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In a sense, the new protectionism is not protectionism at all, at least not in the traditional se...
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TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.ItisanaspectofHuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.12
What’syourearliestmemoryDoyourememberlearningtowalkThebirthofasiblingNurseryschoolAdultsrarelyremembereventsfrommuchbeforekindergartenjustaschildrenyoungerthan3or4seldomrecallanyspecificexperiencesasdistinctfromgeneralknowledge.Psychologistshavefloatedallsortsofexplanationsforthis“childhoodamnesia”.Thereductionistsappealedtotheneurologicalarguingthatthehippocampusthebrainregionresponsibleforformingmemoriesdoesn’tmatureuntilabouttheageof2.Butthereigningtheoryholdsthatsinceadultsdonotthinklikechildrentheycannotaccesschildhoodmemories.Adultsarestruckwithgrown-up“schema”thebarebonesofnarratives.46Whentheyrifflethroughthementalfilingcabinetinsearchoffragmentsofchildhoodmemoriestohangonthisnarrativeskeletonaccordingtothistheorytheydon’tfindanythatfit.It’sliketryingtofindtheFrenchwordinanEnglishindex. NowpsychologistKatherineNelsonoftheCityUniversityofNewYorkoffersanewexplanationforchildhoodamnesia.47Shearguesthatchildrendon’tevenformlastinglong-termmemoriesofpersonalexperiencesuntiltheylearntousesomeoneelse’sdescriptionofthoseexperiencestoturntheirownshort-termfleetingrecollectionsintopermanentmemories.Inotherwordschildrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkaboutthem—hearMomrecountthatdays’triptothedinosaurmuseumhearDadre-memberaloudtheirtriptotheamusementpark. WhyshouldmemorydependsoheavilyonnarrativeNelsonmarshalsevidencethatthemindstructuresremembrancesthatway.48Childrenwhosemotherstalkabouttheday’sactivitiesastheywinddowntowardbedtimeforinstanceremembermoreoftheday’sspecialeventsthandochildrenwhosemothersdon’tofferthisnovelisticframework.Talkingaboutaneventinanarrativewayhelpsachildrememberit.49Andlearningtostructurememoriesasalong-runningnarrativeNelsonsuggestsisthekeytoapermanent“autobiographicalmemory”thespecificremembrancesthatformone’slifestory.Whatyouhadforlunchyesterdayisn’tpartofit;whatyouateonyourfirstdatewithyourfuturespousemaybe. Languageofcourseisthekeytosuchanarrative.Childrenlearntoengageintalkaboutthepast.Theestablishmentofthesememoriesisrelatedtotheexperienceoftalkingtootherpeopleaboutthem.50Inparticularachildmustrecognizethataretelling—ofthatmuseumtripsay—isjustthetripitselfinanothermediumthatofspeechratherthanexperience.Thatdoesn’thappenuntilthechildisperhapsfourorfive.Bythetimeshe’sreadyforkindergartenshe’llrememberallsortsofthings.Andshemayevenbythenhavelearned’nottoblurtthemoutinpublic. Whentheyrifflethroughthementalfilingcabinetinsearchoffragmentsofchildhoodmemoriestohangonthisnarrativeskeletonaccordingtothistheorytheydon’tfindanythatfit.
Comeonmyfellowwhitefolkswehavesomethingtoconfess.Outwithitfriendsthebiggestsecretknowntowhitessincetheinventionofpowderedrouge:welfareisawhiteprogram.Thenumbersgolikethis:61%ofthepopulationreceivingwelfarelistedasmeans-testedcashassistancebytheCensusBureauisidentifiedaswhitewhileonly33%isidentifiedasblack.ThesenumbersnotwithstandingtheRepublicanversionofpoliticalcorrectnesshasgivenuswelfarecheatasanewtermforAfricanAmericansincetheearlydaysofRonaldReagan.Ourconfessionsurelystands:whitefolkshavebeengobblingupthewelfarebudgetwhileblamingsomeoneelse.Butit’sworsethanthat.IfwelookatSocialSecuritywhichisanotherformofwelfarealthoughitisoftenmistakenforanindividualinsuranceprogramthenwhitesaretheoneswhoarecrowdingthetrough.Wereceivealmosttwiceasmuchpercapitaforanaggregateadvantagetoourraceof$10billionayear--muchmorethanthe$3.9billionadvantageAfricanAmericangainfromtheirdisproportionateshareofwelfare.Onesadreason:whitesliveanaverageofsixyearslongerthanAfricanAmericansmeaningthatyoungblackworkershelpsubsidizeahugeandgrowingover-classofwhiteretirees.Idonotseeourconfessionbringingmuchrelief.There’sareasonforresentmentthoughithasmoretodowithclassthanwithrace.Whitepeoplearepoortooandinnumbersfarexceedinganyofourmoregenerouslypigmentedsocialgroups.Andpovertyasdefinedbythegovernmentisavastunderestimationoftheeconomicterrorthatpersistsatincomes--suchas$20000oreven$40000andabove--thatweliketothinkofasmiddleclass.Theproblemisnotthatwelfareistoogeneroustoblacksbutthatsocialwelfareingeneralistoostingytoallconcerned.Naturallywhitesintheswellingnearpoorcategoryresentthenotionofwholeracessupposedlyfrolickingattheirexpense.Whitesnearpoorandmiddleclassneedhelptoo--asdothemanyAfricanAmericans.Sowewhitefolkshaveachoice.Wecankeeppretendingthatwelfareisblackprogramandaschemefortransferringourearningstothepocketsofshiftlessdark-skinnedpeople.Orwecanclearourthroatsblushprettilyandadmitthatwearehurtingtoo--forcashassistancewhenwe’redownandoutforhealthinsuranceforcollegeaidandalltherest.RacialscapegoatinghasitscharmsIwilladmit:thesurgeofrighteousangereventhefun--forthoseinclined--ofwearingsheetsandburningcrosses.Buttherearebetternoblersourcesofwhiteprideitseemstome.Rememberthis:onlywecantrulydeeplyblush.Thefunctionofthelastparagraphis
Thelevelofeconomicandindustrialdevelopmentenjoyedbyastateaffectstheforeignpolicygoalsitcanpursue.46Asageneralpropositionthemoredevelopedastateiseconomicallythemorelikelyitisthatitwillplayanactivistroleintheworldpoliticaleconomy.Richnationshaveintereststhatextendfarbeyondtheirbordersandtypicallycommandthemeansnecessarytopursueandprotectthem.47Notcoincidentallycountriesthatenjoyindustrialcapabilitiesandextensiveinvolvementininternationaltradealsotendtobemilitarilypowerfulinpartbecausemilitarymightisafunctionofeconomiccapabilities.FortwodecadesafterworldwartwotheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnionstoodoutassuperpowerspreciselybecausetheybenefitedfromthatcombinationofeconomicandmilitarycapabilityincludingextensivearsenalsofnuclearweaponsandthemeanstodeliverthemanywherethatenabledbothtopracticeunrestrainedglobalism.Theirimperialreachandinterventionistbehaviorswereseeminglyunrestrainedbylimitedwealthorresources.Infactmajorpowershavebeeninvolvedinforeignconflictmorefrequentlythanminorpowers. Althougheconomicallyadvancednationsaremoreactivegloballythisdoesnotmeanthattheirprivilegedcircumstancesdictateadventuresomepolicies.Richnationsareusually"satisfied"onesthathavemuchtolosefromtheonsetofrevolutionarychangeorglobalinstability.48Forthisreasontheyusuallyperceivepreservationofthestatusquoasservingtheirinterestsbestandtheyoftenpracticeinternationaleconomicpoliciesdesignedtoprotectandexpandtheirenviedpositionatthepinnacleoftheglobalhierarchy. Levelsofproductivityandprosperityalsoaffecttheforeignpoliciesofthepoorstatesatthebottomofthehierarchy.49Somerespondtotheireconomicweaknessbycomplyingsubservientlywiththewishesoftherichonwhichtheydepend.Othersrebeldefiantlyandtheysometimessucceedinresistingmajorpowereffortstocontroltheirinternationalbehavior. Henceeffortstogeneralizeabouttheeconomicfoundationsofstates’internationalpoliticalbehavioroftenproveunrewarding.Levelsofeconomicdevelopmentvarywidelyamongstatesintheinternationalsystembuttheydonotbythemselvesdetermineforeignpolicies.50Insteadtheopportunitiesandconstraintsthatleadersperceiveintheirnation’sattributesratherthantheactuallevelofdevelopmentmaybethedeterminingsourceofstates’internationalconduct. Insteadtheopportunitiesandconstraintsthatleadersperceiveintheirnation’sattributesratherthantheactuallevelofdevelopmentmaybethedeterminingsourceofstates’internationalconduct.
[A]Variousdefinitionsandinterpretationsofhappiness. [B]Oneepisodeofenjoyinghappiness. [C]Somemisconceptionsabouthappiness. [D]Wheretoseekhappiness [E]Happinessisequivalenttotheabilitytorejoice. [F]Thecomplexityofhowtodefinehappiness. "Areyouhappy"IaskedmybrotherIanoneday."Yes.No.Itdependswhatyoumean"hesaid. "Thentellme"Isaid"whenwasthelasttimeyouthinkyouwerehappy" "April1967"hesaid. Itservedmerightforputtingaseriousquestiontosomeonewhohasjokedhiswaythroughlife.ButIan’sanswerremindedmethatwhenwethinkabouthappinessweusuallythinkofsomethingextraordinaryapinnacleofsheerdelight--andthosepinnaclesseemtogetrarertheolderweget. 41.__________. Forachildhappinesshasamagicalquality.Iremembermakinghide-outsinnewlycuthayplayingcopsandrobbersinthewoodsgettingaspeakingpartintheschoolplay.Ofcoursekidsalsoexperiencelowsbuttheirdelightatsuchpeaksofpleasureaswinningaraceorgettinganewbikeisunreserved.Intheteenageyearstheconceptofhappinesschanges.Suddenlyit’sconditionalonsuchthingsasexcitementlovepopularityandwhetherthatzitwillclearupbeforepromnightIcanstillfeeltheagonyofnotbeinginvitedtoapartythatalmosteveryoneelsewasgoingto.ButIalsorecalltheecstasyofbeingpluckedfromobscurityatanothereventtodancewithaJohnTravoltalook-alike.Inadulthoodthethingsthatbringprofoundjoy--birthlovemarriage--alsobringresponsibilityandtheriskofloss.Lovemaynotlastsexisn’talwaysgoodlovedonesdie.Foradultshappinessiscomplicated. 42.__________. Mydictionarydefineshappyas"lucky"or"fortunate"butIthinkabetterdefinitionofhappinessis"thecapacityforenjoyment."Themorewecanenjoywhatwehavethehappierweare.It’seasytooverlookthepleasurewegetfromlovingandbeinglovedthecompanyoffriendsthefreedomtolivewherewepleaseevengoodhealth.Iaddedupmylittlemomentsofpleasureyesterday.FirsttherewassheerblisswhenIshutthelastlunchboxandhadthehousetomyself.ThenIspentanuninterruptedmorningwritingwhichIlove.WhenthekidscamehomeIenjoyedtheirnoiseafterthequietoftheday.LaterpeacedescendedagainandmyhusbandandIenjoyedanotherpleasure-intimacy.Sometimesjusttheknowledgethathewantsmecanbringmejoy. 43.__________. Youneverknowwherehappinesswillturnupnext.WhenIaskedfriendswhatmakesthemhappysomementionedseeminglyinsignificantmoments."Ihateshopping"onefriendsaid."Butthere’sthisclerkwhoalwayschatsandreallycheersmeup.“Anotherfriendlovesthetelephone."EverytimeitringsIknowsomeoneisthinkingaboutme." 44.__________. Igetathrillfromdriving.OnedayIstoppedtoletaschoolbusturnontoasideroad.Thedrivergrinnedandgavemeathumbs-upsign.Weweretwoalliesinaworldofmadmotorists.Itmademesmile.Weallexperiencemomentslikethese.Toofewofusregisterthenashappiness. 45.__________. Psychologiststellusthattobehappyweneedablendofenjoyableleisuretimeandsatisfyingwork.Idoubtthatmygreat-grandmotherwhoraised14childrenandtookinwashinghadmuchofeither.Shedidhaveanet-workofclosefriendsandfamilyandmaybethisiswhatfulfilledher.Ifshewashappywithwhatshehad’perhapsitwasbecauseshedidn’texpectlifetobeverydifferent.Weontheotherhandwithsomanychoicesandsuchpressuretosucceedineveryareahaveturnedhappinessintoonemorethingwe"gottahave."We’resoself-consciousaboutour"right"toitthatit’smakingusmiserable.Sowechaseitandequateitwithwealthandsuccesswithoutnoticingthatthepeoplewhohavethosethingsaren’tnecessarilyhappier. Whilehappinessmaybemorecomplexforusthesolutionisthesameasever.Happinessisn’taboutwhathappenstous--it’sabouthowweperceivewhathappenstous.It’stheknackoffindingapositiveforeverynegativeandviewingasetbackasachallenge.It’snotwishingforwhatwedon’thavebutenjoyingwhatwedopossess. 44
AMERICA’Scentralbanksentaclearmessagethisweek.ForthesecondconsecutivemeetingtheFederalOpenMarketCommitteethecentralbank’spolicy-makingcommitteeleftshort-terminterestratesunchangedat1.75%.Butitsaidthattherisksfacingtheeconomyhadshiftedfromeconomicweaknesstoabalancebetweenweaknessandexcessivegrowth.Thisshiftsurprisednoone.Butithasconvincedmanypeoplethatinterestratesaresettoriseagain--andsoon.Judgingbypricesinfuturesmarketsinvestorsarebettingthatshort-terminterestratescouldstartrisingasearlyasMayandwillbe1.25percentagepointshigherbytheendoftheyear.Thatmaybeexcessive.EconomistsatGoldmanSachswholongarguedthatthecentralbankwoulddonothingthisyearnowexpectshort-termratestogouponly0.75%thisyearstartinginJune.ButvirtuallyeveryonereckonssomeFedtighteningisintheoffing.ThereasonAfteranunprecedented11rate-cutsin2001short-terminterestratesareabnormallylow.AsthesignsofrobustrecoverymultiplyanalystsexpecttheFedtotakebacksomeoftherate-cutsitusedasaninsurancepolicyaftertheSeptember11thterroristattack.TheythinktherewillbeagradualmovefromtheFed’scurrentaccommodativemonetarystancetoamoreneutralpolicy.Andaneutralpolicymanyargueultimatelyimpliesshort-terminterestratesofaround4%.Logicalenough.Buthigherratescouldstillbefurtheroffparticularlyiftherecoveryproveslessrobustthanmanyhope.CertainlyrecenteconomicindicatorshavebeenextraordinarilystrongunemploymentfellforthesecondconsecutivemonthinFebruaryandindustrialproductionroseinbothJanuaryandFebruary.Themanufacturingsectorisgrowingafter18monthsofdecline.ThemostoptimisticWallStreetersnowexpectGDPtohaveexpandedbybetween5%and6%onanannualbasisinthefirstquarter.Butonestrongquarterdoesnotimplyasustainablerecovery.Intheshorttermthebounce-backisbeingdrivenbyadramaticrestockingofinventories.Butitcanbesustainedonlyifcorporateinvestmentrecoversandconsumerspendingstaysbuoyant.Withplentyofslackcapacityaroundandmanyfirmsstuckwithhugedebtsandlousyprofitsitishardtoseewheresurginginvestmentwillcomefrom.AnddespitefallingunemploymentAmerica’sconsumerscoulddisappointthebulls.Theseuncertaintiesalonesuggestthecentralbankwillbecautiousaboutraisinginterestrates.IndeedgiventhehugepressureoncorporateprofitstheFederalReservemightbehappytoseeconsumerpricesriseslightly.InshortwhileWallStreetfretsaboutwhenandhowmuchinterestrateswillgoup.Theanswermaywellbenotsoonandnotmuch.HowdoeseveryonefeelaboutthemessagegivenbyAmerica’scentralbank
[A]Variousdefinitionsandinterpretationsofhappiness. [B]Oneepisodeofenjoyinghappiness. [C]Somemisconceptionsabouthappiness. [D]Wheretoseekhappiness [E]Happinessisequivalenttotheabilitytorejoice. [F]Thecomplexityofhowtodefinehappiness. "Areyouhappy"IaskedmybrotherIanoneday."Yes.No.Itdependswhatyoumean"hesaid. "Thentellme"Isaid"whenwasthelasttimeyouthinkyouwerehappy" "April1967"hesaid. Itservedmerightforputtingaseriousquestiontosomeonewhohasjokedhiswaythroughlife.ButIan’sanswerremindedmethatwhenwethinkabouthappinessweusuallythinkofsomethingextraordinaryapinnacleofsheerdelight--andthosepinnaclesseemtogetrarertheolderweget. 41.__________. Forachildhappinesshasamagicalquality.Iremembermakinghide-outsinnewlycuthayplayingcopsandrobbersinthewoodsgettingaspeakingpartintheschoolplay.Ofcoursekidsalsoexperiencelowsbuttheirdelightatsuchpeaksofpleasureaswinningaraceorgettinganewbikeisunreserved.Intheteenageyearstheconceptofhappinesschanges.Suddenlyit’sconditionalonsuchthingsasexcitementlovepopularityandwhetherthatzitwillclearupbeforepromnightIcanstillfeeltheagonyofnotbeinginvitedtoapartythatalmosteveryoneelsewasgoingto.ButIalsorecalltheecstasyofbeingpluckedfromobscurityatanothereventtodancewithaJohnTravoltalook-alike.Inadulthoodthethingsthatbringprofoundjoy--birthlovemarriage--alsobringresponsibilityandtheriskofloss.Lovemaynotlastsexisn’talwaysgoodlovedonesdie.Foradultshappinessiscomplicated. 42.__________. Mydictionarydefineshappyas"lucky"or"fortunate"butIthinkabetterdefinitionofhappinessis"thecapacityforenjoyment."Themorewecanenjoywhatwehavethehappierweare.It’seasytooverlookthepleasurewegetfromlovingandbeinglovedthecompanyoffriendsthefreedomtolivewherewepleaseevengoodhealth.Iaddedupmylittlemomentsofpleasureyesterday.FirsttherewassheerblisswhenIshutthelastlunchboxandhadthehousetomyself.ThenIspentanuninterruptedmorningwritingwhichIlove.WhenthekidscamehomeIenjoyedtheirnoiseafterthequietoftheday.LaterpeacedescendedagainandmyhusbandandIenjoyedanotherpleasure-intimacy.Sometimesjusttheknowledgethathewantsmecanbringmejoy. 43.__________. Youneverknowwherehappinesswillturnupnext.WhenIaskedfriendswhatmakesthemhappysomementionedseeminglyinsignificantmoments."Ihateshopping"onefriendsaid."Butthere’sthisclerkwhoalwayschatsandreallycheersmeup.“Anotherfriendlovesthetelephone."EverytimeitringsIknowsomeoneisthinkingaboutme." 44.__________. Igetathrillfromdriving.OnedayIstoppedtoletaschoolbusturnontoasideroad.Thedrivergrinnedandgavemeathumbs-upsign.Weweretwoalliesinaworldofmadmotorists.Itmademesmile.Weallexperiencemomentslikethese.Toofewofusregisterthenashappiness. 45.__________. Psychologiststellusthattobehappyweneedablendofenjoyableleisuretimeandsatisfyingwork.Idoubtthatmygreat-grandmotherwhoraised14childrenandtookinwashinghadmuchofeither.Shedidhaveanet-workofclosefriendsandfamilyandmaybethisiswhatfulfilledher.Ifshewashappywithwhatshehad’perhapsitwasbecauseshedidn’texpectlifetobeverydifferent.Weontheotherhandwithsomanychoicesandsuchpressuretosucceedineveryareahaveturnedhappinessintoonemorethingwe"gottahave."We’resoself-consciousaboutour"right"toitthatit’smakingusmiserable.Sowechaseitandequateitwithwealthandsuccesswithoutnoticingthatthepeoplewhohavethosethingsaren’tnecessarilyhappier. Whilehappinessmaybemorecomplexforusthesolutionisthesameasever.Happinessisn’taboutwhathappenstous--it’sabouthowweperceivewhathappenstous.It’stheknackoffindingapositiveforeverynegativeandviewingasetbackasachallenge.It’snotwishingforwhatwedon’thavebutenjoyingwhatwedopossess. 42
TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.ItisanaspectofHuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Directions:Writeanessayof160～200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawings.Inyouressayyoushould: 1describethedrawingbriefly; 2interpretthephenomenonreflectedbyitandthen 3giveyourcomments. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.ItisanaspectofHuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.2
“Thisisareallyexcitingtime—aneweraisstarting”saysPeterBazalgettethechiefcreativeofficerofEndemol.Heisreferringtotheupsurgeofinterestinmobiletelevisionanascentindustryattheintersectionoftelecomsandmediawhichoffersnewopportunitiestodevice-makerscontentproducersandmobile-networkoperators.Andheisfarfromaloneinhisenthusiasm. Alreadymanymobileoperatorsofferaselectionoftelevisionchannelsorindividualshowswhichare“streamed”acrosstheirthird-generation3Gnetworks.41.______. MeanwhileAppleComputerwhichlaunchedavideo-capableversionofitsiPodportablemusic-playerinOctoberisstrikingdealswithtelevisionnetworkstoexpandtherangeofshowsthatcanbepurchasedforviewingonthedeviceincluding“Lost”“DesperateHousewives”and“Law＆Order”. 42.______.Forastartnobodyreallyknowsifconsumerswillpayforitthoughsurveyssuggesttheyliketheidea.Informaaconsultancysaystherewillbe125mmobile-TVusersby2010.Butmanyothermobiletechnologiesinspiredhighhopesandthenfailedtoliveuptoexpectations.AndevenifpeopledowantTVonthemovethereisfurtheruncertaintyintwoareas:technologyandbusinessmodels. AtthemomentmobileTVismostlystreamedover3Gnetworks.ButsendinganindividualdatastreamtoeachviewerisinefficientandwillbeunsustainableinthelongrunifmobileTVtakesoff.43.______. 44.______.Thatsuggeststhatsomeshowssuchasdramabettersuitthedownloadmodelwhileotherssuchaslivenewssportsorrealityshowsarebettersuitedtoreal-timetransmission.Thetwoapproacheswillprobablyco-exist. Justasthereareseveralcompetingmobile-TVtechnologiestherearealsomanypossiblebusinessmodels.Mobileoperatorsmightchoosetobuildtheirownmobile-TVbroadcastnetworks;ortheycouldformaconsortiumandbuildasharednetwork;orexistingbroadcasterscouldbuildsuchnetworks. Thebigquestioniswhetherthebroadcastersandmobileoperatorscanagreehowtodividethespoilsassumingthereareany.Broadcastersownthecontentbutmobileoperatorsgenerallycontrolthehandsetsandtheydonotalwaysseeeyetoeye.45. Thenthereisthequestionofwhowillfundtheproductionofmobile-TVcontent:broadcastersoperatorsoradvertisersAgaintheanswerisprobably“alloftheabove”. [A]Sothegeneralconsensusisthat3Gstreamingisapreludetotheconstructionofdedicatedmobile-TVbroadcastnetworkswhichtransmitdigitalTVsignalsonentirelydifferentfrequenciestothoseusedforvoiceanddata.Therearethreemainstandards:DVB-HfavouredinEurope;DMBwhichhasbeenadoptedinSouthKoreaandJapan;andMediaFLOwhichisbeingrolledoutinAmerica.WatchingTVusinganyofthesetechnologiesrequiresaTV-capablehandsetofcourse. [B]IncontrastwatchingdownloadedTVprogrammesonaniPodorotherportablevideoplayerisalreadypossibletoday.Andunlikeaprogrammestreamedover3Gorbroadcastviaadedicatedmobile-TVnetworkshowsstoredonaniPodcanbewatchedon.anundergroundtrainorinregionswithpatchynetworkcoverage. [C]InSouthKoreatelevisionisalsosenttomobilephonesviasatelliteandterrestrialbroadcastnetworkswhichisfarmoreefficientthansendingvideoacrossmobilenetworks.InEuropetheItalianarmof3amobileoperatorrecentlyacquiredChannel7atelevisionchannelwithaviewtolaunchingmobile-TVbroadcastsinItalyinthesecondhalfof2006. [D]DespiteallthisactivityhowevertheprospectsformobileTVareunclear. [E]Assumingthetechnologyandthebusinessmodelscanbesortedoutthereisstillthetrickymatterofcontent. [F]InSouthKoreaaconsortiumofbroadcasterslaunchedafree-to-airDMBnetworklastmonthbutthecountry’smobileoperatorswerereluctanttoprovidetheiruserswithhandsetsabletoreceivethebroadcastssincetheywereunwillingtounderminetheprospectsfortheirownsubscription-basedmobile-TVservices. [G]ThepotentialformobileTVisvastinshort—butsoisthedegreeofuncertaintyoverhowitshouldactuallybeputintopractice. 44
Thelevelofeconomicandindustrialdevelopmentenjoyedbyastateaffectstheforeignpolicygoalsitcanpursue.46Asageneralpropositionthemoredevelopedastateiseconomicallythemorelikelyitisthatitwillplayanactivistroleintheworldpoliticaleconomy.Richnationshaveintereststhatextendfarbeyondtheirbordersandtypicallycommandthemeansnecessarytopursueandprotectthem.47Notcoincidentallycountriesthatenjoyindustrialcapabilitiesandextensiveinvolvementininternationaltradealsotendtobemilitarilypowerfulinpartbecausemilitarymightisafunctionofeconomiccapabilities.FortwodecadesafterworldwartwotheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnionstoodoutassuperpowerspreciselybecausetheybenefitedfromthatcombinationofeconomicandmilitarycapabilityincludingextensivearsenalsofnuclearweaponsandthemeanstodeliverthemanywherethatenabledbothtopracticeunrestrainedglobalism.Theirimperialreachandinterventionistbehaviorswereseeminglyunrestrainedbylimitedwealthorresources.Infactmajorpowershavebeeninvolvedinforeignconflictmorefrequentlythanminorpowers. Althougheconomicallyadvancednationsaremoreactivegloballythisdoesnotmeanthattheirprivilegedcircumstancesdictateadventuresomepolicies.Richnationsareusually"satisfied"onesthathavemuchtolosefromtheonsetofrevolutionarychangeorglobalinstability.48Forthisreasontheyusuallyperceivepreservationofthestatusquoasservingtheirinterestsbestandtheyoftenpracticeinternationaleconomicpoliciesdesignedtoprotectandexpandtheirenviedpositionatthepinnacleoftheglobalhierarchy. Levelsofproductivityandprosperityalsoaffecttheforeignpoliciesofthepoorstatesatthebottomofthehierarchy.49Somerespondtotheireconomicweaknessbycomplyingsubservientlywiththewishesoftherichonwhichtheydepend.Othersrebeldefiantlyandtheysometimessucceedinresistingmajorpowereffortstocontroltheirinternationalbehavior. Henceeffortstogeneralizeabouttheeconomicfoundationsofstates’internationalpoliticalbehavioroftenproveunrewarding.Levelsofeconomicdevelopmentvarywidelyamongstatesintheinternationalsystembuttheydonotbythemselvesdetermineforeignpolicies.50Insteadtheopportunitiesandconstraintsthatleadersperceiveintheirnation’sattributesratherthantheactuallevelofdevelopmentmaybethedeterminingsourceofstates’internationalconduct. Forthisreasontheyusuallyperceivepreservationofthestatusquoasservingtheirinterestsbestandtheyoftenpracticeinternationaleconomicpoliciesdesignedtoprotectandexpandtheirenviedpositionatthepinnacleoftheglobalhierarchy.
AMERICA’Scentralbanksentaclearmessagethisweek.ForthesecondconsecutivemeetingtheFederalOpenMarketCommitteethecentralbank’spolicy-makingcommitteeleftshort-terminterestratesunchangedat1.75%.Butitsaidthattherisksfacingtheeconomyhadshiftedfromeconomicweaknesstoabalancebetweenweaknessandexcessivegrowth.Thisshiftsurprisednoone.Butithasconvincedmanypeoplethatinterestratesaresettoriseagain--andsoon.Judgingbypricesinfuturesmarketsinvestorsarebettingthatshort-terminterestratescouldstartrisingasearlyasMayandwillbe1.25percentagepointshigherbytheendoftheyear.Thatmaybeexcessive.EconomistsatGoldmanSachswholongarguedthatthecentralbankwoulddonothingthisyearnowexpectshort-termratestogouponly0.75%thisyearstartinginJune.ButvirtuallyeveryonereckonssomeFedtighteningisintheoffing.ThereasonAfteranunprecedented11rate-cutsin2001short-terminterestratesareabnormallylow.AsthesignsofrobustrecoverymultiplyanalystsexpecttheFedtotakebacksomeoftherate-cutsitusedasaninsurancepolicyaftertheSeptember11thterroristattack.TheythinktherewillbeagradualmovefromtheFed’scurrentaccommodativemonetarystancetoamoreneutralpolicy.Andaneutralpolicymanyargueultimatelyimpliesshort-terminterestratesofaround4%.Logicalenough.Buthigherratescouldstillbefurtheroffparticularlyiftherecoveryproveslessrobustthanmanyhope.CertainlyrecenteconomicindicatorshavebeenextraordinarilystrongunemploymentfellforthesecondconsecutivemonthinFebruaryandindustrialproductionroseinbothJanuaryandFebruary.Themanufacturingsectorisgrowingafter18monthsofdecline.ThemostoptimisticWallStreetersnowexpectGDPtohaveexpandedbybetween5%and6%onanannualbasisinthefirstquarter.Butonestrongquarterdoesnotimplyasustainablerecovery.Intheshorttermthebounce-backisbeingdrivenbyadramaticrestockingofinventories.Butitcanbesustainedonlyifcorporateinvestmentrecoversandconsumerspendingstaysbuoyant.Withplentyofslackcapacityaroundandmanyfirmsstuckwithhugedebtsandlousyprofitsitishardtoseewheresurginginvestmentwillcomefrom.AnddespitefallingunemploymentAmerica’sconsumerscoulddisappointthebulls.Theseuncertaintiesalonesuggestthecentralbankwillbecautiousaboutraisinginterestrates.IndeedgiventhehugepressureoncorporateprofitstheFederalReservemightbehappytoseeconsumerpricesriseslightly.InshortwhileWallStreetfretsaboutwhenandhowmuchinterestrateswillgoup.Theanswermaywellbenotsoonandnotmuch.DespitesignsofstrongeconomicrecoveryAmericancompaniesarestillpressedfor
Comeonmyfellowwhitefolkswehavesomethingtoconfess.Outwithitfriendsthebiggestsecretknowntowhitessincetheinventionofpowderedrouge:welfareisawhiteprogram.Thenumbersgolikethis:61%ofthepopulationreceivingwelfarelistedasmeans-testedcashassistancebytheCensusBureauisidentifiedaswhitewhileonly33%isidentifiedasblack.ThesenumbersnotwithstandingtheRepublicanversionofpoliticalcorrectnesshasgivenuswelfarecheatasanewtermforAfricanAmericansincetheearlydaysofRonaldReagan.Ourconfessionsurelystands:whitefolkshavebeengobblingupthewelfarebudgetwhileblamingsomeoneelse.Butit’sworsethanthat.IfwelookatSocialSecuritywhichisanotherformofwelfarealthoughitisoftenmistakenforanindividualinsuranceprogramthenwhitesaretheoneswhoarecrowdingthetrough.Wereceivealmosttwiceasmuchpercapitaforanaggregateadvantagetoourraceof$10billionayear--muchmorethanthe$3.9billionadvantageAfricanAmericangainfromtheirdisproportionateshareofwelfare.Onesadreason:whitesliveanaverageofsixyearslongerthanAfricanAmericansmeaningthatyoungblackworkershelpsubsidizeahugeandgrowingover-classofwhiteretirees.Idonotseeourconfessionbringingmuchrelief.There’sareasonforresentmentthoughithasmoretodowithclassthanwithrace.Whitepeoplearepoortooandinnumbersfarexceedinganyofourmoregenerouslypigmentedsocialgroups.Andpovertyasdefinedbythegovernmentisavastunderestimationoftheeconomicterrorthatpersistsatincomes--suchas$20000oreven$40000andabove--thatweliketothinkofasmiddleclass.Theproblemisnotthatwelfareistoogeneroustoblacksbutthatsocialwelfareingeneralistoostingytoallconcerned.Naturallywhitesintheswellingnearpoorcategoryresentthenotionofwholeracessupposedlyfrolickingattheirexpense.Whitesnearpoorandmiddleclassneedhelptoo--asdothemanyAfricanAmericans.Sowewhitefolkshaveachoice.Wecankeeppretendingthatwelfareisblackprogramandaschemefortransferringourearningstothepocketsofshiftlessdark-skinnedpeople.Orwecanclearourthroatsblushprettilyandadmitthatwearehurtingtoo--forcashassistancewhenwe’redownandoutforhealthinsuranceforcollegeaidandalltherest.RacialscapegoatinghasitscharmsIwilladmit:thesurgeofrighteousangereventhefun--forthoseinclined--ofwearingsheetsandburningcrosses.Buttherearebetternoblersourcesofwhiteprideitseemstome.Rememberthis:onlywecantrulydeeplyblush.TheexpressionracialscapegoatingPara.4bestdenotes
Thelevelofeconomicandindustrialdevelopmentenjoyedbyastateaffectstheforeignpolicygoalsitcanpursue.46Asageneralpropositionthemoredevelopedastateiseconomicallythemorelikelyitisthatitwillplayanactivistroleintheworldpoliticaleconomy.Richnationshaveintereststhatextendfarbeyondtheirbordersandtypicallycommandthemeansnecessarytopursueandprotectthem.47Notcoincidentallycountriesthatenjoyindustrialcapabilitiesandextensiveinvolvementininternationaltradealsotendtobemilitarilypowerfulinpartbecausemilitarymightisafunctionofeconomiccapabilities.FortwodecadesafterworldwartwotheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnionstoodoutassuperpowerspreciselybecausetheybenefitedfromthatcombinationofeconomicandmilitarycapabilityincludingextensivearsenalsofnuclearweaponsandthemeanstodeliverthemanywherethatenabledbothtopracticeunrestrainedglobalism.Theirimperialreachandinterventionistbehaviorswereseeminglyunrestrainedbylimitedwealthorresources.Infactmajorpowershavebeeninvolvedinforeignconflictmorefrequentlythanminorpowers. Althougheconomicallyadvancednationsaremoreactivegloballythisdoesnotmeanthattheirprivilegedcircumstancesdictateadventuresomepolicies.Richnationsareusually"satisfied"onesthathavemuchtolosefromtheonsetofrevolutionarychangeorglobalinstability.48Forthisreasontheyusuallyperceivepreservationofthestatusquoasservingtheirinterestsbestandtheyoftenpracticeinternationaleconomicpoliciesdesignedtoprotectandexpandtheirenviedpositionatthepinnacleoftheglobalhierarchy. Levelsofproductivityandprosperityalsoaffecttheforeignpoliciesofthepoorstatesatthebottomofthehierarchy.49Somerespondtotheireconomicweaknessbycomplyingsubservientlywiththewishesoftherichonwhichtheydepend.Othersrebeldefiantlyandtheysometimessucceedinresistingmajorpowereffortstocontroltheirinternationalbehavior. Henceeffortstogeneralizeabouttheeconomicfoundationsofstates’internationalpoliticalbehavioroftenproveunrewarding.Levelsofeconomicdevelopmentvarywidelyamongstatesintheinternationalsystembuttheydonotbythemselvesdetermineforeignpolicies.50Insteadtheopportunitiesandconstraintsthatleadersperceiveintheirnation’sattributesratherthantheactuallevelofdevelopmentmaybethedeterminingsourceofstates’internationalconduct. Asageneralpropositionthemoredevelopedastateiseconomicallythemorelikelyitisthatitwillplayanactivistroleintheworldpoliticaleconomy.
What’syourearliestmemoryDoyourememberlearningtowalkThebirthofasiblingNurseryschoolAdultsrarelyremembereventsfrommuchbeforekindergartenjustaschildrenyoungerthan3or4seldomrecallanyspecificexperiencesasdistinctfromgeneralknowledge.Psychologistshavefloatedallsortsofexplanationsforthis“childhoodamnesia”.Thereductionistsappealedtotheneurologicalarguingthatthehippocampusthebrainregionresponsibleforformingmemoriesdoesn’tmatureuntilabouttheageof2.Butthereigningtheoryholdsthatsinceadultsdonotthinklikechildrentheycannotaccesschildhoodmemories.Adultsarestruckwithgrown-up“schema”thebarebonesofnarratives.46Whentheyrifflethroughthementalfilingcabinetinsearchoffragmentsofchildhoodmemoriestohangonthisnarrativeskeletonaccordingtothistheorytheydon’tfindanythatfit.It’sliketryingtofindtheFrenchwordinanEnglishindex. NowpsychologistKatherineNelsonoftheCityUniversityofNewYorkoffersanewexplanationforchildhoodamnesia.47Shearguesthatchildrendon’tevenformlastinglong-termmemoriesofpersonalexperiencesuntiltheylearntousesomeoneelse’sdescriptionofthoseexperiencestoturntheirownshort-termfleetingrecollectionsintopermanentmemories.Inotherwordschildrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkaboutthem—hearMomrecountthatdays’triptothedinosaurmuseumhearDadre-memberaloudtheirtriptotheamusementpark. WhyshouldmemorydependsoheavilyonnarrativeNelsonmarshalsevidencethatthemindstructuresremembrancesthatway.48Childrenwhosemotherstalkabouttheday’sactivitiesastheywinddowntowardbedtimeforinstanceremembermoreoftheday’sspecialeventsthandochildrenwhosemothersdon’tofferthisnovelisticframework.Talkingaboutaneventinanarrativewayhelpsachildrememberit.49Andlearningtostructurememoriesasalong-runningnarrativeNelsonsuggestsisthekeytoapermanent“autobiographicalmemory”thespecificremembrancesthatformone’slifestory.Whatyouhadforlunchyesterdayisn’tpartofit;whatyouateonyourfirstdatewithyourfuturespousemaybe. Languageofcourseisthekeytosuchanarrative.Childrenlearntoengageintalkaboutthepast.Theestablishmentofthesememoriesisrelatedtotheexperienceoftalkingtootherpeopleaboutthem.50Inparticularachildmustrecognizethataretelling—ofthatmuseumtripsay—isjustthetripitselfinanothermediumthatofspeechratherthanexperience.Thatdoesn’thappenuntilthechildisperhapsfourorfive.Bythetimeshe’sreadyforkindergartenshe’llrememberallsortsofthings.Andshemayevenbythenhavelearned’nottoblurtthemoutinpublic. Inparticularachildmustrecognizethataretelling—ofthatmuseumtripsay—isjustthetripitselfinanothermediumthatofspeechratherthanexperience.
TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.ItisanaspectofHuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.20
ThediscoveryoflifebeyondEarthwouldtransformnotonlyoursciencebutalsoourreligionsourbeliefsystemsandourentireworld-view.Forinasensethesearchforextraterrestriallifeisreallyasearchforourselves--whoweareandwhatourplaceisinthegrandsweepofthecosmos.Contrarytopopularbeliefspeculationthatwearenotaloneintheuniverseisasoldasphilosophyitself.TheessentialstepsinthereasoningwerebasedontheatomictheoryoftheancientGreekphilosopherDemocritus.Yetphilosophyisonethingfillinginthephysicaldetailsisanother.Althoughastronomersincreasinglysuspectthatbiofriendlyplanetsmaybeabundantintheuniversethechemicalstepsleadingtoliferemainlargelymysterious.Traditionallybiologistsbelievedthatlifeisafreak--theresultofazillion-to-oneaccidentalconcatenationofmolecules.Itfollowsthatthelikelihoodofitshappeningagainelsewhereinthecosmosisinfinitesimal.Thisviewpointderivesfromthesecondlawofthermodynamicswhichpredictsthattheuniverseisdying--slowlyandinexorablydegeneratingtowardastateoftotalchaos.Andsimilarreasoningappliestoevolution.AccordingtotheorthodoxviewDarwinianselectionisutterlyblind.Anyimpressionthatthetransitionfrommicrobestomanrepresentsprogressispurechauvinismofourpart.Thepathofevolutionismerelyarandomwalkthroughtherealmofpossibilities.Ifthisisrighttherecanbenodirectionalitynoinnatedriveforward;inparticularnopushtowardconsciousnessandintelligence.ShouldEarthbestruckbyanasteroiddestroyingallhigherlife-formsintelligentbeingswouldalmostcertainlynotarisenexttimearound.Thereishoweveracontraryview--onethatisgainingstrengthanddirectlychallengesorthodoxbiology.Itisthatcomplexitycanemergespontaneouslythroughaprocessofself-organization.Ifmatterandenergyhaveaninbuilttendencytoamplifyandchannelorganizedcomplexitytheoddsagainsttheformationoflifeandthesubsequentevolutionofintelligencecouldbedrasticallyshortened.HistoricallyBertrandRussellarguedthatauniverseunderadeathsentencefromthesecondlawofthermodynamicsrenderedhumanlifeultimatelyfutile.Allourachievementsallourstrugglesallthenoondaybrightnessofhumangeniusasheputitwouldinthefinalanalysiscountfornothingiftheverycosmositselfisdoomed.ButwhatifinspiteofthesecondlawofthermodynamicstherecanbesystematicprogressalongsidedecayForthosewhohopeforadeepermeaningorpurposebeneathphysicalexistencethepresenceofextraterrestriallife-formswouldprovideaspectacularboostimplyingthatweliveinauniversethatisinsomesensegettingbetterandbetterratherthanworseandworse.OnthepossibilitiesoflifebeyondEarthastronomers’andancientphilosophers’viewsare
TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.ItisanaspectofHuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.18
TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.ItisanaspectofHuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.8
MyownfeelingswentfromdisbelieftoexcitementtodownrightfearsaysCarlHergenrother23anArizonaundergraduatewhoverifiedalargeasteroidbarrelingtowardEarthwitha230emtelescopeatopnearbyKittPeak.Itwasscarybecausetherewasthepossibilitythatwewereconfirmingthedemiseofsomecitysomewhereorsomestateorsmallcountry.Wellnotquite.EarlylastweekhiscelestialinterloperwhizzedbyEarthmissingtheplanetby450620km--ahairbreadthinastronomicalterms.PerhapshalfakilometeracrossitwasthelargestobjecteverobservedtopassthatclosetoEarth.DuncanSteelanAustralianastronomerhascalculatedthatiftheasteroidhadstruckEarthitwouldhavehitatsome93450km/h.Theresultingexplosionscientistsestimatewouldhavebeeninthe3000-to-12000-megatonrange.ThatsaysastronomerEugeneShoemakerapioneerasteroidandcomethunterisliketakingalloftheU.S.andSovietnuclearweaponsputtingtheminonepileandblowingthemallup.AndwhatifonethemisfoundtobeonacollisioncoursewithEarthScientistsatthenationallaboratoriesatLivermoreCaliforniaandLosAlamosNewMexicohavedevisedanumberofingeniousplansthatgivenenoughwarningtimecouldprotectEarthfromathreateningNEO.Theirdefensiveweaponsofchoiceincludelong-distancemissileswithconventionalormorelikelynuclearwarheadsthatcouldbeusedeithertonudgeanasteroidintoasafeorbitorblastittosmithereens.Manypeople-includingsomeastronomers--areunderstandablynervousaboutputtingastandbysquadronofnucleartippedmissilesinplace.Hencethelateststrategywhichinsomecaseswouldobviatetheneedforanucleardefense:propellingafusilladeofcannonball-sizesteelspheresatanapproachingasteroid.Inahigh-velocityencounterwithaspeedingNEOexplainsGregoryCanavanaseniorscientistatLosAlamosthekineticenergyoftheballswouldchangeintoheatenergyandblowthethingapart.Someastronomersopposeanyimmediatedefensivepreparationscitingthehighcostsandlowoddsofalargeobject’sstrikingEarthinthecomingdecades.ButattheveryleastShoemakercontendsNEOdetectionshouldbeaccelerated.There’sthisthingcal4edthe’gigglefactor’inCongresshesayspeopleinCongressandalsoatthetoplevelinNASAstilldon’ttakeitseriously.Butweshouldmoveahead.It’samatterofprudence.TheworldhoweverstillseemslargelyunconcernedwiththedangerposedbylargebodieshurtlinginfromspacedespitethespectacletwoyearsagoofCometShoemaker-Levy9riddlingtheplanetJupiterwithmammothexplosions.Itremainstobeseenwhetherlastweek’srecordnear-misshaschangedanyminds.Itseemsthatthewriteris
TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.ItisanaspectofHuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Comeonmyfellowwhitefolkswehavesomethingtoconfess.Outwithitfriendsthebiggestsecretknowntowhitessincetheinventionofpowderedrouge:welfareisawhiteprogram.Thenumbersgolikethis:61%ofthepopulationreceivingwelfarelistedasmeans-testedcashassistancebytheCensusBureauisidentifiedaswhitewhileonly33%isidentifiedasblack.ThesenumbersnotwithstandingtheRepublicanversionofpoliticalcorrectnesshasgivenuswelfarecheatasanewtermforAfricanAmericansincetheearlydaysofRonaldReagan.Ourconfessionsurelystands:whitefolkshavebeengobblingupthewelfarebudgetwhileblamingsomeoneelse.Butit’sworsethanthat.IfwelookatSocialSecuritywhichisanotherformofwelfarealthoughitisoftenmistakenforanindividualinsuranceprogramthenwhitesaretheoneswhoarecrowdingthetrough.Wereceivealmosttwiceasmuchpercapitaforanaggregateadvantagetoourraceof$10billionayear--muchmorethanthe$3.9billionadvantageAfricanAmericangainfromtheirdisproportionateshareofwelfare.Onesadreason:whitesliveanaverageofsixyearslongerthanAfricanAmericansmeaningthatyoungblackworkershelpsubsidizeahugeandgrowingover-classofwhiteretirees.Idonotseeourconfessionbringingmuchrelief.There’sareasonforresentmentthoughithasmoretodowithclassthanwithrace.Whitepeoplearepoortooandinnumbersfarexceedinganyofourmoregenerouslypigmentedsocialgroups.Andpovertyasdefinedbythegovernmentisavastunderestimationoftheeconomicterrorthatpersistsatincomes--suchas$20000oreven$40000andabove--thatweliketothinkofasmiddleclass.Theproblemisnotthatwelfareistoogeneroustoblacksbutthatsocialwelfareingeneralistoostingytoallconcerned.Naturallywhitesintheswellingnearpoorcategoryresentthenotionofwholeracessupposedlyfrolickingattheirexpense.Whitesnearpoorandmiddleclassneedhelptoo--asdothemanyAfricanAmericans.Sowewhitefolkshaveachoice.Wecankeeppretendingthatwelfareisblackprogramandaschemefortransferringourearningstothepocketsofshiftlessdark-skinnedpeople.Orwecanclearourthroatsblushprettilyandadmitthatwearehurtingtoo--forcashassistancewhenwe’redownandoutforhealthinsuranceforcollegeaidandalltherest.RacialscapegoatinghasitscharmsIwilladmit:thesurgeofrighteousangereventhefun--forthoseinclined--ofwearingsheetsandburningcrosses.Buttherearebetternoblersourcesofwhiteprideitseemstome.Rememberthis:onlywecantrulydeeplyblush.WhitefolksinU.S.areatagreateradvantageinthat
TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.ItisanaspectofHuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.6
TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.ItisanaspectofHuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.16
What’syourearliestmemoryDoyourememberlearningtowalkThebirthofasiblingNurseryschoolAdultsrarelyremembereventsfrommuchbeforekindergartenjustaschildrenyoungerthan3or4seldomrecallanyspecificexperiencesasdistinctfromgeneralknowledge.Psychologistshavefloatedallsortsofexplanationsforthis“childhoodamnesia”.Thereductionistsappealedtotheneurologicalarguingthatthehippocampusthebrainregionresponsibleforformingmemoriesdoesn’tmatureuntilabouttheageof2.Butthereigningtheoryholdsthatsinceadultsdonotthinklikechildrentheycannotaccesschildhoodmemories.Adultsarestruckwithgrown-up“schema”thebarebonesofnarratives.46Whentheyrifflethroughthementalfilingcabinetinsearchoffragmentsofchildhoodmemoriestohangonthisnarrativeskeletonaccordingtothistheorytheydon’tfindanythatfit.It’sliketryingtofindtheFrenchwordinanEnglishindex. NowpsychologistKatherineNelsonoftheCityUniversityofNewYorkoffersanewexplanationforchildhoodamnesia.47Shearguesthatchildrendon’tevenformlastinglong-termmemoriesofpersonalexperiencesuntiltheylearntousesomeoneelse’sdescriptionofthoseexperiencestoturntheirownshort-termfleetingrecollectionsintopermanentmemories.Inotherwordschildrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkaboutthem—hearMomrecountthatdays’triptothedinosaurmuseumhearDadre-memberaloudtheirtriptotheamusementpark. WhyshouldmemorydependsoheavilyonnarrativeNelsonmarshalsevidencethatthemindstructuresremembrancesthatway.48Childrenwhosemotherstalkabouttheday’sactivitiesastheywinddowntowardbedtimeforinstanceremembermoreoftheday’sspecialeventsthandochildrenwhosemothersdon’tofferthisnovelisticframework.Talkingaboutaneventinanarrativewayhelpsachildrememberit.49Andlearningtostructurememoriesasalong-runningnarrativeNelsonsuggestsisthekeytoapermanent“autobiographicalmemory”thespecificremembrancesthatformone’slifestory.Whatyouhadforlunchyesterdayisn’tpartofit;whatyouateonyourfirstdatewithyourfuturespousemaybe. Languageofcourseisthekeytosuchanarrative.Childrenlearntoengageintalkaboutthepast.Theestablishmentofthesememoriesisrelatedtotheexperienceoftalkingtootherpeopleaboutthem.50Inparticularachildmustrecognizethataretelling—ofthatmuseumtripsay—isjustthetripitselfinanothermediumthatofspeechratherthanexperience.Thatdoesn’thappenuntilthechildisperhapsfourorfive.Bythetimeshe’sreadyforkindergartenshe’llrememberallsortsofthings.Andshemayevenbythenhavelearned’nottoblurtthemoutinpublic. Childrenwhosemotherstalkabouttheday’sactivitiesastheywinddowntowardbedtimeforinstanceremembermoreoftheday’sspecialeventsthandochildrenwhosemothersdon’tofferthisnovelisticframework.
ThediscoveryoflifebeyondEarthwouldtransformnotonlyoursciencebutalsoourreligionsourbeliefsystemsandourentireworld-view.Forinasensethesearchforextraterrestriallifeisreallyasearchforourselves--whoweareandwhatourplaceisinthegrandsweepofthecosmos.Contrarytopopularbeliefspeculationthatwearenotaloneintheuniverseisasoldasphilosophyitself.TheessentialstepsinthereasoningwerebasedontheatomictheoryoftheancientGreekphilosopherDemocritus.Yetphilosophyisonethingfillinginthephysicaldetailsisanother.Althoughastronomersincreasinglysuspectthatbiofriendlyplanetsmaybeabundantintheuniversethechemicalstepsleadingtoliferemainlargelymysterious.Traditionallybiologistsbelievedthatlifeisafreak--theresultofazillion-to-oneaccidentalconcatenationofmolecules.Itfollowsthatthelikelihoodofitshappeningagainelsewhereinthecosmosisinfinitesimal.Thisviewpointderivesfromthesecondlawofthermodynamicswhichpredictsthattheuniverseisdying--slowlyandinexorablydegeneratingtowardastateoftotalchaos.Andsimilarreasoningappliestoevolution.AccordingtotheorthodoxviewDarwinianselectionisutterlyblind.Anyimpressionthatthetransitionfrommicrobestomanrepresentsprogressispurechauvinismofourpart.Thepathofevolutionismerelyarandomwalkthroughtherealmofpossibilities.Ifthisisrighttherecanbenodirectionalitynoinnatedriveforward;inparticularnopushtowardconsciousnessandintelligence.ShouldEarthbestruckbyanasteroiddestroyingallhigherlife-formsintelligentbeingswouldalmostcertainlynotarisenexttimearound.Thereishoweveracontraryview--onethatisgainingstrengthanddirectlychallengesorthodoxbiology.Itisthatcomplexitycanemergespontaneouslythroughaprocessofself-organization.Ifmatterandenergyhaveaninbuilttendencytoamplifyandchannelorganizedcomplexitytheoddsagainsttheformationoflifeandthesubsequentevolutionofintelligencecouldbedrasticallyshortened.HistoricallyBertrandRussellarguedthatauniverseunderadeathsentencefromthesecondlawofthermodynamicsrenderedhumanlifeultimatelyfutile.Allourachievementsallourstrugglesallthenoondaybrightnessofhumangeniusasheputitwouldinthefinalanalysiscountfornothingiftheverycosmositselfisdoomed.ButwhatifinspiteofthesecondlawofthermodynamicstherecanbesystematicprogressalongsidedecayForthosewhohopeforadeepermeaningorpurposebeneathphysicalexistencethepresenceofextraterrestriallife-formswouldprovideaspectacularboostimplyingthatweliveinauniversethatisinsomesensegettingbetterandbetterratherthanworseandworse.Underthelawofthermodynamicstheuniverseissupposed
MyownfeelingswentfromdisbelieftoexcitementtodownrightfearsaysCarlHergenrother23anArizonaundergraduatewhoverifiedalargeasteroidbarrelingtowardEarthwitha230emtelescopeatopnearbyKittPeak.Itwasscarybecausetherewasthepossibilitythatwewereconfirmingthedemiseofsomecitysomewhereorsomestateorsmallcountry.Wellnotquite.EarlylastweekhiscelestialinterloperwhizzedbyEarthmissingtheplanetby450620km--ahairbreadthinastronomicalterms.PerhapshalfakilometeracrossitwasthelargestobjecteverobservedtopassthatclosetoEarth.DuncanSteelanAustralianastronomerhascalculatedthatiftheasteroidhadstruckEarthitwouldhavehitatsome93450km/h.Theresultingexplosionscientistsestimatewouldhavebeeninthe3000-to-12000-megatonrange.ThatsaysastronomerEugeneShoemakerapioneerasteroidandcomethunterisliketakingalloftheU.S.andSovietnuclearweaponsputtingtheminonepileandblowingthemallup.AndwhatifonethemisfoundtobeonacollisioncoursewithEarthScientistsatthenationallaboratoriesatLivermoreCaliforniaandLosAlamosNewMexicohavedevisedanumberofingeniousplansthatgivenenoughwarningtimecouldprotectEarthfromathreateningNEO.Theirdefensiveweaponsofchoiceincludelong-distancemissileswithconventionalormorelikelynuclearwarheadsthatcouldbeusedeithertonudgeanasteroidintoasafeorbitorblastittosmithereens.Manypeople-includingsomeastronomers--areunderstandablynervousaboutputtingastandbysquadronofnucleartippedmissilesinplace.Hencethelateststrategywhichinsomecaseswouldobviatetheneedforanucleardefense:propellingafusilladeofcannonball-sizesteelspheresatanapproachingasteroid.Inahigh-velocityencounterwithaspeedingNEOexplainsGregoryCanavanaseniorscientistatLosAlamosthekineticenergyoftheballswouldchangeintoheatenergyandblowthethingapart.Someastronomersopposeanyimmediatedefensivepreparationscitingthehighcostsandlowoddsofalargeobject’sstrikingEarthinthecomingdecades.ButattheveryleastShoemakercontendsNEOdetectionshouldbeaccelerated.There’sthisthingcal4edthe’gigglefactor’inCongresshesayspeopleinCongressandalsoatthetoplevelinNASAstilldon’ttakeitseriously.Butweshouldmoveahead.It’samatterofprudence.TheworldhoweverstillseemslargelyunconcernedwiththedangerposedbylargebodieshurtlinginfromspacedespitethespectacletwoyearsagoofCometShoemaker-Levy9riddlingtheplanetJupiterwithmammothexplosions.Itremainstobeseenwhetherlastweek’srecordnear-misshaschangedanyminds.ThedescriptionofCongress’sgigglefactorPara.6showsthewriter’s
MyownfeelingswentfromdisbelieftoexcitementtodownrightfearsaysCarlHergenrother23anArizonaundergraduatewhoverifiedalargeasteroidbarrelingtowardEarthwitha230emtelescopeatopnearbyKittPeak.Itwasscarybecausetherewasthepossibilitythatwewereconfirmingthedemiseofsomecitysomewhereorsomestateorsmallcountry.Wellnotquite.EarlylastweekhiscelestialinterloperwhizzedbyEarthmissingtheplanetby450620km--ahairbreadthinastronomicalterms.PerhapshalfakilometeracrossitwasthelargestobjecteverobservedtopassthatclosetoEarth.DuncanSteelanAustralianastronomerhascalculatedthatiftheasteroidhadstruckEarthitwouldhavehitatsome93450km/h.Theresultingexplosionscientistsestimatewouldhavebeeninthe3000-to-12000-megatonrange.ThatsaysastronomerEugeneShoemakerapioneerasteroidandcomethunterisliketakingalloftheU.S.andSovietnuclearweaponsputtingtheminonepileandblowingthemallup.AndwhatifonethemisfoundtobeonacollisioncoursewithEarthScientistsatthenationallaboratoriesatLivermoreCaliforniaandLosAlamosNewMexicohavedevisedanumberofingeniousplansthatgivenenoughwarningtimecouldprotectEarthfromathreateningNEO.Theirdefensiveweaponsofchoiceincludelong-distancemissileswithconventionalormorelikelynuclearwarheadsthatcouldbeusedeithertonudgeanasteroidintoasafeorbitorblastittosmithereens.Manypeople-includingsomeastronomers--areunderstandablynervousaboutputtingastandbysquadronofnucleartippedmissilesinplace.Hencethelateststrategywhichinsomecaseswouldobviatetheneedforanucleardefense:propellingafusilladeofcannonball-sizesteelspheresatanapproachingasteroid.Inahigh-velocityencounterwithaspeedingNEOexplainsGregoryCanavanaseniorscientistatLosAlamosthekineticenergyoftheballswouldchangeintoheatenergyandblowthethingapart.Someastronomersopposeanyimmediatedefensivepreparationscitingthehighcostsandlowoddsofalargeobject’sstrikingEarthinthecomingdecades.ButattheveryleastShoemakercontendsNEOdetectionshouldbeaccelerated.There’sthisthingcal4edthe’gigglefactor’inCongresshesayspeopleinCongressandalsoatthetoplevelinNASAstilldon’ttakeitseriously.Butweshouldmoveahead.It’samatterofprudence.TheworldhoweverstillseemslargelyunconcernedwiththedangerposedbylargebodieshurtlinginfromspacedespitethespectacletwoyearsagoofCometShoemaker-Levy9riddlingtheplanetJupiterwithmammothexplosions.Itremainstobeseenwhetherlastweek’srecordnear-misshaschangedanyminds.Fromthefirstthreeparagraphswelearnthat
TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.ItisanaspectofHuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.14
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