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The world is undergoing tremendous changes. The rise of globalization, both an economic and cultu...
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Thewholeworldisundergoingthebiggestfinancialcrisis
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by transferring this new vision into the spheres of management, business etc.
by making a challenge to the world
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Thetopicofcloninghasbeenapoliticallyandethicallycontroversialonesinceitsverybeginning.Whilethemoralandphilosophicalaspectsoftheissuesareentirelyuptotheinterpretationoftheindividualtheapplicationofcloningtechnologycanbestudiedobjectively.Manyinthescientificcommunityadvocatetheuseofcloningforthepreservationandsupportofendangeredspeciesofanimalswhichasidefromcloninghavenootherpracticalhopeforavoidingextinction. Thegoaloftheuseofcloningtoavoidextinctionisthereintroductionofnewgenesintothegenepoolofspecieswithfewsurvivorsensuringthemaintenanceandexpansionofgeneticdiversity.LikelycandidatesforthistechniquearespeciesknowntohaveveryfewsurvivingmemberssuchastheAfricanBongoAntelopetheSumatranTigerandtheChineseGiantPanda.InthecaseofGiantPandasomeartificialtechniquesforcreatingoffspringhavealreadybeenperformedperhapspavingthewayforcloningasthenextstepintheprocess. Withtheestimatedpopulationofonlyabout1000GiantPandasleftintheworldtheurgencyofthesituationhasledtodesperatemeasures.OnepandawasbornthroughthetechniqueofartificialinseminationintheSanDiegoZoointheUnitedStates."HuaMei"wasbornin1999afterherparentsHsing-HsingandLing-Linghadtroubleconceivingnaturally. TheplantoincreasetheGiantPandapopulationthroughtheuseofcloninginvolvestheuseofaspeciesrelatedtotheGiantPandatheAmericanBlackBear.EggcellswillberemovedfromfemaleblackbearsandthenfertilizedwithPandacellssuchasthosefromLing-LingorHsing-Hsing.Thefertilizedembryowillthenre-implantedintotheblackbearwhereitwillgrowandmatureuntilanewpandaisdeliveredfromtheblackbearhost. Criticsofcloningtechnologyarguethattheemphasisoncloningasamethodbywhichtopreservespecieswilldrawfundingawayfromothermethodssuchashabitatpreservationandconservation.Proponentsofcloningcounterthatmanycountriesinwhichmanyendangeredspeciesexistaretoopoortoprotectandmaintainthespecies’habitatsanywaymakingcloningtechnologytheonlypracticalwaytoensurethatthosespeciessurvivetofuturegenerations.Theissueisstillhotlydebatedasbothsidesweighthebenefitsthatcouldbeachievedagainsttherisksandethicalconcernsthatconstantlyaccompanyanyargumentontheissue.402words Notes:ethically道德上genepool基因库inseminationn.受精fertilize使受精embryo胚胎proponent支持者拥护者weighAagainstB权衡A和B的利弊 Itcanbeinferredfromtheinformationgiveninthetextthatthebestcandidateforcloningwouldbe
Everydaysome16mbarrelsofoilleavetheGulfthroughtheStraitofHormuz.Thatisenoughtofillasoft-drinkcanforeveryoneonearthortopowereverymotorvehicleontheplanetfor25miles40kin.Gulfoilaccountsfor40%ofglobaltradeinthestickystuff.Moreimportantitmakesuptwo-thirdsofknowndeposits.Whereasatpresentproductionratestherestoftheworld’soilreserveswilllastforamere25yearstheGulf’swilllastfor100.Inotherwordstheregion’sstrategicimportanceissettogrowandgrow. Oratleastsogoestheconventionalwisdomwhichisusuallyroundedoutwithscarytalkofunstablesuppliesspendthriftregimesandapotentialfundamentalistmenace.Yetallthosenumberscomewithcaveats.AgreatdealofoilisconsumedbythecountriesthatproduceitratherthantradedsoinrealitytheGulfaccountsforlessthanaquarteroftheworld’sdailyconsumption.Asforreservesthefiguresareaschangeableasamirageinthedesert.ThemostcomprehensiveresearchavailableconductedbytheUSGeologicalSurveyreferstoan"expected"totalvolumeforglobalhydrocarbondepositsthatisaboutdoublecurrentknownreserves.UsingthatfigureandthrowinginnaturalgasalongwithoilitappearsthattheGulfcontainsamoremoderate30%orsooftheplanet’sfuturefossil-fuelsupplies.LeavingoutthetwoGulfstatesthatarenotcoveredinthissurvey--IranandIraq--theremainingsixbetweenthemholdsomethinglike20%ofworldhydrocarbonreservesnotmuchmorethanRussia. Allthesameitisstillaheftychunk;enoughyoumightthinktokeepthepeoplelivingatopthewellsincomfortfortheforeseeablefuture.Butyoumightbewrong.AtpresentthenationsoftheGulfCooperationCouncilhaveacombinednationalincomeroughlyequaltoSwitzerland’sbutapopulationwhichataround30mismorethanfourtimesasbig.Itisalsothefastest-growingonearthhavingincreasedatninetimestheSwissrateoverthepastquarter-century.Meanwhiletheregion’sshareofworldoiltradehasfallenashastheaveragepriceperbarrel. AsaresulttheincomeperpersongeneratedbyGCCoilexportshasbeendiminishingsincethe1970s.TruesurgingdemandfromAmericaandAsiahasrecentlyboostedtheGulf’sshareoftradebutthemedium-termoutlookforoilpriesremainsweak.Combinedwithcontinuedgrowthinoilconsumptionthisshouldcreatesustainedupwardpressureonprices.Andhighoilpriceswillspeedthesearchforalternatives.Whoknowsin20years’timefuelcellsandhydrogenpowermayhavestartedtobecomecommercialpropositions. IntheeyesoftheauthorconventionalopiniononthestrategicimportanceoftheGulfoilis
46Along-heldviewofthehistoryoftheEnglishcoloniesthatbecametheUnitedStateshasbeenthatEngland’spolicytowardthesecoloniesbefore1763wasdictatedbycommercialinterestsandthatachangetoamoreimperialpolicydominatedbyexpansionistmilitaristobjectivesgeneratedthetensionsthatultimatelyledtotheAmericanRevolution.InarecentstudyStephenSaundersWebbhasresentedaformidablechallengetothisview.AccordingtoWebbEnglandalreadyhadamilitaryimperialpolicyformorethanacenturybeforetheAmericanRevolution.HeseesCharlesⅡtheEnglishmonarchbetween1660and1685asthepropersuccessoroftheTudormonarchsofthesixteenthcenturyandofOliverCromwellallofwhomwerebentonextendingcentralizedexecutivepoweroverEngland’spossessionsthroughtheuseofwhatWebbcallsgarrisongovernment.GarrisongovernmentallowedthecolonistsalegislativeassemblybutrealauthorityinWebb’sviewbelongedtothecolonialgovernorwhowasappointedbythekingandsupportedbythegarrisonthatis.bythelocalcontingentofEnglishtroopsunderthecolonialgovernor’scommand.AccordingtoWebbthepurposeofgarrisongovernmentwastoprovidemilitarysupportforaroyalpolicydesignedtolimitthepoweroftheupperclassesintheAmericancolonies.47Webbarguesthatthecoloniallegislativeassembliesrepresentedtheinterestsnotofthecommonpeoplebutofthecolonialupperclassesacoalitionofmerchantsandnobilitywhofavoredself-ruleandsoughttoelevatelegislativeauthorityattheexpenseoftheexecutive.ItwasaccordingtoWebbthecolonialgovernorswhofavoredthesmallfarmeropposedtheplantationsystemandtriedthroughtaxationtobreakuplargeholdingsofland.BackedbythemilitarypresenceofthegarrisonthesegovernorstriedtopreventthegentryandmerchantsalliedinthecolonialassembliesfromtransformingcolonialAmericaintoacapitalisticoligarchy.48Webb’sstudyilluminatesthepoliticalalignmentsthatexistedinthecoloniesinthecenturypriortotheAmericanRevolutionbuthisviewofthecrown’suseofthemilitaryasaninstrumentofcolonialpolicyisnotentirelyconvincing.Englandduringtheseventeenthcenturywasnotnotedforitsmilitaryachievements.CromwelldidmountEngland’smostambitiousoverseasmilitaryexpeditioninmorethanacenturybutitprovedtobeanutterfailure.UnderCharlesⅡtheEnglisharmywastoosmalltobeamajorinstrumentofgovernment.49NotuntilthewarinFrancein1697didWilliamⅢpersuadeParliamenttocreateaprofessionalstandingarmyandParliament’spricefordoingsowastokeepthearmyundertightlegislativecontrol.50WhileitmaybetruethatthecrownattemptedtodiminishthepowerofthecolonialupperclassesitishardtoimaginehowtheEnglisharmyduringtheseventeenthcenturycouldhaveprovidedsignificantmilitarysupportforsuchapolicy.
FeelinganxiousYourmoodmayactuallychangehowyourdinnertastesmakingthebitterandsaltyflavorsrecedeaccordingtonewresearch.Thislinkbetweenthechemicalbalanceinyourbrainandyoursenseoftastecouldonedayhelpdoctorstotreatdepression.Therearecurrentlynoon-the-spottestsfordecidingwhichmedicationwillworkbestinindividualpatientswiththiscondition.Researchershopethatatestbasedonflavordetectioncouldhelpdoctorstogetmoreprescriptionsrightfirsttime. Ithaslongbeenknownthatpeoplewhoaredepressedhavelower-than-usuallevelsofthebrainchemicalsserotoninornoradrenalineorinsomecasesboth.Manyalsohaveabluntedsenseoftastewhichispresumablycausedbychangesinbrainchemistry.TounpicktherelationshipbetweenthetwoLucyDonaldsonandhercolleaguesattheUniversityofBristolUKgave20healthyvolunteerstwoantidepressantdrugsandcheckedtheirsensitivitytodifferenttastes.ThedrugthatraisedserotoninlevelsmadepeoplemoresensitivetosweetandbittertastestheteamreportsintheJournalofNeuroscience.Theotherwhichincreasednoradrenalineenhancedrecognitionofbitterandsourtastes. Inhealthypeoplevolunteerswhoseanxietylevelswerenaturallyhigherwerelesssensitivetobitterandsaltytastes."Whathasn’tbeendonebeoreistolookpreciselyatwhichtastesareaffectedindepression"saysDonaldson.Nowtheresultsarein"wecandiscriminatebetweenthechemicalsandthetastesthatseemtobealtered"shesays.Testingsensitivitytosweetandsourtastescouldpotentiallyhelpdoctorstopickuponwhichchemicalsaredippingguidingthemwhenchoosingwhichdrugtorectifytheproblem. Currentlydoctorsrelyonphysicalandemotionalsymptomstomakeabestguessatanindividual’simbalanceprescribeadrugandwaitaboutamonthtocheckonanyimprovement.Gooddoctorshaveabouta60-80%successrateinselectingtherightdrugthefirsttimesayspsychiatristJanMelicharaco-authoronthepaper.Arethereanydecenttestsforprescribingdrugsfordepression"No.Wedoabestguesstimate"saysMelichar."I’mexcitedbythisfindingbecausein35or7yearswecouldhaveasimpletastetest." Nexttheteamplanstoperformsimilartestsindepressedpeopleandinhealthyvolunteersgivenanotherbrainchemicalcalledtryptophan.Thischemicalwouldlowerthehealthysubjects’levelsofserotoninasactuallyhappensindepressedpatients. Theworkhasalsogeneratedinterestfromflavorhouses--companiesthatdevelopchemicalsforthefoodanddrinkindustry--whoareinterestedinmakingfoodstastejustassweetwithhalftheamountofsugar."Theoreticallytherewouldbethepossibilityofenhancingyourmealwithdrugsthataffectbrainchemicalssothatthingswouldtastebetter--youcouidhavea’designertastetablet’"Donaldsonsays. Theflavourhousesareinterestedintheresearchbecauseithelps
Thetopicofcloninghasbeenapoliticallyandethicallycontroversialonesinceitsverybeginning.Whilethemoralandphilosophicalaspectsoftheissuesareentirelyuptotheinterpretationoftheindividualtheapplicationofcloningtechnologycanbestudiedobjectively.Manyinthescientificcommunityadvocatetheuseofcloningforthepreservationandsupportofendangeredspeciesofanimalswhichasidefromcloninghavenootherpracticalhopeforavoidingextinction. Thegoaloftheuseofcloningtoavoidextinctionisthereintroductionofnewgenesintothegenepoolofspecieswithfewsurvivorsensuringthemaintenanceandexpansionofgeneticdiversity.LikelycandidatesforthistechniquearespeciesknowntohaveveryfewsurvivingmemberssuchastheAfricanBongoAntelopetheSumatranTigerandtheChineseGiantPanda.InthecaseofGiantPandasomeartificialtechniquesforcreatingoffspringhavealreadybeenperformedperhapspavingthewayforcloningasthenextstepintheprocess. Withtheestimatedpopulationofonlyabout1000GiantPandasleftintheworldtheurgencyofthesituationhasledtodesperatemeasures.OnepandawasbornthroughthetechniqueofartificialinseminationintheSanDiegoZoointheUnitedStates."HuaMei"wasbornin1999afterherparentsHsing-HsingandLing-Linghadtroubleconceivingnaturally. TheplantoincreasetheGiantPandapopulationthroughtheuseofcloninginvolvestheuseofaspeciesrelatedtotheGiantPandatheAmericanBlackBear.EggcellswillberemovedfromfemaleblackbearsandthenfertilizedwithPandacellssuchasthosefromLing-LingorHsing-Hsing.Thefertilizedembryowillthenre-implantedintotheblackbearwhereitwillgrowandmatureuntilanewpandaisdeliveredfromtheblackbearhost. Criticsofcloningtechnologyarguethattheemphasisoncloningasamethodbywhichtopreservespecieswilldrawfundingawayfromothermethodssuchashabitatpreservationandconservation.Proponentsofcloningcounterthatmanycountriesinwhichmanyendangeredspeciesexistaretoopoortoprotectandmaintainthespecies’habitatsanywaymakingcloningtechnologytheonlypracticalwaytoensurethatthosespeciessurvivetofuturegenerations.Theissueisstillhotlydebatedasbothsidesweighthebenefitsthatcouldbeachievedagainsttherisksandethicalconcernsthatconstantlyaccompanyanyargumentontheissue.402words Notes:ethically道德上genepool基因库inseminationn.受精fertilize使受精embryo胚胎proponent支持者拥护者weighAagainstB权衡A和B的利弊 Theauthorraisestheissueofethicalconsiderationincloninginparagraph1inorderto
Intheearly1960sWiltChamberlainwasoneoftheonlythreeplayersintheNationalBasketballAssociationNBAlistedatoversevenfeet.Ifhehadplayedlastseasonhoweverhewouldhavebeenoneof42.Thebodiesplayingmajorprofessionalsportshavechangeddramaticallyovertheyearsandmanagershavebeenmorethanwillingtoadjustteamuniformstofitthegrowingnumbersofbiggerlongerframes. Thetrendinsportsthoughmaybeobscuringanunrecognizedreality:Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing.Thoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsagotoday’speople—especiallythoseborntofamilieswhohavelivedintheU.S.formanygenerations--apparentlyreachedtheirlimitintheearly1960s.Andtheyaren’tlikelytogetanytaller."Inthegeneralpopulationto-dayatthisgeneticenvironmentallevelwe’veprettymuchgoneasfaraswecango"saysanthropologistWilliamCameronChumleaofWrightStateUniversity.InthecaseofNBAplayerstheirin-creaseinheightappearstoresultfromtheincreasinglycommonpracticeofrecruitingplayersfromallovertheworld. Growthwhichrarelycontinuesbeyondtheageof20demandscaloriesandnutrients—notablyprotein—tofeedexpandingtissues.Atthestartofthe20thcenturyunder-nutritionandchildhoodinfectionsgotintheway.Butasdietandhealthimprovedchildrenandadolescentshaveonaverageincreasedinheightbyaboutaninchandahalfevery20yearsapatternknownastheseculartrendinheight.YetaccordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionaverageheight—5’9"formen5’4"forwomen—hasn’treallychangedsince1960. Geneticallyspeakingthereareadvantagestoavoidingsubstantialheight.Duringchildbirthlargerbabieshavemoredifficultypassingthroughthebirthcanal.Moreovereventhoughhumanshavebeenuprightformillionsofyearsourfeetandbackcontinuetostrugglewithbipedalpostureandcan-noteasilywithstandrepeatedstrainimposedbyoversizelimbs."Therearesomerealconstraintsthataresetbythegeneticarchitectureoftheindividualorganism"saysanthropologistWilliamLeonardofNorthwesternUniversity. Geneticmaximumscanchangebutdon’texpectthistohappensoon.ClaireC.GordonsenioranthropologistattheArmyResearchCenterinNatickMass.ensuresthat90percentoftheuniformsandworkstationsfitrecruitswithoutalteration.Shesaysthatunlikethoseforbasketballthelengthofmilitaryuniformshasnotchangedforsometime.AndifyouneedtopredicthumanheightinthenearfuturetodesignapieceofequipmentGordonsaysthatbyandlarge"youcouldusetoday’sdataandfeelfairlyconfident./ Welearnfromthelastparagraphthatinthenearfuture
Regardlessoftheirpoliticalaffiliationinallcountrieswomenmustovercomeahostofstumblingblocksthatlimittheirpoliticalcareers."Mostobstaclestoprogressconsistof1ofvariouskinds"saystheInter-ParliamentaryUnionIPUaGeneva-basedorganization2139parliamentsincludingthelackoftimetraininginformationself-confidencemoneysupportmotivationwomen’snetworksandsolidaritybetweenwomen. Ineverycultureprejudiceandstereotypes3hard.Thebeliefstillholds4thatwomenbelonginthekitchenand5thechildrennotatelection6orintheSpeaker’schair.Themediaoftenreinforcetraditionalimagesofwomenwhouponenteringpoliticsalsobearthebrunt正面冲击ofverbalandphysical7. Inimpoverished贫穷的countries8bycivilconflictsanddeterioratingeconomicandsocialconditionswomenare9bythetasksofmanagingeverydaylifeandlookingaftertheirfamilies. TheIPUstressesthegenerallackofchild-carefacilities—often10aprivilegedfew—the11ofpoliticalpartiestochangethetimesandrunningofmeetingsandtheweakbackingwomenreceivefromtheirfamilies.Thatsupportwhichis12aswellasfinancialis13vitalbecausewomenhaveinternalized14imagesofthemselvessincethe15oftimeandoftensufferfromlowself-confidence. Anotherobstacleisthelackoffinancialresourcesespeciallyaselectioncampaignsbecomeincreasinglyexpensive.16womenencountermoreorlessopenmachismo男子汉的高傲inthe17ofclosedpoliticalcircles18entrytothe"secondsex."Lastlythey19thelackofsolidaritybetweenwomen20bythefactthatthenumberofavailablepositionsislimited. 12
FeelinganxiousYourmoodmayactuallychangehowyourdinnertastesmakingthebitterandsaltyflavorsrecedeaccordingtonewresearch.Thislinkbetweenthechemicalbalanceinyourbrainandyoursenseoftastecouldonedayhelpdoctorstotreatdepression.Therearecurrentlynoon-the-spottestsfordecidingwhichmedicationwillworkbestinindividualpatientswiththiscondition.Researchershopethatatestbasedonflavordetectioncouldhelpdoctorstogetmoreprescriptionsrightfirsttime. Ithaslongbeenknownthatpeoplewhoaredepressedhavelower-than-usuallevelsofthebrainchemicalsserotoninornoradrenalineorinsomecasesboth.Manyalsohaveabluntedsenseoftastewhichispresumablycausedbychangesinbrainchemistry.TounpicktherelationshipbetweenthetwoLucyDonaldsonandhercolleaguesattheUniversityofBristolUKgave20healthyvolunteerstwoantidepressantdrugsandcheckedtheirsensitivitytodifferenttastes.ThedrugthatraisedserotoninlevelsmadepeoplemoresensitivetosweetandbittertastestheteamreportsintheJournalofNeuroscience.Theotherwhichincreasednoradrenalineenhancedrecognitionofbitterandsourtastes. Inhealthypeoplevolunteerswhoseanxietylevelswerenaturallyhigherwerelesssensitivetobitterandsaltytastes."Whathasn’tbeendonebeoreistolookpreciselyatwhichtastesareaffectedindepression"saysDonaldson.Nowtheresultsarein"wecandiscriminatebetweenthechemicalsandthetastesthatseemtobealtered"shesays.Testingsensitivitytosweetandsourtastescouldpotentiallyhelpdoctorstopickuponwhichchemicalsaredippingguidingthemwhenchoosingwhichdrugtorectifytheproblem. Currentlydoctorsrelyonphysicalandemotionalsymptomstomakeabestguessatanindividual’simbalanceprescribeadrugandwaitaboutamonthtocheckonanyimprovement.Gooddoctorshaveabouta60-80%successrateinselectingtherightdrugthefirsttimesayspsychiatristJanMelicharaco-authoronthepaper.Arethereanydecenttestsforprescribingdrugsfordepression"No.Wedoabestguesstimate"saysMelichar."I’mexcitedbythisfindingbecausein35or7yearswecouldhaveasimpletastetest." Nexttheteamplanstoperformsimilartestsindepressedpeopleandinhealthyvolunteersgivenanotherbrainchemicalcalledtryptophan.Thischemicalwouldlowerthehealthysubjects’levelsofserotoninasactuallyhappensindepressedpatients. Theworkhasalsogeneratedinterestfromflavorhouses--companiesthatdevelopchemicalsforthefoodanddrinkindustry--whoareinterestedinmakingfoodstastejustassweetwithhalftheamountofsugar."Theoreticallytherewouldbethepossibilityofenhancingyourmealwithdrugsthataffectbrainchemicalssothatthingswouldtastebetter--youcouidhavea’designertastetablet’"Donaldsonsays. ThewordbluntedLine2Paragraph2mostprobablymeans
Thetopicofcloninghasbeenapoliticallyandethicallycontroversialonesinceitsverybeginning.Whilethemoralandphilosophicalaspectsoftheissuesareentirelyuptotheinterpretationoftheindividualtheapplicationofcloningtechnologycanbestudiedobjectively.Manyinthescientificcommunityadvocatetheuseofcloningforthepreservationandsupportofendangeredspeciesofanimalswhichasidefromcloninghavenootherpracticalhopeforavoidingextinction. Thegoaloftheuseofcloningtoavoidextinctionisthereintroductionofnewgenesintothegenepoolofspecieswithfewsurvivorsensuringthemaintenanceandexpansionofgeneticdiversity.LikelycandidatesforthistechniquearespeciesknowntohaveveryfewsurvivingmemberssuchastheAfricanBongoAntelopetheSumatranTigerandtheChineseGiantPanda.InthecaseofGiantPandasomeartificialtechniquesforcreatingoffspringhavealreadybeenperformedperhapspavingthewayforcloningasthenextstepintheprocess. Withtheestimatedpopulationofonlyabout1000GiantPandasleftintheworldtheurgencyofthesituationhasledtodesperatemeasures.OnepandawasbornthroughthetechniqueofartificialinseminationintheSanDiegoZoointheUnitedStates."HuaMei"wasbornin1999afterherparentsHsing-HsingandLing-Linghadtroubleconceivingnaturally. TheplantoincreasetheGiantPandapopulationthroughtheuseofcloninginvolvestheuseofaspeciesrelatedtotheGiantPandatheAmericanBlackBear.EggcellswillberemovedfromfemaleblackbearsandthenfertilizedwithPandacellssuchasthosefromLing-LingorHsing-Hsing.Thefertilizedembryowillthenre-implantedintotheblackbearwhereitwillgrowandmatureuntilanewpandaisdeliveredfromtheblackbearhost. Criticsofcloningtechnologyarguethattheemphasisoncloningasamethodbywhichtopreservespecieswilldrawfundingawayfromothermethodssuchashabitatpreservationandconservation.Proponentsofcloningcounterthatmanycountriesinwhichmanyendangeredspeciesexistaretoopoortoprotectandmaintainthespecies’habitatsanywaymakingcloningtechnologytheonlypracticalwaytoensurethatthosespeciessurvivetofuturegenerations.Theissueisstillhotlydebatedasbothsidesweighthebenefitsthatcouldbeachievedagainsttherisksandethicalconcernsthatconstantlyaccompanyanyargumentontheissue.402words Notes:ethically道德上genepool基因库inseminationn.受精fertilize使受精embryo胚胎proponent支持者拥护者weighAagainstB权衡A和B的利弊 Paragraph4iswritteninorderto
Morethan40millionAmericansbetweentheagesof5and18attendschoolsthroughouttheUnitedStates.About2millionschool-agechildrenaretaughtathome.Whilehomeschoolingoffersanalternativetotheschoolenvironmentithasbecomeacontroversialissue. Manypublicschooladvocatestakeaharshattitudetowardhomeschoolersperceivingtheiractionsastheultimateslapinthefaceofpubliceducationandadamagingmoveforthechildren.Yetaspublicschoolofficialsrealizetheystandlittletogainbyremaininghostiletothehome-schoolpopulationthehardlinesseemtobesofteningabit.Somepublicschoolshavemovedclosertotoleranceandeveninsomecasesareseekingcooperationwithhomeschoolers."Wearebecomingrelativelytolerantofhomeschoolers.Let’sgivethekidsaccesstopublicschoolsothey’llseeit’snotasterribleasthey’vebeentoldandthey’llwanttocomeback"saysJohnMarshallaneducationofficial. Perhapsbutdon’tcountonitsayhome-schooladvocates.Somehomeschoolersopposethatpublicschoolsystembecausetheyhavestrongconvictionsthattheirapproachtoeducation—whetherfueledbyreligiousbeliefortheindividualchild’sinterestsandnaturalpace—isbest.Otherhomeschoolerscontend"notsomuchthattheschoolsteachheresybutthatschoolsteachwhatevertheyteachinappropriately.""Theseparentsarehighlyindependentandstriveto’takeresponsibility’fortheirownliveswithinasocietythattheydefineasbureaucraticandinefficient."saysVanGallon. ButHowardCarolspokesmanforAmerica’slargestteachersunionarguesthathomeschoolingparentsaretryingtohidetheirchildrenfromtherealworldsaysVanGallon."Maybewearegoingtorunintopeoplewithproblemspeoplethathaveadrugproblempeoplethathaveanalcoholproblemandteenagepregnancy.Wehavemanyproblemsthathappeninoursocietyandmanyofthechildrenarevictims.Butshieldingthechildrenfromtherealmixofwhathappenseverydayisdenyingthemsomethingthattheyaregoingtoneedlaterinlife."Mr.Carolalsoquestionedthecompetenceofparentsasteachersthoughheadmittedthatsomehomeschoolersdobetteracademically."Wewanttomakesurethatastudentisnotdeniedthefullrangeofcurriculumexperiencesandappropriatematerialsespeciallynowwiththenewtechnologythatisbeingintroducedandthecostsinvolvedthere." "Thesuccessofhomeschoolinghasbeendocumentedinstandardizedtestscoresadministeredbypublicschoolofficials"saysFrankBernettheexecutivedirectoroftheNationalAssociationofCollegeAdmissionCouncilors."IknowwhytheyaredoingitbutIwonderwhytheycan’tworkwithschoolofficialsandteacherstomaketheschoolwhattheywantittobe."Theresponsefromhomeschoolers:"Wehavetriedthat.NOWit’stimetostrikeoutonourown./ Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat
Regardlessoftheirpoliticalaffiliationinallcountrieswomenmustovercomeahostofstumblingblocksthatlimittheirpoliticalcareers."Mostobstaclestoprogressconsistof1ofvariouskinds"saystheInter-ParliamentaryUnionIPUaGeneva-basedorganization2139parliamentsincludingthelackoftimetraininginformationself-confidencemoneysupportmotivationwomen’snetworksandsolidaritybetweenwomen. Ineverycultureprejudiceandstereotypes3hard.Thebeliefstillholds4thatwomenbelonginthekitchenand5thechildrennotatelection6orintheSpeaker’schair.Themediaoftenreinforcetraditionalimagesofwomenwhouponenteringpoliticsalsobearthebrunt正面冲击ofverbalandphysical7. Inimpoverished贫穷的countries8bycivilconflictsanddeterioratingeconomicandsocialconditionswomenare9bythetasksofmanagingeverydaylifeandlookingaftertheirfamilies. TheIPUstressesthegenerallackofchild-carefacilities—often10aprivilegedfew—the11ofpoliticalpartiestochangethetimesandrunningofmeetingsandtheweakbackingwomenreceivefromtheirfamilies.Thatsupportwhichis12aswellasfinancialis13vitalbecausewomenhaveinternalized14imagesofthemselvessincethe15oftimeandoftensufferfromlowself-confidence. Anotherobstacleisthelackoffinancialresourcesespeciallyaselectioncampaignsbecomeincreasinglyexpensive.16womenencountermoreorlessopenmachismo男子汉的高傲inthe17ofclosedpoliticalcircles18entrytothe"secondsex."Lastlythey19thelackofsolidaritybetweenwomen20bythefactthatthenumberofavailablepositionsislimited. 2
Glassinoneformoranotherhaslongbeeninnobleservicetohumans.Asoneofthemostwidelyusedofmanufacturedmaterialsandcertainlythemostversatileitcanbeasimposingasatelescopemirrorthewidthofatenniscourtorassmallandsimpleasamarblerollingacrossdirt.41.______Theusesofthisadaptablematerialhavebeenbroadeneddramaticallybynewtechnologies:glassfiberoptics—morethaneightmillionmiles—carryingtelephoneandtelevisionsignalsacrossnations;glassceramicsservingasthenoseconesofmissilesandascrownsforteeth;tinyglassbeadstakingradiationdosesinsidethebodytospecificorgans;evenanewtypeofglassfashionedofnuclearwasteinordertodisposeofthatunwantedmaterial.42.______Onthehorizonareopticalcomputers.Thesecouldstoreprogramsandprocessinformationbymeansoflight—pulsesfromtinylasers—ratherthanelectrons.Andthepulseswouldtraveloverglassfibersnotcopperwire.Thesemachinescouldfunctionhundredsoftimesfasterthantoday’selectroniccomputersandholdvastlymoreinformation.Todayfiberopticsareusedtoobtainaclearerimageofsmallerandsmallerobjectsthaneverbefore—evenbacterialviruses.Anewgenerationofopticalinstrumentsisemergingthatcanprovidedetailedimagingoftheinnerworkingsofcells.ItisthesurgeinfiberopticuseandinliquidcrystaldisplaysthathassettheU.S.glassindustrya16billiondollarbusinessemployingsome150000workerstobuildingnewplantstomeetdemand.43.______Butnotalltheglasstechnologythattouchesourlivesisultra-modem.Considerthesimplelightbulb;attheturnofthecenturymostlightbulbswerehandblownandthecostofonewasequivalenttohalfaday’spayfortheaverageworker.IneffecttheinventionoftheribbonmachinebyCominginthe1920slightedanation.Thepriceofabulbplunged.Smallwonderthatthemachinehasbeencalledoneofthegreatmechanicalachievementsofalltime.Yetitisverysimple:anarrowribbonofmoltenglasstravelsoveramovingbeltofsteelinwhichthereareholes.Theglasssagsthroughtheholesandintowaitingmoulds.Puffsofcompressedairthenshapetheglass.Inthiswaytheenvelopeofalightbulbismadebyasinglemachineattherateof66000anhourascomparedwith1200adayproducedbyateamoffourglassblowers.44.______Thesecretoftheversatilityofglassliesinitsinteriorstructure.Althoughitisrigidandthuslikeasolidtheatomsarearrangedinarandomdisorderedfashioncharacteristicofaliquid.Inthemeltingprocesstheatomsintherawmaterialsaredisturbedfromtheirnormalpositioninthemolecularstructure;beforetheycanfindtheirwaybacktocrystallinearrangementstheglasscools.Thisloosenessinmolecularstructuregivesthematerialwhatengineerscalltremendousformabilitywhichallowstechnicianstotailorglasstowhatevertheyneed.45.______Todayscientistscontinuetoexperimentwithnewglassmixturesandbuildingdesignerstesttheirimaginationswithapplicationsofspecialtypesofglass.ALondonarchitectMikeDaviesseesevenmoredramaticbuildingsusingmolecularchemistry.Glassisthegreatbuildingmaterialofthefuturethe’dynamicskin’hesaid.Thinkofglassthathasbeentreatedtoreacttoelectriccurrentsgoingthroughitglassthatwillchangefromcleartoopaqueatthepushofabuttonthatgivesyouinstantcurtains.ThinkofhowthetallbuildingsinNewYorkcouldperformasymphonyofcoloursastheglassinthemismadetochangecoloursinstantly.Glassasinstantcurtainsisavailablenowbutthecostisexorbitant.Asfortheglasschangingcoloursinstantlythatmaycometrue.MikeDavies’svisionmayindeedbeonthewaytofulfillment.[A]Whatmakesglasssoadaptable[B]Architecturalexperimentswithglass[C]Glassartgalleriesflourish[D]Excitinginnovationsinfiberoptics[E]Aformerglasstechnology[F]Newusesofglass
Regardlessoftheirpoliticalaffiliationinallcountrieswomenmustovercomeahostofstumblingblocksthatlimittheirpoliticalcareers."Mostobstaclestoprogressconsistof1ofvariouskinds"saystheInter-ParliamentaryUnionIPUaGeneva-basedorganization2139parliamentsincludingthelackoftimetraininginformationself-confidencemoneysupportmotivationwomen’snetworksandsolidaritybetweenwomen. Ineverycultureprejudiceandstereotypes3hard.Thebeliefstillholds4thatwomenbelonginthekitchenand5thechildrennotatelection6orintheSpeaker’schair.Themediaoftenreinforcetraditionalimagesofwomenwhouponenteringpoliticsalsobearthebrunt正面冲击ofverbalandphysical7. Inimpoverished贫穷的countries8bycivilconflictsanddeterioratingeconomicandsocialconditionswomenare9bythetasksofmanagingeverydaylifeandlookingaftertheirfamilies. TheIPUstressesthegenerallackofchild-carefacilities—often10aprivilegedfew—the11ofpoliticalpartiestochangethetimesandrunningofmeetingsandtheweakbackingwomenreceivefromtheirfamilies.Thatsupportwhichis12aswellasfinancialis13vitalbecausewomenhaveinternalized14imagesofthemselvessincethe15oftimeandoftensufferfromlowself-confidence. Anotherobstacleisthelackoffinancialresourcesespeciallyaselectioncampaignsbecomeincreasinglyexpensive.16womenencountermoreorlessopenmachismo男子汉的高傲inthe17ofclosedpoliticalcircles18entrytothe"secondsex."Lastlythey19thelackofsolidaritybetweenwomen20bythefactthatthenumberofavailablepositionsislimited. 4
46Along-heldviewofthehistoryoftheEnglishcoloniesthatbecametheUnitedStateshasbeenthatEngland’spolicytowardthesecoloniesbefore1763wasdictatedbycommercialinterestsandthatachangetoamoreimperialpolicydominatedbyexpansionistmilitaristobjectivesgeneratedthetensionsthatultimatelyledtotheAmericanRevolution.InarecentstudyStephenSaundersWebbhasresentedaformidablechallengetothisview.AccordingtoWebbEnglandalreadyhadamilitaryimperialpolicyformorethanacenturybeforetheAmericanRevolution.HeseesCharlesⅡtheEnglishmonarchbetween1660and1685asthepropersuccessoroftheTudormonarchsofthesixteenthcenturyandofOliverCromwellallofwhomwerebentonextendingcentralizedexecutivepoweroverEngland’spossessionsthroughtheuseofwhatWebbcallsgarrisongovernment.GarrisongovernmentallowedthecolonistsalegislativeassemblybutrealauthorityinWebb’sviewbelongedtothecolonialgovernorwhowasappointedbythekingandsupportedbythegarrisonthatis.bythelocalcontingentofEnglishtroopsunderthecolonialgovernor’scommand.AccordingtoWebbthepurposeofgarrisongovernmentwastoprovidemilitarysupportforaroyalpolicydesignedtolimitthepoweroftheupperclassesintheAmericancolonies.47Webbarguesthatthecoloniallegislativeassembliesrepresentedtheinterestsnotofthecommonpeoplebutofthecolonialupperclassesacoalitionofmerchantsandnobilitywhofavoredself-ruleandsoughttoelevatelegislativeauthorityattheexpenseoftheexecutive.ItwasaccordingtoWebbthecolonialgovernorswhofavoredthesmallfarmeropposedtheplantationsystemandtriedthroughtaxationtobreakuplargeholdingsofland.BackedbythemilitarypresenceofthegarrisonthesegovernorstriedtopreventthegentryandmerchantsalliedinthecolonialassembliesfromtransformingcolonialAmericaintoacapitalisticoligarchy.48Webb’sstudyilluminatesthepoliticalalignmentsthatexistedinthecoloniesinthecenturypriortotheAmericanRevolutionbuthisviewofthecrown’suseofthemilitaryasaninstrumentofcolonialpolicyisnotentirelyconvincing.Englandduringtheseventeenthcenturywasnotnotedforitsmilitaryachievements.CromwelldidmountEngland’smostambitiousoverseasmilitaryexpeditioninmorethanacenturybutitprovedtobeanutterfailure.UnderCharlesⅡtheEnglisharmywastoosmalltobeamajorinstrumentofgovernment.49NotuntilthewarinFrancein1697didWilliamⅢpersuadeParliamenttocreateaprofessionalstandingarmyandParliament’spricefordoingsowastokeepthearmyundertightlegislativecontrol.50WhileitmaybetruethatthecrownattemptedtodiminishthepowerofthecolonialupperclassesitishardtoimaginehowtheEnglisharmyduringtheseventeenthcenturycouldhaveprovidedsignificantmilitarysupportforsuchapolicy.
Morethan40millionAmericansbetweentheagesof5and18attendschoolsthroughouttheUnitedStates.About2millionschool-agechildrenaretaughtathome.Whilehomeschoolingoffersanalternativetotheschoolenvironmentithasbecomeacontroversialissue. Manypublicschooladvocatestakeaharshattitudetowardhomeschoolersperceivingtheiractionsastheultimateslapinthefaceofpubliceducationandadamagingmoveforthechildren.Yetaspublicschoolofficialsrealizetheystandlittletogainbyremaininghostiletothehome-schoolpopulationthehardlinesseemtobesofteningabit.Somepublicschoolshavemovedclosertotoleranceandeveninsomecasesareseekingcooperationwithhomeschoolers."Wearebecomingrelativelytolerantofhomeschoolers.Let’sgivethekidsaccesstopublicschoolsothey’llseeit’snotasterribleasthey’vebeentoldandthey’llwanttocomeback"saysJohnMarshallaneducationofficial. Perhapsbutdon’tcountonitsayhome-schooladvocates.Somehomeschoolersopposethatpublicschoolsystembecausetheyhavestrongconvictionsthattheirapproachtoeducation—whetherfueledbyreligiousbeliefortheindividualchild’sinterestsandnaturalpace—isbest.Otherhomeschoolerscontend"notsomuchthattheschoolsteachheresybutthatschoolsteachwhatevertheyteachinappropriately.""Theseparentsarehighlyindependentandstriveto’takeresponsibility’fortheirownliveswithinasocietythattheydefineasbureaucraticandinefficient."saysVanGallon. ButHowardCarolspokesmanforAmerica’slargestteachersunionarguesthathomeschoolingparentsaretryingtohidetheirchildrenfromtherealworldsaysVanGallon."Maybewearegoingtorunintopeoplewithproblemspeoplethathaveadrugproblempeoplethathaveanalcoholproblemandteenagepregnancy.Wehavemanyproblemsthathappeninoursocietyandmanyofthechildrenarevictims.Butshieldingthechildrenfromtherealmixofwhathappenseverydayisdenyingthemsomethingthattheyaregoingtoneedlaterinlife."Mr.Carolalsoquestionedthecompetenceofparentsasteachersthoughheadmittedthatsomehomeschoolersdobetteracademically."Wewanttomakesurethatastudentisnotdeniedthefullrangeofcurriculumexperiencesandappropriatematerialsespeciallynowwiththenewtechnologythatisbeingintroducedandthecostsinvolvedthere." "Thesuccessofhomeschoolinghasbeendocumentedinstandardizedtestscoresadministeredbypublicschoolofficials"saysFrankBernettheexecutivedirectoroftheNationalAssociationofCollegeAdmissionCouncilors."IknowwhytheyaredoingitbutIwonderwhytheycan’tworkwithschoolofficialsandteacherstomaketheschoolwhattheywantittobe."Theresponsefromhomeschoolers:"Wehavetriedthat.NOWit’stimetostrikeoutonourown./ Publicschoolsaresofteningtheirpositiononhomeschoolingbecause
Regardlessoftheirpoliticalaffiliationinallcountrieswomenmustovercomeahostofstumblingblocksthatlimittheirpoliticalcareers."Mostobstaclestoprogressconsistof1ofvariouskinds"saystheInter-ParliamentaryUnionIPUaGeneva-basedorganization2139parliamentsincludingthelackoftimetraininginformationself-confidencemoneysupportmotivationwomen’snetworksandsolidaritybetweenwomen. Ineverycultureprejudiceandstereotypes3hard.Thebeliefstillholds4thatwomenbelonginthekitchenand5thechildrennotatelection6orintheSpeaker’schair.Themediaoftenreinforcetraditionalimagesofwomenwhouponenteringpoliticsalsobearthebrunt正面冲击ofverbalandphysical7. Inimpoverished贫穷的countries8bycivilconflictsanddeterioratingeconomicandsocialconditionswomenare9bythetasksofmanagingeverydaylifeandlookingaftertheirfamilies. TheIPUstressesthegenerallackofchild-carefacilities—often10aprivilegedfew—the11ofpoliticalpartiestochangethetimesandrunningofmeetingsandtheweakbackingwomenreceivefromtheirfamilies.Thatsupportwhichis12aswellasfinancialis13vitalbecausewomenhaveinternalized14imagesofthemselvessincethe15oftimeandoftensufferfromlowself-confidence. Anotherobstacleisthelackoffinancialresourcesespeciallyaselectioncampaignsbecomeincreasinglyexpensive.16womenencountermoreorlessopenmachismo男子汉的高傲inthe17ofclosedpoliticalcircles18entrytothe"secondsex."Lastlythey19thelackofsolidaritybetweenwomen20bythefactthatthenumberofavailablepositionsislimited. 6
RealpolicemenbothBritainandtheUnitedStateshardlyrecognizeanyresemblancebetweentheirlivesandwhattheyseeonTV—iftheyevergethomeintime.Therearesimilaritiesofcoursebutthecopsdon’tthinkmuchofthem. Thefirstdifferenceisthatapoliceman’srealliferevolvesroundthelaw.Mostofhistrainingisincriminallaw.Hehastoknowexactlywhatactionsarecrimesandwhatevidencecanbeusedtoprovethemincourt.Hehastoknownearlyasmuchlawasaprofessionallawyerandwhatismorehehastoapplyitonhisfeetinthedarkandrainrunningdownanalleyaftersomeonehehastotalkto. Littleofhistimeisspentinchattingtoscantilycladladiesorindramaticconfrontationswithdesperatecriminal.Hewillspendmostofhisworkinglifetypingmillionsofwordsonthousandsofformsabouthundredsofsadunimportantpeoplewhoareguilty—ornot—ofstupidpettycrimes. Mosttelevisioncrimedramaisaboutfindingthecriminal;assoonashe’sarrestedthestoryisover.Inreallifefindingcriminalsisseldommuchofaproblem.Exceptinveryseriouscaseslikemurdersandterroristattacks—wherefailuretoproduceresultsreflectsonthestandingofthepolice—littleeffortisspentonsearching.Thepolicehaveanelaboratemachinerywhicheventuallyshowsupmostwantedmen. Havingmadeanarrestadetectivereallystartstowork.Hehastoprovehiscaseincourtandtodothatheoftenhastogatheralotofdifferentevidence.Muchofthishastobegivenbypeoplewhodon’twanttogetinvolvedinacourtcase.Soaswellasbeingoverworkedadetectivehastobeoutatallhoursofthedayandnightinterviewinghiswitnessesandpersuadingthemusuallyagainsttheirownbestintereststohelphim. Athirdbigdifferencebetweenthedramadetectiveandtherealoneistheunpleasantmoraltwilightinwhichtherealonelives.Detectivesaresubjecttotwoopposingpressures:firstasmembersofapoliceforcetheyalwayshavetobehavewithabsolutelegalitysecondlyasexpensivepublicservantstheyhavetogetresults.Theycanhardlyeverdoboth.Mostofthetimesomeofthemhavetobreaktherulesinsmallways. Ifthedetectivehastodeceivetheworldtheworldoftendeceiveshim.Hardlyanyonehemeetstellshimthetruth.Andthisseparationthedetectivefeelsbetweenhimselfandtherestoftheworldisdeepenedbythesimplemindedness—asheseesit—ofcitizenssocialworkersdoctorslawmakersandjudgeswhoinsteadofstampingoutcrimepunishthecriminalslessseverelyinthehopethatthiswillmakethemreform.Theresultdetectivesfeelisthatninetenthsoftheirworkisreachingpeoplewhoshouldhavestayedbehindbars.Thismakesthemrathercynical. Therealdetectivelivesinanunpleasantmoraltwilightbecause
Everydaysome16mbarrelsofoilleavetheGulfthroughtheStraitofHormuz.Thatisenoughtofillasoft-drinkcanforeveryoneonearthortopowereverymotorvehicleontheplanetfor25miles40kin.Gulfoilaccountsfor40%ofglobaltradeinthestickystuff.Moreimportantitmakesuptwo-thirdsofknowndeposits.Whereasatpresentproductionratestherestoftheworld’soilreserveswilllastforamere25yearstheGulf’swilllastfor100.Inotherwordstheregion’sstrategicimportanceissettogrowandgrow. Oratleastsogoestheconventionalwisdomwhichisusuallyroundedoutwithscarytalkofunstablesuppliesspendthriftregimesandapotentialfundamentalistmenace.Yetallthosenumberscomewithcaveats.AgreatdealofoilisconsumedbythecountriesthatproduceitratherthantradedsoinrealitytheGulfaccountsforlessthanaquarteroftheworld’sdailyconsumption.Asforreservesthefiguresareaschangeableasamirageinthedesert.ThemostcomprehensiveresearchavailableconductedbytheUSGeologicalSurveyreferstoan"expected"totalvolumeforglobalhydrocarbondepositsthatisaboutdoublecurrentknownreserves.UsingthatfigureandthrowinginnaturalgasalongwithoilitappearsthattheGulfcontainsamoremoderate30%orsooftheplanet’sfuturefossil-fuelsupplies.LeavingoutthetwoGulfstatesthatarenotcoveredinthissurvey--IranandIraq--theremainingsixbetweenthemholdsomethinglike20%ofworldhydrocarbonreservesnotmuchmorethanRussia. Allthesameitisstillaheftychunk;enoughyoumightthinktokeepthepeoplelivingatopthewellsincomfortfortheforeseeablefuture.Butyoumightbewrong.AtpresentthenationsoftheGulfCooperationCouncilhaveacombinednationalincomeroughlyequaltoSwitzerland’sbutapopulationwhichataround30mismorethanfourtimesasbig.Itisalsothefastest-growingonearthhavingincreasedatninetimestheSwissrateoverthepastquarter-century.Meanwhiletheregion’sshareofworldoiltradehasfallenashastheaveragepriceperbarrel. AsaresulttheincomeperpersongeneratedbyGCCoilexportshasbeendiminishingsincethe1970s.TruesurgingdemandfromAmericaandAsiahasrecentlyboostedtheGulf’sshareoftradebutthemedium-termoutlookforoilpriesremainsweak.Combinedwithcontinuedgrowthinoilconsumptionthisshouldcreatesustainedupwardpressureonprices.Andhighoilpriceswillspeedthesearchforalternatives.Whoknowsin20years’timefuelcellsandhydrogenpowermayhavestartedtobecomecommercialpropositions. Towhichofthefollowistheauthorlikelytoagree
Everydaysome16mbarrelsofoilleavetheGulfthroughtheStraitofHormuz.Thatisenoughtofillasoft-drinkcanforeveryoneonearthortopowereverymotorvehicleontheplanetfor25miles40kin.Gulfoilaccountsfor40%ofglobaltradeinthestickystuff.Moreimportantitmakesuptwo-thirdsofknowndeposits.Whereasatpresentproductionratestherestoftheworld’soilreserveswilllastforamere25yearstheGulf’swilllastfor100.Inotherwordstheregion’sstrategicimportanceissettogrowandgrow. Oratleastsogoestheconventionalwisdomwhichisusuallyroundedoutwithscarytalkofunstablesuppliesspendthriftregimesandapotentialfundamentalistmenace.Yetallthosenumberscomewithcaveats.AgreatdealofoilisconsumedbythecountriesthatproduceitratherthantradedsoinrealitytheGulfaccountsforlessthanaquarteroftheworld’sdailyconsumption.Asforreservesthefiguresareaschangeableasamirageinthedesert.ThemostcomprehensiveresearchavailableconductedbytheUSGeologicalSurveyreferstoan"expected"totalvolumeforglobalhydrocarbondepositsthatisaboutdoublecurrentknownreserves.UsingthatfigureandthrowinginnaturalgasalongwithoilitappearsthattheGulfcontainsamoremoderate30%orsooftheplanet’sfuturefossil-fuelsupplies.LeavingoutthetwoGulfstatesthatarenotcoveredinthissurvey--IranandIraq--theremainingsixbetweenthemholdsomethinglike20%ofworldhydrocarbonreservesnotmuchmorethanRussia. Allthesameitisstillaheftychunk;enoughyoumightthinktokeepthepeoplelivingatopthewellsincomfortfortheforeseeablefuture.Butyoumightbewrong.AtpresentthenationsoftheGulfCooperationCouncilhaveacombinednationalincomeroughlyequaltoSwitzerland’sbutapopulationwhichataround30mismorethanfourtimesasbig.Itisalsothefastest-growingonearthhavingincreasedatninetimestheSwissrateoverthepastquarter-century.Meanwhiletheregion’sshareofworldoiltradehasfallenashastheaveragepriceperbarrel. AsaresulttheincomeperpersongeneratedbyGCCoilexportshasbeendiminishingsincethe1970s.TruesurgingdemandfromAmericaandAsiahasrecentlyboostedtheGulf’sshareoftradebutthemedium-termoutlookforoilpriesremainsweak.Combinedwithcontinuedgrowthinoilconsumptionthisshouldcreatesustainedupwardpressureonprices.Andhighoilpriceswillspeedthesearchforalternatives.Whoknowsin20years’timefuelcellsandhydrogenpowermayhavestartedtobecomecommercialpropositions. WhensayingitisstillaheftychunkPara.3theauthorimpliesthat
RealpolicemenbothBritainandtheUnitedStateshardlyrecognizeanyresemblancebetweentheirlivesandwhattheyseeonTV—iftheyevergethomeintime.Therearesimilaritiesofcoursebutthecopsdon’tthinkmuchofthem. Thefirstdifferenceisthatapoliceman’srealliferevolvesroundthelaw.Mostofhistrainingisincriminallaw.Hehastoknowexactlywhatactionsarecrimesandwhatevidencecanbeusedtoprovethemincourt.Hehastoknownearlyasmuchlawasaprofessionallawyerandwhatismorehehastoapplyitonhisfeetinthedarkandrainrunningdownanalleyaftersomeonehehastotalkto. Littleofhistimeisspentinchattingtoscantilycladladiesorindramaticconfrontationswithdesperatecriminal.Hewillspendmostofhisworkinglifetypingmillionsofwordsonthousandsofformsabouthundredsofsadunimportantpeoplewhoareguilty—ornot—ofstupidpettycrimes. Mosttelevisioncrimedramaisaboutfindingthecriminal;assoonashe’sarrestedthestoryisover.Inreallifefindingcriminalsisseldommuchofaproblem.Exceptinveryseriouscaseslikemurdersandterroristattacks—wherefailuretoproduceresultsreflectsonthestandingofthepolice—littleeffortisspentonsearching.Thepolicehaveanelaboratemachinerywhicheventuallyshowsupmostwantedmen. Havingmadeanarrestadetectivereallystartstowork.Hehastoprovehiscaseincourtandtodothatheoftenhastogatheralotofdifferentevidence.Muchofthishastobegivenbypeoplewhodon’twanttogetinvolvedinacourtcase.Soaswellasbeingoverworkedadetectivehastobeoutatallhoursofthedayandnightinterviewinghiswitnessesandpersuadingthemusuallyagainsttheirownbestintereststohelphim. Athirdbigdifferencebetweenthedramadetectiveandtherealoneistheunpleasantmoraltwilightinwhichtherealonelives.Detectivesaresubjecttotwoopposingpressures:firstasmembersofapoliceforcetheyalwayshavetobehavewithabsolutelegalitysecondlyasexpensivepublicservantstheyhavetogetresults.Theycanhardlyeverdoboth.Mostofthetimesomeofthemhavetobreaktherulesinsmallways. Ifthedetectivehastodeceivetheworldtheworldoftendeceiveshim.Hardlyanyonehemeetstellshimthetruth.Andthisseparationthedetectivefeelsbetweenhimselfandtherestoftheworldisdeepenedbythesimplemindedness—asheseesit—ofcitizenssocialworkersdoctorslawmakersandjudgeswhoinsteadofstampingoutcrimepunishthecriminalslessseverelyinthehopethatthiswillmakethemreform.Theresultdetectivesfeelisthatninetenthsoftheirworkisreachingpeoplewhoshouldhavestayedbehindbars.Thismakesthemrathercynical. Theeverydaylifeofapolicemanordetectiveis
Regardlessoftheirpoliticalaffiliationinallcountrieswomenmustovercomeahostofstumblingblocksthatlimittheirpoliticalcareers."Mostobstaclestoprogressconsistof1ofvariouskinds"saystheInter-ParliamentaryUnionIPUaGeneva-basedorganization2139parliamentsincludingthelackoftimetraininginformationself-confidencemoneysupportmotivationwomen’snetworksandsolidaritybetweenwomen. Ineverycultureprejudiceandstereotypes3hard.Thebeliefstillholds4thatwomenbelonginthekitchenand5thechildrennotatelection6orintheSpeaker’schair.Themediaoftenreinforcetraditionalimagesofwomenwhouponenteringpoliticsalsobearthebrunt正面冲击ofverbalandphysical7. Inimpoverished贫穷的countries8bycivilconflictsanddeterioratingeconomicandsocialconditionswomenare9bythetasksofmanagingeverydaylifeandlookingaftertheirfamilies. TheIPUstressesthegenerallackofchild-carefacilities—often10aprivilegedfew—the11ofpoliticalpartiestochangethetimesandrunningofmeetingsandtheweakbackingwomenreceivefromtheirfamilies.Thatsupportwhichis12aswellasfinancialis13vitalbecausewomenhaveinternalized14imagesofthemselvessincethe15oftimeandoftensufferfromlowself-confidence. Anotherobstacleisthelackoffinancialresourcesespeciallyaselectioncampaignsbecomeincreasinglyexpensive.16womenencountermoreorlessopenmachismo男子汉的高傲inthe17ofclosedpoliticalcircles18entrytothe"secondsex."Lastlythey19thelackofsolidaritybetweenwomen20bythefactthatthenumberofavailablepositionsislimited. 20
Regardlessoftheirpoliticalaffiliationinallcountrieswomenmustovercomeahostofstumblingblocksthatlimittheirpoliticalcareers."Mostobstaclestoprogressconsistof1ofvariouskinds"saystheInter-ParliamentaryUnionIPUaGeneva-basedorganization2139parliamentsincludingthelackoftimetraininginformationself-confidencemoneysupportmotivationwomen’snetworksandsolidaritybetweenwomen. Ineverycultureprejudiceandstereotypes3hard.Thebeliefstillholds4thatwomenbelonginthekitchenand5thechildrennotatelection6orintheSpeaker’schair.Themediaoftenreinforcetraditionalimagesofwomenwhouponenteringpoliticsalsobearthebrunt正面冲击ofverbalandphysical7. Inimpoverished贫穷的countries8bycivilconflictsanddeterioratingeconomicandsocialconditionswomenare9bythetasksofmanagingeverydaylifeandlookingaftertheirfamilies. TheIPUstressesthegenerallackofchild-carefacilities—often10aprivilegedfew—the11ofpoliticalpartiestochangethetimesandrunningofmeetingsandtheweakbackingwomenreceivefromtheirfamilies.Thatsupportwhichis12aswellasfinancialis13vitalbecausewomenhaveinternalized14imagesofthemselvessincethe15oftimeandoftensufferfromlowself-confidence. Anotherobstacleisthelackoffinancialresourcesespeciallyaselectioncampaignsbecomeincreasinglyexpensive.16womenencountermoreorlessopenmachismo男子汉的高傲inthe17ofclosedpoliticalcircles18entrytothe"secondsex."Lastlythey19thelackofsolidaritybetweenwomen20bythefactthatthenumberofavailablepositionsislimited. 14
Regardlessoftheirpoliticalaffiliationinallcountrieswomenmustovercomeahostofstumblingblocksthatlimittheirpoliticalcareers."Mostobstaclestoprogressconsistof1ofvariouskinds"saystheInter-ParliamentaryUnionIPUaGeneva-basedorganization2139parliamentsincludingthelackoftimetraininginformationself-confidencemoneysupportmotivationwomen’snetworksandsolidaritybetweenwomen. Ineverycultureprejudiceandstereotypes3hard.Thebeliefstillholds4thatwomenbelonginthekitchenand5thechildrennotatelection6orintheSpeaker’schair.Themediaoftenreinforcetraditionalimagesofwomenwhouponenteringpoliticsalsobearthebrunt正面冲击ofverbalandphysical7. Inimpoverished贫穷的countries8bycivilconflictsanddeterioratingeconomicandsocialconditionswomenare9bythetasksofmanagingeverydaylifeandlookingaftertheirfamilies. TheIPUstressesthegenerallackofchild-carefacilities—often10aprivilegedfew—the11ofpoliticalpartiestochangethetimesandrunningofmeetingsandtheweakbackingwomenreceivefromtheirfamilies.Thatsupportwhichis12aswellasfinancialis13vitalbecausewomenhaveinternalized14imagesofthemselvessincethe15oftimeandoftensufferfromlowself-confidence. Anotherobstacleisthelackoffinancialresourcesespeciallyaselectioncampaignsbecomeincreasinglyexpensive.16womenencountermoreorlessopenmachismo男子汉的高傲inthe17ofclosedpoliticalcircles18entrytothe"secondsex."Lastlythey19thelackofsolidaritybetweenwomen20bythefactthatthenumberofavailablepositionsislimited. 8
Regardlessoftheirpoliticalaffiliationinallcountrieswomenmustovercomeahostofstumblingblocksthatlimittheirpoliticalcareers."Mostobstaclestoprogressconsistof1ofvariouskinds"saystheInter-ParliamentaryUnionIPUaGeneva-basedorganization2139parliamentsincludingthelackoftimetraininginformationself-confidencemoneysupportmotivationwomen’snetworksandsolidaritybetweenwomen. Ineverycultureprejudiceandstereotypes3hard.Thebeliefstillholds4thatwomenbelonginthekitchenand5thechildrennotatelection6orintheSpeaker’schair.Themediaoftenreinforcetraditionalimagesofwomenwhouponenteringpoliticsalsobearthebrunt正面冲击ofverbalandphysical7. Inimpoverished贫穷的countries8bycivilconflictsanddeterioratingeconomicandsocialconditionswomenare9bythetasksofmanagingeverydaylifeandlookingaftertheirfamilies. TheIPUstressesthegenerallackofchild-carefacilities—often10aprivilegedfew—the11ofpoliticalpartiestochangethetimesandrunningofmeetingsandtheweakbackingwomenreceivefromtheirfamilies.Thatsupportwhichis12aswellasfinancialis13vitalbecausewomenhaveinternalized14imagesofthemselvessincethe15oftimeandoftensufferfromlowself-confidence. Anotherobstacleisthelackoffinancialresourcesespeciallyaselectioncampaignsbecomeincreasinglyexpensive.16womenencountermoreorlessopenmachismo男子汉的高傲inthe17ofclosedpoliticalcircles18entrytothe"secondsex."Lastlythey19thelackofsolidaritybetweenwomen20bythefactthatthenumberofavailablepositionsislimited. 10
Regardlessoftheirpoliticalaffiliationinallcountrieswomenmustovercomeahostofstumblingblocksthatlimittheirpoliticalcareers."Mostobstaclestoprogressconsistof1ofvariouskinds"saystheInter-ParliamentaryUnionIPUaGeneva-basedorganization2139parliamentsincludingthelackoftimetraininginformationself-confidencemoneysupportmotivationwomen’snetworksandsolidaritybetweenwomen. Ineverycultureprejudiceandstereotypes3hard.Thebeliefstillholds4thatwomenbelonginthekitchenand5thechildrennotatelection6orintheSpeaker’schair.Themediaoftenreinforcetraditionalimagesofwomenwhouponenteringpoliticsalsobearthebrunt正面冲击ofverbalandphysical7. Inimpoverished贫穷的countries8bycivilconflictsanddeterioratingeconomicandsocialconditionswomenare9bythetasksofmanagingeverydaylifeandlookingaftertheirfamilies. TheIPUstressesthegenerallackofchild-carefacilities—often10aprivilegedfew—the11ofpoliticalpartiestochangethetimesandrunningofmeetingsandtheweakbackingwomenreceivefromtheirfamilies.Thatsupportwhichis12aswellasfinancialis13vitalbecausewomenhaveinternalized14imagesofthemselvessincethe15oftimeandoftensufferfromlowself-confidence. Anotherobstacleisthelackoffinancialresourcesespeciallyaselectioncampaignsbecomeincreasinglyexpensive.16womenencountermoreorlessopenmachismo男子汉的高傲inthe17ofclosedpoliticalcircles18entrytothe"secondsex."Lastlythey19thelackofsolidaritybetweenwomen20bythefactthatthenumberofavailablepositionsislimited. 18
Regardlessoftheirpoliticalaffiliationinallcountrieswomenmustovercomeahostofstumblingblocksthatlimittheirpoliticalcareers."Mostobstaclestoprogressconsistof1ofvariouskinds"saystheInter-ParliamentaryUnionIPUaGeneva-basedorganization2139parliamentsincludingthelackoftimetraininginformationself-confidencemoneysupportmotivationwomen’snetworksandsolidaritybetweenwomen. Ineverycultureprejudiceandstereotypes3hard.Thebeliefstillholds4thatwomenbelonginthekitchenand5thechildrennotatelection6orintheSpeaker’schair.Themediaoftenreinforcetraditionalimagesofwomenwhouponenteringpoliticsalsobearthebrunt正面冲击ofverbalandphysical7. Inimpoverished贫穷的countries8bycivilconflictsanddeterioratingeconomicandsocialconditionswomenare9bythetasksofmanagingeverydaylifeandlookingaftertheirfamilies. TheIPUstressesthegenerallackofchild-carefacilities—often10aprivilegedfew—the11ofpoliticalpartiestochangethetimesandrunningofmeetingsandtheweakbackingwomenreceivefromtheirfamilies.Thatsupportwhichis12aswellasfinancialis13vitalbecausewomenhaveinternalized14imagesofthemselvessincethe15oftimeandoftensufferfromlowself-confidence. Anotherobstacleisthelackoffinancialresourcesespeciallyaselectioncampaignsbecomeincreasinglyexpensive.16womenencountermoreorlessopenmachismo男子汉的高傲inthe17ofclosedpoliticalcircles18entrytothe"secondsex."Lastlythey19thelackofsolidaritybetweenwomen20bythefactthatthenumberofavailablepositionsislimited. 16
46Along-heldviewofthehistoryoftheEnglishcoloniesthatbecametheUnitedStateshasbeenthatEngland’spolicytowardthesecoloniesbefore1763wasdictatedbycommercialinterestsandthatachangetoamoreimperialpolicydominatedbyexpansionistmilitaristobjectivesgeneratedthetensionsthatultimatelyledtotheAmericanRevolution.InarecentstudyStephenSaundersWebbhasresentedaformidablechallengetothisview.AccordingtoWebbEnglandalreadyhadamilitaryimperialpolicyformorethanacenturybeforetheAmericanRevolution.HeseesCharlesⅡtheEnglishmonarchbetween1660and1685asthepropersuccessoroftheTudormonarchsofthesixteenthcenturyandofOliverCromwellallofwhomwerebentonextendingcentralizedexecutivepoweroverEngland’spossessionsthroughtheuseofwhatWebbcallsgarrisongovernment.GarrisongovernmentallowedthecolonistsalegislativeassemblybutrealauthorityinWebb’sviewbelongedtothecolonialgovernorwhowasappointedbythekingandsupportedbythegarrisonthatis.bythelocalcontingentofEnglishtroopsunderthecolonialgovernor’scommand.AccordingtoWebbthepurposeofgarrisongovernmentwastoprovidemilitarysupportforaroyalpolicydesignedtolimitthepoweroftheupperclassesintheAmericancolonies.47Webbarguesthatthecoloniallegislativeassembliesrepresentedtheinterestsnotofthecommonpeoplebutofthecolonialupperclassesacoalitionofmerchantsandnobilitywhofavoredself-ruleandsoughttoelevatelegislativeauthorityattheexpenseoftheexecutive.ItwasaccordingtoWebbthecolonialgovernorswhofavoredthesmallfarmeropposedtheplantationsystemandtriedthroughtaxationtobreakuplargeholdingsofland.BackedbythemilitarypresenceofthegarrisonthesegovernorstriedtopreventthegentryandmerchantsalliedinthecolonialassembliesfromtransformingcolonialAmericaintoacapitalisticoligarchy.48Webb’sstudyilluminatesthepoliticalalignmentsthatexistedinthecoloniesinthecenturypriortotheAmericanRevolutionbuthisviewofthecrown’suseofthemilitaryasaninstrumentofcolonialpolicyisnotentirelyconvincing.Englandduringtheseventeenthcenturywasnotnotedforitsmilitaryachievements.CromwelldidmountEngland’smostambitiousoverseasmilitaryexpeditioninmorethanacenturybutitprovedtobeanutterfailure.UnderCharlesⅡtheEnglisharmywastoosmalltobeamajorinstrumentofgovernment.49NotuntilthewarinFrancein1697didWilliamⅢpersuadeParliamenttocreateaprofessionalstandingarmyandParliament’spricefordoingsowastokeepthearmyundertightlegislativecontrol.50WhileitmaybetruethatthecrownattemptedtodiminishthepowerofthecolonialupperclassesitishardtoimaginehowtheEnglisharmyduringtheseventeenthcenturycouldhaveprovidedsignificantmilitarysupportforsuchapolicy.
Directions: Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould 1describethedrawingbriefly 2explainitsintendedmeaningandthen 3giveyourcomments. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Glassinoneformoranotherhaslongbeeninnobleservicetohumans.Asoneofthemostwidelyusedofmanufacturedmaterialsandcertainlythemostversatileitcanbeasimposingasatelescopemirrorthewidthofatenniscourtorassmallandsimpleasamarblerollingacrossdirt.41.______Theusesofthisadaptablematerialhavebeenbroadeneddramaticallybynewtechnologies:glassfiberoptics—morethaneightmillionmiles—carryingtelephoneandtelevisionsignalsacrossnations;glassceramicsservingasthenoseconesofmissilesandascrownsforteeth;tinyglassbeadstakingradiationdosesinsidethebodytospecificorgans;evenanewtypeofglassfashionedofnuclearwasteinordertodisposeofthatunwantedmaterial.42.______Onthehorizonareopticalcomputers.Thesecouldstoreprogramsandprocessinformationbymeansoflight—pulsesfromtinylasers—ratherthanelectrons.Andthepulseswouldtraveloverglassfibersnotcopperwire.Thesemachinescouldfunctionhundredsoftimesfasterthantoday’selectroniccomputersandholdvastlymoreinformation.Todayfiberopticsareusedtoobtainaclearerimageofsmallerandsmallerobjectsthaneverbefore—evenbacterialviruses.Anewgenerationofopticalinstrumentsisemergingthatcanprovidedetailedimagingoftheinnerworkingsofcells.ItisthesurgeinfiberopticuseandinliquidcrystaldisplaysthathassettheU.S.glassindustrya16billiondollarbusinessemployingsome150000workerstobuildingnewplantstomeetdemand.43.______Butnotalltheglasstechnologythattouchesourlivesisultra-modem.Considerthesimplelightbulb;attheturnofthecenturymostlightbulbswerehandblownandthecostofonewasequivalenttohalfaday’spayfortheaverageworker.IneffecttheinventionoftheribbonmachinebyCominginthe1920slightedanation.Thepriceofabulbplunged.Smallwonderthatthemachinehasbeencalledoneofthegreatmechanicalachievementsofalltime.Yetitisverysimple:anarrowribbonofmoltenglasstravelsoveramovingbeltofsteelinwhichthereareholes.Theglasssagsthroughtheholesandintowaitingmoulds.Puffsofcompressedairthenshapetheglass.Inthiswaytheenvelopeofalightbulbismadebyasinglemachineattherateof66000anhourascomparedwith1200adayproducedbyateamoffourglassblowers.44.______Thesecretoftheversatilityofglassliesinitsinteriorstructure.Althoughitisrigidandthuslikeasolidtheatomsarearrangedinarandomdisorderedfashioncharacteristicofaliquid.Inthemeltingprocesstheatomsintherawmaterialsaredisturbedfromtheirnormalpositioninthemolecularstructure;beforetheycanfindtheirwaybacktocrystallinearrangementstheglasscools.Thisloosenessinmolecularstructuregivesthematerialwhatengineerscalltremendousformabilitywhichallowstechnicianstotailorglasstowhatevertheyneed.45.______Todayscientistscontinuetoexperimentwithnewglassmixturesandbuildingdesignerstesttheirimaginationswithapplicationsofspecialtypesofglass.ALondonarchitectMikeDaviesseesevenmoredramaticbuildingsusingmolecularchemistry.Glassisthegreatbuildingmaterialofthefuturethe’dynamicskin’hesaid.Thinkofglassthathasbeentreatedtoreacttoelectriccurrentsgoingthroughitglassthatwillchangefromcleartoopaqueatthepushofabuttonthatgivesyouinstantcurtains.ThinkofhowthetallbuildingsinNewYorkcouldperformasymphonyofcoloursastheglassinthemismadetochangecoloursinstantly.Glassasinstantcurtainsisavailablenowbutthecostisexorbitant.Asfortheglasschangingcoloursinstantlythatmaycometrue.MikeDavies’svisionmayindeedbeonthewaytofulfillment.[A]Whatmakesglasssoadaptable[B]Architecturalexperimentswithglass[C]Glassartgalleriesflourish[D]Excitinginnovationsinfiberoptics[E]Aformerglasstechnology[F]Newusesofglass
Morethan40millionAmericansbetweentheagesof5and18attendschoolsthroughouttheUnitedStates.About2millionschool-agechildrenaretaughtathome.Whilehomeschoolingoffersanalternativetotheschoolenvironmentithasbecomeacontroversialissue. Manypublicschooladvocatestakeaharshattitudetowardhomeschoolersperceivingtheiractionsastheultimateslapinthefaceofpubliceducationandadamagingmoveforthechildren.Yetaspublicschoolofficialsrealizetheystandlittletogainbyremaininghostiletothehome-schoolpopulationthehardlinesseemtobesofteningabit.Somepublicschoolshavemovedclosertotoleranceandeveninsomecasesareseekingcooperationwithhomeschoolers."Wearebecomingrelativelytolerantofhomeschoolers.Let’sgivethekidsaccesstopublicschoolsothey’llseeit’snotasterribleasthey’vebeentoldandthey’llwanttocomeback"saysJohnMarshallaneducationofficial. Perhapsbutdon’tcountonitsayhome-schooladvocates.Somehomeschoolersopposethatpublicschoolsystembecausetheyhavestrongconvictionsthattheirapproachtoeducation—whetherfueledbyreligiousbeliefortheindividualchild’sinterestsandnaturalpace—isbest.Otherhomeschoolerscontend"notsomuchthattheschoolsteachheresybutthatschoolsteachwhatevertheyteachinappropriately.""Theseparentsarehighlyindependentandstriveto’takeresponsibility’fortheirownliveswithinasocietythattheydefineasbureaucraticandinefficient."saysVanGallon. ButHowardCarolspokesmanforAmerica’slargestteachersunionarguesthathomeschoolingparentsaretryingtohidetheirchildrenfromtherealworldsaysVanGallon."Maybewearegoingtorunintopeoplewithproblemspeoplethathaveadrugproblempeoplethathaveanalcoholproblemandteenagepregnancy.Wehavemanyproblemsthathappeninoursocietyandmanyofthechildrenarevictims.Butshieldingthechildrenfromtherealmixofwhathappenseverydayisdenyingthemsomethingthattheyaregoingtoneedlaterinlife."Mr.Carolalsoquestionedthecompetenceofparentsasteachersthoughheadmittedthatsomehomeschoolersdobetteracademically."Wewanttomakesurethatastudentisnotdeniedthefullrangeofcurriculumexperiencesandappropriatematerialsespeciallynowwiththenewtechnologythatisbeingintroducedandthecostsinvolvedthere." "Thesuccessofhomeschoolinghasbeendocumentedinstandardizedtestscoresadministeredbypublicschoolofficials"saysFrankBernettheexecutivedirectoroftheNationalAssociationofCollegeAdmissionCouncilors."IknowwhytheyaredoingitbutIwonderwhytheycan’tworkwithschoolofficialsandteacherstomaketheschoolwhattheywantittobe."Theresponsefromhomeschoolers:"Wehavetriedthat.NOWit’stimetostrikeoutonourown./ Theauthorwritesthispassagetoshowthat
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