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Text 2 In the past, American colleges and universities were created to serve a dual purpose to ...
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Thenoblerandmoreperfectathingisthelaterandsloweritisbecomingmature.Amanreachesthemature1ofhisreasoningpowersandmentalfaculties2beforetheageoftwenty-eight;awomanateighteen.Andthentoointhecaseofwomanitistheonlyreasonofasort--verymeaninits3.Thatiswhywomenremainchildrentheirwholelifelong;neverseeing4butwhatisquiteclosetothem5fasttothepresentmomenttakingappearancefor6andpreferring7tomattersofthefirstimportance.Foritis8hisreasoningfacultythatmandoesnotliveinthepresentonly9thebrutebutlooksabouthimandconsidersthepastandthefuture;andthisistheoriginof10aswellasthatofcareandanxietywhichsomanypeople11Boththeadvantagesandthedisadvantageswhichthis12are13inbythewomantoasmallerextentbecauseofherweakerpowerofreasoning.Shemayinfactbedescribedasintellectuallyshortsighted14whileshehasanimmediateunderstandingofwhatliesquiteclosetoherherfieldof15isnarrowanddoesnotreachtowhatis16;sothatthingswhichareabsentorpastortocomehavemuchlesseffectuponwomenthanuponmen.Thisisthereasonwhywomenareinclinedtobe17andsometimescarrytheirdesiretoa18thatbordersuponmadness.Intheirheartswomenthinkitismen’sbusinesstoearnmoneyandtheirstospendit--ifpossibleduringtheirhusband’slife19atanyrateafterhisdeath.Theveryfactthattheirhusbandhandsthem20hisearningsforpurposesofhousekeepingstrengthenstheminthisbelief. 8
AfterLosAngelesAtlantamaybeAmerica’smostcar-dependentcity.Atlantanssentimentallygivetheircarsnamescomparespeedingticketsandjealouslyguardanysidestreetwhereitispossibletopark.Thecity’sroadsaresowellwornthatthefirstactofthenewmayorShirleyFranklinwastostartrepairingpotholes.In199813metrocountieslostfederalhighwayfundsbecausetheirair-pollutionlevelsviolatedtheCleanAirAct.TheAmericanHighwayUsersAlliancerankedthreeAtlantainterchangesamongthe18worstbottlenecksinthecountry.Othercitiesinthesamefixhavereorganizedtheirhighwaysimposedcommuterandcartaxesorexpandedtheirpublic-transportsystems.Atlantadoesnotlikeanyofthesethings.Publictransportisavexedsubjecttoo.Atlanta’smetropolitanregionisdividedintonumerouscountyandsmallercitygovernmentswhichfindithardtoworktogether.Railwaysnowservethecitycenterandtheairportbutnotmuchelse;busstopsareoftennearinvisiblepolesofferingnoindicationofwhichbusmightstopthereorwhen.Georgia’sDemocraticgovernorRoyBarneswhohopesforreelectioninNovemberhasotherplans.TowinbackthefederalhighwaymoneylostundertheCleanAirActhecreatedtheGeorgiaRegionalTransportationAuthorityGRTAa15-memberboardwiththepowertomakethecountygovernmentsthecityandtheten-countyAtlantaRegionalCommissioncooperateontransportplanswhethertheylikeitornot.NowGRTAhasissueditsownpreliminaryplanallocating$4.5billionoverthenextthreeyearsforavarietyofschemes.Theplanearmarksmoneytowidenroads;tohaveanelectricshuttlebusshuttletouristsamongtheelegantvillasofBuckhead;andtocreateacommuterraillinkbetweenAtlantaandMacontwohourstothesouth.Countieswillbeencouragedwithgenerousten-to-onematchingfundstostartexpressbusservices.PublicgoodwillhowevermaynotstretchasfarasthenextplanwhichistobuildtheNorthernArchighwayfor65milesacrossthreecountiesnorthofthecitylimits.GRTAhasallotted$270mforthis.Supporterssayitwouldeasethecongestiononlocalroads;opponentsthinkitwouldworsenover-developmentandtraffic.ThecountiesaffectedandevenGRTA’sownboardaredivided.Thegovernorisinfavorhowever;andsincehecanappointandfireGRTA’Smembersthatisprobablytheendofthestory.MrBarneshasatendencytodoashewantsregardless.Hisarroganceontrafficmatterscouldalsolosehimvotes.ButMrBarnesthinkthatAtlanta’sslowingeconomycoulddohimmoreharmthantheanti-sprawlmovement.ThewordbottleneckPara.1bestconnotes
Achildmayleanagainstadoorpostwithhisorherarmsfolded.Totheonlookeritmaylooklikeabenignposture—howevertheremaybeavictimizedchildwhounderstandsthatthisisthebully’sshorthandcodeofconveyingthemessage:Handmeyourlunchasyouwalkbymeorelse.Bullyingmaybeexpressedinmanyforms.Boysaregenerallytargetedmorethangirls.Boystendtousephysicalaggressionwhentheybully.byhittingkickingandfighting.Girlsontheotherhandmoreoftenuseexclusionarytechniquestobully—aformofaggressionoftenreferredtoasrelationalaggression.Girlsoftenstartrumorsformcliquestokeepcertainpeopleoutandignoreotherchildreninattemptstoshowdominanceoveranotherchild.Manychildrenwhoarevictimizedfitintooneoftwotypes:thepassivevictimandtheprovocativevictim.Whilepeopleoftenfeelbadaboutpassivevictimsprovocativevictimsoftenelicitlesscompassionfromothers.Sometimesitappearsthattheprovocativevictimhasbroughtonhisorherownfate—butdoesanychilddeservetobethetargetofrepeatedphysicalorverbalaggressionWhymightso-calledprovocativevictimsactivelyparticipateinbeingthetargetofbullying:ForexamplearetheirprovocativegesturessimplyaclumsywayofattemptingtointeractwithothersOnefeelscompassionfortheinhibitedchildbecauseheisreserved;asocialmisfortuneinoursocietybutanaggressivechildisgivennoneofthis.Thedynamicsofthebully/victimrelationshipneedtobeunderstoodinalargercontextPeplerCraig&O’Connell1999.Itisnotonlythebullyandthevictimthatisinvolvedinasystemofinteraction:Thebullyingcontextincludesmultiplelevelsofthechild’ssocialenvironment.Thebullymayenlistthehelpofhenchmenthosewhoassistthebullybutoftendonothavetheinitiativeorleadershiptoinitiatebullying.Alsobystanderswhetheractivelyencouragingthebullyingactorpassivelystandingbyplayaroleinmaintainingthepatternofbullying.Eventhestudentswhohabituallyfleethesiteofabullyingactplayaroleinmaintainingthebully/victiminteraction.Inhandlingthesituationitisimportantnottofocusonlyontheoneortwostudentsthataredirectlyinvolvedbutontheplaygroundandschoolasawhole.Studieshaveshownthatinordertobreakdownthestabilityofpeerbullyingyoumustinitiatechangeonmanylevels:Notonlyinteachingthebulliedchildhowtoasserthimselforherselfandtodeflectattacksbutalsotoraiseawarenessabouttheproblemofbullyingandencouragetheschoolcommunityatlargetotakeaunitedstanceagainstbullying.WhichoneofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasonepartofthelargercontextofbullying
Inasensethenewprotectionismisnotprotectionismatallatleastnotinthetraditionalsenseoftheterm.Theoldprotectionismreferredonlytotrade-restrictingandtrade-expandingdevicessuchasthetarifforexportsubsidy.Thenewprotectionismismuchbroaderthanthis;itincludesinterventionsintoforeigntradebutisnotlimitedtothem.46Thenewprotectionisminfactreferstohowthewholeofgovernmentinterventionintotheprivateeconomyaffectsinternationaltrade.Theemphasisontradeisstilltherethuscametheterm"protection".Butwhatisnewistherealizationthatvirtuallyallgovernmentactivitiescanaffectinternationaleconomicrelations. 47TheemergenceofthenewprotectionismintheWesternworldreflectsthevictoryoftheinterventionistorwelfareeconomyoverthemarketeconomy.JabTumilerwrites"Theoldprotectionism…coexistedwithoutanyapparentintellectualdifficultywiththeacceptableofthemarketasanationalaswellasaninternationaleconomicdistributionmechanism-indeedprotectionistsaswellasifnotmorethanfreetradersstoodforlaissez-faire放任政策.48Nowasinthe1930’sprotectionismisanexpressionofaprofoundskepticismastotheabilityofthemarkettodistributeresourcesandincomestosocietiessatisfaction." Itispreciselythisprofoundskepticismofthemarketeconomythatisresponsiblefortheprotectionism.Inamarketeconomyeconomicchangeofvariouscolorsimpliesredistributionsofresourcesandincomes.Thesameopinioninmanycommunitiesapparentlyisthatsuchredistributionsoftenarenotproper.Thereforethegovernmentintervenestobringaboutamoredesiredresult. ThevictoryofthewelfarestateisalmostcompleteinnorthernEurope.InSwedenNorwayFinlandDenmarkandtheNetherlandsgovernmentinterventioninalmostallaspectsofeconomicandsociallifeisconsiderednormal.49InGreatBritainthisisonlysomewhatlesstrue.GovernmenttraditionallyhasplayedaveryactiveroleineconomiclifeinFranceandcontinuedtodoso.OnlyGermanydarestogoagainstthetidetowardsexcessiveinterventionisminWesternEurope.ItalsohappenstobethemostsuccessfulWesternEuropeaneconomy. 50ThewelfarestatehasmadesignificantprogressintheUnitedStagesaswellasinWesternEurope.Socialsecurityunemploymentinsuranceminimum-wagelawsandrentcontrolarebynowtraditionalwelfarestateelementsontheAmericanscene. 48
Inasensethenewprotectionismisnotprotectionismatallatleastnotinthetraditionalsenseoftheterm.Theoldprotectionismreferredonlytotrade-restrictingandtrade-expandingdevicessuchasthetarifforexportsubsidy.Thenewprotectionismismuchbroaderthanthis;itincludesinterventionsintoforeigntradebutisnotlimitedtothem.46Thenewprotectionisminfactreferstohowthewholeofgovernmentinterventionintotheprivateeconomyaffectsinternationaltrade.Theemphasisontradeisstilltherethuscametheterm"protection".Butwhatisnewistherealizationthatvirtuallyallgovernmentactivitiescanaffectinternationaleconomicrelations. 47TheemergenceofthenewprotectionismintheWesternworldreflectsthevictoryoftheinterventionistorwelfareeconomyoverthemarketeconomy.JabTumilerwrites"Theoldprotectionism…coexistedwithoutanyapparentintellectualdifficultywiththeacceptableofthemarketasanationalaswellasaninternationaleconomicdistributionmechanism-indeedprotectionistsaswellasifnotmorethanfreetradersstoodforlaissez-faire放任政策.48Nowasinthe1930’sprotectionismisanexpressionofaprofoundskepticismastotheabilityofthemarkettodistributeresourcesandincomestosocietiessatisfaction." Itispreciselythisprofoundskepticismofthemarketeconomythatisresponsiblefortheprotectionism.Inamarketeconomyeconomicchangeofvariouscolorsimpliesredistributionsofresourcesandincomes.Thesameopinioninmanycommunitiesapparentlyisthatsuchredistributionsoftenarenotproper.Thereforethegovernmentintervenestobringaboutamoredesiredresult. ThevictoryofthewelfarestateisalmostcompleteinnorthernEurope.InSwedenNorwayFinlandDenmarkandtheNetherlandsgovernmentinterventioninalmostallaspectsofeconomicandsociallifeisconsiderednormal.49InGreatBritainthisisonlysomewhatlesstrue.GovernmenttraditionallyhasplayedaveryactiveroleineconomiclifeinFranceandcontinuedtodoso.OnlyGermanydarestogoagainstthetidetowardsexcessiveinterventionisminWesternEurope.ItalsohappenstobethemostsuccessfulWesternEuropeaneconomy. 50ThewelfarestatehasmadesignificantprogressintheUnitedStagesaswellasinWesternEurope.Socialsecurityunemploymentinsuranceminimum-wagelawsandrentcontrolarebynowtraditionalwelfarestateelementsontheAmericanscene. 46
AfterLosAngelesAtlantamaybeAmerica’smostcar-dependentcity.Atlantanssentimentallygivetheircarsnamescomparespeedingticketsandjealouslyguardanysidestreetwhereitispossibletopark.Thecity’sroadsaresowellwornthatthefirstactofthenewmayorShirleyFranklinwastostartrepairingpotholes.In199813metrocountieslostfederalhighwayfundsbecausetheirair-pollutionlevelsviolatedtheCleanAirAct.TheAmericanHighwayUsersAlliancerankedthreeAtlantainterchangesamongthe18worstbottlenecksinthecountry.Othercitiesinthesamefixhavereorganizedtheirhighwaysimposedcommuterandcartaxesorexpandedtheirpublic-transportsystems.Atlantadoesnotlikeanyofthesethings.Publictransportisavexedsubjecttoo.Atlanta’smetropolitanregionisdividedintonumerouscountyandsmallercitygovernmentswhichfindithardtoworktogether.Railwaysnowservethecitycenterandtheairportbutnotmuchelse;busstopsareoftennearinvisiblepolesofferingnoindicationofwhichbusmightstopthereorwhen.Georgia’sDemocraticgovernorRoyBarneswhohopesforreelectioninNovemberhasotherplans.TowinbackthefederalhighwaymoneylostundertheCleanAirActhecreatedtheGeorgiaRegionalTransportationAuthorityGRTAa15-memberboardwiththepowertomakethecountygovernmentsthecityandtheten-countyAtlantaRegionalCommissioncooperateontransportplanswhethertheylikeitornot.NowGRTAhasissueditsownpreliminaryplanallocating$4.5billionoverthenextthreeyearsforavarietyofschemes.Theplanearmarksmoneytowidenroads;tohaveanelectricshuttlebusshuttletouristsamongtheelegantvillasofBuckhead;andtocreateacommuterraillinkbetweenAtlantaandMacontwohourstothesouth.Countieswillbeencouragedwithgenerousten-to-onematchingfundstostartexpressbusservices.PublicgoodwillhowevermaynotstretchasfarasthenextplanwhichistobuildtheNorthernArchighwayfor65milesacrossthreecountiesnorthofthecitylimits.GRTAhasallotted$270mforthis.Supporterssayitwouldeasethecongestiononlocalroads;opponentsthinkitwouldworsenover-developmentandtraffic.ThecountiesaffectedandevenGRTA’sownboardaredivided.Thegovernorisinfavorhowever;andsincehecanappointandfireGRTA’Smembersthatisprobablytheendofthestory.MrBarneshasatendencytodoashewantsregardless.Hisarroganceontrafficmatterscouldalsolosehimvotes.ButMrBarnesthinkthatAtlanta’sslowingeconomycoulddohimmoreharmthantheanti-sprawlmovement.WhichofthefollowingisNOTpartoftheanti-sprawlmovementasplannedbygovernorRoyBarnes
DoyourchildrenlietoyouandtheirfriendsabouttheiractivitiesonlineDotheyfeelemptydepressedandirritablewhennotatthecomputerDotheyhaveproblemswithschoolorworkyettheyalwaysseemtofeelenergizedagainwhentheyareatthecomputerssurfingtheinternetIfyouansweredyestooneorevenmoreoftheabovequestionsyourchildrenaresufferingfrominternetaddiction.Theamountoftimekidsspendonlineisasourceofheadachesformanyparents.AtfirstparentswelcomedtheInternetintotheirhomesbelievingtheywereopeningupanexcitingnewworldofeducationalopportunitiesfortheirchildren.ButsoontotheirdisappointmentinsteadofusingtheInternetforhomeworkorresearchtheirkidswerespendinghoursinstantchattingwithfriendsplayingonlinegamesoreventalkingtostrangersinchatroomswhichisposingrealdangerstothechildren.Maintainingahealthybalancebetweenentertainmentmediaandotheractivitiesinchildren’sliveshasalwaysbeenachallengeforparents.TheInternethasmadethischallengeevenmoredifficult.TheengagingnatureofInternetcommunicationsandinteractivegamesmeansmanychildrenandteenshavetroublecontrollingthetimetheyspentonline.Unfortunatelyparentsandteachersdonotrealizethatthereisaproblemuntilitbecomesserious.TomakeitworseInternetaddictionisnotwidelyrecognizedbythemedicalcommunity.Mentalhealthpractitionerscontinuetodebatewhetherthisbehaviorisanaddictionwithsomepreferringtoidentifyitasbehaviorcontrolproblems.Childrenandyoungpeoplecaneasilybecomehookedononlineactivitiessuchasmulti-usergamesinstantmessagingwiththeirpalsandchatrooms.ThechildrenmosteasilyinfluencedaccordingtotheComputer-AddictionServicesatHarvardMedicalSchoolarethosewhoarelonelyandboredorfromfamilieswherenobodyisathometorelatetoafterschool.Childrenwhoareunpopularorshywithpeersareoftenattractedtotheopportunitiesforcreatingnewidentitiesinonlinecommunities.Boysinparticulararefrequentusersofonlinerole-playinggameswheretheyhavenewidentitiesandinteractwithotherplayers.Althoughplayingthesegameswiththousandsofotherusersmayappeartobeasocialactivityforthetroubledchildorteentoomuchplayingcanfurtherseparatethemfromfriendsandpeers.Whatgroupofpeopleisthispassageintendedtotalkto
Inasensethenewprotectionismisnotprotectionismatallatleastnotinthetraditionalsenseoftheterm.Theoldprotectionismreferredonlytotrade-restrictingandtrade-expandingdevicessuchasthetarifforexportsubsidy.Thenewprotectionismismuchbroaderthanthis;itincludesinterventionsintoforeigntradebutisnotlimitedtothem.46Thenewprotectionisminfactreferstohowthewholeofgovernmentinterventionintotheprivateeconomyaffectsinternationaltrade.Theemphasisontradeisstilltherethuscametheterm"protection".Butwhatisnewistherealizationthatvirtuallyallgovernmentactivitiescanaffectinternationaleconomicrelations. 47TheemergenceofthenewprotectionismintheWesternworldreflectsthevictoryoftheinterventionistorwelfareeconomyoverthemarketeconomy.JabTumilerwrites"Theoldprotectionism…coexistedwithoutanyapparentintellectualdifficultywiththeacceptableofthemarketasanationalaswellasaninternationaleconomicdistributionmechanism-indeedprotectionistsaswellasifnotmorethanfreetradersstoodforlaissez-faire放任政策.48Nowasinthe1930’sprotectionismisanexpressionofaprofoundskepticismastotheabilityofthemarkettodistributeresourcesandincomestosocietiessatisfaction." Itispreciselythisprofoundskepticismofthemarketeconomythatisresponsiblefortheprotectionism.Inamarketeconomyeconomicchangeofvariouscolorsimpliesredistributionsofresourcesandincomes.Thesameopinioninmanycommunitiesapparentlyisthatsuchredistributionsoftenarenotproper.Thereforethegovernmentintervenestobringaboutamoredesiredresult. ThevictoryofthewelfarestateisalmostcompleteinnorthernEurope.InSwedenNorwayFinlandDenmarkandtheNetherlandsgovernmentinterventioninalmostallaspectsofeconomicandsociallifeisconsiderednormal.49InGreatBritainthisisonlysomewhatlesstrue.GovernmenttraditionallyhasplayedaveryactiveroleineconomiclifeinFranceandcontinuedtodoso.OnlyGermanydarestogoagainstthetidetowardsexcessiveinterventionisminWesternEurope.ItalsohappenstobethemostsuccessfulWesternEuropeaneconomy. 50ThewelfarestatehasmadesignificantprogressintheUnitedStagesaswellasinWesternEurope.Socialsecurityunemploymentinsuranceminimum-wagelawsandrentcontrolarebynowtraditionalwelfarestateelementsontheAmericanscene. 50
DoyourchildrenlietoyouandtheirfriendsabouttheiractivitiesonlineDotheyfeelemptydepressedandirritablewhennotatthecomputerDotheyhaveproblemswithschoolorworkyettheyalwaysseemtofeelenergizedagainwhentheyareatthecomputerssurfingtheinternetIfyouansweredyestooneorevenmoreoftheabovequestionsyourchildrenaresufferingfrominternetaddiction.Theamountoftimekidsspendonlineisasourceofheadachesformanyparents.AtfirstparentswelcomedtheInternetintotheirhomesbelievingtheywereopeningupanexcitingnewworldofeducationalopportunitiesfortheirchildren.ButsoontotheirdisappointmentinsteadofusingtheInternetforhomeworkorresearchtheirkidswerespendinghoursinstantchattingwithfriendsplayingonlinegamesoreventalkingtostrangersinchatroomswhichisposingrealdangerstothechildren.Maintainingahealthybalancebetweenentertainmentmediaandotheractivitiesinchildren’sliveshasalwaysbeenachallengeforparents.TheInternethasmadethischallengeevenmoredifficult.TheengagingnatureofInternetcommunicationsandinteractivegamesmeansmanychildrenandteenshavetroublecontrollingthetimetheyspentonline.Unfortunatelyparentsandteachersdonotrealizethatthereisaproblemuntilitbecomesserious.TomakeitworseInternetaddictionisnotwidelyrecognizedbythemedicalcommunity.Mentalhealthpractitionerscontinuetodebatewhetherthisbehaviorisanaddictionwithsomepreferringtoidentifyitasbehaviorcontrolproblems.Childrenandyoungpeoplecaneasilybecomehookedononlineactivitiessuchasmulti-usergamesinstantmessagingwiththeirpalsandchatrooms.ThechildrenmosteasilyinfluencedaccordingtotheComputer-AddictionServicesatHarvardMedicalSchoolarethosewhoarelonelyandboredorfromfamilieswherenobodyisathometorelatetoafterschool.Childrenwhoareunpopularorshywithpeersareoftenattractedtotheopportunitiesforcreatingnewidentitiesinonlinecommunities.Boysinparticulararefrequentusersofonlinerole-playinggameswheretheyhavenewidentitiesandinteractwithotherplayers.Althoughplayingthesegameswiththousandsofotherusersmayappeartobeasocialactivityforthetroubledchildorteentoomuchplayingcanfurtherseparatethemfromfriendsandpeers.Whatseemstomakethesituationofinternetaddictionworse
Thenoblerandmoreperfectathingisthelaterandsloweritisbecomingmature.Amanreachesthemature1ofhisreasoningpowersandmentalfaculties2beforetheageoftwenty-eight;awomanateighteen.Andthentoointhecaseofwomanitistheonlyreasonofasort--verymeaninits3.Thatiswhywomenremainchildrentheirwholelifelong;neverseeing4butwhatisquiteclosetothem5fasttothepresentmomenttakingappearancefor6andpreferring7tomattersofthefirstimportance.Foritis8hisreasoningfacultythatmandoesnotliveinthepresentonly9thebrutebutlooksabouthimandconsidersthepastandthefuture;andthisistheoriginof10aswellasthatofcareandanxietywhichsomanypeople11Boththeadvantagesandthedisadvantageswhichthis12are13inbythewomantoasmallerextentbecauseofherweakerpowerofreasoning.Shemayinfactbedescribedasintellectuallyshortsighted14whileshehasanimmediateunderstandingofwhatliesquiteclosetoherherfieldof15isnarrowanddoesnotreachtowhatis16;sothatthingswhichareabsentorpastortocomehavemuchlesseffectuponwomenthanuponmen.Thisisthereasonwhywomenareinclinedtobe17andsometimescarrytheirdesiretoa18thatbordersuponmadness.Intheirheartswomenthinkitismen’sbusinesstoearnmoneyandtheirstospendit--ifpossibleduringtheirhusband’slife19atanyrateafterhisdeath.Theveryfactthattheirhusbandhandsthem20hisearningsforpurposesofhousekeepingstrengthenstheminthisbelief. 16
IftheopinionpollsaretobebelievedmostAmericansarecomingtotrusttheirgovernmentmorethantheyusedto.ThehabithasnotyetspreadwidelyamongAmericanIndianswhosuspectanorganizationwhichhassooftenpatronizedthemliedtothemanddefraudedthem.ButtheIndiansmaysoonwinavictoryinalegalbattlethatepitomizesthoseabuses.ElouiseCobellabankerwhoalsohappenstobeamemberoftheBlackfeettribeinMontanaistheleadingplaintiffinamassiveclass-actionsuitagainstthegovernment.Atissueisupto$10billionintrustpaymentsowedtosome500000Indians.ThesuitrevolvesaroundIndividualIndianMoney11MaccountsthatareadministeredbytheInteriorDepartment’sBureauofIndianAffairsBIA.Backinthe1880sthegovernmentdividedmorethan11macresoftriballandintoparcelsof80to160acresthatwereassignedtoindividualIndians.Becausetheseparcelswererarelyoccupiedbytheirnewownersthegovernmentassumedresponsibilityformanagingthem.AstheIndians’trusteeitleasedthelandoutforgrazingloggingminingandoildrilling--butitwassupposedtodistributetheroyaltiestotheIndianowners.Infactofficialsadmitthatroyaltieshavebeenlostorstolen.RecordsweredestroyedandthegovernmentlosttrackofwhichIndiansownedwhatland.Theplaintiffssaythatmoneyisowingto500000Indiansbuteventhegovernmentacceptsafigureofabout300000.ForyearsCobellheardIndianscomplainofnotgettingpaymentfromthegovernmentfortheoil-drillingandranchingleasesontheirland.Butnothingmuchgotdone.ShereturnedtoWashingtonandafterabrush-offfromgovernmentlawyersfiledthesuit.GaleNortonGeorgeBush’sinteriorsecretarywaschargedwithcontemptinNovemberbecauseherdepartmenthadfailedtofixtheproblem.InDecemberJudgeLamberthorderedtheinteriorDepartmenttoshutdownallitscomputersfortenweeksbecausetrust-fundrecordswerevulnerabletohackers.ThesystemwaspartlyrestoredlastmonthandpaymentstosomeIndianswhichhadbeeninterruptedlresumed.Andthatisnottheendofit.MsNortonhasproposedthecreationofanewBureauofIndianTrustManagementseparatefromtheBIA.Indiansarecrossthatshesuggestedthiswithoutconsultingthem.Somewantthetrustfundstobeplacedinreceivershipunderaneutralsupervisor.OthershavecalledforCongresstoestablishanindependentcommissionincludingIndianstodrawupaplanforreformingthewholesystem.Amessyinjusticemayatlastbegettingsortedout.WhatisimpliedbutnotstatedinthefirstsentenceisthatAmericanIndians
IftheopinionpollsaretobebelievedmostAmericansarecomingtotrusttheirgovernmentmorethantheyusedto.ThehabithasnotyetspreadwidelyamongAmericanIndianswhosuspectanorganizationwhichhassooftenpatronizedthemliedtothemanddefraudedthem.ButtheIndiansmaysoonwinavictoryinalegalbattlethatepitomizesthoseabuses.ElouiseCobellabankerwhoalsohappenstobeamemberoftheBlackfeettribeinMontanaistheleadingplaintiffinamassiveclass-actionsuitagainstthegovernment.Atissueisupto$10billionintrustpaymentsowedtosome500000Indians.ThesuitrevolvesaroundIndividualIndianMoney11MaccountsthatareadministeredbytheInteriorDepartment’sBureauofIndianAffairsBIA.Backinthe1880sthegovernmentdividedmorethan11macresoftriballandintoparcelsof80to160acresthatwereassignedtoindividualIndians.Becausetheseparcelswererarelyoccupiedbytheirnewownersthegovernmentassumedresponsibilityformanagingthem.AstheIndians’trusteeitleasedthelandoutforgrazingloggingminingandoildrilling--butitwassupposedtodistributetheroyaltiestotheIndianowners.Infactofficialsadmitthatroyaltieshavebeenlostorstolen.RecordsweredestroyedandthegovernmentlosttrackofwhichIndiansownedwhatland.Theplaintiffssaythatmoneyisowingto500000Indiansbuteventhegovernmentacceptsafigureofabout300000.ForyearsCobellheardIndianscomplainofnotgettingpaymentfromthegovernmentfortheoil-drillingandranchingleasesontheirland.Butnothingmuchgotdone.ShereturnedtoWashingtonandafterabrush-offfromgovernmentlawyersfiledthesuit.GaleNortonGeorgeBush’sinteriorsecretarywaschargedwithcontemptinNovemberbecauseherdepartmenthadfailedtofixtheproblem.InDecemberJudgeLamberthorderedtheinteriorDepartmenttoshutdownallitscomputersfortenweeksbecausetrust-fundrecordswerevulnerabletohackers.ThesystemwaspartlyrestoredlastmonthandpaymentstosomeIndianswhichhadbeeninterruptedlresumed.Andthatisnottheendofit.MsNortonhasproposedthecreationofanewBureauofIndianTrustManagementseparatefromtheBIA.Indiansarecrossthatshesuggestedthiswithoutconsultingthem.Somewantthetrustfundstobeplacedinreceivershipunderaneutralsupervisor.OthershavecalledforCongresstoestablishanindependentcommissionincludingIndianstodrawupaplanforreformingthewholesystem.Amessyinjusticemayatlastbegettingsortedout.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingthetext
[A]Anti-virussoftwareoftenbouncesawarningbacktothesenderofaninfectede-mailsayingthatthee-mailinquestioncannotbedeliveredbecauseitcontainsavirus.SoBig.Fwasabletospoofthissystemby"harvesting"e-mailaddressesfromtheharddisksofinfectedcomputers.Someoftheseaddresseswerethensentinfectede-mailsthathadbeendoctoredtolookasthoughtheyhadcomefromotherharvestedaddresses.Thelatterwerethussentwarningseventhoughtheirmachinesmaynothavebeeninfected. [B]Blasterworkedbycreatinga"bufferoverrunintheremoteprocedurecall".InEnglishthatearnsitattackedapieceofsoftwareusedbyMicrosoft’sWindowsoperatingsystemtoallowonecomputertocontrolanother.Itdidsobycausingthatsoftwaretousetoomuchmemory. [C]Thoughbothoftheseprogramsfellshortoftheapparentobjectivesoftheirauthorstheystillcauseddamage.ForinstancetheyforcedtheshutdownofanumberofcomputernetworksincludingtheoneusedbytheNewYorkTimesnewsroomandtheoneorganizingtrainsoperatedbyCSXafreightcompanyonAmerica’seastcoast.Computerscientistsexpectthatitisonlyamatteroftimebeforeatrulydevastatingvirusisunleashed. [D]MostwormsworkbyexploitingweaknessesinanoperatingsystembutwhoeverwroteBlasterhadaparticularlyrefinedsenseofhumoursincethewebsiteunderattackwastheonefromwhichuserscouldobtainaprogramtofixtheveryweaknessinWindowsthatthewormitselfwasexploiting. [E]OnewaytodealwithawickedwormlikeBlasteristodesignafairygodmotherwormthatgoesaroundrepairingvulnerablemachinesautomatically.InthecaseofBlastersomeoneseemstohavetriedexactlythatwithaprogramcalledWelchi.HoweveraccordingtoMr.HaleyWelchihascausedalmostasmanyproblemsasBlasteritselfbyoverwhelmingnetworkswith"pings"signalsthatcheckedforthepresenceofothercomputers. [F]SoBig.Fwasthemorevisibleofthetworecentwavesofinfectionbecauseitpropagateditselfbye-mailmeaningthatvictimsnoticedwhatwasgoingon.SoBig.Fwassoeffectivethatitcausedsubstantialdisruptioneventothoseprotectedbyanti-virussoftware.Thatwasbecausesomanycopiesofthevirusspreadsome500000computerswereinfectedthatmanymachineswereoverwhelmedbymessagesfromtheirownanti-virussoftware.Ontopofthatonecommoncounter-measurebackfiredincreasingtrafficstillfurther. [G]KevinHaleyofSymantecafirmthatmakesanti-virussoftwarethinksthatonereasonSoBig.Fwassomuchmoreeffectivethanothervirusesthatworkthiswayisbecauseitwasbetteratsearchinghard-drivesforaddresses.BrianKingofCERTaninternet-securitycentreatCarnegie-MellonUniversityinPittsburghnotesthatunlikeitsprecursorsSoBig.Fwascapableof"multi-threading":itcouldsendmultiplee-mailssimultaneouslyallowingittodispatchthousandsinminutes. 44
BurkinaFasostudentteacherHemaCecilehasalotmoretimetocrackthebooksthankstoarecentinitiativefromtheWorldBankandtheInternationalFinanceCorporationIFC.ThelaunchoftheLightingAfricaprogrambythetwoorganizationsthisyearhasmadeitpossibleforCeciletoswapkerosenelampsforasolar-poweredLEDlantern.LightingAfricaisa＄12millionprojectwhichintendstobringlighttothepoorestregionsacrosssub-SaharanAfrica.Theprogramworkswiththelightingindustrytodevelopcleanaffordablelightingandenergysolutionsformillionswithoutaccesstoelectricgrids.Itsaimistoacceleratethemarketandtodevelopeducationprogramsthatinformoff-gridpopulationscurrentlydependentoncostlyinefficientandhazardousfuel-basedlightingaboutmodernalternatives.Cecileusedtospend＄3-4amonthonkeroseneforherlamp.Thatisalargeproportionofherearnings—like70percentofthepopulationshelivesonlessthan＄2aday.IntheweekssincebuyingherlanternshehasmanagedtoreadfourbooksincludingMadameBovary.byGustaveFlaubertandEmileZola’sGerminal.Sheisamongthemostlearnedinasocietywhichhastheworld’slowestliteracyrateaccordingtoa2007UNHumanDevelopmentReport.WhenshegraduatesnextyearshewillteachinalocaljuniorschoolShemakesendsmeetbyholidayjobsasacleanerandanITtrainer.ToearnherdailyrationofcornmealshedoesshiftsfromMaytoSeptemberinacornfield.Thelanternsaredesignedtolooklikethekeroseneonestheyarereplacinginordertoincreaseadoptionamongthepopulation.Eachhasasmallsolarpanelonthetopandcostsanaverage＄30althoughsomecost＄100dependingonthesizeofthebatteryandthenumberofLEDlightsitcontains.BecauseofthelargenumberofsunlighthoursinBurkinaFasothelampscanbereliedontoworkwheneverneeded.Thebatterylifeis2-4yearsandcanbereplacedoncetheylosetheirstoragecapacity.TheLEDlightslast5-10years.AlthoughitisbarelyoutofitstrialperiodtheprojectChabannesaidtherearesignstheprojectisaboonforthepopulationinareasotherthanhouseholdsavingsandeducation.Therearefewerpeoplereportingeyeproblemstothelocalhospital./WhichoneofthefollowingisNOToneofthemeasurestopromotetheuseofthenewlanterns
DoyourchildrenlietoyouandtheirfriendsabouttheiractivitiesonlineDotheyfeelemptydepressedandirritablewhennotatthecomputerDotheyhaveproblemswithschoolorworkyettheyalwaysseemtofeelenergizedagainwhentheyareatthecomputerssurfingtheinternetIfyouansweredyestooneorevenmoreoftheabovequestionsyourchildrenaresufferingfrominternetaddiction.Theamountoftimekidsspendonlineisasourceofheadachesformanyparents.AtfirstparentswelcomedtheInternetintotheirhomesbelievingtheywereopeningupanexcitingnewworldofeducationalopportunitiesfortheirchildren.ButsoontotheirdisappointmentinsteadofusingtheInternetforhomeworkorresearchtheirkidswerespendinghoursinstantchattingwithfriendsplayingonlinegamesoreventalkingtostrangersinchatroomswhichisposingrealdangerstothechildren.Maintainingahealthybalancebetweenentertainmentmediaandotheractivitiesinchildren’sliveshasalwaysbeenachallengeforparents.TheInternethasmadethischallengeevenmoredifficult.TheengagingnatureofInternetcommunicationsandinteractivegamesmeansmanychildrenandteenshavetroublecontrollingthetimetheyspentonline.Unfortunatelyparentsandteachersdonotrealizethatthereisaproblemuntilitbecomesserious.TomakeitworseInternetaddictionisnotwidelyrecognizedbythemedicalcommunity.Mentalhealthpractitionerscontinuetodebatewhetherthisbehaviorisanaddictionwithsomepreferringtoidentifyitasbehaviorcontrolproblems.Childrenandyoungpeoplecaneasilybecomehookedononlineactivitiessuchasmulti-usergamesinstantmessagingwiththeirpalsandchatrooms.ThechildrenmosteasilyinfluencedaccordingtotheComputer-AddictionServicesatHarvardMedicalSchoolarethosewhoarelonelyandboredorfromfamilieswherenobodyisathometorelatetoafterschool.Childrenwhoareunpopularorshywithpeersareoftenattractedtotheopportunitiesforcreatingnewidentitiesinonlinecommunities.Boysinparticulararefrequentusersofonlinerole-playinggameswheretheyhavenewidentitiesandinteractwithotherplayers.Althoughplayingthesegameswiththousandsofotherusersmayappeartobeasocialactivityforthetroubledchildorteentoomuchplayingcanfurtherseparatethemfromfriendsandpeers.WhichoneofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasoneoftheactivitieschildrendoingonlinethataregivingparentsheadaches
Thetermnationalismisgenerallyusedtodescribetwophenomena:1themembersofanationcareabouttheirnationalidentityand2thatthemembersofanationseektoachieveorsustainself-determination.Itistraditionalthereforetodistinguishnationsfromstates—whereasanationoftenconsistsofanethnicorculturalcommunityastateisapoliticalentitywithahighdegreeofsovereignty.Whilemanystatesarenationsinsomesensetherearemanynationswhicharenotfullysovereignstates.AsanexampletheNativeAmericanIroquoisconstituteanationbutnotastatesincetheydonotpossesstherequisitepoliticalauthorityovertheirinternalorexternalaffairs.IfthemembersoftheIroquoisnationweretostrivetoformasovereignstateintheefforttopreservetheiridentityasapeopletheywouldbeexhibitingastate—focusednationalism.Nationalismhaslongbeenignoredasatopicinpoliticalphilosophywrittenoffasarelicfrombygonetimes.Ithasonlyrecentlycomeintothefocusofphilosophicaldebate.Thesurgeofnationalismusuallypresentsamorallyambivalentandforthisreasonoftenfascinatingpicture.Nationalawakeningsandstrugglesforpoliticalindependenceareoftenbothheroicandinhumanlycruel;theformationofarecognizablynationalstateoftenrespondstodeeppopularsentimentbutcananddoessometimesbringinitswakeinhumanconsequencesincludingviolentexpulsionandcleansingofnon-nationalsallthewaytoorganizedmassmurder.Themoraldebateonnationalismreflectsadeepmoraltensionbetweensolidaritywithoppressednationalgroupsontheonehandandrepulsioninthefaceofcrimesperpetratedinthenameofnationalismontheother.Nationalismmaymanifestitselfaspartofofficialstateideologyorasapopularnon-statemovementandmaybeexpressedalongcivicethnicculturalreligiousorideologicallines.Theseself-definitionsofthenationareusedtoclassifytypesofnationalism.Howeversuchcategoriesarenotmutuallyexclusiveandmanynationalistmovementscombinesomeoralloftheseelementstovaryingdegrees.Nationalistmovementscanalsobeclassifiedbyothercriteriasuchasscaleandlocation.Nationalismdoesnotnecessarilyimplyabeliefinthesuperiorityofoneraceoverothersbutinpracticemanynationalistssupportracialprotectionismorracialsupremacy.Suchracismistypicallybaseduponpreferenceorsuperiorityoftheindigenousraceofthenation.Nationalismwillbecomeracismwhenitiscombinedwith______.
Thenoblerandmoreperfectathingisthelaterandsloweritisbecomingmature.Amanreachesthemature1ofhisreasoningpowersandmentalfaculties2beforetheageoftwenty-eight;awomanateighteen.Andthentoointhecaseofwomanitistheonlyreasonofasort--verymeaninits3.Thatiswhywomenremainchildrentheirwholelifelong;neverseeing4butwhatisquiteclosetothem5fasttothepresentmomenttakingappearancefor6andpreferring7tomattersofthefirstimportance.Foritis8hisreasoningfacultythatmandoesnotliveinthepresentonly9thebrutebutlooksabouthimandconsidersthepastandthefuture;andthisistheoriginof10aswellasthatofcareandanxietywhichsomanypeople11Boththeadvantagesandthedisadvantageswhichthis12are13inbythewomantoasmallerextentbecauseofherweakerpowerofreasoning.Shemayinfactbedescribedasintellectuallyshortsighted14whileshehasanimmediateunderstandingofwhatliesquiteclosetoherherfieldof15isnarrowanddoesnotreachtowhatis16;sothatthingswhichareabsentorpastortocomehavemuchlesseffectuponwomenthanuponmen.Thisisthereasonwhywomenareinclinedtobe17andsometimescarrytheirdesiretoa18thatbordersuponmadness.Intheirheartswomenthinkitismen’sbusinesstoearnmoneyandtheirstospendit--ifpossibleduringtheirhusband’slife19atanyrateafterhisdeath.Theveryfactthattheirhusbandhandsthem20hisearningsforpurposesofhousekeepingstrengthenstheminthisbelief. 18
BurkinaFasostudentteacherHemaCecilehasalotmoretimetocrackthebooksthankstoarecentinitiativefromtheWorldBankandtheInternationalFinanceCorporationIFC.ThelaunchoftheLightingAfricaprogrambythetwoorganizationsthisyearhasmadeitpossibleforCeciletoswapkerosenelampsforasolar-poweredLEDlantern.LightingAfricaisa＄12millionprojectwhichintendstobringlighttothepoorestregionsacrosssub-SaharanAfrica.Theprogramworkswiththelightingindustrytodevelopcleanaffordablelightingandenergysolutionsformillionswithoutaccesstoelectricgrids.Itsaimistoacceleratethemarketandtodevelopeducationprogramsthatinformoff-gridpopulationscurrentlydependentoncostlyinefficientandhazardousfuel-basedlightingaboutmodernalternatives.Cecileusedtospend＄3-4amonthonkeroseneforherlamp.Thatisalargeproportionofherearnings—like70percentofthepopulationshelivesonlessthan＄2aday.IntheweekssincebuyingherlanternshehasmanagedtoreadfourbooksincludingMadameBovary.byGustaveFlaubertandEmileZola’sGerminal.Sheisamongthemostlearnedinasocietywhichhastheworld’slowestliteracyrateaccordingtoa2007UNHumanDevelopmentReport.WhenshegraduatesnextyearshewillteachinalocaljuniorschoolShemakesendsmeetbyholidayjobsasacleanerandanITtrainer.ToearnherdailyrationofcornmealshedoesshiftsfromMaytoSeptemberinacornfield.Thelanternsaredesignedtolooklikethekeroseneonestheyarereplacinginordertoincreaseadoptionamongthepopulation.Eachhasasmallsolarpanelonthetopandcostsanaverage＄30althoughsomecost＄100dependingonthesizeofthebatteryandthenumberofLEDlightsitcontains.BecauseofthelargenumberofsunlighthoursinBurkinaFasothelampscanbereliedontoworkwheneverneeded.Thebatterylifeis2-4yearsandcanbereplacedoncetheylosetheirstoragecapacity.TheLEDlightslast5-10years.AlthoughitisbarelyoutofitstrialperiodtheprojectChabannesaidtherearesignstheprojectisaboonforthepopulationinareasotherthanhouseholdsavingsandeducation.Therearefewerpeoplereportingeyeproblemstothelocalhospital./ThepurposeoftheLightingAfricaprogramisto______.
Thenoblerandmoreperfectathingisthelaterandsloweritisbecomingmature.Amanreachesthemature1ofhisreasoningpowersandmentalfaculties2beforetheageoftwenty-eight;awomanateighteen.Andthentoointhecaseofwomanitistheonlyreasonofasort--verymeaninits3.Thatiswhywomenremainchildrentheirwholelifelong;neverseeing4butwhatisquiteclosetothem5fasttothepresentmomenttakingappearancefor6andpreferring7tomattersofthefirstimportance.Foritis8hisreasoningfacultythatmandoesnotliveinthepresentonly9thebrutebutlooksabouthimandconsidersthepastandthefuture;andthisistheoriginof10aswellasthatofcareandanxietywhichsomanypeople11Boththeadvantagesandthedisadvantageswhichthis12are13inbythewomantoasmallerextentbecauseofherweakerpowerofreasoning.Shemayinfactbedescribedasintellectuallyshortsighted14whileshehasanimmediateunderstandingofwhatliesquiteclosetoherherfieldof15isnarrowanddoesnotreachtowhatis16;sothatthingswhichareabsentorpastortocomehavemuchlesseffectuponwomenthanuponmen.Thisisthereasonwhywomenareinclinedtobe17andsometimescarrytheirdesiretoa18thatbordersuponmadness.Intheirheartswomenthinkitismen’sbusinesstoearnmoneyandtheirstospendit--ifpossibleduringtheirhusband’slife19atanyrateafterhisdeath.Theveryfactthattheirhusbandhandsthem20hisearningsforpurposesofhousekeepingstrengthenstheminthisbelief. 14
Thenoblerandmoreperfectathingisthelaterandsloweritisbecomingmature.Amanreachesthemature1ofhisreasoningpowersandmentalfaculties2beforetheageoftwenty-eight;awomanateighteen.Andthentoointhecaseofwomanitistheonlyreasonofasort--verymeaninits3.Thatiswhywomenremainchildrentheirwholelifelong;neverseeing4butwhatisquiteclosetothem5fasttothepresentmomenttakingappearancefor6andpreferring7tomattersofthefirstimportance.Foritis8hisreasoningfacultythatmandoesnotliveinthepresentonly9thebrutebutlooksabouthimandconsidersthepastandthefuture;andthisistheoriginof10aswellasthatofcareandanxietywhichsomanypeople11Boththeadvantagesandthedisadvantageswhichthis12are13inbythewomantoasmallerextentbecauseofherweakerpowerofreasoning.Shemayinfactbedescribedasintellectuallyshortsighted14whileshehasanimmediateunderstandingofwhatliesquiteclosetoherherfieldof15isnarrowanddoesnotreachtowhatis16;sothatthingswhichareabsentorpastortocomehavemuchlesseffectuponwomenthanuponmen.Thisisthereasonwhywomenareinclinedtobe17andsometimescarrytheirdesiretoa18thatbordersuponmadness.Intheirheartswomenthinkitismen’sbusinesstoearnmoneyandtheirstospendit--ifpossibleduringtheirhusband’slife19atanyrateafterhisdeath.Theveryfactthattheirhusbandhandsthem20hisearningsforpurposesofhousekeepingstrengthenstheminthisbelief. 6
Thenoblerandmoreperfectathingisthelaterandsloweritisbecomingmature.Amanreachesthemature1ofhisreasoningpowersandmentalfaculties2beforetheageoftwenty-eight;awomanateighteen.Andthentoointhecaseofwomanitistheonlyreasonofasort--verymeaninits3.Thatiswhywomenremainchildrentheirwholelifelong;neverseeing4butwhatisquiteclosetothem5fasttothepresentmomenttakingappearancefor6andpreferring7tomattersofthefirstimportance.Foritis8hisreasoningfacultythatmandoesnotliveinthepresentonly9thebrutebutlooksabouthimandconsidersthepastandthefuture;andthisistheoriginof10aswellasthatofcareandanxietywhichsomanypeople11Boththeadvantagesandthedisadvantageswhichthis12are13inbythewomantoasmallerextentbecauseofherweakerpowerofreasoning.Shemayinfactbedescribedasintellectuallyshortsighted14whileshehasanimmediateunderstandingofwhatliesquiteclosetoherherfieldof15isnarrowanddoesnotreachtowhatis16;sothatthingswhichareabsentorpastortocomehavemuchlesseffectuponwomenthanuponmen.Thisisthereasonwhywomenareinclinedtobe17andsometimescarrytheirdesiretoa18thatbordersuponmadness.Intheirheartswomenthinkitismen’sbusinesstoearnmoneyandtheirstospendit--ifpossibleduringtheirhusband’slife19atanyrateafterhisdeath.Theveryfactthattheirhusbandhandsthem20hisearningsforpurposesofhousekeepingstrengthenstheminthisbelief. 10
Thenoblerandmoreperfectathingisthelaterandsloweritisbecomingmature.Amanreachesthemature1ofhisreasoningpowersandmentalfaculties2beforetheageoftwenty-eight;awomanateighteen.Andthentoointhecaseofwomanitistheonlyreasonofasort--verymeaninits3.Thatiswhywomenremainchildrentheirwholelifelong;neverseeing4butwhatisquiteclosetothem5fasttothepresentmomenttakingappearancefor6andpreferring7tomattersofthefirstimportance.Foritis8hisreasoningfacultythatmandoesnotliveinthepresentonly9thebrutebutlooksabouthimandconsidersthepastandthefuture;andthisistheoriginof10aswellasthatofcareandanxietywhichsomanypeople11Boththeadvantagesandthedisadvantageswhichthis12are13inbythewomantoasmallerextentbecauseofherweakerpowerofreasoning.Shemayinfactbedescribedasintellectuallyshortsighted14whileshehasanimmediateunderstandingofwhatliesquiteclosetoherherfieldof15isnarrowanddoesnotreachtowhatis16;sothatthingswhichareabsentorpastortocomehavemuchlesseffectuponwomenthanuponmen.Thisisthereasonwhywomenareinclinedtobe17andsometimescarrytheirdesiretoa18thatbordersuponmadness.Intheirheartswomenthinkitismen’sbusinesstoearnmoneyandtheirstospendit--ifpossibleduringtheirhusband’slife19atanyrateafterhisdeath.Theveryfactthattheirhusbandhandsthem20hisearningsforpurposesofhousekeepingstrengthenstheminthisbelief. 20
Directions: Studythefollowingchartcarefullyandwriteanarticle.Inyourarticleyoushouldcoverthefollowingpoints: 1describethephenomenon; 2analyzethephenomenonandgiveyourcommentonit. Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
IftheopinionpollsaretobebelievedmostAmericansarecomingtotrusttheirgovernmentmorethantheyusedto.ThehabithasnotyetspreadwidelyamongAmericanIndianswhosuspectanorganizationwhichhassooftenpatronizedthemliedtothemanddefraudedthem.ButtheIndiansmaysoonwinavictoryinalegalbattlethatepitomizesthoseabuses.ElouiseCobellabankerwhoalsohappenstobeamemberoftheBlackfeettribeinMontanaistheleadingplaintiffinamassiveclass-actionsuitagainstthegovernment.Atissueisupto$10billionintrustpaymentsowedtosome500000Indians.ThesuitrevolvesaroundIndividualIndianMoney11MaccountsthatareadministeredbytheInteriorDepartment’sBureauofIndianAffairsBIA.Backinthe1880sthegovernmentdividedmorethan11macresoftriballandintoparcelsof80to160acresthatwereassignedtoindividualIndians.Becausetheseparcelswererarelyoccupiedbytheirnewownersthegovernmentassumedresponsibilityformanagingthem.AstheIndians’trusteeitleasedthelandoutforgrazingloggingminingandoildrilling--butitwassupposedtodistributetheroyaltiestotheIndianowners.Infactofficialsadmitthatroyaltieshavebeenlostorstolen.RecordsweredestroyedandthegovernmentlosttrackofwhichIndiansownedwhatland.Theplaintiffssaythatmoneyisowingto500000Indiansbuteventhegovernmentacceptsafigureofabout300000.ForyearsCobellheardIndianscomplainofnotgettingpaymentfromthegovernmentfortheoil-drillingandranchingleasesontheirland.Butnothingmuchgotdone.ShereturnedtoWashingtonandafterabrush-offfromgovernmentlawyersfiledthesuit.GaleNortonGeorgeBush’sinteriorsecretarywaschargedwithcontemptinNovemberbecauseherdepartmenthadfailedtofixtheproblem.InDecemberJudgeLamberthorderedtheinteriorDepartmenttoshutdownallitscomputersfortenweeksbecausetrust-fundrecordswerevulnerabletohackers.ThesystemwaspartlyrestoredlastmonthandpaymentstosomeIndianswhichhadbeeninterruptedlresumed.Andthatisnottheendofit.MsNortonhasproposedthecreationofanewBureauofIndianTrustManagementseparatefromtheBIA.Indiansarecrossthatshesuggestedthiswithoutconsultingthem.Somewantthetrustfundstobeplacedinreceivershipunderaneutralsupervisor.OthershavecalledforCongresstoestablishanindependentcommissionincludingIndianstodrawupaplanforreformingthewholesystem.Amessyinjusticemayatlastbegettingsortedout.Whenmentioningparcelsof80to160acresthewriteristalkingabout
Thenoblerandmoreperfectathingisthelaterandsloweritisbecomingmature.Amanreachesthemature1ofhisreasoningpowersandmentalfaculties2beforetheageoftwenty-eight;awomanateighteen.Andthentoointhecaseofwomanitistheonlyreasonofasort--verymeaninits3.Thatiswhywomenremainchildrentheirwholelifelong;neverseeing4butwhatisquiteclosetothem5fasttothepresentmomenttakingappearancefor6andpreferring7tomattersofthefirstimportance.Foritis8hisreasoningfacultythatmandoesnotliveinthepresentonly9thebrutebutlooksabouthimandconsidersthepastandthefuture;andthisistheoriginof10aswellasthatofcareandanxietywhichsomanypeople11Boththeadvantagesandthedisadvantageswhichthis12are13inbythewomantoasmallerextentbecauseofherweakerpowerofreasoning.Shemayinfactbedescribedasintellectuallyshortsighted14whileshehasanimmediateunderstandingofwhatliesquiteclosetoherherfieldof15isnarrowanddoesnotreachtowhatis16;sothatthingswhichareabsentorpastortocomehavemuchlesseffectuponwomenthanuponmen.Thisisthereasonwhywomenareinclinedtobe17andsometimescarrytheirdesiretoa18thatbordersuponmadness.Intheirheartswomenthinkitismen’sbusinesstoearnmoneyandtheirstospendit--ifpossibleduringtheirhusband’slife19atanyrateafterhisdeath.Theveryfactthattheirhusbandhandsthem20hisearningsforpurposesofhousekeepingstrengthenstheminthisbelief. 4
Thetermnationalismisgenerallyusedtodescribetwophenomena:1themembersofanationcareabouttheirnationalidentityand2thatthemembersofanationseektoachieveorsustainself-determination.Itistraditionalthereforetodistinguishnationsfromstates—whereasanationoftenconsistsofanethnicorculturalcommunityastateisapoliticalentitywithahighdegreeofsovereignty.Whilemanystatesarenationsinsomesensetherearemanynationswhicharenotfullysovereignstates.AsanexampletheNativeAmericanIroquoisconstituteanationbutnotastatesincetheydonotpossesstherequisitepoliticalauthorityovertheirinternalorexternalaffairs.IfthemembersoftheIroquoisnationweretostrivetoformasovereignstateintheefforttopreservetheiridentityasapeopletheywouldbeexhibitingastate—focusednationalism.Nationalismhaslongbeenignoredasatopicinpoliticalphilosophywrittenoffasarelicfrombygonetimes.Ithasonlyrecentlycomeintothefocusofphilosophicaldebate.Thesurgeofnationalismusuallypresentsamorallyambivalentandforthisreasonoftenfascinatingpicture.Nationalawakeningsandstrugglesforpoliticalindependenceareoftenbothheroicandinhumanlycruel;theformationofarecognizablynationalstateoftenrespondstodeeppopularsentimentbutcananddoessometimesbringinitswakeinhumanconsequencesincludingviolentexpulsionandcleansingofnon-nationalsallthewaytoorganizedmassmurder.Themoraldebateonnationalismreflectsadeepmoraltensionbetweensolidaritywithoppressednationalgroupsontheonehandandrepulsioninthefaceofcrimesperpetratedinthenameofnationalismontheother.Nationalismmaymanifestitselfaspartofofficialstateideologyorasapopularnon-statemovementandmaybeexpressedalongcivicethnicculturalreligiousorideologicallines.Theseself-definitionsofthenationareusedtoclassifytypesofnationalism.Howeversuchcategoriesarenotmutuallyexclusiveandmanynationalistmovementscombinesomeoralloftheseelementstovaryingdegrees.Nationalistmovementscanalsobeclassifiedbyothercriteriasuchasscaleandlocation.Nationalismdoesnotnecessarilyimplyabeliefinthesuperiorityofoneraceoverothersbutinpracticemanynationalistssupportracialprotectionismorracialsupremacy.Suchracismistypicallybaseduponpreferenceorsuperiorityoftheindigenousraceofthenation.ThewordambivalentLine3Paragraph3mostprobablymeans______.
[A]Anti-virussoftwareoftenbouncesawarningbacktothesenderofaninfectede-mailsayingthatthee-mailinquestioncannotbedeliveredbecauseitcontainsavirus.SoBig.Fwasabletospoofthissystemby"harvesting"e-mailaddressesfromtheharddisksofinfectedcomputers.Someoftheseaddresseswerethensentinfectede-mailsthathadbeendoctoredtolookasthoughtheyhadcomefromotherharvestedaddresses.Thelatterwerethussentwarningseventhoughtheirmachinesmaynothavebeeninfected. [B]Blasterworkedbycreatinga"bufferoverrunintheremoteprocedurecall".InEnglishthatearnsitattackedapieceofsoftwareusedbyMicrosoft’sWindowsoperatingsystemtoallowonecomputertocontrolanother.Itdidsobycausingthatsoftwaretousetoomuchmemory. [C]Thoughbothoftheseprogramsfellshortoftheapparentobjectivesoftheirauthorstheystillcauseddamage.ForinstancetheyforcedtheshutdownofanumberofcomputernetworksincludingtheoneusedbytheNewYorkTimesnewsroomandtheoneorganizingtrainsoperatedbyCSXafreightcompanyonAmerica’seastcoast.Computerscientistsexpectthatitisonlyamatteroftimebeforeatrulydevastatingvirusisunleashed. [D]MostwormsworkbyexploitingweaknessesinanoperatingsystembutwhoeverwroteBlasterhadaparticularlyrefinedsenseofhumoursincethewebsiteunderattackwastheonefromwhichuserscouldobtainaprogramtofixtheveryweaknessinWindowsthatthewormitselfwasexploiting. [E]OnewaytodealwithawickedwormlikeBlasteristodesignafairygodmotherwormthatgoesaroundrepairingvulnerablemachinesautomatically.InthecaseofBlastersomeoneseemstohavetriedexactlythatwithaprogramcalledWelchi.HoweveraccordingtoMr.HaleyWelchihascausedalmostasmanyproblemsasBlasteritselfbyoverwhelmingnetworkswith"pings"signalsthatcheckedforthepresenceofothercomputers. [F]SoBig.Fwasthemorevisibleofthetworecentwavesofinfectionbecauseitpropagateditselfbye-mailmeaningthatvictimsnoticedwhatwasgoingon.SoBig.Fwassoeffectivethatitcausedsubstantialdisruptioneventothoseprotectedbyanti-virussoftware.Thatwasbecausesomanycopiesofthevirusspreadsome500000computerswereinfectedthatmanymachineswereoverwhelmedbymessagesfromtheirownanti-virussoftware.Ontopofthatonecommoncounter-measurebackfiredincreasingtrafficstillfurther. [G]KevinHaleyofSymantecafirmthatmakesanti-virussoftwarethinksthatonereasonSoBig.Fwassomuchmoreeffectivethanothervirusesthatworkthiswayisbecauseitwasbetteratsearchinghard-drivesforaddresses.BrianKingofCERTaninternet-securitycentreatCarnegie-MellonUniversityinPittsburghnotesthatunlikeitsprecursorsSoBig.Fwascapableof"multi-threading":itcouldsendmultiplee-mailssimultaneouslyallowingittodispatchthousandsinminutes. 42
Thenoblerandmoreperfectathingisthelaterandsloweritisbecomingmature.Amanreachesthemature1ofhisreasoningpowersandmentalfaculties2beforetheageoftwenty-eight;awomanateighteen.Andthentoointhecaseofwomanitistheonlyreasonofasort--verymeaninits3.Thatiswhywomenremainchildrentheirwholelifelong;neverseeing4butwhatisquiteclosetothem5fasttothepresentmomenttakingappearancefor6andpreferring7tomattersofthefirstimportance.Foritis8hisreasoningfacultythatmandoesnotliveinthepresentonly9thebrutebutlooksabouthimandconsidersthepastandthefuture;andthisistheoriginof10aswellasthatofcareandanxietywhichsomanypeople11Boththeadvantagesandthedisadvantageswhichthis12are13inbythewomantoasmallerextentbecauseofherweakerpowerofreasoning.Shemayinfactbedescribedasintellectuallyshortsighted14whileshehasanimmediateunderstandingofwhatliesquiteclosetoherherfieldof15isnarrowanddoesnotreachtowhatis16;sothatthingswhichareabsentorpastortocomehavemuchlesseffectuponwomenthanuponmen.Thisisthereasonwhywomenareinclinedtobe17andsometimescarrytheirdesiretoa18thatbordersuponmadness.Intheirheartswomenthinkitismen’sbusinesstoearnmoneyandtheirstospendit--ifpossibleduringtheirhusband’slife19atanyrateafterhisdeath.Theveryfactthattheirhusbandhandsthem20hisearningsforpurposesofhousekeepingstrengthenstheminthisbelief. 2
Thenoblerandmoreperfectathingisthelaterandsloweritisbecomingmature.Amanreachesthemature1ofhisreasoningpowersandmentalfaculties2beforetheageoftwenty-eight;awomanateighteen.Andthentoointhecaseofwomanitistheonlyreasonofasort--verymeaninits3.Thatiswhywomenremainchildrentheirwholelifelong;neverseeing4butwhatisquiteclosetothem5fasttothepresentmomenttakingappearancefor6andpreferring7tomattersofthefirstimportance.Foritis8hisreasoningfacultythatmandoesnotliveinthepresentonly9thebrutebutlooksabouthimandconsidersthepastandthefuture;andthisistheoriginof10aswellasthatofcareandanxietywhichsomanypeople11Boththeadvantagesandthedisadvantageswhichthis12are13inbythewomantoasmallerextentbecauseofherweakerpowerofreasoning.Shemayinfactbedescribedasintellectuallyshortsighted14whileshehasanimmediateunderstandingofwhatliesquiteclosetoherherfieldof15isnarrowanddoesnotreachtowhatis16;sothatthingswhichareabsentorpastortocomehavemuchlesseffectuponwomenthanuponmen.Thisisthereasonwhywomenareinclinedtobe17andsometimescarrytheirdesiretoa18thatbordersuponmadness.Intheirheartswomenthinkitismen’sbusinesstoearnmoneyandtheirstospendit--ifpossibleduringtheirhusband’slife19atanyrateafterhisdeath.Theveryfactthattheirhusbandhandsthem20hisearningsforpurposesofhousekeepingstrengthenstheminthisbelief. 12
Thetermnationalismisgenerallyusedtodescribetwophenomena:1themembersofanationcareabouttheirnationalidentityand2thatthemembersofanationseektoachieveorsustainself-determination.Itistraditionalthereforetodistinguishnationsfromstates—whereasanationoftenconsistsofanethnicorculturalcommunityastateisapoliticalentitywithahighdegreeofsovereignty.Whilemanystatesarenationsinsomesensetherearemanynationswhicharenotfullysovereignstates.AsanexampletheNativeAmericanIroquoisconstituteanationbutnotastatesincetheydonotpossesstherequisitepoliticalauthorityovertheirinternalorexternalaffairs.IfthemembersoftheIroquoisnationweretostrivetoformasovereignstateintheefforttopreservetheiridentityasapeopletheywouldbeexhibitingastate—focusednationalism.Nationalismhaslongbeenignoredasatopicinpoliticalphilosophywrittenoffasarelicfrombygonetimes.Ithasonlyrecentlycomeintothefocusofphilosophicaldebate.Thesurgeofnationalismusuallypresentsamorallyambivalentandforthisreasonoftenfascinatingpicture.Nationalawakeningsandstrugglesforpoliticalindependenceareoftenbothheroicandinhumanlycruel;theformationofarecognizablynationalstateoftenrespondstodeeppopularsentimentbutcananddoessometimesbringinitswakeinhumanconsequencesincludingviolentexpulsionandcleansingofnon-nationalsallthewaytoorganizedmassmurder.Themoraldebateonnationalismreflectsadeepmoraltensionbetweensolidaritywithoppressednationalgroupsontheonehandandrepulsioninthefaceofcrimesperpetratedinthenameofnationalismontheother.Nationalismmaymanifestitselfaspartofofficialstateideologyorasapopularnon-statemovementandmaybeexpressedalongcivicethnicculturalreligiousorideologicallines.Theseself-definitionsofthenationareusedtoclassifytypesofnationalism.Howeversuchcategoriesarenotmutuallyexclusiveandmanynationalistmovementscombinesomeoralloftheseelementstovaryingdegrees.Nationalistmovementscanalsobeclassifiedbyothercriteriasuchasscaleandlocation.Nationalismdoesnotnecessarilyimplyabeliefinthesuperiorityofoneraceoverothersbutinpracticemanynationalistssupportracialprotectionismorracialsupremacy.Suchracismistypicallybaseduponpreferenceorsuperiorityoftheindigenousraceofthenation.Thetwophenomenamentionedinparagraph1canbesummarizedas______.
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