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An industrial society, especially one as centralized and concentrated as that of Britain, is heavily...
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Text3 SearchengineGooglewasaimingtofloatonWallStreetthisweekvaluedatupto$36billion.ButtheInternetcompany’sadvisersaremeetingthisweekendtodiscusspossiblydelayingthepubliclistingafterasharpfallinsharepricesinNewYorkonFriday.Aninsidersaidlastnight:"Thefloatisteeteringonthebrink—itreallyis50/50atthisstagealthoughmanyofusareoptimistic."TheinitialpublicofferingIPOofsharesinGooglewhichcouldraisenearly$4bnwillamounttooneofthebiggestIPOsforyears.Butmany:USfirmshaveshelvedtheirIPOsamidvolatilemarketconditionsandinvestorsappearunwillingtosubscribetonewequity.AWallStreetanalystsaidthattheGoogleIPO"wouldbeaseminaleventfortheAmericanstockmarket"asitsrealsignificancewasthatitwouldtestwhetherornottherecoveryinequitypricessincetheendoftheIraqwarhadtakenhold."Ifthisfloatworksalotofothercompanieswillbeencouragedandcometothemarketlaterintheyear"theinsideradded."ButitwillbebadnewsiftheIPOispulledorthesharesfallsharplyafterthecompanyislisted.IfthathappensitcouldkillofftheIPOmarketinAmericaandelsewhereforatleast12months." SeveralfundmanagershavealreadyexpressedreservationsaboutCoogleinparticularitshighvaluationandthecomplexwaythesharesarebeingsold.MoreovertheGoogleflotationistakingplaceatatimewhentechnologycompaniesintheUShavebeenshunned.OnThursdaytheIPOhitatechnicalhitchoverthefailureofthecompanytomeetitslegalobligationsconcerningitsemployees’stockoptionplans.ButthecompanydidnotthinkthatthedisclosurewouldmeanadelaytotheIPOwhichisdueonTuesdayAtthetopofthesuggestedpricerangeGooglewouldbevaluednotfarshortofitsrivalInternetfirmYahoo!—andthishasraisedeyebrowswithintheindustry.TheauctionisbeingconductedovertheInternetandpotentialbuyerswillhavetoregisterbysigningontoaGooglewebsite.Butonlyinvestorswhohavebrokerageaccountswithoneofthe28USbanksandbrokersunderwritingthestocksalewillbeableto-apply.Googlesufferedasetbacklastmonthafteritreportedanunexpectedslowdowninitshugegrowthrate.ButsourcesclosetoGoogle’sfoundersLarryPageandSergeyBrinsaidthatthetailing-offofgrowthwasduetoseasonalfactorsandwouldnotaffecttheIPO. IfGoogleIPOworks
Ascientistwhodoesresearchineconomicpsychologyandwhowantstopredictthewayinwhichconsumerswillspendtheirmoneymuststudyconsumerbehavior.Hemustobtain1bothonresourcesofconsumersandonthemotivesthat2toencourageordiscouragemoneyspending. Ifan3wereaskedwhichofthreegroupsborrowmost--peoplewithrisingincomes4incomesordecliningincomes--hewould5answer:thosewithdecliningincomes.Actuallyintheyears1997-2000theanswerwas:peoplewithrisingincomes.Peoplewithdecliningincomeswerenextandpeoplewithstableincomesborrowedthe6.Thisshowsusthattradition-al7aboutearningandspendingarenotalways8Anothertraditionalassumptionisthatifpeoplewhohavemoneyexpectpricestogouptheywill9tobuy.Iftheyexpectpricestogodowntheywillpostponebuying.10researchsurveyshaveshownthatthisisnotalways11Theexpectationsofpriceincreasesmaynotstimulatebuying.One12attitudewasex-pressedbythewifeofamechanicinaninterviewatatimeofrisingprices.Herfamilyhadbeenplanningtobuyanewcarbuttheypostponedthispurchase.13theriseinpricesthathasal-readytakenplacemayberesentedandbuyer’sresistancemaybeevoked. The14mentionedabovewascarriedoutinAmerica.Investigations15atthesametimeinGreatBritainhoweveryieldedresultsthatweremore16traditionalassumptionsaboutsavingandspendingpatterns.Theconditionmostcontributivetospending17tobepricestability.Ifpriceshavebeenstableandpeopleconsiderthattheyare18theyarelikelytobuy.Thusitappearsthatthecommon19policyofmaintainingstablepricesisbasedonacorrectunderstandingof20psychology. 5
Ascientistwhodoesresearchineconomicpsychologyandwhowantstopredictthewayinwhichconsumerswillspendtheirmoneymuststudyconsumerbehavior.Hemustobtain1bothonresourcesofconsumersandonthemotivesthat2toencourageordiscouragemoneyspending. Ifan3wereaskedwhichofthreegroupsborrowmost--peoplewithrisingincomes4incomesordecliningincomes--hewould5answer:thosewithdecliningincomes.Actuallyintheyears1997-2000theanswerwas:peoplewithrisingincomes.Peoplewithdecliningincomeswerenextandpeoplewithstableincomesborrowedthe6.Thisshowsusthattradition-al7aboutearningandspendingarenotalways8Anothertraditionalassumptionisthatifpeoplewhohavemoneyexpectpricestogouptheywill9tobuy.Iftheyexpectpricestogodowntheywillpostponebuying.10researchsurveyshaveshownthatthisisnotalways11Theexpectationsofpriceincreasesmaynotstimulatebuying.One12attitudewasex-pressedbythewifeofamechanicinaninterviewatatimeofrisingprices.Herfamilyhadbeenplanningtobuyanewcarbuttheypostponedthispurchase.13theriseinpricesthathasal-readytakenplacemayberesentedandbuyer’sresistancemaybeevoked. The14mentionedabovewascarriedoutinAmerica.Investigations15atthesametimeinGreatBritainhoweveryieldedresultsthatweremore16traditionalassumptionsaboutsavingandspendingpatterns.Theconditionmostcontributivetospending17tobepricestability.Ifpriceshavebeenstableandpeopleconsiderthattheyare18theyarelikelytobuy.Thusitappearsthatthecommon19policyofmaintainingstablepricesisbasedonacorrectunderstandingof20psychology. 13
Text4 TheentertainmentindustryandtechnologycompanieshavebeenwarringforyearsoverthedazzlingabilityofcomputersandtheInternettocopyandtransmitmusicandmovies. AcrucialbattleendedthisweekwitharulingbyAmerica’sSupremeCourtinfavourofcopyrightholderandagainsttwocompaniesthatdistributepeer-to-peerP2Psoftwarewhichletsuserssharefilesonlinewithothers.Thecourt’sdecisionthoughostensiblyavictoryforcontentprovidersis.neverthelessunlikelytostampoutfilesharing—muchofwhichwillcontinuefromoutsideAmerica—orstopthetechnologicalinnovationthatisthreateningthecurrentbusinessmodelsofmediafirms. ThecourtwasaskedtodecidewhethertwofirmsGroksterandStreamCastwereliableforcopyrightinfringementbytheircustomers.Twolowercourtshadsaidthatthefirmswerenotliablecitinga1984rulinginfavourofSony’sBetamaxvideorecorder.Thisheldthatatechnologyfirmisimmunefromliabilitysolongasthedeviceconcernedis"capableofsubstantialnoninfringinguses".Thecourtdidnotreinterpretthe1984decisioninlightoftheInternet.Insteadthejusticesruledthatthecaseraisedafarnarrowerissue:whetherGroksterandStreamCastinduceduserstoviolatecopyrightsandchosenottotakethesimpiestepsavailabletopreventit.SuchbehaviourwouldmakethefirmsclearlyliableforcopyrightinfringementandendtheirimmunityevenundertheBetamaxstandard.Thecourtreasonedthatthereweresufficientgroundstobelievethatinducementoccurredandsentthecasebacktolowercourtsfortrial. AlthoughtheGroksterdecisionwillprobablynotsquelchinnovationasmuchasmanytechfirmsfearitshouldcertainlymakeITandelectronicsfirmsmorecautiousabouthowtheymarkettheirproducts—andquiterighttoo.ButtheSupremeCourt’snarrowrulingmakesthisunlikely—indeedthejusticesnotedthetechnology’swidespreadlegitimateuse.Yettheirdecisionwillsurelyemboldentheentertainmentindustrytopursueincourtanyfirmsthattheycanclaimknowinglyallowinfringement;Thiscouldkilloffsomesmallinnovativestart-ups.Ontheotherhandtherulingcouldalsoprovidelegalcoverfortechfirmswiththewittoplastertheirproductswithwarningsnottoviolatethelaw. Butjudgedfromalong-termperspectivethisweek’svictoryforcopyrightholdersseemslikelytoproveaPyrrhicone.TheInternetandfilesharingaredisruptivetechnologiesthatgiveconsumersvastlymoreabilitytouseallsortsofmediacontentcopyrightedornot.Surelyentertainmentfirmsmustdevisewaystousethistechnologytoselltheirwaresthatwillalsoallowcopyrighttobeprotected. Solongastechnologycontinuestoevolveinwaysthatenablelegitimatecontentsharingpiracywillalsoprobablycontinuetosomedegree.Happilyinthiscasethepiracyseemstohavepromptedcontentfirmstocompetebyofferingbetterfee-basedservices.Thechallengeforcontentprovidersistousenewtechnologytocreatevalueforcustomersandtomakethosewhousecontentillegallyfeelbadaboutit. Inthelastparagraphtheauthorsuggestedthat
Ascientistwhodoesresearchineconomicpsychologyandwhowantstopredictthewayinwhichconsumerswillspendtheirmoneymuststudyconsumerbehavior.Hemustobtain1bothonresourcesofconsumersandonthemotivesthat2toencourageordiscouragemoneyspending. Ifan3wereaskedwhichofthreegroupsborrowmost--peoplewithrisingincomes4incomesordecliningincomes--hewould5answer:thosewithdecliningincomes.Actuallyintheyears1997-2000theanswerwas:peoplewithrisingincomes.Peoplewithdecliningincomeswerenextandpeoplewithstableincomesborrowedthe6.Thisshowsusthattradition-al7aboutearningandspendingarenotalways8Anothertraditionalassumptionisthatifpeoplewhohavemoneyexpectpricestogouptheywill9tobuy.Iftheyexpectpricestogodowntheywillpostponebuying.10researchsurveyshaveshownthatthisisnotalways11Theexpectationsofpriceincreasesmaynotstimulatebuying.One12attitudewasex-pressedbythewifeofamechanicinaninterviewatatimeofrisingprices.Herfamilyhadbeenplanningtobuyanewcarbuttheypostponedthispurchase.13theriseinpricesthathasal-readytakenplacemayberesentedandbuyer’sresistancemaybeevoked. The14mentionedabovewascarriedoutinAmerica.Investigations15atthesametimeinGreatBritainhoweveryieldedresultsthatweremore16traditionalassumptionsaboutsavingandspendingpatterns.Theconditionmostcontributivetospending17tobepricestability.Ifpriceshavebeenstableandpeopleconsiderthattheyare18theyarelikelytobuy.Thusitappearsthatthecommon19policyofmaintainingstablepricesisbasedonacorrectunderstandingof20psychology. 11
Text3 MuchoftheAmericananxietyaboutoldageisaflightfromtherealityofdeath.OneofthestrikingqualitiesoftheAmericancharacteristheunwillingnesstofaceeitherthefactormeaningofdeath.InthemoresombertraditionofAmericanliterature--fromHawthorneandMelvilleandPoetoFaulknerandHemingway--onefindsatragicdepththatdisguisesthesurfacethinnessoftheordinaryAmericandeathattitudes.Byaneffortoftheimaginationthegreatwritersfacedproblemsthatthecultureinactionisreluctanttoface--thefactofdeathitsmysteryanditsplaceintheback-and-forthshuttlingoftheeternalrecurrence.TheunblinkingconfrontationofdeathinGreektimetheelaboratetheologicalpatternswovenarounditintheMiddleAgestheritualcelebrationofitintherichpeasantculturesofLatinandSlavicEuropeandinprimitivecultures;thesearedifficulttofindinAmericanlife. WhetherthroughfearoftheemotionaldepthsorbecauseofadryingupofthefloodgatesofreligiousintensitytheAmericanavoidsdwellingondeathorevencomingtotermswithit;hefindsitmorbidandmovesbackfromitsurroundingitwithwordavoidanceAmericansneverdie;they"passaway"andvarioustaboosofspeechandpractice.A"funeralparlor"isdecoratedtolooklikeabank;everythinginafuneralceremonyisdoneinhushedtonesasifitweresomethingsecrettobeconcealedfromtheworld;thereissomuchemphasisonbeingdignifiedthattheceremonyoftenlosesitsquality:ofdignity.Insomeoftheprimitiveculturesthereisdifficultyinunder-standingthecausesofdeath;itseemspuzzlingandevenunintelligible.LivinginascientificcultureAmericanshaveareadyenoughexplanationofhowitcomesyettheyshowlittlecapacitytocometotermswiththefactofdeathitselfandwiththegriefthataccompaniesit. "Wejubilateoverbirthanddanceatweddings"writesMargaretMead"butmoreandmoredealwiththedeathoffthescenewithoutceremonywithoutanopportunityforyoungandoldtorealizethatdeathisasmuchafactoflifeasisbirth."AndonemayaddeveninitshurryandbrevitythelaststageofanAmerican’slifemthelastoccasionofthisrelationtohissociety—isasstandardizedastherest. Whatis/waspeople'sattitudetowordsdeath
Ascientistwhodoesresearchineconomicpsychologyandwhowantstopredictthewayinwhichconsumerswillspendtheirmoneymuststudyconsumerbehavior.Hemustobtain1bothonresourcesofconsumersandonthemotivesthat2toencourageordiscouragemoneyspending. Ifan3wereaskedwhichofthreegroupsborrowmost--peoplewithrisingincomes4incomesordecliningincomes--hewould5answer:thosewithdecliningincomes.Actuallyintheyears1997-2000theanswerwas:peoplewithrisingincomes.Peoplewithdecliningincomeswerenextandpeoplewithstableincomesborrowedthe6.Thisshowsusthattradition-al7aboutearningandspendingarenotalways8Anothertraditionalassumptionisthatifpeoplewhohavemoneyexpectpricestogouptheywill9tobuy.Iftheyexpectpricestogodowntheywillpostponebuying.10researchsurveyshaveshownthatthisisnotalways11Theexpectationsofpriceincreasesmaynotstimulatebuying.One12attitudewasex-pressedbythewifeofamechanicinaninterviewatatimeofrisingprices.Herfamilyhadbeenplanningtobuyanewcarbuttheypostponedthispurchase.13theriseinpricesthathasal-readytakenplacemayberesentedandbuyer’sresistancemaybeevoked. The14mentionedabovewascarriedoutinAmerica.Investigations15atthesametimeinGreatBritainhoweveryieldedresultsthatweremore16traditionalassumptionsaboutsavingandspendingpatterns.Theconditionmostcontributivetospending17tobepricestability.Ifpriceshavebeenstableandpeopleconsiderthattheyare18theyarelikelytobuy.Thusitappearsthatthecommon19policyofmaintainingstablepricesisbasedonacorrectunderstandingof20psychology. 7
Themeaningsof"science"and"technology"havechangedsignificantlyfromonegenerationtoanother.Moresimilaritiesthandifferenceshowevercanbefoundbetweentheterms.46Bothscienceandtechnologyimplyathinkingprocessbothareconcernedwithcausalrelationshipsinthematerialworldandbothemployanexperimentalmethodologythatresultsinempiricaldemonstrationsthatcanbeverifiedbyrepetition.47Scienceatleastintheoryislessconcernedwiththepracticalityofitsresultsandmoreconcernedwiththedevelopmentofgenerallawsbutinpracticescienceandtechnologyareinextricablyinvolvedwitheachother.Thevaryinginterplayofthetwocanbeobservedinthehistoricaldevelopmentofsuchpractitionersaschemistsengineersphysicistsastronomerscarpenterspottersandmanyotherspecialists.Differingeducationalrequirementssocialstatusvocabularymethodologyandtypesofrewardsaswellasinstitutionalobjectivesandprofessionalgoalscontributetosuchdistinctionsascanbemadebetweentheactivitiesofscientistsandtechnologists;butthroughouthistorythepractitionersof"pure"sciencehavemademanypracticalaswellastheoreticalcontributions. 48Indeedtheconceptthatscienceprovidestheideasfortechnologicalinnovationsandthatpureresearchisthereforeessentialforanysignificantadvancementinindustrialcivilizationisessentiallyamyth.Mostofthegreatestchangesinindustrialcivilizationcannotbetracedtothelaboratory.Fundamentaltoolsandprocessesinthefieldsofmechanicschemistryastronomymetallurgyandhydraulicsweredevelopedbeforethelawsgoverningtheirfunctionswerediscovered.Thesteamengineforexamplewascommonplacebeforethescienceofthermodynamicselucidatedthephysicalprincipleunderlyingitsoperations. Inrecentyearsasharpvaluedistinctionhasgrownupbetweenscienceandtechnology.Advancesinsciencehavefrequentlyhadtheirbitteropponentsbuttodaymanypeoplehavecometofeartechnologymuchmorethanscience.49Forthesepeoplesciencemaybeperceivedasasereneobjectivesourceforunderstandingtheeternallawsofnaturewhereasthepracticalmanifestationsoftechnologyinthemodernworldnowseemtothemtobeoutofcontrol. 50Manyhistoriansofsciencearguenotonlythattechnologyisanessentialconditionofadvancedindustrialcivilizationbutalsothattherateoftechnologicalchangehasdevelopeditsownmomentuminrecentcenturies.Innovationsnowseemtoappearataratethatincreasegeometricallywithoutrespecttogeographicallimitsorpoliticalsystems.Theseinnovationstendtotransformtraditionalculturalsystemsfrequentlywithunexpectedsocialconsequences.Thustechnologycanbeconceivedasbothacreativeandadestructiveprocess. Forthesepeoplesciencemaybeperceivedasasereneobjectivesourceforunderstandingtheeternallawsofnaturewhereasthepracticalmanifestationsoftechnologyinthemodernworldnowseemtothemtobeoutofcontrol.
Ascientistwhodoesresearchineconomicpsychologyandwhowantstopredictthewayinwhichconsumerswillspendtheirmoneymuststudyconsumerbehavior.Hemustobtain1bothonresourcesofconsumersandonthemotivesthat2toencourageordiscouragemoneyspending. Ifan3wereaskedwhichofthreegroupsborrowmost--peoplewithrisingincomes4incomesordecliningincomes--hewould5answer:thosewithdecliningincomes.Actuallyintheyears1997-2000theanswerwas:peoplewithrisingincomes.Peoplewithdecliningincomeswerenextandpeoplewithstableincomesborrowedthe6.Thisshowsusthattradition-al7aboutearningandspendingarenotalways8Anothertraditionalassumptionisthatifpeoplewhohavemoneyexpectpricestogouptheywill9tobuy.Iftheyexpectpricestogodowntheywillpostponebuying.10researchsurveyshaveshownthatthisisnotalways11Theexpectationsofpriceincreasesmaynotstimulatebuying.One12attitudewasex-pressedbythewifeofamechanicinaninterviewatatimeofrisingprices.Herfamilyhadbeenplanningtobuyanewcarbuttheypostponedthispurchase.13theriseinpricesthathasal-readytakenplacemayberesentedandbuyer’sresistancemaybeevoked. The14mentionedabovewascarriedoutinAmerica.Investigations15atthesametimeinGreatBritainhoweveryieldedresultsthatweremore16traditionalassumptionsaboutsavingandspendingpatterns.Theconditionmostcontributivetospending17tobepricestability.Ifpriceshavebeenstableandpeopleconsiderthattheyare18theyarelikelytobuy.Thusitappearsthatthecommon19policyofmaintainingstablepricesisbasedonacorrectunderstandingof20psychology. 17
Directions:SupposeyouareawitnessofatrafficaccidentLiMing.PleasewriteareporttotheprincipaloftheTrafficAccidentInvestigationUnitofthePoliceStationaccordingtoyourinformation:时间2004-2-8地点市中心第二拐角处原因卡车司机开车前饮酒过量开车头晕失控撞翻一辆摩托车伤亡情况摩托车司机当场死亡卡车司机受重伤影响交通中断2小时经济损失2万元Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
Screamingheadlinesaboutstarsarrestedforeverythingfromspousalabusetofirearmsviolationsmakeitpainfullyclearthatathletictalentisn’tenoughtodealwiththerigorsofbeingapro. 41._______________ Ateamthatfindsitselfinseriousbehavioralstraitswilloftenhireafamouspersontohelpdefusethesituationandhelppolishatarnishedfranchiseimages—witnesstheDallasCowboysnamingextremely-cleanformerAll-ProrunningbackCalvinHillaYaleDivinitySchoolgraduateasaspecialconsultant.Thereisanaccompanyingcommandmenthandeddownfromonhighbytheczarsofprosports:Ifyou’reaneliteathletetheroleofrolemodelismandatorynotoptional. 42._______________ "We’rerunningabusinesswhereplayersareourproducts.It’sabusinesswithveryvisibleandprominentyoungmenintheforefront"saysPatWilliamsseniorexecutivevicepresidentoftheNBA’sOrlandoMagicafranchisethathashired"DoctorJ"JuliusErvingasabroad-rangingambassadortothecommunityandthelockerroom."Surewe’reprotectingthebusinessbutWe’realsoprotectingthesporttoo.Andhavingabunchoflawbreakersplayingyoursportdoesn’tmakeitattractive—tofansortosponsors.It’salsotherightthingtodofortheseyoungmen." 43._______________ HillwhohasheldexecutivepositionswiththeClevelandBrownsandtheBaltimoreOriolessinceendinghisplayingdayssaysthepressureandscrutinyfacedbyhissonDetriotPistonsstarGrantHillarefarmoreintensethanwhatheenduredduringhisdaysinthe1960sandi970swiththeCowboysRedskinsandBrowns. 44._______________ "Whatscaresmeaboutfreeagencyisthesamethingthatscaresmeaboutsociety—thereisnolongerstabilityorasenseofcommunity"saysHill."andthat’shelpedbreakdownasenseofteamcultureandtradition." 45._______________ Notonlyaretoday’snewprosyoungerthanevertheyhaveahealthydisrespectfortheirathleticeldersandthetraditionsoftheleaguestheyareenteringaccordingtoGarySailesasportssociologistatIndianaUniversity. [A]Butaskyourself:DoesJerryJonestheowneroftheDallasCowboyshireHillbecauseheisgenuinelyconcernedaboutthepsychologicaleffectsoffameonMichaelIrvinamarriedmanwhowasfoundinahotelroomfullofcocaineandexoticdancersOrdoesJoneswanttoexpropriateHill’suprightimageaswhitewashforthedamagedonetohiscashflowandcorporaterelationsbyIrvinandothermembersof"America’sTeam" [B]"Thevaluesystemaredifferent"saysSailes"Theboundariesoftheirmainstreamdon’tintersectwiththeboundariesofmainstreamAmerica.Andifyou’renotfindingsomewaytobridgethegapbetweenmainstreamAmericaandwherethesekidscomefromyou’rewastingyourtime." [C]Attheheartofallthiscounselingandconcernistheday-to-daypressureonaproathlete."ThereisalotofmoneyandfameinvolvedwhenyousignaNBAcontract"saysLamontWinstonwhohandlesplayerprogrammesfortheKansasCityChiefs."Yetthereisnowhereinthatcontractthatsaysyouwillfeeltremendousstressyouwillfeeltremendousanxietyandpressure." [D]InbasketballWilliamsseesamoredevastatingversionofthematurityproblemaffectingprosportscausebytheinfluxofyoungerandyoungerplayerswhohavedecidedtoabandonthefinaltwoyearsofcollegeorditchcollegealtogether. [E]Andthistouchesonakeyproblemthatagenericmentoringprogrammemaynotaddress:therearecrucialculturaldifferencesbetweentheathletesandtheworldtheyareabouttoenter. [F]Healsopointstoadestructiveconsequenceoffreeagency—theendofanaturalclubhousesystemofveteranplayerswhoservedasmentorstoyoungrookiespassingonthetraditionsandexpectationsofaparticularclubbeittheDetriotTigersortheWashingtonRedskins. [G]Coachesownersandmanagersacknowledgetheincreasingneedtoteachtheirtalentshowtoactwhatandwhomtoavoidandwhatburdensaccompanythemoneyandthefame.Theplayersneedtobetaughtabouteverythingfromfinancesandcareerchoicesoutsidethegametoemotionalcounselingandsubstanceabuse 43
Text4 TheentertainmentindustryandtechnologycompanieshavebeenwarringforyearsoverthedazzlingabilityofcomputersandtheInternettocopyandtransmitmusicandmovies. AcrucialbattleendedthisweekwitharulingbyAmerica’sSupremeCourtinfavourofcopyrightholderandagainsttwocompaniesthatdistributepeer-to-peerP2Psoftwarewhichletsuserssharefilesonlinewithothers.Thecourt’sdecisionthoughostensiblyavictoryforcontentprovidersis.neverthelessunlikelytostampoutfilesharing—muchofwhichwillcontinuefromoutsideAmerica—orstopthetechnologicalinnovationthatisthreateningthecurrentbusinessmodelsofmediafirms. ThecourtwasaskedtodecidewhethertwofirmsGroksterandStreamCastwereliableforcopyrightinfringementbytheircustomers.Twolowercourtshadsaidthatthefirmswerenotliablecitinga1984rulinginfavourofSony’sBetamaxvideorecorder.Thisheldthatatechnologyfirmisimmunefromliabilitysolongasthedeviceconcernedis"capableofsubstantialnoninfringinguses".Thecourtdidnotreinterpretthe1984decisioninlightoftheInternet.Insteadthejusticesruledthatthecaseraisedafarnarrowerissue:whetherGroksterandStreamCastinduceduserstoviolatecopyrightsandchosenottotakethesimpiestepsavailabletopreventit.SuchbehaviourwouldmakethefirmsclearlyliableforcopyrightinfringementandendtheirimmunityevenundertheBetamaxstandard.Thecourtreasonedthatthereweresufficientgroundstobelievethatinducementoccurredandsentthecasebacktolowercourtsfortrial. AlthoughtheGroksterdecisionwillprobablynotsquelchinnovationasmuchasmanytechfirmsfearitshouldcertainlymakeITandelectronicsfirmsmorecautiousabouthowtheymarkettheirproducts—andquiterighttoo.ButtheSupremeCourt’snarrowrulingmakesthisunlikely—indeedthejusticesnotedthetechnology’swidespreadlegitimateuse.Yettheirdecisionwillsurelyemboldentheentertainmentindustrytopursueincourtanyfirmsthattheycanclaimknowinglyallowinfringement;Thiscouldkilloffsomesmallinnovativestart-ups.Ontheotherhandtherulingcouldalsoprovidelegalcoverfortechfirmswiththewittoplastertheirproductswithwarningsnottoviolatethelaw. Butjudgedfromalong-termperspectivethisweek’svictoryforcopyrightholdersseemslikelytoproveaPyrrhicone.TheInternetandfilesharingaredisruptivetechnologiesthatgiveconsumersvastlymoreabilitytouseallsortsofmediacontentcopyrightedornot.Surelyentertainmentfirmsmustdevisewaystousethistechnologytoselltheirwaresthatwillalsoallowcopyrighttobeprotected. Solongastechnologycontinuestoevolveinwaysthatenablelegitimatecontentsharingpiracywillalsoprobablycontinuetosomedegree.Happilyinthiscasethepiracyseemstohavepromptedcontentfirmstocompetebyofferingbetterfee-basedservices.Thechallengeforcontentprovidersistousenewtechnologytocreatevalueforcustomersandtomakethosewhousecontentillegallyfeelbadaboutit. ThewordPyrrhicLine2Para.5canbesubstitutedby
Screamingheadlinesaboutstarsarrestedforeverythingfromspousalabusetofirearmsviolationsmakeitpainfullyclearthatathletictalentisn’tenoughtodealwiththerigorsofbeingapro. 41._______________ Ateamthatfindsitselfinseriousbehavioralstraitswilloftenhireafamouspersontohelpdefusethesituationandhelppolishatarnishedfranchiseimages—witnesstheDallasCowboysnamingextremely-cleanformerAll-ProrunningbackCalvinHillaYaleDivinitySchoolgraduateasaspecialconsultant.Thereisanaccompanyingcommandmenthandeddownfromonhighbytheczarsofprosports:Ifyou’reaneliteathletetheroleofrolemodelismandatorynotoptional. 42._______________ "We’rerunningabusinesswhereplayersareourproducts.It’sabusinesswithveryvisibleandprominentyoungmenintheforefront"saysPatWilliamsseniorexecutivevicepresidentoftheNBA’sOrlandoMagicafranchisethathashired"DoctorJ"JuliusErvingasabroad-rangingambassadortothecommunityandthelockerroom."Surewe’reprotectingthebusinessbutWe’realsoprotectingthesporttoo.Andhavingabunchoflawbreakersplayingyoursportdoesn’tmakeitattractive—tofansortosponsors.It’salsotherightthingtodofortheseyoungmen." 43._______________ HillwhohasheldexecutivepositionswiththeClevelandBrownsandtheBaltimoreOriolessinceendinghisplayingdayssaysthepressureandscrutinyfacedbyhissonDetriotPistonsstarGrantHillarefarmoreintensethanwhatheenduredduringhisdaysinthe1960sandi970swiththeCowboysRedskinsandBrowns. 44._______________ "Whatscaresmeaboutfreeagencyisthesamethingthatscaresmeaboutsociety—thereisnolongerstabilityorasenseofcommunity"saysHill."andthat’shelpedbreakdownasenseofteamcultureandtradition." 45._______________ Notonlyaretoday’snewprosyoungerthanevertheyhaveahealthydisrespectfortheirathleticeldersandthetraditionsoftheleaguestheyareenteringaccordingtoGarySailesasportssociologistatIndianaUniversity. [A]Butaskyourself:DoesJerryJonestheowneroftheDallasCowboyshireHillbecauseheisgenuinelyconcernedaboutthepsychologicaleffectsoffameonMichaelIrvinamarriedmanwhowasfoundinahotelroomfullofcocaineandexoticdancersOrdoesJoneswanttoexpropriateHill’suprightimageaswhitewashforthedamagedonetohiscashflowandcorporaterelationsbyIrvinandothermembersof"America’sTeam" [B]"Thevaluesystemaredifferent"saysSailes"Theboundariesoftheirmainstreamdon’tintersectwiththeboundariesofmainstreamAmerica.Andifyou’renotfindingsomewaytobridgethegapbetweenmainstreamAmericaandwherethesekidscomefromyou’rewastingyourtime." [C]Attheheartofallthiscounselingandconcernistheday-to-daypressureonaproathlete."ThereisalotofmoneyandfameinvolvedwhenyousignaNBAcontract"saysLamontWinstonwhohandlesplayerprogrammesfortheKansasCityChiefs."Yetthereisnowhereinthatcontractthatsaysyouwillfeeltremendousstressyouwillfeeltremendousanxietyandpressure." [D]InbasketballWilliamsseesamoredevastatingversionofthematurityproblemaffectingprosportscausebytheinfluxofyoungerandyoungerplayerswhohavedecidedtoabandonthefinaltwoyearsofcollegeorditchcollegealtogether. [E]Andthistouchesonakeyproblemthatagenericmentoringprogrammemaynotaddress:therearecrucialculturaldifferencesbetweentheathletesandtheworldtheyareabouttoenter. [F]Healsopointstoadestructiveconsequenceoffreeagency—theendofanaturalclubhousesystemofveteranplayerswhoservedasmentorstoyoungrookiespassingonthetraditionsandexpectationsofaparticularclubbeittheDetriotTigersortheWashingtonRedskins. [G]Coachesownersandmanagersacknowledgetheincreasingneedtoteachtheirtalentshowtoactwhatandwhomtoavoidandwhatburdensaccompanythemoneyandthefame.Theplayersneedtobetaughtabouteverythingfromfinancesandcareerchoicesoutsidethegametoemotionalcounselingandsubstanceabuse 41
Text1 Overthelastdecadedemandforthemostcommoncosmeticsurgeryprocedureslikebreastenlargementandnosejobshasincreasedbymorethan400percent.AccordingtoDr.DuiDaviesofthePlasticSurgeryPartnershipinHammersmiththemajorityofcosmeticsurgerypatientsarenotchasingphysicalperfection.Rathertheyaredriventofantasticlengthstoimprovetheirappearancebyadesiretolooknormal."Whatwealllongforistolooknormalandbeingnormaliswhatisprescribedbytheadvertisingmediaandotherexternalpressures.Theygiveusperceptionofwhatisphysicallyacceptableandwefeelwemustlooklikethat." InAmericathedebateisnolongeraboutwhethersurgeryisnormal;ratheritcentersonwhatagepeopleshouldbebeforegoingundertheknife.NewYorksurgeonDr.GerardImberrecommends"maintenance"workforpeopleintheirthirties."Theideathatwaitinguntiloneneedsaheroictransformationissilly"hesays."Bythenyou’vewasted20greatyearsofyourlifeandal-lowedthingstogetoutofhand."Dr.Imberredrawsthelineatoperatingonpeoplewhoareunder18however"Itseemsthatsomeonewedon’tconsideroldenoughtoorderadrinkshouldn’tbeconsideringplasticsurgery. IntheUKcosmeticsurgeryhaslongbeenseenastheexclusivedomainoftheveryrichandfamous.Buttheproportionalcostoftreatmenthasfallensubstantiallybringingallbutthemostadvancedlasertechnologywithinthereachofmostpeople.Dr.Daviewhoclaimsto"eaterfortheaverageperson"agrees.Hesays:"Itreatafewoftherichandfamousandanawfullotofsecretaries.Ofcourse￡3000foranoperationisalotofmoney.Butitisalsoaninvestmentforlifewhichcostsabouthalfthepriceofagoodfamilyholiday." Dr.Daviessuspectsthattheincreasingsophisticationofthefatinjectingandremovaltechniquesthatallowpatientstobetreatedwithalocalanestheticinanafternoonhasalsohelpedpromotethepopularityofcosmeticsurgery.Yetasonewomanwhorecentlypaid￡2500foranoperationtoremovecellulitefromherthighsadmittedtheslopetobecomingacosmeticsurgeryveteranisadeceptivelygentleone."Ihadmylegsdonebecausethey’dbeenbuggingmeforyears.Butgoingintotheclinicstimulatedmyappetite.NowIdon’tthinkthere’sanyoperationthatIwouldruleouthavingifIcouldaffordit." Accordingtoparagraph3whatDr.Daviesaidimpliesthat
Text2 TeachersgrumbleoverpayeverywherebutinWestVirginiaWesleyanCollegetheangerisacute.Salariesherehavebarelymovedsince2000andtheaverageassistantprofessor’spayhasfallenbelowthatatSouthernWestVirginiaCommunityandTechnicalCollege.Onacampuswithjust86full-timefacultyasociologyprofessorsaidafewhundredthousanddollarsmorespentonteachingcouldmakearealdifference. WesleyanPresidentWilliamHadensaysthecollegeplanstoraisefacultypay.ButhesaysWesleyanisnothingwithoutstudents—"theyvotewiththeirfeet"—andthecollegehasnochoicebuttoaddresstheirwantsandneeds.Hesaystechnologyhasbeenabigpartofthatandsomerecentgraduatesagreethatit’svaluable—thoughmaybenotessential.DanielSimmonsa1999graduateandalsoamiddle-schoolteacherpraisedthetechnologyprogram."IfIhadgonetoanotherschoolitwouldn’thavebeenavailabletome"hesaid."Itwasveryconvenientanditwastopoftheline." ButaswiththefacultythequalityofhumaninstructorsisabigconcernamongWesleyanalumni."Alittlebitmoremoneyshouldhavebeenputintokeepingpeople"saidEvanKeelinga2002graduatenowpursuingadoctorateattheUniversityofVirginia.HefoundthequalityintheclassroomunevenandnotablyneitherhenortheDanielSimmonscametoWesleyanbecauseoftechnology.Theprogramwasabonusnottheprimarydraw.Skinnerthedirectorofadmissionandfinancialplanningacknowledgedthatseemswidelytrue.Prospectivestudentspaymoreattentiontomoretangiblesignsofgrowth."ItdidopensomedoorsforusbutwouldIhavelikedtohavehadanewresidencehallorrecreationalfacilityIprobablywouldhavepreferredthat"Skinnersaid.Hisdailystruggleremainsfillingthefreshmanclasswhichmaybedown50peopleormorethisyearduetochangesingovernmentfinancialaidprogramsandtheshutteringofthenursingprogram.Thecollegestillacceptsabout80percentofitsapplicantsandnolongerrequiresonlineapplications. Hadenacknowledgesthatwiththebenefitofhindsighthemighthavehandleddetailsofhowtheprogramwasfinanceddifferently.ButhemakesnoapologiesfortakingboldstepswhichhesayshaveindeedsetWesleyanapart."Weneededtomakeastatementaboutourcommitmenttotechnologyandourbeliefthatitwouldenhancethequalityofeducationandthepreparationofourstudents"hesaid.’"AndI’mstillbelievingthat." WhatisHaden'sattitudetowardsthetechnologyprogram
Ascientistwhodoesresearchineconomicpsychologyandwhowantstopredictthewayinwhichconsumerswillspendtheirmoneymuststudyconsumerbehavior.Hemustobtain1bothonresourcesofconsumersandonthemotivesthat2toencourageordiscouragemoneyspending. Ifan3wereaskedwhichofthreegroupsborrowmost--peoplewithrisingincomes4incomesordecliningincomes--hewould5answer:thosewithdecliningincomes.Actuallyintheyears1997-2000theanswerwas:peoplewithrisingincomes.Peoplewithdecliningincomeswerenextandpeoplewithstableincomesborrowedthe6.Thisshowsusthattradition-al7aboutearningandspendingarenotalways8Anothertraditionalassumptionisthatifpeoplewhohavemoneyexpectpricestogouptheywill9tobuy.Iftheyexpectpricestogodowntheywillpostponebuying.10researchsurveyshaveshownthatthisisnotalways11Theexpectationsofpriceincreasesmaynotstimulatebuying.One12attitudewasex-pressedbythewifeofamechanicinaninterviewatatimeofrisingprices.Herfamilyhadbeenplanningtobuyanewcarbuttheypostponedthispurchase.13theriseinpricesthathasal-readytakenplacemayberesentedandbuyer’sresistancemaybeevoked. The14mentionedabovewascarriedoutinAmerica.Investigations15atthesametimeinGreatBritainhoweveryieldedresultsthatweremore16traditionalassumptionsaboutsavingandspendingpatterns.Theconditionmostcontributivetospending17tobepricestability.Ifpriceshavebeenstableandpeopleconsiderthattheyare18theyarelikelytobuy.Thusitappearsthatthecommon19policyofmaintainingstablepricesisbasedonacorrectunderstandingof20psychology. 1
Text3 SearchengineGooglewasaimingtofloatonWallStreetthisweekvaluedatupto$36billion.ButtheInternetcompany’sadvisersaremeetingthisweekendtodiscusspossiblydelayingthepubliclistingafterasharpfallinsharepricesinNewYorkonFriday.Aninsidersaidlastnight:"Thefloatisteeteringonthebrink—itreallyis50/50atthisstagealthoughmanyofusareoptimistic."TheinitialpublicofferingIPOofsharesinGooglewhichcouldraisenearly$4bnwillamounttooneofthebiggestIPOsforyears.Butmany:USfirmshaveshelvedtheirIPOsamidvolatilemarketconditionsandinvestorsappearunwillingtosubscribetonewequity.AWallStreetanalystsaidthattheGoogleIPO"wouldbeaseminaleventfortheAmericanstockmarket"asitsrealsignificancewasthatitwouldtestwhetherornottherecoveryinequitypricessincetheendoftheIraqwarhadtakenhold."Ifthisfloatworksalotofothercompanieswillbeencouragedandcometothemarketlaterintheyear"theinsideradded."ButitwillbebadnewsiftheIPOispulledorthesharesfallsharplyafterthecompanyislisted.IfthathappensitcouldkillofftheIPOmarketinAmericaandelsewhereforatleast12months." SeveralfundmanagershavealreadyexpressedreservationsaboutCoogleinparticularitshighvaluationandthecomplexwaythesharesarebeingsold.MoreovertheGoogleflotationistakingplaceatatimewhentechnologycompaniesintheUShavebeenshunned.OnThursdaytheIPOhitatechnicalhitchoverthefailureofthecompanytomeetitslegalobligationsconcerningitsemployees’stockoptionplans.ButthecompanydidnotthinkthatthedisclosurewouldmeanadelaytotheIPOwhichisdueonTuesdayAtthetopofthesuggestedpricerangeGooglewouldbevaluednotfarshortofitsrivalInternetfirmYahoo!—andthishasraisedeyebrowswithintheindustry.TheauctionisbeingconductedovertheInternetandpotentialbuyerswillhavetoregisterbysigningontoaGooglewebsite.Butonlyinvestorswhohavebrokerageaccountswithoneofthe28USbanksandbrokersunderwritingthestocksalewillbeableto-apply.Googlesufferedasetbacklastmonthafteritreportedanunexpectedslowdowninitshugegrowthrate.ButsourcesclosetoGoogle’sfoundersLarryPageandSergeyBrinsaidthatthetailing-offofgrowthwasduetoseasonalfactorsandwouldnotaffecttheIPO. ThefundmanagershaddoubtsaboutGooglebecauseofthefollowingreasonsEXCEPT
Ascientistwhodoesresearchineconomicpsychologyandwhowantstopredictthewayinwhichconsumerswillspendtheirmoneymuststudyconsumerbehavior.Hemustobtain1bothonresourcesofconsumersandonthemotivesthat2toencourageordiscouragemoneyspending. Ifan3wereaskedwhichofthreegroupsborrowmost--peoplewithrisingincomes4incomesordecliningincomes--hewould5answer:thosewithdecliningincomes.Actuallyintheyears1997-2000theanswerwas:peoplewithrisingincomes.Peoplewithdecliningincomeswerenextandpeoplewithstableincomesborrowedthe6.Thisshowsusthattradition-al7aboutearningandspendingarenotalways8Anothertraditionalassumptionisthatifpeoplewhohavemoneyexpectpricestogouptheywill9tobuy.Iftheyexpectpricestogodowntheywillpostponebuying.10researchsurveyshaveshownthatthisisnotalways11Theexpectationsofpriceincreasesmaynotstimulatebuying.One12attitudewasex-pressedbythewifeofamechanicinaninterviewatatimeofrisingprices.Herfamilyhadbeenplanningtobuyanewcarbuttheypostponedthispurchase.13theriseinpricesthathasal-readytakenplacemayberesentedandbuyer’sresistancemaybeevoked. The14mentionedabovewascarriedoutinAmerica.Investigations15atthesametimeinGreatBritainhoweveryieldedresultsthatweremore16traditionalassumptionsaboutsavingandspendingpatterns.Theconditionmostcontributivetospending17tobepricestability.Ifpriceshavebeenstableandpeopleconsiderthattheyare18theyarelikelytobuy.Thusitappearsthatthecommon19policyofmaintainingstablepricesisbasedonacorrectunderstandingof20psychology. 15
Text2 TheWorldWideWebhasbeensteadilycreatingawidespreadsurgeinsocialcapitalthroughE-mailconversationschatroomsnewsgroupsande-zones.TheseongoingconnectionsarenotanundergroundphenomenonbutamainstreammovementthatisrapidlyoverwhelmingtraditionalbusinessmodelsaccordingtotheauthorsofanotherrecentbookTheCluetrainManifesto. "OurlongingfortheWebisrootedinthedeepresentmentwefeeltowardsbeingmanaged"writesco-authorDavidWeinbergeracolumnistandcommentatorontheWeb’seffectonbusiness.TheCluetrainManifestoarguesthatknowledgeworkersarefindingitintolerablethattheiremployersrequirethemtospeakinartificial"businessvoices".TheWebhasbecometheidealalternative:apublicplacewherepeoplecanconverseintheir"authenticvoices"outsideofanorganization’sofficialcommunicationschannel. SomeofthesocialcapitalgeneratedbytheseindependentWebconversationsisbeingusedbyitscreatorstocircumventtheauthorityofcorporations.Forexampleacarownerwhothinkshewasoverchargedforservicetohisvehiclepostsaninquirytoanewsgroupforpeoplewhoownthesamemodelofear.Groupmembersrespondwiththeiradviceandpersonalexperiencesofgettingtheirowncarsserviced.Thenewsgroupisnotownedorcontrolledbythecarcompany.Infactamechanicemployedbythecarcompanyparticipatesintheconversationofferinghisknowledgeofwhatchargesarereasonableandhowcompanypoliciesvaryfromdealertodealerandevensuggestingwhichdealershipsofferthebestservice. Accordingtoco-authorRickLevinetilemechanic"wasspeakingforhiscompanyinanewway:honestlyopenlyprobablywithouthisboss’sexplicitsanction."Ineffectanemployeeofthecompanyindependentlyjoinedanetworkofconsumerstodirectlyhelpsatisfyacustomer."Companiesneedtoharnessthissortofcaringandletitsviralenthusiasmbecommunicatedinemployees’ownvoices"writesLevineformerWebArchitectforSunMicrosystem’sJavaSoftwaregroup. AsmoreandmorepeopleworkonlineandformWebrelationshipssharedknowledgecouldbecomeincreasinglypersonalincyberspace.Whetherbusinessjoinsintheconversationsornotitseemslikelythatthisfast-growingstrainofsocialcapitalwillremainvaluableforthosewhohelptocreateit. ThewordoverwhelmingLine3Paragraph1probablymeans
Ascientistwhodoesresearchineconomicpsychologyandwhowantstopredictthewayinwhichconsumerswillspendtheirmoneymuststudyconsumerbehavior.Hemustobtain1bothonresourcesofconsumersandonthemotivesthat2toencourageordiscouragemoneyspending. Ifan3wereaskedwhichofthreegroupsborrowmost--peoplewithrisingincomes4incomesordecliningincomes--hewould5answer:thosewithdecliningincomes.Actuallyintheyears1997-2000theanswerwas:peoplewithrisingincomes.Peoplewithdecliningincomeswerenextandpeoplewithstableincomesborrowedthe6.Thisshowsusthattradition-al7aboutearningandspendingarenotalways8Anothertraditionalassumptionisthatifpeoplewhohavemoneyexpectpricestogouptheywill9tobuy.Iftheyexpectpricestogodowntheywillpostponebuying.10researchsurveyshaveshownthatthisisnotalways11Theexpectationsofpriceincreasesmaynotstimulatebuying.One12attitudewasex-pressedbythewifeofamechanicinaninterviewatatimeofrisingprices.Herfamilyhadbeenplanningtobuyanewcarbuttheypostponedthispurchase.13theriseinpricesthathasal-readytakenplacemayberesentedandbuyer’sresistancemaybeevoked. The14mentionedabovewascarriedoutinAmerica.Investigations15atthesametimeinGreatBritainhoweveryieldedresultsthatweremore16traditionalassumptionsaboutsavingandspendingpatterns.Theconditionmostcontributivetospending17tobepricestability.Ifpriceshavebeenstableandpeopleconsiderthattheyare18theyarelikelytobuy.Thusitappearsthatthecommon19policyofmaintainingstablepricesisbasedonacorrectunderstandingof20psychology. 3
Screamingheadlinesaboutstarsarrestedforeverythingfromspousalabusetofirearmsviolationsmakeitpainfullyclearthatathletictalentisn’tenoughtodealwiththerigorsofbeingapro. 41._______________ Ateamthatfindsitselfinseriousbehavioralstraitswilloftenhireafamouspersontohelpdefusethesituationandhelppolishatarnishedfranchiseimages—witnesstheDallasCowboysnamingextremely-cleanformerAll-ProrunningbackCalvinHillaYaleDivinitySchoolgraduateasaspecialconsultant.Thereisanaccompanyingcommandmenthandeddownfromonhighbytheczarsofprosports:Ifyou’reaneliteathletetheroleofrolemodelismandatorynotoptional. 42._______________ "We’rerunningabusinesswhereplayersareourproducts.It’sabusinesswithveryvisibleandprominentyoungmenintheforefront"saysPatWilliamsseniorexecutivevicepresidentoftheNBA’sOrlandoMagicafranchisethathashired"DoctorJ"JuliusErvingasabroad-rangingambassadortothecommunityandthelockerroom."Surewe’reprotectingthebusinessbutWe’realsoprotectingthesporttoo.Andhavingabunchoflawbreakersplayingyoursportdoesn’tmakeitattractive—tofansortosponsors.It’salsotherightthingtodofortheseyoungmen." 43._______________ HillwhohasheldexecutivepositionswiththeClevelandBrownsandtheBaltimoreOriolessinceendinghisplayingdayssaysthepressureandscrutinyfacedbyhissonDetriotPistonsstarGrantHillarefarmoreintensethanwhatheenduredduringhisdaysinthe1960sandi970swiththeCowboysRedskinsandBrowns. 44._______________ "Whatscaresmeaboutfreeagencyisthesamethingthatscaresmeaboutsociety—thereisnolongerstabilityorasenseofcommunity"saysHill."andthat’shelpedbreakdownasenseofteamcultureandtradition." 45._______________ Notonlyaretoday’snewprosyoungerthanevertheyhaveahealthydisrespectfortheirathleticeldersandthetraditionsoftheleaguestheyareenteringaccordingtoGarySailesasportssociologistatIndianaUniversity. [A]Butaskyourself:DoesJerryJonestheowneroftheDallasCowboyshireHillbecauseheisgenuinelyconcernedaboutthepsychologicaleffectsoffameonMichaelIrvinamarriedmanwhowasfoundinahotelroomfullofcocaineandexoticdancersOrdoesJoneswanttoexpropriateHill’suprightimageaswhitewashforthedamagedonetohiscashflowandcorporaterelationsbyIrvinandothermembersof"America’sTeam" [B]"Thevaluesystemaredifferent"saysSailes"Theboundariesoftheirmainstreamdon’tintersectwiththeboundariesofmainstreamAmerica.Andifyou’renotfindingsomewaytobridgethegapbetweenmainstreamAmericaandwherethesekidscomefromyou’rewastingyourtime." [C]Attheheartofallthiscounselingandconcernistheday-to-daypressureonaproathlete."ThereisalotofmoneyandfameinvolvedwhenyousignaNBAcontract"saysLamontWinstonwhohandlesplayerprogrammesfortheKansasCityChiefs."Yetthereisnowhereinthatcontractthatsaysyouwillfeeltremendousstressyouwillfeeltremendousanxietyandpressure." [D]InbasketballWilliamsseesamoredevastatingversionofthematurityproblemaffectingprosportscausebytheinfluxofyoungerandyoungerplayerswhohavedecidedtoabandonthefinaltwoyearsofcollegeorditchcollegealtogether. [E]Andthistouchesonakeyproblemthatagenericmentoringprogrammemaynotaddress:therearecrucialculturaldifferencesbetweentheathletesandtheworldtheyareabouttoenter. [F]Healsopointstoadestructiveconsequenceoffreeagency—theendofanaturalclubhousesystemofveteranplayerswhoservedasmentorstoyoungrookiespassingonthetraditionsandexpectationsofaparticularclubbeittheDetriotTigersortheWashingtonRedskins. [G]Coachesownersandmanagersacknowledgetheincreasingneedtoteachtheirtalentshowtoactwhatandwhomtoavoidandwhatburdensaccompanythemoneyandthefame.Theplayersneedtobetaughtabouteverythingfromfinancesandcareerchoicesoutsidethegametoemotionalcounselingandsubstanceabuse 45
Ascientistwhodoesresearchineconomicpsychologyandwhowantstopredictthewayinwhichconsumerswillspendtheirmoneymuststudyconsumerbehavior.Hemustobtain1bothonresourcesofconsumersandonthemotivesthat2toencourageordiscouragemoneyspending. Ifan3wereaskedwhichofthreegroupsborrowmost--peoplewithrisingincomes4incomesordecliningincomes--hewould5answer:thosewithdecliningincomes.Actuallyintheyears1997-2000theanswerwas:peoplewithrisingincomes.Peoplewithdecliningincomeswerenextandpeoplewithstableincomesborrowedthe6.Thisshowsusthattradition-al7aboutearningandspendingarenotalways8Anothertraditionalassumptionisthatifpeoplewhohavemoneyexpectpricestogouptheywill9tobuy.Iftheyexpectpricestogodowntheywillpostponebuying.10researchsurveyshaveshownthatthisisnotalways11Theexpectationsofpriceincreasesmaynotstimulatebuying.One12attitudewasex-pressedbythewifeofamechanicinaninterviewatatimeofrisingprices.Herfamilyhadbeenplanningtobuyanewcarbuttheypostponedthispurchase.13theriseinpricesthathasal-readytakenplacemayberesentedandbuyer’sresistancemaybeevoked. The14mentionedabovewascarriedoutinAmerica.Investigations15atthesametimeinGreatBritainhoweveryieldedresultsthatweremore16traditionalassumptionsaboutsavingandspendingpatterns.Theconditionmostcontributivetospending17tobepricestability.Ifpriceshavebeenstableandpeopleconsiderthattheyare18theyarelikelytobuy.Thusitappearsthatthecommon19policyofmaintainingstablepricesisbasedonacorrectunderstandingof20psychology. 9
Text2 TeachersgrumbleoverpayeverywherebutinWestVirginiaWesleyanCollegetheangerisacute.Salariesherehavebarelymovedsince2000andtheaverageassistantprofessor’spayhasfallenbelowthatatSouthernWestVirginiaCommunityandTechnicalCollege.Onacampuswithjust86full-timefacultyasociologyprofessorsaidafewhundredthousanddollarsmorespentonteachingcouldmakearealdifference. WesleyanPresidentWilliamHadensaysthecollegeplanstoraisefacultypay.ButhesaysWesleyanisnothingwithoutstudents—"theyvotewiththeirfeet"—andthecollegehasnochoicebuttoaddresstheirwantsandneeds.Hesaystechnologyhasbeenabigpartofthatandsomerecentgraduatesagreethatit’svaluable—thoughmaybenotessential.DanielSimmonsa1999graduateandalsoamiddle-schoolteacherpraisedthetechnologyprogram."IfIhadgonetoanotherschoolitwouldn’thavebeenavailabletome"hesaid."Itwasveryconvenientanditwastopoftheline." ButaswiththefacultythequalityofhumaninstructorsisabigconcernamongWesleyanalumni."Alittlebitmoremoneyshouldhavebeenputintokeepingpeople"saidEvanKeelinga2002graduatenowpursuingadoctorateattheUniversityofVirginia.HefoundthequalityintheclassroomunevenandnotablyneitherhenortheDanielSimmonscametoWesleyanbecauseoftechnology.Theprogramwasabonusnottheprimarydraw.Skinnerthedirectorofadmissionandfinancialplanningacknowledgedthatseemswidelytrue.Prospectivestudentspaymoreattentiontomoretangiblesignsofgrowth."ItdidopensomedoorsforusbutwouldIhavelikedtohavehadanewresidencehallorrecreationalfacilityIprobablywouldhavepreferredthat"Skinnersaid.Hisdailystruggleremainsfillingthefreshmanclasswhichmaybedown50peopleormorethisyearduetochangesingovernmentfinancialaidprogramsandtheshutteringofthenursingprogram.Thecollegestillacceptsabout80percentofitsapplicantsandnolongerrequiresonlineapplications. Hadenacknowledgesthatwiththebenefitofhindsighthemighthavehandleddetailsofhowtheprogramwasfinanceddifferently.ButhemakesnoapologiesfortakingboldstepswhichhesayshaveindeedsetWesleyanapart."Weneededtomakeastatementaboutourcommitmenttotechnologyandourbeliefthatitwouldenhancethequalityofeducationandthepreparationofourstudents"hesaid.’"AndI’mstillbelievingthat." BytheyvotewiththeirfeetLine2Paragraph2theauthormeansthatthestudents
Text2 TheWorldWideWebhasbeensteadilycreatingawidespreadsurgeinsocialcapitalthroughE-mailconversationschatroomsnewsgroupsande-zones.TheseongoingconnectionsarenotanundergroundphenomenonbutamainstreammovementthatisrapidlyoverwhelmingtraditionalbusinessmodelsaccordingtotheauthorsofanotherrecentbookTheCluetrainManifesto. "OurlongingfortheWebisrootedinthedeepresentmentwefeeltowardsbeingmanaged"writesco-authorDavidWeinbergeracolumnistandcommentatorontheWeb’seffectonbusiness.TheCluetrainManifestoarguesthatknowledgeworkersarefindingitintolerablethattheiremployersrequirethemtospeakinartificial"businessvoices".TheWebhasbecometheidealalternative:apublicplacewherepeoplecanconverseintheir"authenticvoices"outsideofanorganization’sofficialcommunicationschannel. SomeofthesocialcapitalgeneratedbytheseindependentWebconversationsisbeingusedbyitscreatorstocircumventtheauthorityofcorporations.Forexampleacarownerwhothinkshewasoverchargedforservicetohisvehiclepostsaninquirytoanewsgroupforpeoplewhoownthesamemodelofear.Groupmembersrespondwiththeiradviceandpersonalexperiencesofgettingtheirowncarsserviced.Thenewsgroupisnotownedorcontrolledbythecarcompany.Infactamechanicemployedbythecarcompanyparticipatesintheconversationofferinghisknowledgeofwhatchargesarereasonableandhowcompanypoliciesvaryfromdealertodealerandevensuggestingwhichdealershipsofferthebestservice. Accordingtoco-authorRickLevinetilemechanic"wasspeakingforhiscompanyinanewway:honestlyopenlyprobablywithouthisboss’sexplicitsanction."Ineffectanemployeeofthecompanyindependentlyjoinedanetworkofconsumerstodirectlyhelpsatisfyacustomer."Companiesneedtoharnessthissortofcaringandletitsviralenthusiasmbecommunicatedinemployees’ownvoices"writesLevineformerWebArchitectforSunMicrosystem’sJavaSoftwaregroup. AsmoreandmorepeopleworkonlineandformWebrelationshipssharedknowledgecouldbecomeincreasinglypersonalincyberspace.Whetherbusinessjoinsintheconversationsornotitseemslikelythatthisfast-growingstrainofsocialcapitalwillremainvaluableforthosewhohelptocreateit. Employeeslikeon-lineconversationduringthebusinessbecause
Text3 SearchengineGooglewasaimingtofloatonWallStreetthisweekvaluedatupto$36billion.ButtheInternetcompany’sadvisersaremeetingthisweekendtodiscusspossiblydelayingthepubliclistingafterasharpfallinsharepricesinNewYorkonFriday.Aninsidersaidlastnight:"Thefloatisteeteringonthebrink—itreallyis50/50atthisstagealthoughmanyofusareoptimistic."TheinitialpublicofferingIPOofsharesinGooglewhichcouldraisenearly$4bnwillamounttooneofthebiggestIPOsforyears.Butmany:USfirmshaveshelvedtheirIPOsamidvolatilemarketconditionsandinvestorsappearunwillingtosubscribetonewequity.AWallStreetanalystsaidthattheGoogleIPO"wouldbeaseminaleventfortheAmericanstockmarket"asitsrealsignificancewasthatitwouldtestwhetherornottherecoveryinequitypricessincetheendoftheIraqwarhadtakenhold."Ifthisfloatworksalotofothercompanieswillbeencouragedandcometothemarketlaterintheyear"theinsideradded."ButitwillbebadnewsiftheIPOispulledorthesharesfallsharplyafterthecompanyislisted.IfthathappensitcouldkillofftheIPOmarketinAmericaandelsewhereforatleast12months." SeveralfundmanagershavealreadyexpressedreservationsaboutCoogleinparticularitshighvaluationandthecomplexwaythesharesarebeingsold.MoreovertheGoogleflotationistakingplaceatatimewhentechnologycompaniesintheUShavebeenshunned.OnThursdaytheIPOhitatechnicalhitchoverthefailureofthecompanytomeetitslegalobligationsconcerningitsemployees’stockoptionplans.ButthecompanydidnotthinkthatthedisclosurewouldmeanadelaytotheIPOwhichisdueonTuesdayAtthetopofthesuggestedpricerangeGooglewouldbevaluednotfarshortofitsrivalInternetfirmYahoo!—andthishasraisedeyebrowswithintheindustry.TheauctionisbeingconductedovertheInternetandpotentialbuyerswillhavetoregisterbysigningontoaGooglewebsite.Butonlyinvestorswhohavebrokerageaccountswithoneofthe28USbanksandbrokersunderwritingthestocksalewillbeableto-apply.Googlesufferedasetbacklastmonthafteritreportedanunexpectedslowdowninitshugegrowthrate.ButsourcesclosetoGoogle’sfoundersLarryPageandSergeyBrinsaidthatthetailing-offofgrowthwasduetoseasonalfactorsandwouldnotaffecttheIPO. Accordingtoparagraph1theinsider'sattitudetowardsGoogleIPOcanbesaidtobe
Text1 Overthelastdecadedemandforthemostcommoncosmeticsurgeryprocedureslikebreastenlargementandnosejobshasincreasedbymorethan400percent.AccordingtoDr.DuiDaviesofthePlasticSurgeryPartnershipinHammersmiththemajorityofcosmeticsurgerypatientsarenotchasingphysicalperfection.Rathertheyaredriventofantasticlengthstoimprovetheirappearancebyadesiretolooknormal."Whatwealllongforistolooknormalandbeingnormaliswhatisprescribedbytheadvertisingmediaandotherexternalpressures.Theygiveusperceptionofwhatisphysicallyacceptableandwefeelwemustlooklikethat." InAmericathedebateisnolongeraboutwhethersurgeryisnormal;ratheritcentersonwhatagepeopleshouldbebeforegoingundertheknife.NewYorksurgeonDr.GerardImberrecommends"maintenance"workforpeopleintheirthirties."Theideathatwaitinguntiloneneedsaheroictransformationissilly"hesays."Bythenyou’vewasted20greatyearsofyourlifeandal-lowedthingstogetoutofhand."Dr.Imberredrawsthelineatoperatingonpeoplewhoareunder18however"Itseemsthatsomeonewedon’tconsideroldenoughtoorderadrinkshouldn’tbeconsideringplasticsurgery. IntheUKcosmeticsurgeryhaslongbeenseenastheexclusivedomainoftheveryrichandfamous.Buttheproportionalcostoftreatmenthasfallensubstantiallybringingallbutthemostadvancedlasertechnologywithinthereachofmostpeople.Dr.Daviewhoclaimsto"eaterfortheaverageperson"agrees.Hesays:"Itreatafewoftherichandfamousandanawfullotofsecretaries.Ofcourse￡3000foranoperationisalotofmoney.Butitisalsoaninvestmentforlifewhichcostsabouthalfthepriceofagoodfamilyholiday." Dr.Daviessuspectsthattheincreasingsophisticationofthefatinjectingandremovaltechniquesthatallowpatientstobetreatedwithalocalanestheticinanafternoonhasalsohelpedpromotethepopularityofcosmeticsurgery.Yetasonewomanwhorecentlypaid￡2500foranoperationtoremovecellulitefromherthighsadmittedtheslopetobecomingacosmeticsurgeryveteranisadeceptivelygentleone."Ihadmylegsdonebecausethey’dbeenbuggingmeforyears.Butgoingintotheclinicstimulatedmyappetite.NowIdon’tthinkthere’sanyoperationthatIwouldruleouthavingifIcouldaffordit." IntheUSpeopleargueabout
Text1 TheJapanesegovernmentwantswomenlikeTaekoMizuguchitogetmarriedandstartdoingsomethingaboutthenation’splungingbirthrate.Butshe’snotinterested.AtleastnotifherprospectivehusbandisJapanese. AgrowingnumberofJapanesewomenaregivingupontheirmalecounterpartsandtakingagamblethatlookingabroadforlovewillbringthemthequalitiesinapartnerthatseemrareathome."Theytreatyoulikeequalsandtheydon’thesitatetoexpressmutualfeelingsofrespect—IthinkWesternmenaremoreadeptatsuchthingsthanJapanesemen"saysthe36-year-oldMs.Mizuguchiwhoworksatatoptradingfirm."Theydon’tactlikewomenaremaids—Ithinktheyviewwomenasindividuals." UnderscoringthatJapanesewomenarelosinghopewiththelocalboysdatingagenciestohelpsnagaWesternhusbandhavesprungupinTokyosomewithbranchesintheUSandEurope.Suchcompaniesrigorouslyvettheirclientsscreeningforeducationfamilybackgroundoccupationandlifegoals.Thekindofwomenwhosignupforsuchservicesincludedoctorslawyersandotherprofessionals—womenwhohavedelayedmarriagetoconcentrateoncareersandwhoaren’tkeentogiveuphardwongainstobecomeahousewifeasmanyJapanesemenexpect.Agenerationofwomenwhoarenowenteringtheir30sdon’twanttogiveupsinglelifeunlessprospectivepartnersarewillingtobreakfromtraditionalgenderroles. Governmentpollsconductedtofindoutwhywomenhaveputoffmarriageuntilwellafter25yearsofage—knownasawoman’s"’bestbefore’date"—showthateconomicindependenceiskeytothechange.AsmostJapanesewomenhavetheirownincomemarriageisnolongerafinancialnecessityandwomenwanttofindcompanionshipinahusband.Havingruledoutanold-fashionedJapanesehusbandmanywomenherethinkthesolutionisaWesternman.Indeedsomeseemsoenthralledwiththeideathattheyarewillingtospend’thousandsofdollarstoinspectthewarespersonally. TobefairnotalltheblameforfemaleangstherecanbelaidonJapanesemenThegovernmenthasbeenslowtoenforceequalopportunitylawsandbothpayandtheglassceilingin’mostJapanesecorporationsremainlowforwomen.Recessionhashamperedlongermaternityleaveandotherfamilyfriendlypolicies.AsJapan’sfertilityratedropstonewlowsthegovernmentisanxiouslydrawingupplanstomakeiteasierforyoungcouplestoraisechildrenthroughsuchmeasuresastheprovisionofcheappublichoming. Wecaninferfromthethirdparagraphthatthedatingagency
Themeaningsof"science"and"technology"havechangedsignificantlyfromonegenerationtoanother.Moresimilaritiesthandifferenceshowevercanbefoundbetweentheterms.46Bothscienceandtechnologyimplyathinkingprocessbothareconcernedwithcausalrelationshipsinthematerialworldandbothemployanexperimentalmethodologythatresultsinempiricaldemonstrationsthatcanbeverifiedbyrepetition.47Scienceatleastintheoryislessconcernedwiththepracticalityofitsresultsandmoreconcernedwiththedevelopmentofgenerallawsbutinpracticescienceandtechnologyareinextricablyinvolvedwitheachother.Thevaryinginterplayofthetwocanbeobservedinthehistoricaldevelopmentofsuchpractitionersaschemistsengineersphysicistsastronomerscarpenterspottersandmanyotherspecialists.Differingeducationalrequirementssocialstatusvocabularymethodologyandtypesofrewardsaswellasinstitutionalobjectivesandprofessionalgoalscontributetosuchdistinctionsascanbemadebetweentheactivitiesofscientistsandtechnologists;butthroughouthistorythepractitionersof"pure"sciencehavemademanypracticalaswellastheoreticalcontributions. 48Indeedtheconceptthatscienceprovidestheideasfortechnologicalinnovationsandthatpureresearchisthereforeessentialforanysignificantadvancementinindustrialcivilizationisessentiallyamyth.Mostofthegreatestchangesinindustrialcivilizationcannotbetracedtothelaboratory.Fundamentaltoolsandprocessesinthefieldsofmechanicschemistryastronomymetallurgyandhydraulicsweredevelopedbeforethelawsgoverningtheirfunctionswerediscovered.Thesteamengineforexamplewascommonplacebeforethescienceofthermodynamicselucidatedthephysicalprincipleunderlyingitsoperations. Inrecentyearsasharpvaluedistinctionhasgrownupbetweenscienceandtechnology.Advancesinsciencehavefrequentlyhadtheirbitteropponentsbuttodaymanypeoplehavecometofeartechnologymuchmorethanscience.49Forthesepeoplesciencemaybeperceivedasasereneobjectivesourceforunderstandingtheeternallawsofnaturewhereasthepracticalmanifestationsoftechnologyinthemodernworldnowseemtothemtobeoutofcontrol. 50Manyhistoriansofsciencearguenotonlythattechnologyisanessentialconditionofadvancedindustrialcivilizationbutalsothattherateoftechnologicalchangehasdevelopeditsownmomentuminrecentcenturies.Innovationsnowseemtoappearataratethatincreasegeometricallywithoutrespecttogeographicallimitsorpoliticalsystems.Theseinnovationstendtotransformtraditionalculturalsystemsfrequentlywithunexpectedsocialconsequences.Thustechnologycanbeconceivedasbothacreativeandadestructiveprocess. Scienceatleastintheoryislessconcernedwiththepracticalityofitsresultsandmoreconcernedwiththedevelopmentofgenerallawsbutinpracticescienceandtechnologyareinextricablyinvolvedwitheachother.
Ascientistwhodoesresearchineconomicpsychologyandwhowantstopredictthewayinwhichconsumerswillspendtheirmoneymuststudyconsumerbehavior.Hemustobtain1bothonresourcesofconsumersandonthemotivesthat2toencourageordiscouragemoneyspending. Ifan3wereaskedwhichofthreegroupsborrowmost--peoplewithrisingincomes4incomesordecliningincomes--hewould5answer:thosewithdecliningincomes.Actuallyintheyears1997-2000theanswerwas:peoplewithrisingincomes.Peoplewithdecliningincomeswerenextandpeoplewithstableincomesborrowedthe6.Thisshowsusthattradition-al7aboutearningandspendingarenotalways8Anothertraditionalassumptionisthatifpeoplewhohavemoneyexpectpricestogouptheywill9tobuy.Iftheyexpectpricestogodowntheywillpostponebuying.10researchsurveyshaveshownthatthisisnotalways11Theexpectationsofpriceincreasesmaynotstimulatebuying.One12attitudewasex-pressedbythewifeofamechanicinaninterviewatatimeofrisingprices.Herfamilyhadbeenplanningtobuyanewcarbuttheypostponedthispurchase.13theriseinpricesthathasal-readytakenplacemayberesentedandbuyer’sresistancemaybeevoked. The14mentionedabovewascarriedoutinAmerica.Investigations15atthesametimeinGreatBritainhoweveryieldedresultsthatweremore16traditionalassumptionsaboutsavingandspendingpatterns.Theconditionmostcontributivetospending17tobepricestability.Ifpriceshavebeenstableandpeopleconsiderthattheyare18theyarelikelytobuy.Thusitappearsthatthecommon19policyofmaintainingstablepricesisbasedonacorrectunderstandingof20psychology. 19
Text1 Overthelastdecadedemandforthemostcommoncosmeticsurgeryprocedureslikebreastenlargementandnosejobshasincreasedbymorethan400percent.AccordingtoDr.DuiDaviesofthePlasticSurgeryPartnershipinHammersmiththemajorityofcosmeticsurgerypatientsarenotchasingphysicalperfection.Rathertheyaredriventofantasticlengthstoimprovetheirappearancebyadesiretolooknormal."Whatwealllongforistolooknormalandbeingnormaliswhatisprescribedbytheadvertisingmediaandotherexternalpressures.Theygiveusperceptionofwhatisphysicallyacceptableandwefeelwemustlooklikethat." InAmericathedebateisnolongeraboutwhethersurgeryisnormal;ratheritcentersonwhatagepeopleshouldbebeforegoingundertheknife.NewYorksurgeonDr.GerardImberrecommends"maintenance"workforpeopleintheirthirties."Theideathatwaitinguntiloneneedsaheroictransformationissilly"hesays."Bythenyou’vewasted20greatyearsofyourlifeandal-lowedthingstogetoutofhand."Dr.Imberredrawsthelineatoperatingonpeoplewhoareunder18however"Itseemsthatsomeonewedon’tconsideroldenoughtoorderadrinkshouldn’tbeconsideringplasticsurgery. IntheUKcosmeticsurgeryhaslongbeenseenastheexclusivedomainoftheveryrichandfamous.Buttheproportionalcostoftreatmenthasfallensubstantiallybringingallbutthemostadvancedlasertechnologywithinthereachofmostpeople.Dr.Daviewhoclaimsto"eaterfortheaverageperson"agrees.Hesays:"Itreatafewoftherichandfamousandanawfullotofsecretaries.Ofcourse￡3000foranoperationisalotofmoney.Butitisalsoaninvestmentforlifewhichcostsabouthalfthepriceofagoodfamilyholiday." Dr.Daviessuspectsthattheincreasingsophisticationofthefatinjectingandremovaltechniquesthatallowpatientstobetreatedwithalocalanestheticinanafternoonhasalsohelpedpromotethepopularityofcosmeticsurgery.Yetasonewomanwhorecentlypaid￡2500foranoperationtoremovecellulitefromherthighsadmittedtheslopetobecomingacosmeticsurgeryveteranisadeceptivelygentleone."Ihadmylegsdonebecausethey’dbeenbuggingmeforyears.Butgoingintotheclinicstimulatedmyappetite.NowIdon’tthinkthere’sanyoperationthatIwouldruleouthavingifIcouldaffordit." Itseemsthatthewomanmentionedinthelastparagraph
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