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Directions: Write an essay of 160～200 words based on the following drawings. In your essay, you sho...
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Directions:Inthispartyouaretowriteanessayof160—200
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
PartB Directions: Youarerequiredtowriteanessayont
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthef
Directions: Studythepicturesabovecarefullyandwrit
Directions:Studythepicturesabovecarefullyandwritea
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions: Youarerequiredtowriteanessayoffthetop
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions:Studythetwopicturesabovecarefullyandwri
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefol
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
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ThefirsttechnologicalrevolutioninmodernbiologystartedwhenJamesWatsonandFrancisCrickdescribedthestructureofDNAhalfacenturyago.Thatestablishedthefieldsofmolecularandcellbiologythebasisofthebiotechnologyindustry.Thesequencingofthehumangenomenearlyadecadeagosetoffasecondrevolutionwhichhasstartedtoilluminatetheoriginsofdiseases.Nowtheindustryisconvincedthatathirdrevolutionisunderway:theconvergenceofbiologyandengineering.ArecentreportfromtheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysaysthatphysicalscienceshavealreadybeentransformedbytheiradoptionofinformationtechnologyadvancedmaterialsimagingnanotechnolugyandsophisticatedmodellingandsimulation.PhillipSharpaNobelprize-winneratthatuniversitybelievesthatthosetoolsareabouttobebroughttobearonbiologytoo.Butthechancesarethatthiswilltaketimeandturnouttobemoreofareformationthanarevolution.Theconventionalhealth-caresystemsoftherichworldmayresistnewtechnologiesevenaspoorcountriesleapfrogahead.Thereisalreadyabacklashagainstgenomicswhichhasbeenoversoldtoconsumersasadeterministicscience.Andgivensoaringhealth-carecostsinsurersandhealthsystemsmaynotwanttoadoptnewtechnologiesunlessinventorscanshowconclusivelythattheywillproducebetteroutcomesandoffervalueformoney.Iftheseobstaclescanbeovercomethenthebiggestwinnerwillbethepatient.Inthepastmedicinehastakenapaternalisticstancewiththeall-knowingphysiciandispensingwisdomfromonhighbutthatisbecomingincreasinglyuntenable.Digitisationpromisestoconnectdoctorsnotonlytoeverythingtheyneedtoknowabouttheirpatientsbutalsotootherdoctorswhohavetreatedsimilardisorders.Thatessentialreformwillenablemanyotherbigtechnologicalchangestobeintroduced.Justasimportantitcanmakethatinformationavailabletothepatientstooempoweringthemtoplayabiggerpartinmanagingtheirownhealthaffairs.Thisiscontroversialandwithgoodreason.Manydoctorsandsomepatientsreckontheylacktheknowledgetomakeinformeddecisions.Butpatientsactuallyknowagreatdealaboutmanydiseasesespeciallychroniconeslikediabetesandheartproblemswithwhichtheyoftenliveformanyyears.Thebestwaytodealwiththoseisforindividualstotakemoreresponsibilityfortheirownhealthandpreventproblemsbeforetheyrequirecostlyhospitalvisits.Thatmeansputtingelectronichealthrecordsdirectlyintopatients’hands.Whichofthefollowingmightbetrueaboutmodernbiologyaccordingtothefirstparagraph
Theuseofheatpumpshas’beenheldbacklargelybyskepticismaboutadvertisers’claimsthatheatpumpscanprovideasmanyasunitsofthermalenergyforeachunitofelectricalenergyusedthusapparentlycontradictingtheprincipleofenergyconservation.Heatpumpscirculateafluidrefrigerantthatcyclesalternativelyfromitsliquidphasetoitsvaporphaseinaclosedloop.Therefrigerantstartingasalow-temperaturelow-pressurevaporenterscompressordrivenbyanelectricmotor.Therefrigerantleavesthecompressorasahotdensevaporandflowsthroughaheatexchangercalledthecondenserwhichtransfersheatfromtherefrigeranttoabodyorair.Nowtherefrigerantasahigh-pressurecooledliquidconfrontsaflowrestrictionwhichcausesthepressuretodrop.Asthepressurefallstherefrigerantexpandsandpartiallyvaporizesbecomingchilled.Itthenpassesthroughasecondheatexchangertheevaporatorwhichtransfersheatfromtheairtotherefrigerantreducingthetemperatureofthissecondbodyofair.Ofthetwoheatexchangersoneislocatedinsideandtheotheroneoutsidethehousesoeachisincontactwithadifferentbodyofair:roomairandoutsideairrespectively. Theflowdirectionofrefrigerantthroughaheatpumpiscontrolledbyvalves.Whentherefrigerantflowisreversedtheheatexchangersswitchfunction.Thisflow-reversalcapabilityallowsheatpumps--eithertoheatorcoolroomair. NowifundercertainconditionsaheatpumpputsoutmorethermalenergythanitconsumesinelectricalenergyhasthelawofenergyconservationbeenchallengedNonotevenremotely:theadditionalinputofthermalenergyintothecirculatingrefrigerantviatheevaporatoraccountsforthedifferenceintheenergyequation. Unfortunatelythereisonerealproblem.Theheatingcapacityofaheatpumpdecreasesastheoutdoortemperaturefalls.Thedropincapacityiscausedbythelesseningamountofrefrigerantmassmovedthroughthecompressoratonetime.Theheatingcapacityisproportionaltothismassflowrate:thelessthemassofrefrigerantbeingcompressedthelessthethermalloaditcantransferthroughtheheat-pumpcycle.Thevolumeflowrateofrefrigerantvaporthroughthesingle-speedrotarycompressorusedinheatpumpsisapproximatelyconstant.Butcoldrefrigerantvaporenteringacompressorisatlowerpressurethanwarmervapor.Thereforethemassofcoldrefrigerant--andthusthethermalenergyitcarries--islessthaniftherefrigerantvaporwerewarmerbeforecompression. Herethenliesagenuinedrawbackofheatpumps:inextremelycoldclimates--wherethemostheatisneeded--heatpumpsareleastabletosupplyen6ughheat. Iftheauthor’sassessmentoftheuseofheatpumpsiscorrectwhichofthefollowingbestexpressesthelessonthatadvertisersshouldlearnfromthiscase
WorldTradeOrganizationWTOisaninternationalbodythatpromotesandenforcestheprovisionsoftradelawsandregulations.46TheWorldTradeOrganizationhastheauthoritytoadministerandpolicenewandexistingfreetradeagreementstooverseeworldtradepracticesandtosettletradedisputesamongmemberstates.TheWTO’wasestablishedin1994whenthemembersoftheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTradeGATTatreatyandinternationaltradeorganizationsignedanewtradepact.TheWTOwascreatedtoreplaceGATT. TheWTObeganoperationonJanuary11995.GATTandtheWTOcoexisteduntilDecember1995whenthemembersofGATTmetforthelasttime.AlthoughtheWTOreplacedGATT.thetradeagreementsestablishedbyGATTin1994arepartoftheWTOagreement.HowevertheWTOhasasignificantlybroaderscopethanGATT.GATTregulatedtradeinmerchandise.47TheWTOexpandedtheGATTagreementtoincludetradeinservicessuchasinternationaltelephoneserviceandprotectionsforintellectualproperty--thatiscreativeworksthatcanbeprotectedlegallysuchassoundrecordingsandcomputerprograms.TheWTOisalsoaformallystructuredorganizationwhoserulesarelegallybindingonitsmemberstates.Theorganizationprovidesaframeworkforinternationaltradelaw.48MemberscanrefertradedisputestotheWTOwhereadisputepanelcomposedofWTOofficialsservesasarbitrator.Memberscanappealthispanel’srulingstoaWTOappellatebodywhosedecisionsarefinal.DisputesmustberesolvedwithinthetimelimitssetbyWTOrules. Asof1996almostallofthe123nationsthathadsignedthenewGATTpacthadtransferredmembershiptotheWTOincludingtheUnitedStates.About30othernationshadalsoappliedformembership. 49TheWTOisbasedinGenevaSwitzerlandandiscontrolledbyageneralcouncilmadeupofmemberstates’ambassadorswhoalsoserveonvarioussubsidiaryandspecialistcommittees.TheministerialconferencewhichmeetseverytwoyearsandappointstheWTO’sdirector-generaloverseestheGeneralCouncil.RenatoRuggieroaformerItaliantradeministerbecamethefirstfull-timedirector-generaloftheWTOinMay1995.50TheagreementsthattheWTOwilladministerareexpectedtoincreaseannualworldtradebyatleast＄755billionbytheyear2002. 48MemberscanrefertradedisputestotheWTOwhereadisputepanelcomposedofWTOofficialsservesasarbitrator.
WorldTradeOrganizationWTOisaninternationalbodythatpromotesandenforcestheprovisionsoftradelawsandregulations.46TheWorldTradeOrganizationhastheauthoritytoadministerandpolicenewandexistingfreetradeagreementstooverseeworldtradepracticesandtosettletradedisputesamongmemberstates.TheWTO’wasestablishedin1994whenthemembersoftheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTradeGATTatreatyandinternationaltradeorganizationsignedanewtradepact.TheWTOwascreatedtoreplaceGATT. TheWTObeganoperationonJanuary11995.GATTandtheWTOcoexisteduntilDecember1995whenthemembersofGATTmetforthelasttime.AlthoughtheWTOreplacedGATT.thetradeagreementsestablishedbyGATTin1994arepartoftheWTOagreement.HowevertheWTOhasasignificantlybroaderscopethanGATT.GATTregulatedtradeinmerchandise.47TheWTOexpandedtheGATTagreementtoincludetradeinservicessuchasinternationaltelephoneserviceandprotectionsforintellectualproperty--thatiscreativeworksthatcanbeprotectedlegallysuchassoundrecordingsandcomputerprograms.TheWTOisalsoaformallystructuredorganizationwhoserulesarelegallybindingonitsmemberstates.Theorganizationprovidesaframeworkforinternationaltradelaw.48MemberscanrefertradedisputestotheWTOwhereadisputepanelcomposedofWTOofficialsservesasarbitrator.Memberscanappealthispanel’srulingstoaWTOappellatebodywhosedecisionsarefinal.DisputesmustberesolvedwithinthetimelimitssetbyWTOrules. Asof1996almostallofthe123nationsthathadsignedthenewGATTpacthadtransferredmembershiptotheWTOincludingtheUnitedStates.About30othernationshadalsoappliedformembership. 49TheWTOisbasedinGenevaSwitzerlandandiscontrolledbyageneralcouncilmadeupofmemberstates’ambassadorswhoalsoserveonvarioussubsidiaryandspecialistcommittees.TheministerialconferencewhichmeetseverytwoyearsandappointstheWTO’sdirector-generaloverseestheGeneralCouncil.RenatoRuggieroaformerItaliantradeministerbecamethefirstfull-timedirector-generaloftheWTOinMay1995.50TheagreementsthattheWTOwilladministerareexpectedtoincreaseannualworldtradebyatleast＄755billionbytheyear2002. 50TheagreementsthattheWTOwilladministerareexpectedtoincreaseannualworldtradebyatleast＄755billionbytheyear2002.
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 20
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 12
Theuseofheatpumpshas’beenheldbacklargelybyskepticismaboutadvertisers’claimsthatheatpumpscanprovideasmanyasunitsofthermalenergyforeachunitofelectricalenergyusedthusapparentlycontradictingtheprincipleofenergyconservation.Heatpumpscirculateafluidrefrigerantthatcyclesalternativelyfromitsliquidphasetoitsvaporphaseinaclosedloop.Therefrigerantstartingasalow-temperaturelow-pressurevaporenterscompressordrivenbyanelectricmotor.Therefrigerantleavesthecompressorasahotdensevaporandflowsthroughaheatexchangercalledthecondenserwhichtransfersheatfromtherefrigeranttoabodyorair.Nowtherefrigerantasahigh-pressurecooledliquidconfrontsaflowrestrictionwhichcausesthepressuretodrop.Asthepressurefallstherefrigerantexpandsandpartiallyvaporizesbecomingchilled.Itthenpassesthroughasecondheatexchangertheevaporatorwhichtransfersheatfromtheairtotherefrigerantreducingthetemperatureofthissecondbodyofair.Ofthetwoheatexchangersoneislocatedinsideandtheotheroneoutsidethehousesoeachisincontactwithadifferentbodyofair:roomairandoutsideairrespectively. Theflowdirectionofrefrigerantthroughaheatpumpiscontrolledbyvalves.Whentherefrigerantflowisreversedtheheatexchangersswitchfunction.Thisflow-reversalcapabilityallowsheatpumps--eithertoheatorcoolroomair. NowifundercertainconditionsaheatpumpputsoutmorethermalenergythanitconsumesinelectricalenergyhasthelawofenergyconservationbeenchallengedNonotevenremotely:theadditionalinputofthermalenergyintothecirculatingrefrigerantviatheevaporatoraccountsforthedifferenceintheenergyequation. Unfortunatelythereisonerealproblem.Theheatingcapacityofaheatpumpdecreasesastheoutdoortemperaturefalls.Thedropincapacityiscausedbythelesseningamountofrefrigerantmassmovedthroughthecompressoratonetime.Theheatingcapacityisproportionaltothismassflowrate:thelessthemassofrefrigerantbeingcompressedthelessthethermalloaditcantransferthroughtheheat-pumpcycle.Thevolumeflowrateofrefrigerantvaporthroughthesingle-speedrotarycompressorusedinheatpumpsisapproximatelyconstant.Butcoldrefrigerantvaporenteringacompressorisatlowerpressurethanwarmervapor.Thereforethemassofcoldrefrigerant--andthusthethermalenergyitcarries--islessthaniftherefrigerantvaporwerewarmerbeforecompression. Herethenliesagenuinedrawbackofheatpumps:inextremelycoldclimates--wherethemostheatisneeded--heatpumpsareleastabletosupplyen6ughheat. Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 14
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 10
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 4
Exactlywherewewillstandinthelongwaragainstdiseasebytheyear2050isimpossibletosay.46Butifdevelopmentsinresearchmaintaintheircurrentpaceitseemslikelythatacombinationofimprovedattentiontodietaryandenvironmentalfactorsalongwithadvancesingenetherapyandproteintargeteddrugswillhavevirtuallyeliminatedmostmajorclassesofdisease.Fromaneconomicstandpointthebestnewsmayhethattheseaccomplishmentscouldbeaccompaniedbyadropinhealth-carecosts.47Costsmayevenfallasdiseasesarebroughtundercontrolusingpinpointedshorttermtherapiesnowbeingdeveloped.By2050therewillhefewerhospitalsandsurgicalprocedureswillbelargelyrestrictedtothetreatmentofaccidentsandotherformsoftrauma.Spendingonnonacutecarebothinnursingfacilitiesandinhomeswillalsofallsharplyasmoreelderlypeopleleadhealthylivesuntilclosetodeath.Oneresultofmedicine’ssuccessincontrollingdiseasewillheadramaticincreaseinlifeexpectancy.48Theextentofthatincreaseisahighlyspeculativematterbutitisworthnotingthatmedicalsciencehasalreadyhelpedtomaketheveryoldcurrentlydefinedasthoseover85yearsofagethefastestgrowingsegmentofthepopulation.Between1960.and1995theU.S.populationasawholeincreasedbyabout45%whilethesegmentover85yearsofagegrewbyalmost300%.49Therehasbeenasimilarexplosioninthepopulationofcentenarianswiththeresultthatsurvivaltotheageof100isnolongerthenewsworthyfeatthatitwasonlyafewdecadesago.U.S.CensusBureauprojectionsalreadyforecastdramaticincreaseinthenumberofcentenariansinthenext50years:4millionin2050comparedwith37000in1990.50AlthoughCensusBureaucalculationsprojectanincreaseinaveragelifespanofonlyeightyearsbytheyear2050someexpertsbelievethatthehumanlifespanshouldnotbegintoencounteranytheoreticalnaturallimitsbefore120years.Withcontinuingadvancesinmolecularmedicineandagrowingunderstandingoftheagingprocessthatlimitcouldriseto130yearsormore.
Exactlywherewewillstandinthelongwaragainstdiseasebytheyear2050isimpossibletosay.46Butifdevelopmentsinresearchmaintaintheircurrentpaceitseemslikelythatacombinationofimprovedattentiontodietaryandenvironmentalfactorsalongwithadvancesingenetherapyandproteintargeteddrugswillhavevirtuallyeliminatedmostmajorclassesofdisease.Fromaneconomicstandpointthebestnewsmayhethattheseaccomplishmentscouldbeaccompaniedbyadropinhealth-carecosts.47Costsmayevenfallasdiseasesarebroughtundercontrolusingpinpointedshorttermtherapiesnowbeingdeveloped.By2050therewillhefewerhospitalsandsurgicalprocedureswillbelargelyrestrictedtothetreatmentofaccidentsandotherformsoftrauma.Spendingonnonacutecarebothinnursingfacilitiesandinhomeswillalsofallsharplyasmoreelderlypeopleleadhealthylivesuntilclosetodeath.Oneresultofmedicine’ssuccessincontrollingdiseasewillheadramaticincreaseinlifeexpectancy.48Theextentofthatincreaseisahighlyspeculativematterbutitisworthnotingthatmedicalsciencehasalreadyhelpedtomaketheveryoldcurrentlydefinedasthoseover85yearsofagethefastestgrowingsegmentofthepopulation.Between1960.and1995theU.S.populationasawholeincreasedbyabout45%whilethesegmentover85yearsofagegrewbyalmost300%.49Therehasbeenasimilarexplosioninthepopulationofcentenarianswiththeresultthatsurvivaltotheageof100isnolongerthenewsworthyfeatthatitwasonlyafewdecadesago.U.S.CensusBureauprojectionsalreadyforecastdramaticincreaseinthenumberofcentenariansinthenext50years:4millionin2050comparedwith37000in1990.50AlthoughCensusBureaucalculationsprojectanincreaseinaveragelifespanofonlyeightyearsbytheyear2050someexpertsbelievethatthehumanlifespanshouldnotbegintoencounteranytheoreticalnaturallimitsbefore120years.Withcontinuingadvancesinmolecularmedicineandagrowingunderstandingoftheagingprocessthatlimitcouldriseto130yearsormore.
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 6
Educationisoneofthekeywordsofourtime.Amanwithoutaneducationmanyofusbelieveisanunfortunatevictimofunfortunatecircumstancesdeprivedofoneofthegreatesttwentieth-centuryopportunities.Convincedoftheimportanceofeducationmodernstatesinvestininstitutionsoflearningtogetbackinterestintheformofalargegroupofenlightenedyoungmenandwomenwhoarepotentialleaders.Educationwithitscyclesofinstructionsocarefullyworkedoutispunctuatedbytextbooks--thosepurchasablewellsofwisdom--whatwouldcivilizationbelikewithoutitsbenefitsSomuchiscertain:thatwewouldhavedoctorsandpreacherslawyersanddefendantsmarriagesandbirths;butourspiritualoutlookwouldbedifferent.Wewouldlaylessstressonfactsandfiguresandmoreonagoodmemoryonappliedpsychologyandonthecapacityofamantogetalongwithhisfellow-citizens.Ifoureducationalsystemwerefashionedafteritsbooklesspastwewouldhavethemostdemocraticformofcollegeimaginable.Amongthepeoplewhomweliketocallsavagesallknowledgeinheritedbytraditionissharedbyall;itistaughttoeverymemberofthetribesothatinthisrespecteverybodyisequallyequippedforlife.Itistheidealconditionoftheequalstartwhichonlyourmostprogressiveformsofmoderneducationtrytoreachagain.Inprimitiveculturestheobligationtoseekandtoreceivethetraditionalinstructionisbindingonall.Therearenoilliterates--ifthetermcanbeappliedtopeopleswithoutascript--whileourowncompulsoryschoolattendancebecamelawinGermanyin1642inFrancein1806andinEngland1976andisstillnon-existentinanumberofcivilizednations.Thisshowshowlongitwasbeforeweconsidereditnecessarytomakesurethatallourchildrencouldshareintheknowledgeaccumulatedbythehappyfewduringthepastcenturies.Educationinthewildernessisnotamatterofmonetarymeans.Allareentitledtoanequalstart.Thereisnoneofthehurrythatinoursocietyoftenhampersthefulldevelopmentofagrowingpersonality.Thereachildgrowsupundertheever-presentattentionofhisparents;thereforethejunglesandthesavagesknowofnojuveniledelinquency.Nonecessityofmakingalivingawayfromhomeresultsinneglectofchildrenandnofatherisconfrontedwithhisinabilitytobuyaneducationforhischild.Notes:juveniledelinquency青少年犯罪Accordingtothetextwhichofthefollowingstatementsistrue
ThefirsttechnologicalrevolutioninmodernbiologystartedwhenJamesWatsonandFrancisCrickdescribedthestructureofDNAhalfacenturyago.Thatestablishedthefieldsofmolecularandcellbiologythebasisofthebiotechnologyindustry.Thesequencingofthehumangenomenearlyadecadeagosetoffasecondrevolutionwhichhasstartedtoilluminatetheoriginsofdiseases.Nowtheindustryisconvincedthatathirdrevolutionisunderway:theconvergenceofbiologyandengineering.ArecentreportfromtheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysaysthatphysicalscienceshavealreadybeentransformedbytheiradoptionofinformationtechnologyadvancedmaterialsimagingnanotechnolugyandsophisticatedmodellingandsimulation.PhillipSharpaNobelprize-winneratthatuniversitybelievesthatthosetoolsareabouttobebroughttobearonbiologytoo.Butthechancesarethatthiswilltaketimeandturnouttobemoreofareformationthanarevolution.Theconventionalhealth-caresystemsoftherichworldmayresistnewtechnologiesevenaspoorcountriesleapfrogahead.Thereisalreadyabacklashagainstgenomicswhichhasbeenoversoldtoconsumersasadeterministicscience.Andgivensoaringhealth-carecostsinsurersandhealthsystemsmaynotwanttoadoptnewtechnologiesunlessinventorscanshowconclusivelythattheywillproducebetteroutcomesandoffervalueformoney.Iftheseobstaclescanbeovercomethenthebiggestwinnerwillbethepatient.Inthepastmedicinehastakenapaternalisticstancewiththeall-knowingphysiciandispensingwisdomfromonhighbutthatisbecomingincreasinglyuntenable.Digitisationpromisestoconnectdoctorsnotonlytoeverythingtheyneedtoknowabouttheirpatientsbutalsotootherdoctorswhohavetreatedsimilardisorders.Thatessentialreformwillenablemanyotherbigtechnologicalchangestobeintroduced.Justasimportantitcanmakethatinformationavailabletothepatientstooempoweringthemtoplayabiggerpartinmanagingtheirownhealthaffairs.Thisiscontroversialandwithgoodreason.Manydoctorsandsomepatientsreckontheylacktheknowledgetomakeinformeddecisions.Butpatientsactuallyknowagreatdealaboutmanydiseasesespeciallychroniconeslikediabetesandheartproblemswithwhichtheyoftenliveformanyyears.Thebestwaytodealwiththoseisforindividualstotakemoreresponsibilityfortheirownhealthandpreventproblemsbeforetheyrequirecostlyhospitalvisits.Thatmeansputtingelectronichealthrecordsdirectlyintopatients’hands.Whatwillpatientsprobablydowiththeirchronicdiseasesinthefuture
Exactlywherewewillstandinthelongwaragainstdiseasebytheyear2050isimpossibletosay.46Butifdevelopmentsinresearchmaintaintheircurrentpaceitseemslikelythatacombinationofimprovedattentiontodietaryandenvironmentalfactorsalongwithadvancesingenetherapyandproteintargeteddrugswillhavevirtuallyeliminatedmostmajorclassesofdisease.Fromaneconomicstandpointthebestnewsmayhethattheseaccomplishmentscouldbeaccompaniedbyadropinhealth-carecosts.47Costsmayevenfallasdiseasesarebroughtundercontrolusingpinpointedshorttermtherapiesnowbeingdeveloped.By2050therewillhefewerhospitalsandsurgicalprocedureswillbelargelyrestrictedtothetreatmentofaccidentsandotherformsoftrauma.Spendingonnonacutecarebothinnursingfacilitiesandinhomeswillalsofallsharplyasmoreelderlypeopleleadhealthylivesuntilclosetodeath.Oneresultofmedicine’ssuccessincontrollingdiseasewillheadramaticincreaseinlifeexpectancy.48Theextentofthatincreaseisahighlyspeculativematterbutitisworthnotingthatmedicalsciencehasalreadyhelpedtomaketheveryoldcurrentlydefinedasthoseover85yearsofagethefastestgrowingsegmentofthepopulation.Between1960.and1995theU.S.populationasawholeincreasedbyabout45%whilethesegmentover85yearsofagegrewbyalmost300%.49Therehasbeenasimilarexplosioninthepopulationofcentenarianswiththeresultthatsurvivaltotheageof100isnolongerthenewsworthyfeatthatitwasonlyafewdecadesago.U.S.CensusBureauprojectionsalreadyforecastdramaticincreaseinthenumberofcentenariansinthenext50years:4millionin2050comparedwith37000in1990.50AlthoughCensusBureaucalculationsprojectanincreaseinaveragelifespanofonlyeightyearsbytheyear2050someexpertsbelievethatthehumanlifespanshouldnotbegintoencounteranytheoreticalnaturallimitsbefore120years.Withcontinuingadvancesinmolecularmedicineandagrowingunderstandingoftheagingprocessthatlimitcouldriseto130yearsormore.
[A]In1849goldwasdiscoveredinCaliforniainthemountainsnearSanFrancisco.SostartedthefamousGoldRushofthe49ersacrossthevastunexploredwildernessthatlaywestoftheMississippi.Wholefamiliesperished.Onesmallgroupof49erslookingforashortcutacrosstheSierraNevadaMountainshappenedtoentertheinfamousDeathValley.ItwasluckyforthemitwaswinterforinsummerDeathValleyisaboutthehottestandmostdesolateplaceonearth.Asitwasoneofthegroupdiedofthirstanditwasthe49erswhogavethevalleyitsgrimname. [B]ThecompletionoftherailroadnotonlyjoinedthecitiesoftheeastwithCaliforniaitalsobroughtprosperitytotheisolatedfarmersoftheplainsandtotherancherswhowerenowabletosendtheircattletotheslaughterhousesinfreightears.Infactthenewrailroadbecameanessentiallife-lineforanationwhichnowstretched3000milesfromtheAtlantictothePacificOceans. [C]Aslateasthe1880samanintheFarwestcouldbehangedforstealingahorseyetgetnomorethanfiveyearsinjailforrobbingabank.Eversincethepioneerswentwestintotheunknowntheydependedabsolutelyontheirhorsesandtheirguns.IfamanlosthishorseorhisguninthedesertsmountainsorforestsofNevadaArizonaandeasternCaliforniahestoodnochance.HungerthirstagrizzlybearamountainlionorhostileIndianswouldfinishhimoffsoonerorlater.Afrontiersmanhadtobetoughbraveandresourcefulinthosedays. [D]ThecolonizationoftheWestwasgivenatremendousimpetusbythebuildingoftheTranscontinentalrailroadoneofthegreatengineeringfeatsofalltime.CongressdecidedthatthelayingofthetracksshouldbeginfromtheEastandtheWestatthesametime.Sothebuildingofthisrailroadlinedwithpolesforthefirsteast-westtelegraphsystemdevelopedintoarace.TheEasternersmovingacrosstheplainsprogressedfasterfortheydidnothavetotunnelthroughgiantmountainsorbridgegapingcanyons.ThetworailroadslinkedupinUtahonJuly10th1867.Therewasgreatexcitementandaspecialceremonytomarktheoccasion. [E]DesertsmountainsandforestsarestillthefrontierbetweenteemingCaliforniancitiesandthesparselypopulatedwildernessofNevadaandeasternCalifornia.EventodayNevadahashardlymorethan500thousandinhabitantsmostofwhomliveinthecitiesofLasVegasandReno. [F]Laterin1865aftertheCivilWardisillusionedsoldiersunabletofrndworkfollowedinthefootstepsofthe49ers.Theydidnotfindmuchgoldbuttheyfoundrichpasturesforcattle.ItwastheywhofoundedtheUSA’sgreatfoodindustryandtheyworkedwiththevigorandcourageoftheearlypioneersandwithafaithfortifiedbytheBible. [G]SomeAmericansfeelthatthefrontierspiritnolongerexistsintheUSA.Butitexpresseditselfinanumberofways.AmericansdonotlikebeingwithoutworkandtheywilltravelhundredsofmilesinsearchofajobshowingacourageandanenterprisewhichisunusualinmostoftheolderEuropeancountries.Thenthereistheexplorationofouterspace.PresidentJohnKennedyinaspeechtothenationspokeofthis"NewFrontier."Thefrontierspiritcertainlyplayedapartinputtingthefirstmenonthenoonthemostrecentofallfrontierstobecrossed. 42
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwriteanessayentitled"ItisGood/BadtoWriteaboutMartialArtsNovelsintheTexbooks"Intheessayyoushould1describethepictureandinterpretitsmeaning;2giveyouropinionandsupportitwithsomeproof;3gettheconclusion. Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
[A]In1849goldwasdiscoveredinCaliforniainthemountainsnearSanFrancisco.SostartedthefamousGoldRushofthe49ersacrossthevastunexploredwildernessthatlaywestoftheMississippi.Wholefamiliesperished.Onesmallgroupof49erslookingforashortcutacrosstheSierraNevadaMountainshappenedtoentertheinfamousDeathValley.ItwasluckyforthemitwaswinterforinsummerDeathValleyisaboutthehottestandmostdesolateplaceonearth.Asitwasoneofthegroupdiedofthirstanditwasthe49erswhogavethevalleyitsgrimname. [B]ThecompletionoftherailroadnotonlyjoinedthecitiesoftheeastwithCaliforniaitalsobroughtprosperitytotheisolatedfarmersoftheplainsandtotherancherswhowerenowabletosendtheircattletotheslaughterhousesinfreightears.Infactthenewrailroadbecameanessentiallife-lineforanationwhichnowstretched3000milesfromtheAtlantictothePacificOceans. [C]Aslateasthe1880samanintheFarwestcouldbehangedforstealingahorseyetgetnomorethanfiveyearsinjailforrobbingabank.Eversincethepioneerswentwestintotheunknowntheydependedabsolutelyontheirhorsesandtheirguns.IfamanlosthishorseorhisguninthedesertsmountainsorforestsofNevadaArizonaandeasternCaliforniahestoodnochance.HungerthirstagrizzlybearamountainlionorhostileIndianswouldfinishhimoffsoonerorlater.Afrontiersmanhadtobetoughbraveandresourcefulinthosedays. [D]ThecolonizationoftheWestwasgivenatremendousimpetusbythebuildingoftheTranscontinentalrailroadoneofthegreatengineeringfeatsofalltime.CongressdecidedthatthelayingofthetracksshouldbeginfromtheEastandtheWestatthesametime.Sothebuildingofthisrailroadlinedwithpolesforthefirsteast-westtelegraphsystemdevelopedintoarace.TheEasternersmovingacrosstheplainsprogressedfasterfortheydidnothavetotunnelthroughgiantmountainsorbridgegapingcanyons.ThetworailroadslinkedupinUtahonJuly10th1867.Therewasgreatexcitementandaspecialceremonytomarktheoccasion. [E]DesertsmountainsandforestsarestillthefrontierbetweenteemingCaliforniancitiesandthesparselypopulatedwildernessofNevadaandeasternCalifornia.EventodayNevadahashardlymorethan500thousandinhabitantsmostofwhomliveinthecitiesofLasVegasandReno. [F]Laterin1865aftertheCivilWardisillusionedsoldiersunabletofrndworkfollowedinthefootstepsofthe49ers.Theydidnotfindmuchgoldbuttheyfoundrichpasturesforcattle.ItwastheywhofoundedtheUSA’sgreatfoodindustryandtheyworkedwiththevigorandcourageoftheearlypioneersandwithafaithfortifiedbytheBible. [G]SomeAmericansfeelthatthefrontierspiritnolongerexistsintheUSA.Butitexpresseditselfinanumberofways.AmericansdonotlikebeingwithoutworkandtheywilltravelhundredsofmilesinsearchofajobshowingacourageandanenterprisewhichisunusualinmostoftheolderEuropeancountries.Thenthereistheexplorationofouterspace.PresidentJohnKennedyinaspeechtothenationspokeofthis"NewFrontier."Thefrontierspiritcertainlyplayedapartinputtingthefirstmenonthenoonthemostrecentofallfrontierstobecrossed. 44
Directions: Studythefollowingsetofpicturescarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould 1describethepicturesbriefly 2interprettheirintendedmeaningsand 3pointouttheirimplicationsinourlife.Youshouldwriteabout160--200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 2
Theuseofheatpumpshas’beenheldbacklargelybyskepticismaboutadvertisers’claimsthatheatpumpscanprovideasmanyasunitsofthermalenergyforeachunitofelectricalenergyusedthusapparentlycontradictingtheprincipleofenergyconservation.Heatpumpscirculateafluidrefrigerantthatcyclesalternativelyfromitsliquidphasetoitsvaporphaseinaclosedloop.Therefrigerantstartingasalow-temperaturelow-pressurevaporenterscompressordrivenbyanelectricmotor.Therefrigerantleavesthecompressorasahotdensevaporandflowsthroughaheatexchangercalledthecondenserwhichtransfersheatfromtherefrigeranttoabodyorair.Nowtherefrigerantasahigh-pressurecooledliquidconfrontsaflowrestrictionwhichcausesthepressuretodrop.Asthepressurefallstherefrigerantexpandsandpartiallyvaporizesbecomingchilled.Itthenpassesthroughasecondheatexchangertheevaporatorwhichtransfersheatfromtheairtotherefrigerantreducingthetemperatureofthissecondbodyofair.Ofthetwoheatexchangersoneislocatedinsideandtheotheroneoutsidethehousesoeachisincontactwithadifferentbodyofair:roomairandoutsideairrespectively. Theflowdirectionofrefrigerantthroughaheatpumpiscontrolledbyvalves.Whentherefrigerantflowisreversedtheheatexchangersswitchfunction.Thisflow-reversalcapabilityallowsheatpumps--eithertoheatorcoolroomair. NowifundercertainconditionsaheatpumpputsoutmorethermalenergythanitconsumesinelectricalenergyhasthelawofenergyconservationbeenchallengedNonotevenremotely:theadditionalinputofthermalenergyintothecirculatingrefrigerantviatheevaporatoraccountsforthedifferenceintheenergyequation. Unfortunatelythereisonerealproblem.Theheatingcapacityofaheatpumpdecreasesastheoutdoortemperaturefalls.Thedropincapacityiscausedbythelesseningamountofrefrigerantmassmovedthroughthecompressoratonetime.Theheatingcapacityisproportionaltothismassflowrate:thelessthemassofrefrigerantbeingcompressedthelessthethermalloaditcantransferthroughtheheat-pumpcycle.Thevolumeflowrateofrefrigerantvaporthroughthesingle-speedrotarycompressorusedinheatpumpsisapproximatelyconstant.Butcoldrefrigerantvaporenteringacompressorisatlowerpressurethanwarmervapor.Thereforethemassofcoldrefrigerant--andthusthethermalenergyitcarries--islessthaniftherefrigerantvaporwerewarmerbeforecompression. Herethenliesagenuinedrawbackofheatpumps:inextremelycoldclimates--wherethemostheatisneeded--heatpumpsareleastabletosupplyen6ughheat. Theauthorregardsthenotionthatheatpumpshaveagenuinedrawbackasa
JohnBattelleisSiliconValley’sBobWoodward.OneofthefoundersofWiredmagazinehehashungaroundGoogleforsolongthathehascometobeascloseasanyoutsidercantoactuallybeinganinsider.CertainlyGoogle’sfoundersSergeyBrinandLarryPageanditschiefexecutiveEricSchmidtbelievethatitissafertotalktoMr.Battellethannottodoso.TheresultisahighlyreadableaccountofGoogle’sastonishingrise-thesteepestincorporatehistory-fromitsoriginsinStanfordUniversitytoitscontroversialstockmarketdebutanditscurrentstruggletobecomeagrown-upcompanywhilestayingtruetoitsyouthfullybrashmottoDon’tbeevil.Mr.BattellemakesthereaderwarmtoGoogle’srulingtriumvirate-theirclevernessandtheirgoodintentions-andfearfortheirfutureastheytakeontheworld.Googleisoneofthemostinterestingcompaniesaroundatthemoment.IthasadecentshotatdisplacingMicrosoftasthenextgreatnear-monopolyoftheinformationage.Itsambition-toorganisealltheworld’sinformationnotjusttheinformationontheworldwideweb-isepicanditscommercialpowerisfrighteningBeyondthisGoogleisinterestingforthesamereasonthatsecretivedictatorshipsandHollywoodcelebritiesareinteresting-forbeingopaquecolourfulandsimplyitself.ThebookdisappointsonlywhenMr.Battellebeginstryingtoexplainthewiderrelevanceofinternetsearchanditspossiblefuturedevelopment.ThereisalottosayonthissubjectbutMr.Battelleishurriedandoverlychattyproducinglaundrylistsofgeekyconceptswithoutreallyhavingthoughtanyofthemthroughproperly.Thisisnotafatalflaw.Readonlythemiddlechaptersandyouhaveagreatbook.Googleiseye-catchingduetoits______.
Theroleofgovernmentsinenvironmentalmanagementisdeficitbutinescapable.Sometimesthestatetriestomanagetheresourcesitownsanddoessobadly.Often1governmentsactinanevenmoreharmfulway.Theyactuallysubsidizetheexploitationand2ofnaturalresources.Awhole3ofpoliciesfromfarm-pricesupporttoprotectionforcoal-miningdoenvironmentaldamageandoften4noeconomicsense.Makinggoodpoliciesoffersatwo-fold5:acleanerenvironmentpoliliciansandamoreefficienteconomy.Crowthandenvironmentalismcanactuallygohandinhandifpoliticianshavethecourageto6thevestedinterestthatsubsidiescreate. Noactivityaffectsmoreoftheearth’ssurfacethanfarminghshapesathirdoftheplanet’slandareanot7Antarcticaandtheproportionisrising.Worldfoodoutputperheadhasrisenby4percentbetweenthe1970sand1980smainlyasaresultofincreasesin8fromlandalreadyin9butalsobecausemorelandhasbeenbroughtundertheplough.Higheryieldshavebeenachievedbyincreasedirrigationbettercropbreedinganda10intheuseofpesticidesandchemicalfertilizersinthe1970sand1980s. Alltheseactivitiesmayhave11environmentalimpacts.Forexamplelandclearingforagrieuhureisthelargestsingle12ofdeforestation;chemicalfertilizersandpesticidesmay13watersupplies;moreintensivefarmingandtheabandonmentoffallowperiods14worsensoilerosion;andthespreadofmonochordanduseofhigh-yieldingvarietiesofeuroshavebeenaccompaniedbythe15ofoldvarietiesoffoodplantswhichmighthaveprovidedsome16againstpestsordiseasesinfuture.Soilerosionthreatenstheproductivityoflandinbothrichandpoorcountries.TheUnitedStates17themostcarefulmeasurementshavebeendonediscoveredin1982thataboutone-fifthofitsfarmlandwaslosingtopsoilatarate18todiminishthesoil’sproductivity.Thecountrysubsequently19aprogramtoconvert11percentofitscroppedlandtomeadoworforest.TopsoilinIndiaandChinais20muchfasterthaninAmerica. 2
Educationisoneofthekeywordsofourtime.Amanwithoutaneducationmanyofusbelieveisanunfortunatevictimofunfortunatecircumstancesdeprivedofoneofthegreatesttwentieth-centuryopportunities.Convincedoftheimportanceofeducationmodernstatesinvestininstitutionsoflearningtogetbackinterestintheformofalargegroupofenlightenedyoungmenandwomenwhoarepotentialleaders.Educationwithitscyclesofinstructionsocarefullyworkedoutispunctuatedbytextbooks--thosepurchasablewellsofwisdom--whatwouldcivilizationbelikewithoutitsbenefitsSomuchiscertain:thatwewouldhavedoctorsandpreacherslawyersanddefendantsmarriagesandbirths;butourspiritualoutlookwouldbedifferent.Wewouldlaylessstressonfactsandfiguresandmoreonagoodmemoryonappliedpsychologyandonthecapacityofamantogetalongwithhisfellow-citizens.Ifoureducationalsystemwerefashionedafteritsbooklesspastwewouldhavethemostdemocraticformofcollegeimaginable.Amongthepeoplewhomweliketocallsavagesallknowledgeinheritedbytraditionissharedbyall;itistaughttoeverymemberofthetribesothatinthisrespecteverybodyisequallyequippedforlife.Itistheidealconditionoftheequalstartwhichonlyourmostprogressiveformsofmoderneducationtrytoreachagain.Inprimitiveculturestheobligationtoseekandtoreceivethetraditionalinstructionisbindingonall.Therearenoilliterates--ifthetermcanbeappliedtopeopleswithoutascript--whileourowncompulsoryschoolattendancebecamelawinGermanyin1642inFrancein1806andinEngland1976andisstillnon-existentinanumberofcivilizednations.Thisshowshowlongitwasbeforeweconsidereditnecessarytomakesurethatallourchildrencouldshareintheknowledgeaccumulatedbythehappyfewduringthepastcenturies.Educationinthewildernessisnotamatterofmonetarymeans.Allareentitledtoanequalstart.Thereisnoneofthehurrythatinoursocietyoftenhampersthefulldevelopmentofagrowingpersonality.Thereachildgrowsupundertheever-presentattentionofhisparents;thereforethejunglesandthesavagesknowofnojuveniledelinquency.Nonecessityofmakingalivingawayfromhomeresultsinneglectofchildrenandnofatherisconfrontedwithhisinabilitytobuyaneducationforhischild.Notes:juveniledelinquency青少年犯罪Accordingtothetexttheauthorseemstobe
JohnBattelleisSiliconValley’sBobWoodward.OneofthefoundersofWiredmagazinehehashungaroundGoogleforsolongthathehascometobeascloseasanyoutsidercantoactuallybeinganinsider.CertainlyGoogle’sfoundersSergeyBrinandLarryPageanditschiefexecutiveEricSchmidtbelievethatitissafertotalktoMr.Battellethannottodoso.TheresultisahighlyreadableaccountofGoogle’sastonishingrise-thesteepestincorporatehistory-fromitsoriginsinStanfordUniversitytoitscontroversialstockmarketdebutanditscurrentstruggletobecomeagrown-upcompanywhilestayingtruetoitsyouthfullybrashmottoDon’tbeevil.Mr.BattellemakesthereaderwarmtoGoogle’srulingtriumvirate-theirclevernessandtheirgoodintentions-andfearfortheirfutureastheytakeontheworld.Googleisoneofthemostinterestingcompaniesaroundatthemoment.IthasadecentshotatdisplacingMicrosoftasthenextgreatnear-monopolyoftheinformationage.Itsambition-toorganisealltheworld’sinformationnotjusttheinformationontheworldwideweb-isepicanditscommercialpowerisfrighteningBeyondthisGoogleisinterestingforthesamereasonthatsecretivedictatorshipsandHollywoodcelebritiesareinteresting-forbeingopaquecolourfulandsimplyitself.ThebookdisappointsonlywhenMr.Battellebeginstryingtoexplainthewiderrelevanceofinternetsearchanditspossiblefuturedevelopment.ThereisalottosayonthissubjectbutMr.Battelleishurriedandoverlychattyproducinglaundrylistsofgeekyconceptswithoutreallyhavingthoughtanyofthemthroughproperly.Thisisnotafatalflaw.Readonlythemiddlechaptersandyouhaveagreatbook.Accordingtothetexttheauthor’sattitudetowardMr.Battelle’sworkis______.
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 8
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 18
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 16
ThefirsttechnologicalrevolutioninmodernbiologystartedwhenJamesWatsonandFrancisCrickdescribedthestructureofDNAhalfacenturyago.Thatestablishedthefieldsofmolecularandcellbiologythebasisofthebiotechnologyindustry.Thesequencingofthehumangenomenearlyadecadeagosetoffasecondrevolutionwhichhasstartedtoilluminatetheoriginsofdiseases.Nowtheindustryisconvincedthatathirdrevolutionisunderway:theconvergenceofbiologyandengineering.ArecentreportfromtheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysaysthatphysicalscienceshavealreadybeentransformedbytheiradoptionofinformationtechnologyadvancedmaterialsimagingnanotechnolugyandsophisticatedmodellingandsimulation.PhillipSharpaNobelprize-winneratthatuniversitybelievesthatthosetoolsareabouttobebroughttobearonbiologytoo.Butthechancesarethatthiswilltaketimeandturnouttobemoreofareformationthanarevolution.Theconventionalhealth-caresystemsoftherichworldmayresistnewtechnologiesevenaspoorcountriesleapfrogahead.Thereisalreadyabacklashagainstgenomicswhichhasbeenoversoldtoconsumersasadeterministicscience.Andgivensoaringhealth-carecostsinsurersandhealthsystemsmaynotwanttoadoptnewtechnologiesunlessinventorscanshowconclusivelythattheywillproducebetteroutcomesandoffervalueformoney.Iftheseobstaclescanbeovercomethenthebiggestwinnerwillbethepatient.Inthepastmedicinehastakenapaternalisticstancewiththeall-knowingphysiciandispensingwisdomfromonhighbutthatisbecomingincreasinglyuntenable.Digitisationpromisestoconnectdoctorsnotonlytoeverythingtheyneedtoknowabouttheirpatientsbutalsotootherdoctorswhohavetreatedsimilardisorders.Thatessentialreformwillenablemanyotherbigtechnologicalchangestobeintroduced.Justasimportantitcanmakethatinformationavailabletothepatientstooempoweringthemtoplayabiggerpartinmanagingtheirownhealthaffairs.Thisiscontroversialandwithgoodreason.Manydoctorsandsomepatientsreckontheylacktheknowledgetomakeinformeddecisions.Butpatientsactuallyknowagreatdealaboutmanydiseasesespeciallychroniconeslikediabetesandheartproblemswithwhichtheyoftenliveformanyyears.Thebestwaytodealwiththoseisforindividualstotakemoreresponsibilityfortheirownhealthandpreventproblemsbeforetheyrequirecostlyhospitalvisits.Thatmeansputtingelectronichealthrecordsdirectlyintopatients’hands.Whatwillaphysicianprobablydointhefutureifheencountersadifficultandraredisease
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