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痰饮病的治疗原则是：
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痰饮病的总治疗原则是什么你是怎样理解的试说明之
治疗痰饮病的主要原则是
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痰饮病的治疗原则是什么举例说明
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Thephraseprogressiveeducationisoneifnotofprotestatleastofcontrastofcontrastwithaneducationwhichwaspredominantlystaticinsubject-matterauthoritarianinmethodsandmainlypassiveandreceptivefromthesideoftheyoung.Butthephilosophyofeducationmustgobeyondanyideaofeducationthatisformedbywayofcontrastreactionandprotest.Foritisanattempttodiscoverwhateducationisandhowittakesplace.Onlywhenweidentifyeducationwithschoolingdoesitseemtobeasimplethingtotellwhateducationactuallyisandyetaclearideaofwhatitisgivesusouronlycriterionforjudginganddirectingwhatgoesoninschools. Itissometimessupposedthatitisthebusinessofthephilosophyofeducationtotellwhateducationshouldbe.Buttheonlywayofdecidingwhateducationshouldbeatleasttheonlywaywhichdoesnotleadusintothecloudsisdiscoveryofwhatactuallytakesplacewheneducationreallyoccurs.Andbeforewecanformulateaphilosophyofeducationwemustknowhowhumannatureisconstitutedintheconcrete;wemustknowabouttheworkingofactualsocialforces;wemustknowabouttheoperationsthroughwhichbasicrawmaterialsaremodifiedintosomethingofgreatervalue.Theneedforaphilosophyofeducationisthusfundamentallytheneedforfindingoutwhateducationreallyis.Wehavetotakethosecasesinwhichwefindthereisarealdevelopmentofdesirablepowersandthenfindouthowthisdevelopmenttookplace.Thenwecanprojectwhathastakenplaceintheseinstancesasaguidefordirectingourotherefforts.Theneedforthisdiscoveryandthisprojectionistheneedforaphilosophyofeducation. WhattheniseducationwhenwefindactualsatisfactoryspecimensofitinexistenceInthefirstplaceitisaprocessofdevelopmentofgrowth.Anditistheprocessandnotmerelytheresultthatisimportant.Atrulyhealthypersonisnotsomethingfixedandcompleted.Heisapersonwhoseprocessesandactivitiesgooninsuchawaythathewillcontinuetobehealthy.Similarlyaneducatedpersonisthepersonwhohasthepowertogoonandgetmoreeducation. Inanycasedevelopmentgrowthinvolvechangemodificationandmodificationindefinitedirections.Itisquitepossibleforateacherunderthesupposedsanctionoftheideaofcultivatingindividualitytofixateapupilmoreorlessathisexistinglevel.Respectforindividualityisprimarilyintellectual.Itsignifiesstudyingtheindividualtoseewhatistheretoworkwith.Havingthissympatheticunderstandingthepracticalworkthenbeginsforthepracticalworkisoneofmodificationofchangingofreconstructioncontinuedwithoutend.Thechangemustatleastbetowardsmoreeffectivetechniquestowardsgreaterself-reliancetowardsamorethoughtfulandinquiringdispositiononemorecapableofpersistenteffortinmeetingobstacles. Thephilosophyofeducationissupposed
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
Politicalcontroversyaboutthepublic-landpolicyoftheUnitedStatesbeganwiththeAmericaRevolution.1evenbeforeindependencefromBritainwas2itbecameclearthat3thedilemmassurroundingthepublicdomainmightprovenecessaryto4theUnionitself. AtthepeacenegotiationwithBritainAmericansobtainedawestern5attheMississippiRiver.Thusthenewnationsecuredforitsbirthrightavastinternalempirerichinagriculturalandmineralresources.But6theircolonialcharterssevenstatesclaimed7ofthewesternwilderness.Virginia’sclaimwasthelargest8northandwesttoencompassthelaterstates.Thelanguageofthecharterswas9andtheirvalidityquestionablebutduringthewarVirginiareinforceditstitlebysponsoringColonelGeorgiaRogersClark’s177810toVicennesandKaskaskiawhich11America’strans-Appalachianpretensionsatthepeacetable. Thesixstatesholdingnoclaimtothetransmontaneregion12whetheraconfederacyinwhichterritorywassounevenlyapportionedwouldtrulyprovewhatitclaimedtobeaunionofequals.AlreadyNewJerseyDelawareRhodeIsalandandMarylandwere13thesmallestandleastpopulousofthestates.14theyleviedheavytaxestorepaystatewardebtstheirlargerneighborsmightretiredebtsoutofland-saleproceeds.15byfreshlandsandlowtaxespeoplewoulddesertthesmallstates16thelargeleavingtheformertofall17bankruptcyandeventuallyintopoliticalsubjugation.Allthestatessharedinthewarefforthowthencouldhalfofthem"beleftnosinkunderan18debtwhilstothersareenabledinashortperiodto19alltheirexpendituresfromthehardearningsofthewholeconfederacy"AstheRevolutionwasacommonendeavor20oughtitsfruitsincludingthewesternlandsbeacommonproperty. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Politicalcontroversyaboutthepublic-landpolicyoftheUnitedStatesbeganwiththeAmericaRevolution.1evenbeforeindependencefromBritainwas2itbecameclearthat3thedilemmassurroundingthepublicdomainmightprovenecessaryto4theUnionitself. AtthepeacenegotiationwithBritainAmericansobtainedawestern5attheMississippiRiver.Thusthenewnationsecuredforitsbirthrightavastinternalempirerichinagriculturalandmineralresources.But6theircolonialcharterssevenstatesclaimed7ofthewesternwilderness.Virginia’sclaimwasthelargest8northandwesttoencompassthelaterstates.Thelanguageofthecharterswas9andtheirvalidityquestionablebutduringthewarVirginiareinforceditstitlebysponsoringColonelGeorgiaRogersClark’s177810toVicennesandKaskaskiawhich11America’strans-Appalachianpretensionsatthepeacetable. Thesixstatesholdingnoclaimtothetransmontaneregion12whetheraconfederacyinwhichterritorywassounevenlyapportionedwouldtrulyprovewhatitclaimedtobeaunionofequals.AlreadyNewJerseyDelawareRhodeIsalandandMarylandwere13thesmallestandleastpopulousofthestates.14theyleviedheavytaxestorepaystatewardebtstheirlargerneighborsmightretiredebtsoutofland-saleproceeds.15byfreshlandsandlowtaxespeoplewoulddesertthesmallstates16thelargeleavingtheformertofall17bankruptcyandeventuallyintopoliticalsubjugation.Allthestatessharedinthewarefforthowthencouldhalfofthem"beleftnosinkunderan18debtwhilstothersareenabledinashortperiodto19alltheirexpendituresfromthehardearningsofthewholeconfederacy"AstheRevolutionwasacommonendeavor20oughtitsfruitsincludingthewesternlandsbeacommonproperty. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Politicalcontroversyaboutthepublic-landpolicyoftheUnitedStatesbeganwiththeAmericaRevolution.1evenbeforeindependencefromBritainwas2itbecameclearthat3thedilemmassurroundingthepublicdomainmightprovenecessaryto4theUnionitself. AtthepeacenegotiationwithBritainAmericansobtainedawestern5attheMississippiRiver.Thusthenewnationsecuredforitsbirthrightavastinternalempirerichinagriculturalandmineralresources.But6theircolonialcharterssevenstatesclaimed7ofthewesternwilderness.Virginia’sclaimwasthelargest8northandwesttoencompassthelaterstates.Thelanguageofthecharterswas9andtheirvalidityquestionablebutduringthewarVirginiareinforceditstitlebysponsoringColonelGeorgiaRogersClark’s177810toVicennesandKaskaskiawhich11America’strans-Appalachianpretensionsatthepeacetable. Thesixstatesholdingnoclaimtothetransmontaneregion12whetheraconfederacyinwhichterritorywassounevenlyapportionedwouldtrulyprovewhatitclaimedtobeaunionofequals.AlreadyNewJerseyDelawareRhodeIsalandandMarylandwere13thesmallestandleastpopulousofthestates.14theyleviedheavytaxestorepaystatewardebtstheirlargerneighborsmightretiredebtsoutofland-saleproceeds.15byfreshlandsandlowtaxespeoplewoulddesertthesmallstates16thelargeleavingtheformertofall17bankruptcyandeventuallyintopoliticalsubjugation.Allthestatessharedinthewarefforthowthencouldhalfofthem"beleftnosinkunderan18debtwhilstothersareenabledinashortperiodto19alltheirexpendituresfromthehardearningsofthewholeconfederacy"AstheRevolutionwasacommonendeavor20oughtitsfruitsincludingthewesternlandsbeacommonproperty. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Non-indigenousnon-nativespeciesofplantsandanimalsarrivebywayoftwogeneraltypesofpathways.FirstspecieshavingoriginsoutsidetheUnitedStatesmayenterthecountryandbecomeestablishedeitherasfree-livingpopulationsorunderhumancultivation-forexampleinagriculturehorticultureaquacultureoraspets.Somecultivatedspeciessubsequentlyescapeorarereleasedandalsobecomeestablishedasfree-livingpopulations.SecondspeciesofeitherU.S.orforeignoriginandalreadywithintheUnitedStatesmayspreadtonewlocales.Pathwaysofbothtypesincludeintentionalaswellasunintentionalspeciestransfers.Ratesofspeciesmovementdrivenbyhumantransformationsofnaturalenvironmentsaswellasbyhumanmobility-throughcommercetourismandtravel-greatlyexceednaturalratesbycomparison.Whilegeographicdistributionsofspeciesnaturallyexpandorcontractoverhistoricaltimeintervalstenstohundredsofyearsspecies’’rangesrarelyexpandthousandsofmilesoracrossphysicalbarrierssuchasoceansormountains. Habitatmodificationcancreateconditionsfavorabletotheestablishmentofnon-indigenousspecies.Soildisturbedinconstructionandagricultureisopenforcolonizationbynon-indigenousweedswhichinturnmayprovidehabitatsforthenon-indigenousinsectsthatevolvedwiththem.Human-generatedchangesinfirefrequencygrazingintensityaswellassoilstabilityandnutrientlevelssimilarlyfacilitatethespreadandestablishmentofnon-indigenousplants.Whenhumanchangestonaturalenvironmentsspanlargegeographicalareastheyeffectivelycreatepassagesforspeciesmovementbetweenpreviouslyisolatedlocales.TherapidspreadoftheRussianwheataphidtofifteenstatesinjusttwoyearsfollowingits1986arrivalhasbeenattributedinparttotheprevalenceofalternativehostplantsthatareavailablewhenwheatisnot.Manyofthesearenon-indigenousgrassesrecommendedforplantingonthefortymillionormoreacresenrolledintheU.S.DepartmentofAgricultureConservationReserveProgram. Anumberoffactorsperplexquantitativeevaluationoftherelativeimportanceofvariousentrypathways.Timelagsoftenoccurbetweenestablishmentofnon-indigenousspeciesandtheirdetectionandtracingthepathwayforalong-establishedspeciesisdifficult.Expertsestimatethatnon-indigenousweedsareusuallydetectedonlyafterhavingbeeninthecountryforthirtyyearsorhavingspreadtoatleasttenthousandacres.Inadditionfederalportinspectionalthoughamajorsourceofinformationonnon-indigenousspeciespathwaysespeciallyforagriculturepestsprovidesdataonlywhensuchspeciesenterviaclosely-examinedroutes.Finallysomecomparisonsbetweenpathwaysdefyquantitativeanalysis-forexamplewhichismoreimportant:theentrypathofoneveryharmfulspeciesoronebywhichmanybutlessharmfulspeciesenterthecountry Todeterminetheentrypathwayforanon-nativespeciesisLEASTlikelytodependon
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
Non-indigenousnon-nativespeciesofplantsandanimalsarrivebywayoftwogeneraltypesofpathways.FirstspecieshavingoriginsoutsidetheUnitedStatesmayenterthecountryandbecomeestablishedeitherasfree-livingpopulationsorunderhumancultivation-forexampleinagriculturehorticultureaquacultureoraspets.Somecultivatedspeciessubsequentlyescapeorarereleasedandalsobecomeestablishedasfree-livingpopulations.SecondspeciesofeitherU.S.orforeignoriginandalreadywithintheUnitedStatesmayspreadtonewlocales.Pathwaysofbothtypesincludeintentionalaswellasunintentionalspeciestransfers.Ratesofspeciesmovementdrivenbyhumantransformationsofnaturalenvironmentsaswellasbyhumanmobility-throughcommercetourismandtravel-greatlyexceednaturalratesbycomparison.Whilegeographicdistributionsofspeciesnaturallyexpandorcontractoverhistoricaltimeintervalstenstohundredsofyearsspecies’’rangesrarelyexpandthousandsofmilesoracrossphysicalbarrierssuchasoceansormountains. Habitatmodificationcancreateconditionsfavorabletotheestablishmentofnon-indigenousspecies.Soildisturbedinconstructionandagricultureisopenforcolonizationbynon-indigenousweedswhichinturnmayprovidehabitatsforthenon-indigenousinsectsthatevolvedwiththem.Human-generatedchangesinfirefrequencygrazingintensityaswellassoilstabilityandnutrientlevelssimilarlyfacilitatethespreadandestablishmentofnon-indigenousplants.Whenhumanchangestonaturalenvironmentsspanlargegeographicalareastheyeffectivelycreatepassagesforspeciesmovementbetweenpreviouslyisolatedlocales.TherapidspreadoftheRussianwheataphidtofifteenstatesinjusttwoyearsfollowingits1986arrivalhasbeenattributedinparttotheprevalenceofalternativehostplantsthatareavailablewhenwheatisnot.Manyofthesearenon-indigenousgrassesrecommendedforplantingonthefortymillionormoreacresenrolledintheU.S.DepartmentofAgricultureConservationReserveProgram. Anumberoffactorsperplexquantitativeevaluationoftherelativeimportanceofvariousentrypathways.Timelagsoftenoccurbetweenestablishmentofnon-indigenousspeciesandtheirdetectionandtracingthepathwayforalong-establishedspeciesisdifficult.Expertsestimatethatnon-indigenousweedsareusuallydetectedonlyafterhavingbeeninthecountryforthirtyyearsorhavingspreadtoatleasttenthousandacres.Inadditionfederalportinspectionalthoughamajorsourceofinformationonnon-indigenousspeciespathwaysespeciallyforagriculturepestsprovidesdataonlywhensuchspeciesenterviaclosely-examinedroutes.Finallysomecomparisonsbetweenpathwaysdefyquantitativeanalysis-forexamplewhichismoreimportant:theentrypathofoneveryharmfulspeciesoronebywhichmanybutlessharmfulspeciesenterthecountry Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutspeciesmovementisbestsupportedbythetext
Moderntechnologyandsciencehaveproducedawealthofnewmaterialsandnewwaysofusingoldmaterials.Fortheartistthismeanswideropportunities.Thereisnodoubtthatthelimitationsofmaterialsandnatureoftoolsbothrestrictandshapeaman’’swork.Observehowthedevelopmentofplasticsandlightmetalsalongwithnewmethodsofweldinghaschangedthedirectionofsculpture.TransparentplasticmaterialsallowonetolookthroughanobjecttoseeitsvarioussidessuperimposedoneachotherasinCubismorinanX-ray.Todayweldingisasprevalentascastingwasinthepast.Thisnewmethodencouragesopendesignswheresurroundingandinterveningspacebecomesasimportantasformitself. MoreambiguousthanotherscientificinventionsfamiliartomodernartistsbutnolessinfluentialarethepsychoanalyticstudiesofFreudandhisfollowersdiscoveriesthathaveinfiltratedrecentartespeciallySurrealism超现实主义.TheSurrealistsintheirstruggletoescapethemonotonyandfrustrationsofeverydaylifeclaimedthatdreamsweretheonlyhope.Turningtotheirrationalworldoftheirunconscioustheybanishedalltimebarriersandmoraljudgmentstocombinedisconnecteddreamexperiencesfromthepastpresentandinterveningpsychologicalstates.TheSurrealistswereconcernedwithoverlappingemotionsmorethanwithoverlappingforms.Theirpaintingsoftenbecomesegmentedcapsulesofassociativeexperiences.ForthemobsessiveandoftenunrelatedimagesreplacedthedirectemotionalmessagesofExpressionism.Theydidnotneedtosmashpaintandcanvas;theywentbeyondthistosmashthewholecontinuityoflogicalthought. Thereislittledoubtthatcontemporaryarthastakenmuchfromcontemporarylife.Inaperiodwhensciencehasmaderevolutionarystridesartistsintheirstudioshavenotbeenunawareofscientistsintheirlaboratories.Butthishasrarelybeenaone-waystreet.Paintersandsculptorsthoughadmittedlyinfluencedbymodernsciencehavealsomoldedandchangedourworld.Ifbreak-uphasbeenavitalpartoftheirexpressionithasnotalwaysbeenasymbolofdestruction.Quitethecontrary:ithasbeenusedtoexaminemorefullytopenetratemoredeeplytoanalyzemorethoroughlytoenlargeisolateandmakemorefamiliarcertainaspectsoflifethatearlierwewereapttoneglect.Inadditionitsometimesprovidesrichmultipleexperiencessoorganizedasnotmerelytoreflectourworldbutinfacttointerpretit. Theinventionsofnewmaterialsandweldingtechniques
ItwasinevitablethatanyofPresidentGeorgeW.Bush’sfanshadtobeverydisappointedbyhisdecisiontoimplementhightariffsonsteelimportedtotheU.S.Thepresident’sdefensewaspathetic:Hearguedthatthesteeltariffsweresomehowconsistentwithfreetradethatthedomesticindustrywasimportantandstrugglingandthatthereliefwasatemporarymeasuretoallowtimeforrestructuring.OnereasonthatthisargumentisabsurdisthatU.S.integratedsteelcompanies"BigSteel"havereceivedvariousformsofgovernmentprotectionandsubsidyformorethan30years. Insteadofencouragingtheindustrytorestructurethelong-termprotectionhassustainedinefficientcompaniesandcostU.S.consumersdearly.AsAnneO.KruegernowdeputymanagingdirectoroftheInternationalMonetaryFundsaidinareportonBigSteel:"TheAmericanBigSteelindustryhasbeenthechampionlobbyistandseekerofprotection....ItprovidesakeyanddisillusioningexampleoftheabilitytolobbyinWashingtonformeasureswhichhurtthegeneralpublicandhelpaverysmallgroup." Since1950sBigSteelhasbeenreluctanttomaketheinvestmentsneededtomatchthenewtechnologiesintroducedelsewhere.Itagreedtohighwagesforitsunionizedlaborforce.HencethecompanieshavedifficultyincompetingnotonlywithmoreefficientproducersinAsiaandEuropebutalsowithtechnologicallyadvancedU.S.mini-millswhichrelyonscrapmetalasaninput.LedbyNucorCor.thesemillsnowcaptureabouthalfofoverallU.S.sales. TheprofitabilityofU.S.steelcompaniesdependsalsoonsteelpriceswhichdespiteattemptsatprotectionbytheU.S.andothergovernmentsaredeterminedprimarilyinworldmarkets.Thesepricesarerelativelyhighasrecentlyasearly2000buthavesincedeclinedwiththeworldrecessiontoreachthelowestdollarvaluesofthelast20years.AlthoughtheselowpricesareunfortunateforU.S.producerstheyarebeneficialfortheoverallU.S.economy.ThelowpricesarealsosignalthattheinefficientBigSteelcompaniesshouldgooutofbusinessevenfasterthantheyhavebeen. InsteadofleavingormodernizingthedyingBigSteelindustrycomplainsthatforeignersdumpsteelsbysellingatlowprices.HoweveritishardtoseewhyitisbadfortheoverallU.S.economyifforeignproducerswishtosellustheirgoodsatlowprices.Afteralltheextremecaseofdumpingisonewhereforeignersgiveustheirsteelforfreeandwhywouldthatbeabadthing AccordingtoAnneKruegerlong-termgovernmentprotectiongiventosteelcompanies
Politicalcontroversyaboutthepublic-landpolicyoftheUnitedStatesbeganwiththeAmericaRevolution.1evenbeforeindependencefromBritainwas2itbecameclearthat3thedilemmassurroundingthepublicdomainmightprovenecessaryto4theUnionitself. AtthepeacenegotiationwithBritainAmericansobtainedawestern5attheMississippiRiver.Thusthenewnationsecuredforitsbirthrightavastinternalempirerichinagriculturalandmineralresources.But6theircolonialcharterssevenstatesclaimed7ofthewesternwilderness.Virginia’sclaimwasthelargest8northandwesttoencompassthelaterstates.Thelanguageofthecharterswas9andtheirvalidityquestionablebutduringthewarVirginiareinforceditstitlebysponsoringColonelGeorgiaRogersClark’s177810toVicennesandKaskaskiawhich11America’strans-Appalachianpretensionsatthepeacetable. Thesixstatesholdingnoclaimtothetransmontaneregion12whetheraconfederacyinwhichterritorywassounevenlyapportionedwouldtrulyprovewhatitclaimedtobeaunionofequals.AlreadyNewJerseyDelawareRhodeIsalandandMarylandwere13thesmallestandleastpopulousofthestates.14theyleviedheavytaxestorepaystatewardebtstheirlargerneighborsmightretiredebtsoutofland-saleproceeds.15byfreshlandsandlowtaxespeoplewoulddesertthesmallstates16thelargeleavingtheformertofall17bankruptcyandeventuallyintopoliticalsubjugation.Allthestatessharedinthewarefforthowthencouldhalfofthem"beleftnosinkunderan18debtwhilstothersareenabledinashortperiodto19alltheirexpendituresfromthehardearningsofthewholeconfederacy"AstheRevolutionwasacommonendeavor20oughtitsfruitsincludingthewesternlandsbeacommonproperty. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Almostallourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehaviorandtheycannotbesolvedbyphysicalandbiologicaltechnologyalone.Whatisneededisatechnologyofbehaviorbutwehavebeenslowtodevelopthesciencefromwhichsuchatechnologymightbedrawn.61Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmindfeelingstraitsofcharacterhumannatureandsoon.Physicsandbiologyoncefollowedsimilarpracticesandadvancedonlywhentheydiscardedthem.62Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobservedandpartlybecauseotherkindsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.Theenvironmentisobviouslyimportantbutitsrolehasremainedobscure.Itdoesnotpushorpullitselectsandthisfunctionisdifficulttodiscoverandanalyze.63Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsagoandtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintainingthebehavioroftheindividualisonlybeginningtoberecognizedandstudied.Astheinteractionbetweenorganismandenvironmenthascometobeunderstoodhowevereffectsonceassignedtostatesofmindfeelingsandtraitsarebeginningtobetracedtoaccessibleconditionsandatechnologyofbehaviormaythereforebecomeavailable.Itwillnotsolveourproblemshoweveruntilitreplacestraditionalprescientificviewsandthesearestronglyentrenched.Freedomanddignityillustratethedifficulty.64Theyarethepossessionsoftheautonomousselfgovemingmanoftraditionaltheoryandtheyareessentialtopracticesinwhichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements.Ascientificanalysisshiftsboththeresponsibilityandtheachievementtotheenvironment.Italsoraisesquestionsconcerningvalues.Whowilluseatechnologyandtowhatends65Untiltheseissuesareresolvedatechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejectedandwithitpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems.
Politicalcontroversyaboutthepublic-landpolicyoftheUnitedStatesbeganwiththeAmericaRevolution.1evenbeforeindependencefromBritainwas2itbecameclearthat3thedilemmassurroundingthepublicdomainmightprovenecessaryto4theUnionitself. AtthepeacenegotiationwithBritainAmericansobtainedawestern5attheMississippiRiver.Thusthenewnationsecuredforitsbirthrightavastinternalempirerichinagriculturalandmineralresources.But6theircolonialcharterssevenstatesclaimed7ofthewesternwilderness.Virginia’sclaimwasthelargest8northandwesttoencompassthelaterstates.Thelanguageofthecharterswas9andtheirvalidityquestionablebutduringthewarVirginiareinforceditstitlebysponsoringColonelGeorgiaRogersClark’s177810toVicennesandKaskaskiawhich11America’strans-Appalachianpretensionsatthepeacetable. Thesixstatesholdingnoclaimtothetransmontaneregion12whetheraconfederacyinwhichterritorywassounevenlyapportionedwouldtrulyprovewhatitclaimedtobeaunionofequals.AlreadyNewJerseyDelawareRhodeIsalandandMarylandwere13thesmallestandleastpopulousofthestates.14theyleviedheavytaxestorepaystatewardebtstheirlargerneighborsmightretiredebtsoutofland-saleproceeds.15byfreshlandsandlowtaxespeoplewoulddesertthesmallstates16thelargeleavingtheformertofall17bankruptcyandeventuallyintopoliticalsubjugation.Allthestatessharedinthewarefforthowthencouldhalfofthem"beleftnosinkunderan18debtwhilstothersareenabledinashortperiodto19alltheirexpendituresfromthehardearningsofthewholeconfederacy"AstheRevolutionwasacommonendeavor20oughtitsfruitsincludingthewesternlandsbeacommonproperty. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
YouareagraduateofHistory.Writealettertooneofyourcollegeprofessortorequestarecommendationlettertosupportyourapplicationforapositionwithapublishingcompany.Yourlettershouldcover: 1remindinghimofyouandyourperformance 2thingsyouhopetobereflectedinhisletterand 3thewayofmailingtheletter. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyournameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
Politicalcontroversyaboutthepublic-landpolicyoftheUnitedStatesbeganwiththeAmericaRevolution.1evenbeforeindependencefromBritainwas2itbecameclearthat3thedilemmassurroundingthepublicdomainmightprovenecessaryto4theUnionitself. AtthepeacenegotiationwithBritainAmericansobtainedawestern5attheMississippiRiver.Thusthenewnationsecuredforitsbirthrightavastinternalempirerichinagriculturalandmineralresources.But6theircolonialcharterssevenstatesclaimed7ofthewesternwilderness.Virginia’sclaimwasthelargest8northandwesttoencompassthelaterstates.Thelanguageofthecharterswas9andtheirvalidityquestionablebutduringthewarVirginiareinforceditstitlebysponsoringColonelGeorgiaRogersClark’s177810toVicennesandKaskaskiawhich11America’strans-Appalachianpretensionsatthepeacetable. Thesixstatesholdingnoclaimtothetransmontaneregion12whetheraconfederacyinwhichterritorywassounevenlyapportionedwouldtrulyprovewhatitclaimedtobeaunionofequals.AlreadyNewJerseyDelawareRhodeIsalandandMarylandwere13thesmallestandleastpopulousofthestates.14theyleviedheavytaxestorepaystatewardebtstheirlargerneighborsmightretiredebtsoutofland-saleproceeds.15byfreshlandsandlowtaxespeoplewoulddesertthesmallstates16thelargeleavingtheformertofall17bankruptcyandeventuallyintopoliticalsubjugation.Allthestatessharedinthewarefforthowthencouldhalfofthem"beleftnosinkunderan18debtwhilstothersareenabledinashortperiodto19alltheirexpendituresfromthehardearningsofthewholeconfederacy"AstheRevolutionwasacommonendeavor20oughtitsfruitsincludingthewesternlandsbeacommonproperty. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Politicalcontroversyaboutthepublic-landpolicyoftheUnitedStatesbeganwiththeAmericaRevolution.1evenbeforeindependencefromBritainwas2itbecameclearthat3thedilemmassurroundingthepublicdomainmightprovenecessaryto4theUnionitself. AtthepeacenegotiationwithBritainAmericansobtainedawestern5attheMississippiRiver.Thusthenewnationsecuredforitsbirthrightavastinternalempirerichinagriculturalandmineralresources.But6theircolonialcharterssevenstatesclaimed7ofthewesternwilderness.Virginia’sclaimwasthelargest8northandwesttoencompassthelaterstates.Thelanguageofthecharterswas9andtheirvalidityquestionablebutduringthewarVirginiareinforceditstitlebysponsoringColonelGeorgiaRogersClark’s177810toVicennesandKaskaskiawhich11America’strans-Appalachianpretensionsatthepeacetable. Thesixstatesholdingnoclaimtothetransmontaneregion12whetheraconfederacyinwhichterritorywassounevenlyapportionedwouldtrulyprovewhatitclaimedtobeaunionofequals.AlreadyNewJerseyDelawareRhodeIsalandandMarylandwere13thesmallestandleastpopulousofthestates.14theyleviedheavytaxestorepaystatewardebtstheirlargerneighborsmightretiredebtsoutofland-saleproceeds.15byfreshlandsandlowtaxespeoplewoulddesertthesmallstates16thelargeleavingtheformertofall17bankruptcyandeventuallyintopoliticalsubjugation.Allthestatessharedinthewarefforthowthencouldhalfofthem"beleftnosinkunderan18debtwhilstothersareenabledinashortperiodto19alltheirexpendituresfromthehardearningsofthewholeconfederacy"AstheRevolutionwasacommonendeavor20oughtitsfruitsincludingthewesternlandsbeacommonproperty. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Politicalcontroversyaboutthepublic-landpolicyoftheUnitedStatesbeganwiththeAmericaRevolution.1evenbeforeindependencefromBritainwas2itbecameclearthat3thedilemmassurroundingthepublicdomainmightprovenecessaryto4theUnionitself. AtthepeacenegotiationwithBritainAmericansobtainedawestern5attheMississippiRiver.Thusthenewnationsecuredforitsbirthrightavastinternalempirerichinagriculturalandmineralresources.But6theircolonialcharterssevenstatesclaimed7ofthewesternwilderness.Virginia’sclaimwasthelargest8northandwesttoencompassthelaterstates.Thelanguageofthecharterswas9andtheirvalidityquestionablebutduringthewarVirginiareinforceditstitlebysponsoringColonelGeorgiaRogersClark’s177810toVicennesandKaskaskiawhich11America’strans-Appalachianpretensionsatthepeacetable. Thesixstatesholdingnoclaimtothetransmontaneregion12whetheraconfederacyinwhichterritorywassounevenlyapportionedwouldtrulyprovewhatitclaimedtobeaunionofequals.AlreadyNewJerseyDelawareRhodeIsalandandMarylandwere13thesmallestandleastpopulousofthestates.14theyleviedheavytaxestorepaystatewardebtstheirlargerneighborsmightretiredebtsoutofland-saleproceeds.15byfreshlandsandlowtaxespeoplewoulddesertthesmallstates16thelargeleavingtheformertofall17bankruptcyandeventuallyintopoliticalsubjugation.Allthestatessharedinthewarefforthowthencouldhalfofthem"beleftnosinkunderan18debtwhilstothersareenabledinashortperiodto19alltheirexpendituresfromthehardearningsofthewholeconfederacy"AstheRevolutionwasacommonendeavor20oughtitsfruitsincludingthewesternlandsbeacommonproperty. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Politicalcontroversyaboutthepublic-landpolicyoftheUnitedStatesbeganwiththeAmericaRevolution.1evenbeforeindependencefromBritainwas2itbecameclearthat3thedilemmassurroundingthepublicdomainmightprovenecessaryto4theUnionitself. AtthepeacenegotiationwithBritainAmericansobtainedawestern5attheMississippiRiver.Thusthenewnationsecuredforitsbirthrightavastinternalempirerichinagriculturalandmineralresources.But6theircolonialcharterssevenstatesclaimed7ofthewesternwilderness.Virginia’sclaimwasthelargest8northandwesttoencompassthelaterstates.Thelanguageofthecharterswas9andtheirvalidityquestionablebutduringthewarVirginiareinforceditstitlebysponsoringColonelGeorgiaRogersClark’s177810toVicennesandKaskaskiawhich11America’strans-Appalachianpretensionsatthepeacetable. Thesixstatesholdingnoclaimtothetransmontaneregion12whetheraconfederacyinwhichterritorywassounevenlyapportionedwouldtrulyprovewhatitclaimedtobeaunionofequals.AlreadyNewJerseyDelawareRhodeIsalandandMarylandwere13thesmallestandleastpopulousofthestates.14theyleviedheavytaxestorepaystatewardebtstheirlargerneighborsmightretiredebtsoutofland-saleproceeds.15byfreshlandsandlowtaxespeoplewoulddesertthesmallstates16thelargeleavingtheformertofall17bankruptcyandeventuallyintopoliticalsubjugation.Allthestatessharedinthewarefforthowthencouldhalfofthem"beleftnosinkunderan18debtwhilstothersareenabledinashortperiodto19alltheirexpendituresfromthehardearningsofthewholeconfederacy"AstheRevolutionwasacommonendeavor20oughtitsfruitsincludingthewesternlandsbeacommonproperty. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Moderntechnologyandsciencehaveproducedawealthofnewmaterialsandnewwaysofusingoldmaterials.Fortheartistthismeanswideropportunities.Thereisnodoubtthatthelimitationsofmaterialsandnatureoftoolsbothrestrictandshapeaman’’swork.Observehowthedevelopmentofplasticsandlightmetalsalongwithnewmethodsofweldinghaschangedthedirectionofsculpture.TransparentplasticmaterialsallowonetolookthroughanobjecttoseeitsvarioussidessuperimposedoneachotherasinCubismorinanX-ray.Todayweldingisasprevalentascastingwasinthepast.Thisnewmethodencouragesopendesignswheresurroundingandinterveningspacebecomesasimportantasformitself. MoreambiguousthanotherscientificinventionsfamiliartomodernartistsbutnolessinfluentialarethepsychoanalyticstudiesofFreudandhisfollowersdiscoveriesthathaveinfiltratedrecentartespeciallySurrealism超现实主义.TheSurrealistsintheirstruggletoescapethemonotonyandfrustrationsofeverydaylifeclaimedthatdreamsweretheonlyhope.Turningtotheirrationalworldoftheirunconscioustheybanishedalltimebarriersandmoraljudgmentstocombinedisconnecteddreamexperiencesfromthepastpresentandinterveningpsychologicalstates.TheSurrealistswereconcernedwithoverlappingemotionsmorethanwithoverlappingforms.Theirpaintingsoftenbecomesegmentedcapsulesofassociativeexperiences.ForthemobsessiveandoftenunrelatedimagesreplacedthedirectemotionalmessagesofExpressionism.Theydidnotneedtosmashpaintandcanvas;theywentbeyondthistosmashthewholecontinuityoflogicalthought. Thereislittledoubtthatcontemporaryarthastakenmuchfromcontemporarylife.Inaperiodwhensciencehasmaderevolutionarystridesartistsintheirstudioshavenotbeenunawareofscientistsintheirlaboratories.Butthishasrarelybeenaone-waystreet.Paintersandsculptorsthoughadmittedlyinfluencedbymodernsciencehavealsomoldedandchangedourworld.Ifbreak-uphasbeenavitalpartoftheirexpressionithasnotalwaysbeenasymbolofdestruction.Quitethecontrary:ithasbeenusedtoexaminemorefullytopenetratemoredeeplytoanalyzemorethoroughlytoenlargeisolateandmakemorefamiliarcertainaspectsoflifethatearlierwewereapttoneglect.Inadditionitsometimesprovidesrichmultipleexperiencessoorganizedasnotmerelytoreflectourworldbutinfacttointerpretit. TheauthorarguesthatFreud’’sstudies
InspiteofrisingconcernintheNortheastandCanadaAdministrationspokesmenhaverepeatedlyinsistedthatnothingcouldreallybedoneaboutacidrainandtheindustry-producedsulfuremissionsuntilallthescientificfactswerein.Suddenlylastweekhoweverfactscamerainingdownineffectmakingfurtherscientificdebateonwhatmainlycausestheproblemallbutirrelevant. WhatbroughtaboutthedownpourwasastudycommissionedbyPresidentialScienceAdviser.Thespokesmenplainlycalledforremedialactionevenifsometechnicalquestionsaboutacidrainwerestillunanswered.Ifwetaketheconservativepointofviewthatwemustwaituntilthescientificknowledgeisdefinitivesaidthespokesmantheaccumulateddepositionanddamagedenvironmentmayreachthepointof’’irreversibility’’. Whenitrainsitpours.NextcameastudyfromtheNationalResearchCouncil.Itsdefinitiveconclusion:reducingemissionsofsulfurdioxidefromcoal-burningpowerplantsandfactoriessuchastheseintheMidwestwouldinfactsignificantlyreducetheacidityinrainsnowandotherprecipitation降水thatiswidelybelievedtobeworseningthelifefromfresh-waterlakesandforestsintheNortheastandCanada.Thespokesmandidnotrecommendanyspecificaction. ApairofremedialmeasuresarealreadytakenbeforeCongress.ASenatecommitteerecentlyapprovedabillthatwouldrequirereductionoverthenextdecadeofsulfur-dioxideemissionsby10milliontonsintheStatesborderingontheeastoftheMississippi.AtoughermeasurewasintroducedintheHouseorderingthe50largestsulfurpollutersintheU.S.tocutemissionssubstantially.ToeasetheEasterncoalminingindustrywhichfearsaswitchtolow-sulfurWesterncoalthebillrequirestheinstallationofexpensivescrubbersdevicesforremovingsulfurfromthesmokeratherthananorderthatforbidshigh-sulfurfuel.StillthelegislationisbeingvigorouslyopposedbythecoalindustryandutilitiesespeciallyintheMid-westwhereheavyindustriesarebattlingtosurvive.InasurveyalsoreleasedlastweektheEdisonElectricInstituteanindustrygroupgravelypredictedthatelectricityratescouldriseasmuchas50%iftheemission-controllegislationpassed. GovernmentstudiesdisputethesefiguresbutCongresshasbeensuspendedonacid-rainmeasures.Nowasaresultoftheacademystudysupportersofthebillsaremoreoptimistic.Neverthelessamajorpoliticalbattleisshapingup. Thisarticlemostprobablyappearedin
InspiteofrisingconcernintheNortheastandCanadaAdministrationspokesmenhaverepeatedlyinsistedthatnothingcouldreallybedoneaboutacidrainandtheindustry-producedsulfuremissionsuntilallthescientificfactswerein.Suddenlylastweekhoweverfactscamerainingdownineffectmakingfurtherscientificdebateonwhatmainlycausestheproblemallbutirrelevant. WhatbroughtaboutthedownpourwasastudycommissionedbyPresidentialScienceAdviser.Thespokesmenplainlycalledforremedialactionevenifsometechnicalquestionsaboutacidrainwerestillunanswered.Ifwetaketheconservativepointofviewthatwemustwaituntilthescientificknowledgeisdefinitivesaidthespokesmantheaccumulateddepositionanddamagedenvironmentmayreachthepointof’’irreversibility’’. Whenitrainsitpours.NextcameastudyfromtheNationalResearchCouncil.Itsdefinitiveconclusion:reducingemissionsofsulfurdioxidefromcoal-burningpowerplantsandfactoriessuchastheseintheMidwestwouldinfactsignificantlyreducetheacidityinrainsnowandotherprecipitation降水thatiswidelybelievedtobeworseningthelifefromfresh-waterlakesandforestsintheNortheastandCanada.Thespokesmandidnotrecommendanyspecificaction. ApairofremedialmeasuresarealreadytakenbeforeCongress.ASenatecommitteerecentlyapprovedabillthatwouldrequirereductionoverthenextdecadeofsulfur-dioxideemissionsby10milliontonsintheStatesborderingontheeastoftheMississippi.AtoughermeasurewasintroducedintheHouseorderingthe50largestsulfurpollutersintheU.S.tocutemissionssubstantially.ToeasetheEasterncoalminingindustrywhichfearsaswitchtolow-sulfurWesterncoalthebillrequirestheinstallationofexpensivescrubbersdevicesforremovingsulfurfromthesmokeratherthananorderthatforbidshigh-sulfurfuel.StillthelegislationisbeingvigorouslyopposedbythecoalindustryandutilitiesespeciallyintheMid-westwhereheavyindustriesarebattlingtosurvive.InasurveyalsoreleasedlastweektheEdisonElectricInstituteanindustrygroupgravelypredictedthatelectricityratescouldriseasmuchas50%iftheemission-controllegislationpassed. GovernmentstudiesdisputethesefiguresbutCongresshasbeensuspendedonacid-rainmeasures.Nowasaresultoftheacademystudysupportersofthebillsaremoreoptimistic.Neverthelessamajorpoliticalbattleisshapingup. FromthedescriptionoftheeffortsintheHousewecanseethat
Almostallourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehaviorandtheycannotbesolvedbyphysicalandbiologicaltechnologyalone.Whatisneededisatechnologyofbehaviorbutwehavebeenslowtodevelopthesciencefromwhichsuchatechnologymightbedrawn.61Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmindfeelingstraitsofcharacterhumannatureandsoon.Physicsandbiologyoncefollowedsimilarpracticesandadvancedonlywhentheydiscardedthem.62Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobservedandpartlybecauseotherkindsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.Theenvironmentisobviouslyimportantbutitsrolehasremainedobscure.Itdoesnotpushorpullitselectsandthisfunctionisdifficulttodiscoverandanalyze.63Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsagoandtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintainingthebehavioroftheindividualisonlybeginningtoberecognizedandstudied.Astheinteractionbetweenorganismandenvironmenthascometobeunderstoodhowevereffectsonceassignedtostatesofmindfeelingsandtraitsarebeginningtobetracedtoaccessibleconditionsandatechnologyofbehaviormaythereforebecomeavailable.Itwillnotsolveourproblemshoweveruntilitreplacestraditionalprescientificviewsandthesearestronglyentrenched.Freedomanddignityillustratethedifficulty.64Theyarethepossessionsoftheautonomousselfgovemingmanoftraditionaltheoryandtheyareessentialtopracticesinwhichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements.Ascientificanalysisshiftsboththeresponsibilityandtheachievementtotheenvironment.Italsoraisesquestionsconcerningvalues.Whowilluseatechnologyandtowhatends65Untiltheseissuesareresolvedatechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejectedandwithitpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems.
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
Politicalcontroversyaboutthepublic-landpolicyoftheUnitedStatesbeganwiththeAmericaRevolution.1evenbeforeindependencefromBritainwas2itbecameclearthat3thedilemmassurroundingthepublicdomainmightprovenecessaryto4theUnionitself. AtthepeacenegotiationwithBritainAmericansobtainedawestern5attheMississippiRiver.Thusthenewnationsecuredforitsbirthrightavastinternalempirerichinagriculturalandmineralresources.But6theircolonialcharterssevenstatesclaimed7ofthewesternwilderness.Virginia’sclaimwasthelargest8northandwesttoencompassthelaterstates.Thelanguageofthecharterswas9andtheirvalidityquestionablebutduringthewarVirginiareinforceditstitlebysponsoringColonelGeorgiaRogersClark’s177810toVicennesandKaskaskiawhich11America’strans-Appalachianpretensionsatthepeacetable. Thesixstatesholdingnoclaimtothetransmontaneregion12whetheraconfederacyinwhichterritorywassounevenlyapportionedwouldtrulyprovewhatitclaimedtobeaunionofequals.AlreadyNewJerseyDelawareRhodeIsalandandMarylandwere13thesmallestandleastpopulousofthestates.14theyleviedheavytaxestorepaystatewardebtstheirlargerneighborsmightretiredebtsoutofland-saleproceeds.15byfreshlandsandlowtaxespeoplewoulddesertthesmallstates16thelargeleavingtheformertofall17bankruptcyandeventuallyintopoliticalsubjugation.Allthestatessharedinthewarefforthowthencouldhalfofthem"beleftnosinkunderan18debtwhilstothersareenabledinashortperiodto19alltheirexpendituresfromthehardearningsofthewholeconfederacy"AstheRevolutionwasacommonendeavor20oughtitsfruitsincludingthewesternlandsbeacommonproperty. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
Non-indigenousnon-nativespeciesofplantsandanimalsarrivebywayoftwogeneraltypesofpathways.FirstspecieshavingoriginsoutsidetheUnitedStatesmayenterthecountryandbecomeestablishedeitherasfree-livingpopulationsorunderhumancultivation-forexampleinagriculturehorticultureaquacultureoraspets.Somecultivatedspeciessubsequentlyescapeorarereleasedandalsobecomeestablishedasfree-livingpopulations.SecondspeciesofeitherU.S.orforeignoriginandalreadywithintheUnitedStatesmayspreadtonewlocales.Pathwaysofbothtypesincludeintentionalaswellasunintentionalspeciestransfers.Ratesofspeciesmovementdrivenbyhumantransformationsofnaturalenvironmentsaswellasbyhumanmobility-throughcommercetourismandtravel-greatlyexceednaturalratesbycomparison.Whilegeographicdistributionsofspeciesnaturallyexpandorcontractoverhistoricaltimeintervalstenstohundredsofyearsspecies’’rangesrarelyexpandthousandsofmilesoracrossphysicalbarrierssuchasoceansormountains. Habitatmodificationcancreateconditionsfavorabletotheestablishmentofnon-indigenousspecies.Soildisturbedinconstructionandagricultureisopenforcolonizationbynon-indigenousweedswhichinturnmayprovidehabitatsforthenon-indigenousinsectsthatevolvedwiththem.Human-generatedchangesinfirefrequencygrazingintensityaswellassoilstabilityandnutrientlevelssimilarlyfacilitatethespreadandestablishmentofnon-indigenousplants.Whenhumanchangestonaturalenvironmentsspanlargegeographicalareastheyeffectivelycreatepassagesforspeciesmovementbetweenpreviouslyisolatedlocales.TherapidspreadoftheRussianwheataphidtofifteenstatesinjusttwoyearsfollowingits1986arrivalhasbeenattributedinparttotheprevalenceofalternativehostplantsthatareavailablewhenwheatisnot.Manyofthesearenon-indigenousgrassesrecommendedforplantingonthefortymillionormoreacresenrolledintheU.S.DepartmentofAgricultureConservationReserveProgram. Anumberoffactorsperplexquantitativeevaluationoftherelativeimportanceofvariousentrypathways.Timelagsoftenoccurbetweenestablishmentofnon-indigenousspeciesandtheirdetectionandtracingthepathwayforalong-establishedspeciesisdifficult.Expertsestimatethatnon-indigenousweedsareusuallydetectedonlyafterhavingbeeninthecountryforthirtyyearsorhavingspreadtoatleasttenthousandacres.Inadditionfederalportinspectionalthoughamajorsourceofinformationonnon-indigenousspeciespathwaysespeciallyforagriculturepestsprovidesdataonlywhensuchspeciesenterviaclosely-examinedroutes.Finallysomecomparisonsbetweenpathwaysdefyquantitativeanalysis-forexamplewhichismoreimportant:theentrypathofoneveryharmfulspeciesoronebywhichmanybutlessharmfulspeciesenterthecountry Whichofthefollowingmaybestexpressthechiefpurposeofthelastparagraph.’’
InspiteofrisingconcernintheNortheastandCanadaAdministrationspokesmenhaverepeatedlyinsistedthatnothingcouldreallybedoneaboutacidrainandtheindustry-producedsulfuremissionsuntilallthescientificfactswerein.Suddenlylastweekhoweverfactscamerainingdownineffectmakingfurtherscientificdebateonwhatmainlycausestheproblemallbutirrelevant. WhatbroughtaboutthedownpourwasastudycommissionedbyPresidentialScienceAdviser.Thespokesmenplainlycalledforremedialactionevenifsometechnicalquestionsaboutacidrainwerestillunanswered.Ifwetaketheconservativepointofviewthatwemustwaituntilthescientificknowledgeisdefinitivesaidthespokesmantheaccumulateddepositionanddamagedenvironmentmayreachthepointof’’irreversibility’’. Whenitrainsitpours.NextcameastudyfromtheNationalResearchCouncil.Itsdefinitiveconclusion:reducingemissionsofsulfurdioxidefromcoal-burningpowerplantsandfactoriessuchastheseintheMidwestwouldinfactsignificantlyreducetheacidityinrainsnowandotherprecipitation降水thatiswidelybelievedtobeworseningthelifefromfresh-waterlakesandforestsintheNortheastandCanada.Thespokesmandidnotrecommendanyspecificaction. ApairofremedialmeasuresarealreadytakenbeforeCongress.ASenatecommitteerecentlyapprovedabillthatwouldrequirereductionoverthenextdecadeofsulfur-dioxideemissionsby10milliontonsintheStatesborderingontheeastoftheMississippi.AtoughermeasurewasintroducedintheHouseorderingthe50largestsulfurpollutersintheU.S.tocutemissionssubstantially.ToeasetheEasterncoalminingindustrywhichfearsaswitchtolow-sulfurWesterncoalthebillrequirestheinstallationofexpensivescrubbersdevicesforremovingsulfurfromthesmokeratherthananorderthatforbidshigh-sulfurfuel.StillthelegislationisbeingvigorouslyopposedbythecoalindustryandutilitiesespeciallyintheMid-westwhereheavyindustriesarebattlingtosurvive.InasurveyalsoreleasedlastweektheEdisonElectricInstituteanindustrygroupgravelypredictedthatelectricityratescouldriseasmuchas50%iftheemission-controllegislationpassed. GovernmentstudiesdisputethesefiguresbutCongresshasbeensuspendedonacid-rainmeasures.Nowasaresultoftheacademystudysupportersofthebillsaremoreoptimistic.Neverthelessamajorpoliticalbattleisshapingup. Thefirstparagraphshowsthat
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
Thephraseprogressiveeducationisoneifnotofprotestatleastofcontrastofcontrastwithaneducationwhichwaspredominantlystaticinsubject-matterauthoritarianinmethodsandmainlypassiveandreceptivefromthesideoftheyoung.Butthephilosophyofeducationmustgobeyondanyideaofeducationthatisformedbywayofcontrastreactionandprotest.Foritisanattempttodiscoverwhateducationisandhowittakesplace.Onlywhenweidentifyeducationwithschoolingdoesitseemtobeasimplethingtotellwhateducationactuallyisandyetaclearideaofwhatitisgivesusouronlycriterionforjudginganddirectingwhatgoesoninschools. Itissometimessupposedthatitisthebusinessofthephilosophyofeducationtotellwhateducationshouldbe.Buttheonlywayofdecidingwhateducationshouldbeatleasttheonlywaywhichdoesnotleadusintothecloudsisdiscoveryofwhatactuallytakesplacewheneducationreallyoccurs.Andbeforewecanformulateaphilosophyofeducationwemustknowhowhumannatureisconstitutedintheconcrete;wemustknowabouttheworkingofactualsocialforces;wemustknowabouttheoperationsthroughwhichbasicrawmaterialsaremodifiedintosomethingofgreatervalue.Theneedforaphilosophyofeducationisthusfundamentallytheneedforfindingoutwhateducationreallyis.Wehavetotakethosecasesinwhichwefindthereisarealdevelopmentofdesirablepowersandthenfindouthowthisdevelopmenttookplace.Thenwecanprojectwhathastakenplaceintheseinstancesasaguidefordirectingourotherefforts.Theneedforthisdiscoveryandthisprojectionistheneedforaphilosophyofeducation. WhattheniseducationwhenwefindactualsatisfactoryspecimensofitinexistenceInthefirstplaceitisaprocessofdevelopmentofgrowth.Anditistheprocessandnotmerelytheresultthatisimportant.Atrulyhealthypersonisnotsomethingfixedandcompleted.Heisapersonwhoseprocessesandactivitiesgooninsuchawaythathewillcontinuetobehealthy.Similarlyaneducatedpersonisthepersonwhohasthepowertogoonandgetmoreeducation. Inanycasedevelopmentgrowthinvolvechangemodificationandmodificationindefinitedirections.Itisquitepossibleforateacherunderthesupposedsanctionoftheideaofcultivatingindividualitytofixateapupilmoreorlessathisexistinglevel.Respectforindividualityisprimarilyintellectual.Itsignifiesstudyingtheindividualtoseewhatistheretoworkwith.Havingthissympatheticunderstandingthepracticalworkthenbeginsforthepracticalworkisoneofmodificationofchangingofreconstructioncontinuedwithoutend.Thechangemustatleastbetowardsmoreeffectivetechniquestowardsgreaterself-reliancetowardsamorethoughtfulandinquiringdispositiononemorecapableofpersistenteffortinmeetingobstacles. Thechieftaskofthephilosophyofeducationis
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