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腕管综合征是因为下列哪项在腕管内受压所致
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腕管综合征的病因是
正中神经在腕管内受压
桡神经在腕管内受压
桡动脉在腕管内受压
尺动脉在腕管内受压
尺神经在腕管内受压
腕管综合征是因为下列在腕管内受压所致的是
尺神经
尺动脉
桡神经
桡动脉
正中神经
腕管综合征是因为以下在腕管内受压所致的是
尺神经
尺动脉
桡神经
桡动脉
正中神经
腕管综合征是下列哪一项在腕管内受压所致
尺神经
尺动脉
桡神经
正中神经
桡动脉
腕管综合征是由于下列哪种结构在腕管内受压所致
尺神经
尺动脉
桡神经
正中神经
桡动脉
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Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould 1describethedrawingbriefly 2explainitsintendedmeaningandthen 3giveyourcomments. Youshouldwriteneatly.
In1784fiveyearsbeforehebecamepresidentoftheUnitedStatesGeorgeWashington52wasnearlytoothless.Sohehiredadentisttotransplantnineteethintohisjaw—havingextractedthemfromthemouthsofhisslaves. That’safardifferentimagefromthecherry-tree-choppingGeorgemostpeoplerememberfromtheirhistorybooks.Butrecentlymanyhistorianshavebeguntofocusontherolesslaveryplayedinthelivesofthefoundinggeneration.TheyhavebeenspurredinpartbyDNAevidencemadeavailablein1998whichalmostcertainlyprovedThomasJeffersonhadfatheredatleastonechildwithhisslaveSallyHemings.Andonlyoverthepast30yearshavescholarsexaminedhistoryfromthebottomup.Worksofseveralhistoriansrevealthemoralcompromisesmadebythenation’searlyleadersandthefragilenatureofthecountry’sinfancy.MoresignificantlytheyarguethatmanyoftheFoundingFathersknewslaverywaswrong—andyetmostdidlittletofightit. Morethananythingthehistorianssaythefounderswerehamperedbythecultureoftheirtime.WhileWashingtonandJeffersonprivatelyexpresseddistasteforslaverytheyalsounderstoodthatitwaspartofthepoliticalandeconomicbedrockofthecountrytheyhelpedtocreate. ForonethingtheSouthcouldnotaffordtopartwithitsslaves.OwningslaveswaslikehavingalargebankaccountsaysWiencekauthorofAnImperfectGod:GeorgeWashingtonHisSlavesandtheCreationofAmerica.’ThesouthernstateswouldnothavesignedtheConstitutionwithoutprotectionsforthepeculiarinstitutionincludingaclausethatcountedaslaveasthreefifthsofamanforpurposesofcongressionalrepresentation. Andthestatesmen’spoliticallivesdependedonslavery.Thethree-fifthsformulahandedJeffersonhisnarrowvictoryinthepresidentialelectionof1800byinflatingthevotesofthesouthernstatesintheElectoralCollege.OnceinofficeJeffersonextendedslaverywiththeLouisianaPurchasein1803;thenewlandwascarvedinto13statesincludingthreeslavestates. StillJeffersonfreedHemings’schildren—thoughnotHemingsherselforhisapproximately150otherslaves.WashingtonwhohadbeguntobelievethatallmenwerecreatedequalafterobservingthebraveryoftheblacksoldiersduringtheRevolutionaryWarovercamethestrongoppositionofhisrelativestogranthisslavestheirfreedominhiswill.OnlyadecadeearliersuchanactwouldhaverequiredlegislativeapprovalinVirginia.WhatdowelearnaboutThomasJefferson?
Whilestillcatchinguptomeninsomespheresofmodernlifewomenappeartobewayaheadinatleastoneundesirablecategory.WomenareparticularlysusceptibletodevelopingdepressionandanxietydisordersinresponsetostresscomparedtomenaccordingtoDr.YehudachiefpsychiatristatNewYork’sVeteran’sAdministrationHospital. Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthatsexhormonessomehowaffectthestressresponsecausingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.Inseveralofthestudieswhenstressed-outfemaleratshadtheirovariesthefemalereproductiveorgansremovedtheirchemicalresponsesbecameequaltothoseofthemales. Addingtoawoman’sincreaseddoseofstresschemicalsareherincreasedopportunitiesforstress.It’snotnecessarilythatwomendon’tcopeaswell.It’sjustthattheyhavesomuchmoretocopewithsaysDr.Yehuda.Theircapacityfortoleratingstressmayevenbegreaterthanmen’ssheobservesit’sjustthatthey’redealingwithsomanymorethingsthattheybecomewornoutfromitmorevisiblyandsooner. Dr.Yehudanotesanotherdifferencebetweenthesexes.Ithinkthatthekindsofthingsthatwomenareexposedtotendtobeinmoreofachronicorrepeatednature.Mengotowarandareexposedtocombatstress.Menareexposedlomoreactsofrandomphysicalviolence.Thekindsofinterpersonalviolencethatwomenareexposedtotendtobeindomesticsituationsbyunfortunatelyparentsorotherfamilymembersandtheytendnottobeone-shotdeals.Thewear-and-tearthatcomesfromtheselongerrelationshipscanbequitedevastating. AdelineAlvarezmarriedat18andgavebirthtoasonbutwasdeterminedtofinishcollege.Istruggledalottogetthecollegedegree.Iwaslivinginsomuchfrustrationthatthatwasmyescapetogotoschoolandgetaheadanddobetter.Laterhermarriageendedandshebecameasinglemother.It’sthehardestthingtotakecareofateenagerhaveajobpaytherentpaythecarpaymentandpaythedebt.Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck. NoteveryoneexperiencesthekindsofseverechronicstressesAlvarezdescribes.Butmostwomentodayarecopingwithalotofobligationswithfewbreaksandfeelingthestrain.Alvarez’sexperiencedemonstratestheimportanceoffindingwaystodiffusestressbeforeitthreatensyourhealthandyourabilitytofunction.Dr.Yehuda’sresearchsuggeststhatwomen
Whilestillcatchinguptomeninsomespheresofmodernlifewomenappeartobewayaheadinatleastoneundesirablecategory.WomenareparticularlysusceptibletodevelopingdepressionandanxietydisordersinresponsetostresscomparedtomenaccordingtoDr.YehudachiefpsychiatristatNewYork’sVeteran’sAdministrationHospital. Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthatsexhormonessomehowaffectthestressresponsecausingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.Inseveralofthestudieswhenstressed-outfemaleratshadtheirovariesthefemalereproductiveorgansremovedtheirchemicalresponsesbecameequaltothoseofthemales. Addingtoawoman’sincreaseddoseofstresschemicalsareherincreasedopportunitiesforstress.It’snotnecessarilythatwomendon’tcopeaswell.It’sjustthattheyhavesomuchmoretocopewithsaysDr.Yehuda.Theircapacityfortoleratingstressmayevenbegreaterthanmen’ssheobservesit’sjustthatthey’redealingwithsomanymorethingsthattheybecomewornoutfromitmorevisiblyandsooner. Dr.Yehudanotesanotherdifferencebetweenthesexes.Ithinkthatthekindsofthingsthatwomenareexposedtotendtobeinmoreofachronicorrepeatednature.Mengotowarandareexposedtocombatstress.Menareexposedlomoreactsofrandomphysicalviolence.Thekindsofinterpersonalviolencethatwomenareexposedtotendtobeindomesticsituationsbyunfortunatelyparentsorotherfamilymembersandtheytendnottobeone-shotdeals.Thewear-and-tearthatcomesfromtheselongerrelationshipscanbequitedevastating. AdelineAlvarezmarriedat18andgavebirthtoasonbutwasdeterminedtofinishcollege.Istruggledalottogetthecollegedegree.Iwaslivinginsomuchfrustrationthatthatwasmyescapetogotoschoolandgetaheadanddobetter.Laterhermarriageendedandshebecameasinglemother.It’sthehardestthingtotakecareofateenagerhaveajobpaytherentpaythecarpaymentandpaythedebt.Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck. NoteveryoneexperiencesthekindsofseverechronicstressesAlvarezdescribes.Butmostwomentodayarecopingwithalotofobligationswithfewbreaksandfeelingthestrain.Alvarez’sexperiencedemonstratestheimportanceoffindingwaystodiffusestressbeforeitthreatensyourhealthandyourabilitytofunction.ThesentenceIlivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.Para.5showsthat
简述自卫权
Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1_____tosayitanyway.Heisthat2_____birdascientistwhoworksindependently3_____anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4_____thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfectionswhicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested. 5_____hehowevermighttrembleatthe6_____ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientistsheispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7_____thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothersbutexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8_____areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection. ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest9_____12-15pointsabovethe10_____valueof100andhavecontributed11_____totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWestasthe12_____oftheirelitesincludingseveralworld-renownedscientists13_____.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseasessuchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts14_____havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15_____tosocialeffectssuchasastrongtraditionof16_____education.Thelatterwasseenasaan17_____ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18_____.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19_____themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20_____stateofaffairs.
实践理论
维克多·特纳
In1784fiveyearsbeforehebecamepresidentoftheUnitedStatesGeorgeWashington52wasnearlytoothless.Sohehiredadentisttotransplantnineteethintohisjaw—havingextractedthemfromthemouthsofhisslaves. That’safardifferentimagefromthecherry-tree-choppingGeorgemostpeoplerememberfromtheirhistorybooks.Butrecentlymanyhistorianshavebeguntofocusontherolesslaveryplayedinthelivesofthefoundinggeneration.TheyhavebeenspurredinpartbyDNAevidencemadeavailablein1998whichalmostcertainlyprovedThomasJeffersonhadfatheredatleastonechildwithhisslaveSallyHemings.Andonlyoverthepast30yearshavescholarsexaminedhistoryfromthebottomup.Worksofseveralhistoriansrevealthemoralcompromisesmadebythenation’searlyleadersandthefragilenatureofthecountry’sinfancy.MoresignificantlytheyarguethatmanyoftheFoundingFathersknewslaverywaswrong—andyetmostdidlittletofightit. Morethananythingthehistorianssaythefounderswerehamperedbythecultureoftheirtime.WhileWashingtonandJeffersonprivatelyexpresseddistasteforslaverytheyalsounderstoodthatitwaspartofthepoliticalandeconomicbedrockofthecountrytheyhelpedtocreate. ForonethingtheSouthcouldnotaffordtopartwithitsslaves.OwningslaveswaslikehavingalargebankaccountsaysWiencekauthorofAnImperfectGod:GeorgeWashingtonHisSlavesandtheCreationofAmerica.’ThesouthernstateswouldnothavesignedtheConstitutionwithoutprotectionsforthepeculiarinstitutionincludingaclausethatcountedaslaveasthreefifthsofamanforpurposesofcongressionalrepresentation. Andthestatesmen’spoliticallivesdependedonslavery.Thethree-fifthsformulahandedJeffersonhisnarrowvictoryinthepresidentialelectionof1800byinflatingthevotesofthesouthernstatesintheElectoralCollege.OnceinofficeJeffersonextendedslaverywiththeLouisianaPurchasein1803;thenewlandwascarvedinto13statesincludingthreeslavestates. StillJeffersonfreedHemings’schildren—thoughnotHemingsherselforhisapproximately150otherslaves.WashingtonwhohadbeguntobelievethatallmenwerecreatedequalafterobservingthebraveryoftheblacksoldiersduringtheRevolutionaryWarovercamethestrongoppositionofhisrelativestogranthisslavestheirfreedominhiswill.OnlyadecadeearliersuchanactwouldhaverequiredlegislativeapprovalinVirginia.Washington’sdecisiontofreeslavesoriginatedfromhis
Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1_____tosayitanyway.Heisthat2_____birdascientistwhoworksindependently3_____anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4_____thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfectionswhicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested. 5_____hehowevermighttrembleatthe6_____ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientistsheispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7_____thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothersbutexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8_____areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection. ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest9_____12-15pointsabovethe10_____valueof100andhavecontributed11_____totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWestasthe12_____oftheirelitesincludingseveralworld-renownedscientists13_____.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseasessuchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts14_____havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15_____tosocialeffectssuchasastrongtraditionof16_____education.Thelatterwasseenasaan17_____ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18_____.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19_____themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20_____stateofaffairs.
InhisautobiographyDarwinhimselfspeaksofhisintellectualpowerswithextraordinarymodesty.Hepointsoutthathealwaysexperiencedmuchdifficultyinexpressinghimselfclearlyandconciselybut46【hebelievesthatthisverydifficultymayhavehadthecompensatingadvantageofforcinghimtothinklongandintentlyabouteverysentenceandthusenablinghimtodetecterrorsinreasoningandinhisownobservations.】HedisclaimedthepossessionofanygreatquicknessofapprehensionorwitsuchasdistinguishedHuxley.47【Heassertedalsothathispowertofollowalongandpurelyabstracttrainofthoughtwasverylimitedforwhichreasonhefeltcertainthathenevercouldhavesucceededwithmathematics.】Hismemorytoohedescribedasextensivebuthazy.Sopoorinonesensewasifthathenevercouldrememberformorethanafewdaysasingledateoralineofpoetry.48【Ontheotherhandhedidnotacceptaswellfoundedthechargemadebysomeofhiscriticsthatwhilehewasagoodobserverhehadnopowerofreasoning.】ThishethoughtcouldnotbetruebecausetheOriginofspeciesisonelongargumentfromthebeginningtotheendandhasconvincedmanyablemen.NOonehesubmitscouldhavewrittenitwithoutpossessingsomepowerofreasoning.HewaswillingtoassertthatIhaveafairshareofinventionandofcommonsenseorjudgmentsuchaseveryfairlysuccessfullawyerordoctormusthavebutnotIbelieveinanyhigherdegree.49【Headdshumblythatperhapshewassuperiortothecommonrunofmeninnoticingthingswhicheasilyescapeattentionandinobservingthemcarefully.】 Writinginthelastyearofhislifeheexpressedtheopinionthatintwoorthreerespectshismindhadchangedduringtheprecedingtwentyorthirtyyears.Uptotheageofthirtyorbeyonditpoetryofmanykindsgavehimgreatpleasure.Formerlytoopictureshadgivenhimconsiderableandmusicverygreatdelight.In1881howeverhesaid:NowformanyyearsIcannotenduretoreadalineofpoetry.Ihavealsoalmostlostmytasteforpicturesormusic.50【Darwinwasconvincedthatthelossofthesetasteswasnotonlyalossofhappinessbutmightpossiblybeinjurioustotheintellectandmoreprobablytothemoralcharacter.】
Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1_____tosayitanyway.Heisthat2_____birdascientistwhoworksindependently3_____anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4_____thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfectionswhicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested. 5_____hehowevermighttrembleatthe6_____ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientistsheispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7_____thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothersbutexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8_____areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection. ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest9_____12-15pointsabovethe10_____valueof100andhavecontributed11_____totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWestasthe12_____oftheirelitesincludingseveralworld-renownedscientists13_____.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseasessuchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts14_____havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15_____tosocialeffectssuchasastrongtraditionof16_____education.Thelatterwasseenasaan17_____ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18_____.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19_____themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20_____stateofaffairs.
一个德国法学家的一段论述考察直接言辞原则题目涉及直接言辞原则的含义我国刑事诉讼法实践和规定在这方面的违背
Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1_____tosayitanyway.Heisthat2_____birdascientistwhoworksindependently3_____anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4_____thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfectionswhicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested. 5_____hehowevermighttrembleatthe6_____ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientistsheispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7_____thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothersbutexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8_____areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection. ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest9_____12-15pointsabovethe10_____valueof100andhavecontributed11_____totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWestasthe12_____oftheirelitesincludingseveralworld-renownedscientists13_____.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseasessuchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts14_____havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15_____tosocialeffectssuchasastrongtraditionof16_____education.Thelatterwasseenasaan17_____ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18_____.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19_____themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20_____stateofaffairs.
Intheearly1960sWiltChamberlainwasoneoftheonlythreeplayersintheNationalBasketballAssociationNBAlistedatoversevenfeet.Ifhehadplayedlastseasonhoweverhewouldhavebeenoneof42.Thebodiesplayingmajorprofessionalsportshavechangeddramaticallyovertheyearsandmanagershavebeenmorethanwillingtoadjustteamuniformstofitthegrowingnumbersofbiggerlongerframes. Thetrendinsportsthoughmaybeobscuringanunrecognizedreality:Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing.Thoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsagotoday’speople—especiallythoseborntofamilieswhohavelivedintheU.S.formanygenerations—apparentlyreachedtheirlimitintheearly1960s.Andtheyaren’tlikelytogetanytaller.Inthegeneralpopulationtodayatthisgeneticenvironmentallevelwe’veprettymuchgoneasfaraswecangosaysanthropologistWilliamCameronChumleaofWrightStateUniversity.InthecaseofNBAplayerstheirincreaseinheightappearstoresultfromtheincreasinglycommonpracticeofrecruitingplayersfromallovertheworld. Growthwhichrarelycontinuesbeyondtheageof20demandscaloriesandnutrients—notablyprotein—tofeedexpandingtissues.Atthestartofthe20thcenturyunder-nutritionandchildhoodinfectionsgotintheway.Butasdietandhealthimprovedchildrenandadolescentshaveonaverageincreasedinheightbyaboutaninchandahalfevery20yearsapatternknownastheseculartrendinheight.YetaccordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionaverageheight—5’9formen5’4forwomen—hasn’treallychangedsince1960. Geneticallyspeakingthereareadvantagestoavoidingsubstantialheight.Duringchildbirthlargerbabieshavemoredifficultypassingthroughthebirthcanal.Moreovereventhoughhumanshavebeenuprightformillionsofyearsourfeetandbackcontinuetostrugglewithbipedalpostureandcannoteasilywithstandrepeatedstrainimposedbyoversizelimbs.TherearesomerealconstraintsthataresetbythegeneticarchitectureoftheindividualorganismsaysanthropologistWilliamLeonardofNorthwesternUniversity. Geneticmaximumscanchangebutdon’texpectthistohappensoon.ClaireC.GordonsenioranthropologistattheArmyResearchCenterinNatickMass.ensuresthat90percentoftheuniformsandworkstationsfitrecruitswithoutalteration.Shesaysthatunlikethoseforbasketballthelengthofmilitaryuniformshasnotchangedforsometime.AndifyouneedtopredicthumanheightinthenearfuturetodesignapieceofequipmentGordonsaysthatbyandlargeyoucouldusetoday’sdataandfeelfairlyconfident.Whichofthefollowingplaysakeyroleinbodygrowthaccordingtothetext?
简述犯罪未遂
InhisautobiographyDarwinhimselfspeaksofhisintellectualpowerswithextraordinarymodesty.Hepointsoutthathealwaysexperiencedmuchdifficultyinexpressinghimselfclearlyandconciselybut46【hebelievesthatthisverydifficultymayhavehadthecompensatingadvantageofforcinghimtothinklongandintentlyabouteverysentenceandthusenablinghimtodetecterrorsinreasoningandinhisownobservations.】HedisclaimedthepossessionofanygreatquicknessofapprehensionorwitsuchasdistinguishedHuxley.47【Heassertedalsothathispowertofollowalongandpurelyabstracttrainofthoughtwasverylimitedforwhichreasonhefeltcertainthathenevercouldhavesucceededwithmathematics.】Hismemorytoohedescribedasextensivebuthazy.Sopoorinonesensewasifthathenevercouldrememberformorethanafewdaysasingledateoralineofpoetry.48【Ontheotherhandhedidnotacceptaswellfoundedthechargemadebysomeofhiscriticsthatwhilehewasagoodobserverhehadnopowerofreasoning.】ThishethoughtcouldnotbetruebecausetheOriginofspeciesisonelongargumentfromthebeginningtotheendandhasconvincedmanyablemen.NOonehesubmitscouldhavewrittenitwithoutpossessingsomepowerofreasoning.HewaswillingtoassertthatIhaveafairshareofinventionandofcommonsenseorjudgmentsuchaseveryfairlysuccessfullawyerordoctormusthavebutnotIbelieveinanyhigherdegree.49【Headdshumblythatperhapshewassuperiortothecommonrunofmeninnoticingthingswhicheasilyescapeattentionandinobservingthemcarefully.】 Writinginthelastyearofhislifeheexpressedtheopinionthatintwoorthreerespectshismindhadchangedduringtheprecedingtwentyorthirtyyears.Uptotheageofthirtyorbeyonditpoetryofmanykindsgavehimgreatpleasure.Formerlytoopictureshadgivenhimconsiderableandmusicverygreatdelight.In1881howeverhesaid:NowformanyyearsIcannotenduretoreadalineofpoetry.Ihavealsoalmostlostmytasteforpicturesormusic.50【Darwinwasconvincedthatthelossofthesetasteswasnotonlyalossofhappinessbutmightpossiblybeinjurioustotheintellectandmoreprobablytothemoralcharacter.】
Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthors’namesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceivedtheeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisherandresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal. Nolonger.TheInternet—andpressurefromfundingagencieswhoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit—ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.TheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopmentOECDhasjustissuedareportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.ThereportbyJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECDmakesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohavesofarmadehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.Itsignalsachangeinwhathasuntilnowbeenakeyelementofscientificendeavor. Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdependsinpartuponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.InAmericathecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientificTechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16000journals. Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreportsome75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging;threemainoneswereidentifiedbythereport’sauthors.Thereistheso-calledbigdealwhereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishingtypicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthororhisemployertopayforthepapertobepublished:Finallythereareopen-accessarchiveswhereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethreesuchasdelayedopen-accesswherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonthsbeforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeer-reviewprocessatleastforthepublicationofpapers.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthetext?
Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1_____tosayitanyway.Heisthat2_____birdascientistwhoworksindependently3_____anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4_____thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfectionswhicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested. 5_____hehowevermighttrembleatthe6_____ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientistsheispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7_____thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothersbutexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8_____areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection. ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest9_____12-15pointsabovethe10_____valueof100andhavecontributed11_____totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWestasthe12_____oftheirelitesincludingseveralworld-renownedscientists13_____.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseasessuchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts14_____havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15_____tosocialeffectssuchasastrongtraditionof16_____education.Thelatterwasseenasaan17_____ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18_____.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19_____themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20_____stateofaffairs.
Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthors’namesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceivedtheeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisherandresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal. Nolonger.TheInternet—andpressurefromfundingagencieswhoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit—ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.TheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopmentOECDhasjustissuedareportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.ThereportbyJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECDmakesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohavesofarmadehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.Itsignalsachangeinwhathasuntilnowbeenakeyelementofscientificendeavor. Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdependsinpartuponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.InAmericathecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientificTechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16000journals. Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreportsome75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging;threemainoneswereidentifiedbythereport’sauthors.Thereistheso-calledbigdealwhereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishingtypicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthororhisemployertopayforthepapertobepublished:Finallythereareopen-accessarchiveswhereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethreesuchasdelayedopen-accesswherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonthsbeforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeer-reviewprocessatleastforthepublicationofpapers.Accordingtothetextonlinepublicationissignificantinthat
案例分析 甲乙六人高中毕业待业两年某日通谋携钢丝鞭往木场偷木甲乙门外放风余四人入内偷盗为门卫丙丁发现甲乙在门外以巨木顶门使丙丁无法外出并剪段断电话线使丙丁无法报警丙丁眼睁睁看原木价值4000元为余四人推出门外窃走问甲乙六人的刑事责任如何
Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1_____tosayitanyway.Heisthat2_____birdascientistwhoworksindependently3_____anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4_____thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfectionswhicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested. 5_____hehowevermighttrembleatthe6_____ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientistsheispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7_____thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothersbutexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8_____areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection. ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest9_____12-15pointsabovethe10_____valueof100andhavecontributed11_____totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWestasthe12_____oftheirelitesincludingseveralworld-renownedscientists13_____.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseasessuchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts14_____havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15_____tosocialeffectssuchasastrongtraditionof16_____education.Thelatterwasseenasaan17_____ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18_____.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19_____themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20_____stateofaffairs.
In1784fiveyearsbeforehebecamepresidentoftheUnitedStatesGeorgeWashington52wasnearlytoothless.Sohehiredadentisttotransplantnineteethintohisjaw—havingextractedthemfromthemouthsofhisslaves. That’safardifferentimagefromthecherry-tree-choppingGeorgemostpeoplerememberfromtheirhistorybooks.Butrecentlymanyhistorianshavebeguntofocusontherolesslaveryplayedinthelivesofthefoundinggeneration.TheyhavebeenspurredinpartbyDNAevidencemadeavailablein1998whichalmostcertainlyprovedThomasJeffersonhadfatheredatleastonechildwithhisslaveSallyHemings.Andonlyoverthepast30yearshavescholarsexaminedhistoryfromthebottomup.Worksofseveralhistoriansrevealthemoralcompromisesmadebythenation’searlyleadersandthefragilenatureofthecountry’sinfancy.MoresignificantlytheyarguethatmanyoftheFoundingFathersknewslaverywaswrong—andyetmostdidlittletofightit. Morethananythingthehistorianssaythefounderswerehamperedbythecultureoftheirtime.WhileWashingtonandJeffersonprivatelyexpresseddistasteforslaverytheyalsounderstoodthatitwaspartofthepoliticalandeconomicbedrockofthecountrytheyhelpedtocreate. ForonethingtheSouthcouldnotaffordtopartwithitsslaves.OwningslaveswaslikehavingalargebankaccountsaysWiencekauthorofAnImperfectGod:GeorgeWashingtonHisSlavesandtheCreationofAmerica.’ThesouthernstateswouldnothavesignedtheConstitutionwithoutprotectionsforthepeculiarinstitutionincludingaclausethatcountedaslaveasthreefifthsofamanforpurposesofcongressionalrepresentation. Andthestatesmen’spoliticallivesdependedonslavery.Thethree-fifthsformulahandedJeffersonhisnarrowvictoryinthepresidentialelectionof1800byinflatingthevotesofthesouthernstatesintheElectoralCollege.OnceinofficeJeffersonextendedslaverywiththeLouisianaPurchasein1803;thenewlandwascarvedinto13statesincludingthreeslavestates. StillJeffersonfreedHemings’schildren—thoughnotHemingsherselforhisapproximately150otherslaves.WashingtonwhohadbeguntobelievethatallmenwerecreatedequalafterobservingthebraveryoftheblacksoldiersduringtheRevolutionaryWarovercamethestrongoppositionofhisrelativestogranthisslavestheirfreedominhiswill.OnlyadecadeearliersuchanactwouldhaverequiredlegislativeapprovalinVirginia.GeorgeWashington’sdentalsurgeryismentionedto
Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1_____tosayitanyway.Heisthat2_____birdascientistwhoworksindependently3_____anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4_____thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfectionswhicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested. 5_____hehowevermighttrembleatthe6_____ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientistsheispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7_____thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothersbutexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8_____areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection. ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest9_____12-15pointsabovethe10_____valueof100andhavecontributed11_____totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWestasthe12_____oftheirelitesincludingseveralworld-renownedscientists13_____.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseasessuchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts14_____havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15_____tosocialeffectssuchasastrongtraditionof16_____education.Thelatterwasseenasaan17_____ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18_____.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19_____themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20_____stateofaffairs.
Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthors’namesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceivedtheeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisherandresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal. Nolonger.TheInternet—andpressurefromfundingagencieswhoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit—ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.TheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopmentOECDhasjustissuedareportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.ThereportbyJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECDmakesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohavesofarmadehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.Itsignalsachangeinwhathasuntilnowbeenakeyelementofscientificendeavor. Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdependsinpartuponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.InAmericathecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientificTechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16000journals. Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreportsome75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging;threemainoneswereidentifiedbythereport’sauthors.Thereistheso-calledbigdealwhereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishingtypicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthororhisemployertopayforthepapertobepublished:Finallythereareopen-accessarchiveswhereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethreesuchasdelayedopen-accesswherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonthsbeforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeer-reviewprocessatleastforthepublicationofpapers.Inthefirstparagraphtheauthordiscusses
Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1_____tosayitanyway.Heisthat2_____birdascientistwhoworksindependently3_____anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4_____thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfectionswhicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested. 5_____hehowevermighttrembleatthe6_____ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientistsheispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7_____thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothersbutexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8_____areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection. ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest9_____12-15pointsabovethe10_____valueof100andhavecontributed11_____totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWestasthe12_____oftheirelitesincludingseveralworld-renownedscientists13_____.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseasessuchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts14_____havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15_____tosocialeffectssuchasastrongtraditionof16_____education.Thelatterwasseenasaan17_____ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18_____.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19_____themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20_____stateofaffairs.
Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1_____tosayitanyway.Heisthat2_____birdascientistwhoworksindependently3_____anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4_____thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfectionswhicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested. 5_____hehowevermighttrembleatthe6_____ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientistsheispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7_____thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothersbutexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8_____areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection. ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest9_____12-15pointsabovethe10_____valueof100andhavecontributed11_____totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWestasthe12_____oftheirelitesincludingseveralworld-renownedscientists13_____.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseasessuchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts14_____havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15_____tosocialeffectssuchasastrongtraditionof16_____education.Thelatterwasseenasaan17_____ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18_____.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19_____themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20_____stateofaffairs.
简述行政法上比例原则及其基本要求
Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1_____tosayitanyway.Heisthat2_____birdascientistwhoworksindependently3_____anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4_____thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfectionswhicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested. 5_____hehowevermighttrembleatthe6_____ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientistsheispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7_____thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothersbutexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8_____areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection. ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest9_____12-15pointsabovethe10_____valueof100andhavecontributed11_____totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWestasthe12_____oftheirelitesincludingseveralworld-renownedscientists13_____.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseasessuchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts14_____havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15_____tosocialeffectssuchasastrongtraditionof16_____education.Thelatterwasseenasaan17_____ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18_____.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19_____themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20_____stateofaffairs.
Intheearly1960sWiltChamberlainwasoneoftheonlythreeplayersintheNationalBasketballAssociationNBAlistedatoversevenfeet.Ifhehadplayedlastseasonhoweverhewouldhavebeenoneof42.Thebodiesplayingmajorprofessionalsportshavechangeddramaticallyovertheyearsandmanagershavebeenmorethanwillingtoadjustteamuniformstofitthegrowingnumbersofbiggerlongerframes. Thetrendinsportsthoughmaybeobscuringanunrecognizedreality:Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing.Thoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsagotoday’speople—especiallythoseborntofamilieswhohavelivedintheU.S.formanygenerations—apparentlyreachedtheirlimitintheearly1960s.Andtheyaren’tlikelytogetanytaller.Inthegeneralpopulationtodayatthisgeneticenvironmentallevelwe’veprettymuchgoneasfaraswecangosaysanthropologistWilliamCameronChumleaofWrightStateUniversity.InthecaseofNBAplayerstheirincreaseinheightappearstoresultfromtheincreasinglycommonpracticeofrecruitingplayersfromallovertheworld. Growthwhichrarelycontinuesbeyondtheageof20demandscaloriesandnutrients—notablyprotein—tofeedexpandingtissues.Atthestartofthe20thcenturyunder-nutritionandchildhoodinfectionsgotintheway.Butasdietandhealthimprovedchildrenandadolescentshaveonaverageincreasedinheightbyaboutaninchandahalfevery20yearsapatternknownastheseculartrendinheight.YetaccordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionaverageheight—5’9formen5’4forwomen—hasn’treallychangedsince1960. Geneticallyspeakingthereareadvantagestoavoidingsubstantialheight.Duringchildbirthlargerbabieshavemoredifficultypassingthroughthebirthcanal.Moreovereventhoughhumanshavebeenuprightformillionsofyearsourfeetandbackcontinuetostrugglewithbipedalpostureandcannoteasilywithstandrepeatedstrainimposedbyoversizelimbs.TherearesomerealconstraintsthataresetbythegeneticarchitectureoftheindividualorganismsaysanthropologistWilliamLeonardofNorthwesternUniversity. Geneticmaximumscanchangebutdon’texpectthistohappensoon.ClaireC.GordonsenioranthropologistattheArmyResearchCenterinNatickMass.ensuresthat90percentoftheuniformsandworkstationsfitrecruitswithoutalteration.Shesaysthatunlikethoseforbasketballthelengthofmilitaryuniformshasnotchangedforsometime.AndifyouneedtopredicthumanheightinthenearfuturetodesignapieceofequipmentGordonsaysthatbyandlargeyoucouldusetoday’sdataandfeelfairlyconfident.Welearnfromthelastparagraphthatinthenearfuture
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