcapitalthroughE-mailconversationschatroomsnewsgroupsande-zones.TheseongoingconnectionsarenotanundergroundphenomenonbutamainstreammovementthatisrapidlyoverwhelmingtraditionalbusinessmodelsaccordingtotheauthorsofanotherrecentbookTheCluetrainManifesto."OurlongingfortheWebisrootedinthedeepresentmentwefeeltowardsbeingmanaged"writesco-authorDavidWeinbergeracolumnistandcommentatorontheWeb’seffectonbusiness.TheCluetrainManifestoarguesthatknowledgeworkersarefindingitintolerablethattheiremployersrequirethemtospeakinartificial"businessvoices".TheWebhasbecometheidealalternative:apublicplacewherepeoplecanconverseintheir"authenticvoices"outsideofanorganization’sofficialcommunicationschannel.SomeofthesocialcapitalgeneratedbytheseindependentWebconversationsisbeingusedbyitscreatorstocircumventtheauthorityofcorporations.Forexampleacarownerwhothinkshewasoverchargedforservicetohisvehiclepostsaninquirytoanewsgroupforpeoplewhoownthesamemodelofear.Groupmembersrespondwiththeiradviceandpersonalexperiencesofgettingtheirowncarsserviced.Thenewsgroupisnotownedorcontrolledbythecarcompany.Infactamechanicemployedbythecarcompanyparticipatesintheconversationofferinghisknowledgeofwhatchargesarereasonableandhowcompanypoliciesvaryfromdealertodealerandevensuggestingwhichdealershipsofferthebestservice.Accordingtoco-authorRickLevinetilemechanic"wasspeakingforhiscompanyinanewway:honestlyopenlyprobablywithouthisboss’sexplicitsanction."Ineffectanemployeeofthecompanyindependentlyjoinedanetworkofconsumerstodirectlyhelpsatisfyacustomer."Companiesneedtoharnessthissortofcaringandletitsviralenthusiasmbecommunicatedinemployees’ownvoices"writesLevineformerWebArchitectforSunMicrosystem’sJavaSoftwaregroup.AsmoreandmorepeopleworkonlineandformWebrelationshipssharedknowledgecouldbecomeincreasinglypersonalincyberspace.Whetherbusinessjoinsintheconversationsornotitseemslikelythatthisfast-growingstrainofsocialcapitalwillremainvaluableforthosewhohelptocreateit. ThewordoverwhelmingLine3Paragraph1probablymeans
Sciencehaslonghadanuneasyrelationshipwithotheraspectsofculture.ThinkofGallileo’s17th-centurytrialforhisrebellingbeliefbeforetheCatholicChurchorpoetWilliamBlake’’sharshremarksagainstthemechanisticworldviewofIsaacNewton.Theschismbetweenscienceandthehumanitieshasifanythingdeepenedinthiscentury. Untilrecentlythescientificcommunitywassopowerfulthatitcouldaffordtoignoreitscriticsbutnolonger.AsfundingforsciencehasdeclinedscientistshaveattackedantiscienceinseveralbooksnotablyHigherSuperstitionbyPaulR.GrossabiologistattheUniversityofVirginiaandNormanLevittamathematicianatRutgersUniversity;andTheDemon-HauntedWorldbyCarlSaganofCornellUniversity. DefendersofsciencehavealsovoicedtheirconcernsatmeetingssuchasTheFlightfromScienceandReasonheldinNewYorkCityin1995andScienceintheAgeofMisinformationwhichassembledlastJunenearBuffalo. Antiscienceclearlymeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople.GrossandLevittfindfaultprimarilywithsociologistsphilosophersandotheracademicswhohavequestionedscience’’sobjectivity.Saganismoreconcernedwiththosewhobelieveinghostscreationismandotherphenomenathatcontradictthescientificworldview. Asurveyofnewsstoriesin1996revealsthattheantisciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswellfromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxvirustoRepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch. FewwoulddisputethatthetermappliestotheUnabomberwhosemanifestopublishedin1995scornsscienceandlongsforreturntoapretechnologicalUtopia.ButsurelythatdoesnotmeanenvironmentalistsconcernedaboutuncontrolledindustrialgrowthareantiscienceasanessayinUSNews&WorldReportlastMayseemedtosuggest. Theenvironmentalistsinevitablyrespondtosuchcritics.ThetrueenemiesofsciencearguesPaulEhrtichofStanfordUniversityapioneerofenvironmentalstudiesarethosewhoquestiontheevidencesupportingglobalwarmingthedepletionoftheozonelayerandotherconsequencesofindustrialgrowth. Indeedsomeobserversfearthattheantiscienceepithetisindangerofbecomingmeaningless.Theterm’’antiscience’’canlumptogethertoomanyquitedifferentthingsnotesHarvardUniversityphilosopherGeraldHoltoninhis1993workScienceandAnti-Science.Theyhaveincommononlyonethingthattheytendtoannoyorthreatenthosewhoregardthemselvesasmoreenlightened. Theauthor’’sattitudetowardtheissueofsciencevs.antiscienceis____________.
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.40PointsText1Overthelastdecadedemandforthemostcommoncosmeticsurgeryprocedureslikebreastenlargementandnosejobshasincreasedbymorethan400percent.AccordingtoDr.DuiDaviesofthePlasticSurgeryPartnershipinHammersmiththemajorityofcosmeticsurgerypatientsarenotchasingphysicalperfection.Rathertheyaredriventofantasticlengthstoimprovetheirappearancebyadesiretolooknormal."Whatwealllongforistolooknormalandbeingnormaliswhatisprescribedbytheadvertisingmediaandotherexternalpressures.Theygiveusperceptionofwhatisphysicallyacceptableandwefeelwemustlooklikethat."InAmericathedebateisnolongeraboutwhethersurgeryisnormal;ratheritcentersonwhatagepeopleshouldbebeforegoingundertheknife.NewYorksurgeonDr.GerardImberrecommends"maintenance"workforpeopleintheirthirties."Theideathatwaitinguntiloneneedsaheroictransformationissilly"hesays."Bythenyou’vewasted20greatyearsofyourlifeandal-lowedthingstogetoutofhand."Dr.Imberredrawsthelineatoperatingonpeoplewhoareunder18however"Itseemsthatsomeonewedon’tconsideroldenoughtoorderadrinkshouldn’tbeconsideringplasticsurgery.IntheUKcosmeticsurgeryhaslongbeenseenastheexclusivedomainoftheveryrichandfamous.Buttheproportionalcostoftreatmenthasfallensubstantiallybringingallbutthemostadvancedlasertechnologywithinthereachofmostpeople.Dr.Daviewhoclaimsto"eaterfortheaverageperson"agrees.Hesays:"Itreatafewoftherichandfamousandanawfullotofsecretaries.Ofcourse￡3000foranoperationisalotofmoney.Butitisalsoaninvestmentforlifewhichcostsabouthalfthepriceofagoodfamilyholiday."Dr.Daviessuspectsthattheincreasingsophisticationofthefatinjectingandremovaltechniquesthatallowpatientstobetreatedwithalocalanestheticinanafternoonhasalsohelpedpromotethepopularityofcosmeticsurgery.Yetasonewomanwhorecentlypaid￡2500foranoperationtoremovecellulitefromherthighsadmittedtheslopetobecomingacosmeticsurgeryveteranisadeceptivelygentleone."Ihadmylegsdonebecausethey’dbeenbuggingmeforyears.Butgoingintotheclinicstimulatedmyappetite.NowIdon’tthinkthere’sanyoperationthatIwouldruleouthavingifIcouldaffordit." Accordingtothetextthereasonforcosmeticsurgeryis
Theessentialweaknessoftheoldandtraditionaleducationwasnotjustthatitemphasizedthenecessityforprovisionofdefinitesubject-matterandactivities.Thesethingsarenecessitiesforanythingthatcanrightlybecallededucation.Theweaknessandevilwasthattheimaginationofeducatorsdidnotgobeyondprovisionofafixedandrigidenvironmentofsubject-matteronedrawnmoreoverfromsourcesaltogethertooremotefromtheexperiencesofthepupil.Whatisneededintheneweducationismoreattentionnotlesstosubject-matterandtoprogressintechnique.ButwhenIsaymoreIdonotmeanmoreinquantityofthesameoldkind.Imeananimaginativevisionwhichseesthatnoprescribedandready-madeschemecanpossiblydeterminetheexactsubject-matterthatwillbestpromotetheeducativegrowthofeveryindividualyoungperson;thateverynewindividualsetsanewproblem;thathecallsforatleastasomewhatdifferentemphasisinsubject-matterpresented.Thereisnothingmoreblindlystupidthantheconventionwhichsupposesthatthematteractuallycontainedintextbooksofarithmetichistorygeographyetc.isjustwhatwillfurthertheeducationaldevelopmentofallchildren. Butwithdrawalfromthehardandfastandnarrowcontentsoftheoldcurriculumisonlythenegativesideofthematter.Ifwedonotgofarinthepositivedirectionofprovidingabodyofsubject-mattermuchrichermorevariedandflexibleandalsointruthmoredefinitejudgedintermsoftheexperienceofthosebeingeducatedthantraditionaleducationsuppliedweshalltendtoleaveaneducationalvacuuminwhichanythingmayhappen.Completeisolationisimpossibleinnature.Theyoungliveinsomeenvironmentwhetherweintenditornotandthisenvironmentisconstantlyinteractingwithwhatchildrenandyouthbringtoit.andtheresultistheshapingoftheirinterestsmindsandcharacter―eithereducativelyormis-educatively.Iftheprofessededucatorgivesuphisresponsibilityforjudgingandselectingthekindofenvironmentthathisbestunderstandingleadshimtothinkwillbecontributivetogrowththentheyoungareleftatthemercyofalltheunorganizedandcasualforcesofthemodernsocialenvironmentthatinevitablyplayuponthemaslongastheylive.Intheeducativeenvironmenttheknowledgejudgmentandexperienceoftheteacherisagreaternotasmallerfactorthanitisinthetraditionalschool.Thedifferenceisthattheteacheroperatesnotasajudgesetonhighandmarkedbyarbitraryauthoritybutasafriendlyco-partnerandguideinacommonenterprise. Theauthoragitatesreformschieflyinthe
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsAscientistwhodoesresearchineconomicpsychologyandwhowantstopredictthewayinwhichconsumerswillspendtheirmoneymuststudyconsumerbehavior.Hemustobtain1bothonresourcesofconsumersandonthemotivesthat2toencourageordiscouragemoneyspending.Ifan3wereaskedwhichofthreegroupsborrowmost--peoplewithrisingincomes4incomesordecliningincomes--hewould5answer:thosewithdecliningincomes.Actuallyintheyears1997-2000theanswerwas:peoplewithrisingincomes.Peoplewithdecliningincomeswerenextandpeoplewithstableincomesborrowedthe6.Thisshowsusthattradition-al7aboutearningandspendingarenotalways8Anothertraditionalassumptionisthatifpeoplewhohavemoneyexpectpricestogouptheywill9tobuy.Iftheyexpectpricestogodowntheywillpostponebuying.10researchsurveyshaveshownthatthisisnotalways11Theexpectationsofpriceincreasesmaynotstimulatebuying.One12attitudewasex-pressedbythewifeofamechanicinaninterviewatatimeofrisingprices.Herfamilyhadbeenplanningtobuyanewcarbuttheypostponedthispurchase.13theriseinpricesthathasal-readytakenplacemayberesentedandbuyer’sresistancemaybeevoked.The14mentionedabovewascarriedoutinAmerica.Investigations15atthesametimeinGreatBritainhoweveryieldedresultsthatweremore16traditionalassumptionsaboutsavingandspendingpatterns.Theconditionmostcontributivetospending17tobepricestability.Ifpriceshavebeenstableandpeopleconsiderthattheyare18theyarelikelytobuy.Thusitappearsthatthecommon19policyofmaintainingstablepricesisbasedonacorrectunderstandingof20psychology. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
IsitpossiblethattheideaswehavetodayaboutownershipandpropertyrightshavebeensouniversalinthehumanmindthatitistrulyasiftheyhadsprungfromthemindofGodBynomeans.Theideaofowningandpropertyemergedinthemistsofunrecordedhistory.TheancientJewsforonehadaverydifferentoutlookonpropertyandownershipviewingitassomethingmuchmoretemporaryandtentativethanwedo. TheideaswehaveinAmericaabouttheprivateownershipofproductivepropertyasanaturalanduniversalrightofmankindperhapsofdivineoriginarebynomeansuniversalandmustbeviewedasaninventionofmanratherthanadecreeorderofGod.Ofcoursewearecompletelytrainedtoaccepttheideaofownershipoftheearthanditsproductsrawandtransformed.Itseemsnotatallstrange;infactitisquitedifficulttoimagineasocietywithoutsucharrangements.Ifsomeonesomeindividualdidn’’townthatplotoflandthathousethatfactorythatmachinethattowerofwheathowwouldwefunctionWhatwouldtherulesbeWhomwouldwebuyfromandhowwouldwesell Itisimportanttoacknowledgeasignificantdifferencebetweenachievingownershipsimplybytakingorclaimingpropertyandowningwhatwetendtocallthefruitoflabor.IfIaloneortogetherwithmyfamilyworkonthelandandraisecropsorifImakesomethingusefuloutofnaturalmaterialitseemsreasonableandfairtoclaimthatthecropsortheobjectsbelongtomeormyfamilyaremypropertyatleastinthesensethatIhavefirstclaimonthem.Hardlyanyonewoulddisputethat.Infactsomeoftheearlyradicalworkingmen’’smovementsmadeanownershipclaimonthoseverygrounds.AsindustrialorganizationbecamemorecomplexhoweversuchissuesbecamevastlymoreintricateItmustbeclearthatinmodernsocietythesocialheritageofknowledgeandtechnologyandthesocialorganizationofmanufactureandexchangeaccountforfarmoreoftheproductivityofindustryandthevalueofwhatisproducedthancanbeaccountedforbythelaborofanynumberofindividuals.HardlyanypersoncannowpointandsayThat--thatrightthere--isthefruitofmylabor.Wecansayasasocietyasanation--asaworldreally--thatwhatisproducedisthefruitofourlabortheproductofthewholesocietyasacollectivity. Wehavetorecognizethattherightofprivateindividualownershipofpropertyisman-madeandconstantlydependentontheextenttowhichthosewithoutpropertybelievethattheownercanmakehisclaimstick. Onedeservestoclaimonsomeproductonlywhen
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