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Text 2 Teachers grumble over pay everywhere, but in West Virginia Wesleyan College the anger is...
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缺词填空Manypeoplenowthinkthatteachersgivetoom1testsin
Poorareasareingreatneedofteachers尤其Englishteachers
Ourteachersoftenoustovisittheoldpeople'shome.
Ourteachersmadeus________alotofhomeworkafterschool
to do
doing
do
to have done until seven o clock.
Therearemorethanonehundredteachersinourschoolandmo
Thosewhoprefertoaskteachersforhelpthinkthatteacher
Thereare121menteachersand163womanteachersinthissc
Listen！O.urteachers______RedSongsinthenextroom.
sing
are singing
sings
is singing
根据上下文和首字母提示填空Somestudentstooktheirfirstno-teachere
OurEnglishandChineseteachersarebothteachers.woman
TodayisSeptember10th.It'sDaylet'ssay'Thankyou'toou
Fromthetextwecanconcludethattheauthor
is sympathetic with teachers.
favors teaching unions' view.
is indifferent to the situation.
pours scorn at bad teachers.
Doyouoftengototheteachers'o?
Teachers'Dayaroundtheworldisnotcelebratedonthesame
Therearemorethanonehundredteachersinourschoolandm
Inourschool80percentoftheteachersarewomanteachers.
2分Teachersshouldteachstudentshowtosolveproblems.改
TeachinginNo2MiddleSchool____.
students say that they are lucky to receive education here
God is deeply moved by the teachers' devotion
teachers work hard day and night and look older for their age
too much pressure is given to teachers
TodayisSeptember10th.It'sDay.Let'ssayThankyoutoour
Inmostteachers’o________Tomisagiftedstudent.
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ThesuccessofAugustusowedmuchtothecharacterofRomantheorizingaboutthestate.TheRomansdidnotproduceambitiousblueprints1theconstructionofidealstatessuchas2totheGreeks.WithveryfewexceptionsRomantheoristsignoredorrejected3valuelessintellectualexerciseslikePlato’sRepublicin4therelationshipoftheindividualtothestatewas5outpainstakinglywithoutreferenceto6statesorindividuals.TheclosesttheRomancametotheGreekmodelwasCicero’sDeRePublieaandevenhereCicerohadRomeclearlyin7.Romanthoughtaboutthestatewasconcreteevenwhenit8religiousandmoralconcepts.ThefirstrulerofRomeRomuluswas9tohavereceivedauthorityfromthegodsspecificallyfromJupiterthe"guarantor"ofRome.Allconstitutional10wasamethodofconferringandadministeringthe11.Veryclearlyitwasbelievedthatonlytheassemblyofthe12thefamilyheadswhoformedtheoriginalsenate13thereligiouscharacternecessarytoexerciseauthoritybecauseitsoriginalfunctionwasto14thegods.Beingpracticalaswellasexclusivethesenatorsmoved15todividetheauthorityholdingthattheirconsulsorchiefofficialswouldpossessiton16monthsandlaterextendingitspossessiontolowerofficials.17theimportantachievementwastocreatetheideaofcontinuing18authorityembodiedonlytemporarilyincertainupper-classindividualsandconferredonly19themassofthepeopleconcurred.Thesystemgrewwithenormous20asnewofficesandassemblieswerecreatedandalmostnonediscarded. 15
TheextensionofdemocraticrightsintilefirsthalfofthenineteenthcenturyandtheensuingdeclineoftheFederalistestablishmentanewconceptionofeducationbegantoemerge.Educationwasnolongeraconfirmationofapre-existingstatusbutaninstrumentintheacquisitionofhigherstatus.Foranewgenerationofupwardlymobilestudentsthegoalofeducationwasnottopreparethemtolivecomfortablyintheworldintowhichtheyhadbeenbornbuttoteachthemnewvirtuesandskillsthatwouldpropelthemintoadifferentandbetterworld.Educationbecametraining;andthestudentwasnolongerthegentleman-in-waitingbutthejourneymanapprenticeforupwardmobility.Inthenineteenthcenturyacollegeeducationbegantobeseenasawaytogetaheadintheworld.Thefoundingoftheland-grantcollegesopenedthedoorsofhighereducationtopoorbutaspiringboysfromnonAnglo-Saxonworking-classandlower-middle-classbackgrounds.Themythofthepoorboywhoworkedhiswaythroughcollegetosuccessdrewmillionsofpoorboystothenewcampuses.Andwiththisshifteducationbecamemorevocational:itsobjectswastheacquisitionofpracticalskillsandusefulinformation.Forthegentleman-in-waitingvirtueconsistedaboveallingraceandstyleindoingwellwhatwasappropriatetohisposition;educationwasmerelyawayofacquiringpolish.Andvicewasmanifestedingracelessnessawkwardnessinbehavinginappropriatelydiscourteouslyorostentatiously.FortheapprenticehowevervirtuewasevidencedinsuccessthroughhardworkTherequisitequalitiesofcharacterwerenotgraceorstylebutdrivedeterminationandasharpeyeforopportunity.Whilecasualliberalityandevenprodigalitycharacterizedthegentlemanfrugalitythriftandself-controlcametodistinguishthenewapprenticeAndwhilethegentlemandidnotaspiretoahigherstationbecausehisstationwasalreadyhightheapprenticewascontinuallybecomingstrivingstrugglingupward.Failurefortheapprenticemeantstandingstillnotrising.Accordingtothesecondparagraphland-grantcollege
ThesuccessofAugustusowedmuchtothecharacterofRomantheorizingaboutthestate.TheRomansdidnotproduceambitiousblueprints1theconstructionofidealstatessuchas2totheGreeks.WithveryfewexceptionsRomantheoristsignoredorrejected3valuelessintellectualexerciseslikePlato’sRepublicin4therelationshipoftheindividualtothestatewas5outpainstakinglywithoutreferenceto6statesorindividuals.TheclosesttheRomancametotheGreekmodelwasCicero’sDeRePublieaandevenhereCicerohadRomeclearlyin7.Romanthoughtaboutthestatewasconcreteevenwhenit8religiousandmoralconcepts.ThefirstrulerofRomeRomuluswas9tohavereceivedauthorityfromthegodsspecificallyfromJupiterthe"guarantor"ofRome.Allconstitutional10wasamethodofconferringandadministeringthe11.Veryclearlyitwasbelievedthatonlytheassemblyofthe12thefamilyheadswhoformedtheoriginalsenate13thereligiouscharacternecessarytoexerciseauthoritybecauseitsoriginalfunctionwasto14thegods.Beingpracticalaswellasexclusivethesenatorsmoved15todividetheauthorityholdingthattheirconsulsorchiefofficialswouldpossessiton16monthsandlaterextendingitspossessiontolowerofficials.17theimportantachievementwastocreatetheideaofcontinuing18authorityembodiedonlytemporarilyincertainupper-classindividualsandconferredonly19themassofthepeopleconcurred.Thesystemgrewwithenormous20asnewofficesandassemblieswerecreatedandalmostnonediscarded. 7
LASTmonthAmerica’sNationalLawJournaltolditsreadersthatemploymentlawyersarewarninglovestruckco-workerstotakeprecautionsintheofficebeforelockinglipsoutside.TheadvicecametoolateforHarryStonecipher.ThebossofBoeingwasforcedtoresignlastweekend—forreasonsthatwillstrikemanyoutsidersasabsurd—afterhisboardweretoldofanaffairthatthe68-year-oldmarriedmanhadbeenconductingwithafemaleemployeewhodidnotreportdirectlytohimInevitablyastheweekrolledondetailsoftheaffairrolledout.Theotherpartywasre2portedtobeDebraPeabodywhoisunmarriedandhasworkedforBoeingfor25years.ThecoupleweresaidtohavefirstgottogetheratBoeing’sannualretreatatPalmDesertCaliforniainJanuary.Afterthatmuchoftheaffairmusthavebeenconductedfromadistance:Mr.Stonecipher’sofficeisatBoeing’sheadquartersinChicago;MsPeabodyrunsthefirm’sgovernment-relationsofficeinWashingtonDC.Theyexchangede-mailsitseemsasofficeloverstendtodothesedaysandthereinprobablylayMrStonecipher’sdownfallLewisPlattBoeing’schairmansaidthatMrStonecipherbrokeacompanyrulethatsays:Employeeswillnotengageinconductoractivitythatmayraisequestionsastothecompany’shonestyimpartialityreputationorotherwisecauseembarrassmenttothecompany.Havinganaffairwithafellowemployeeisnotofitselfagainstcompanyrules;causingembarrassmenttoBoeingis.Itseemsthattheboardjudgedthatthecontentsofthelovers’e-mailswouldhavebeenbadforBoeinghadtheybeenmadepublic.GonearethedayswhenaboardconsideredsuchmattersnoneofitsbusinessasCitibank’sdidin1991whenitsbossJohnReedbecamethetalkofWailStreetforhavinganaffairwithastewardessonCiti’scorporatejet.AtBoeingawhistleblowerissaidtohaveforwardedthemessagestoMrPlatt.Ingenerale-mailsareencryptedandnotaccessibletoanyonewhodoesnotknowthesender’spassword.ButmanyfirmsinstallsoftwaredesignedtosearchelectroniccommunicationsforkeywordssuchassexandCEO.Astudylastyearof840AmericanfirmsbytheAmericanManagementAssociationfoundthat60%ofthemcheckexternale-mailsincomingandoutgoingwhile27%scrutinizeinternalmessagesbetweenemployees.Sweetnothingswhisperedbythewatercoolermaytravellessfarthesedaysthanelectronicbilletsdoux.Boeingisparticularlysensitivetoembarrassmentatthemoment.Mr.Stonecipherwasrecalledfromretirementonly15monthsagoafterthecompany’spreviousbossPhilConditanditschieffinancialofficerMichaelSearshadleftinthewakeofascandalinvolvinganillegaljoboffertoaPentagonofficial.MrStonecipheracrustyformernumbertwoatBoeingwasbroughtbackspecificallytoraisethecompany’sethicalstandardsandtohelpitbeseeninitsmainandaffectedlypuritanicalmarketinWashingtonDCassqueakyclean.Verballyexplicitextra-maritalaffairsareinconsistentwithsuchastrategyitseemsthoughtheyarenotyetenoughtobringdownfuturekingsofEngland.Incorporatelifesuchaffairsarehardlyunusual.Onesurveyfoundthatone-quarterofalllong-termrelationshipsstartatwork;anotherfoundthatover40%ofexecutivessaytheyhavebeeninvolvedinanaffairwithacolleagueandthatinhaftofthesecasesoneorotherpartywasmarriedatthetime.Manyabosshasmarriedhisassistantandlivedhappilyeverafter.Boeingapparentlyusedtoacceptthis:Mr.Condit’sfourthwifewasacolleaguebeforetheymarried.Theauthorseemstobelievethat
WHAT’SthedifferencebetweenGodandLarryEllisonasksanoldsoftwareindustryjoke.Answer:Goddoesn’tthinkhe’sLarryEllison.ThebossofOracleishardlyaloneamongcorporatechiefsinhavingareputationforbeingratherkeenonhimself.Indeed’untilthebubbleburstandthepublicturnednastyatthestartofthedecadethecultofthecelebritychiefexecutiveseemedtodemandbosslynarcissismasevidencethatafirmwasbeingledbyanall-conqueringhero.Narcissusmetanastyendofcourse.Andinrecentyearsboss-worshiphascometobeseenasbadforbusiness.InhismanagementbestsellerGoodtoGreatJimCollinsarguedthatthetrulysuccessfulbosseswerenottheserf-proclaimedstarswhoadornthecoversofForbesandFortunebutinsteadself-effacingthoughtfulmonkishsortswholeadbyinspiringexample.Astatisticalanswermaybeathand.ForthefirsttimeanewstudyIt’sAllAboutMetobepresentednextweekattheannualgatheringoftheAmericanAcademyofManagementoffersasystematicempiricalanalysisofwhateffectnarcissisticbosseshaveonthefirmstheyrun.TheauthorsArijitChatterjeeandDonaldHambrickofPennsylvaniaStateUniversityexaminednarcissismintheupperlevelsof105firmsinthecomputerandsoftwareindustries.Todothistheybadtosolveapracticalproblem:studiesofnarcissismhavehithertoreliedonsurveyingindividualspersonallysomethingforwhichfewchiefexecutivesarelikelytohavetimeorinclination.Sotheauthorsdevisedanindexofnarcissismusingsixpubliclyavailableindicatorsobtainablewithouttheco-operationoftheboss.Theseare:theprominenceoftheboss’sphotointheannualreport;hisprominenceincompanypressreleases;thelengthofhisWho’sWhoentry;thefrequencyofhisuseofthefirstpersonsingularininterviews;andtheratiosofhiscashandnon-cashcompensationtothoseofthefirm’ssecond-highestpaidexecutive.Narcissismnaturallydrivespeopletoseekpositionsofpowerandinfluenceandbecausegreatself-esteemhelpsyourprofessionaladvancesaytheauthorschiefexecutiveswilltendonaveragetobemorenarcissisticthanthegeneralpopulation.HowdoesthataffectafirmMessrsChatterjeeandHambrickfoundthathighlynarcissisticbossestendedtomakebiggerchangesintheuseofimportantresourcessuchasresearchanddevelopmentorinspendingandleverage;theycarriedoutmoreandbiggermergersandacquisitions;andtheirresultswerebothmoreextrememorebigwinsorbiglossesandmoretransientthanthoseoffirmsrunbytheirhumblerpeers.Forshareholdersthatcouldbegoodorbad.AlthoughoddlytheauthorsarekeepingtheirnarcissismrankingsecrettheyhaverevealedthatMrEllisondidnotcometop.Alasforhimthatmaybebecausethestudylimiteditsefftopeoplewhobecamethebossafter1991--wellafterhetookthehelm.IneveryrespectMrEllisonseemstobetheclassicnarcissisticbossclaimsMrChatterjee.Thereislifeintheoldjokeyet.Accordingtotheresearcherscomparedwithhumblermanagersnarcissisticbossesaremorelikelyto
OnemeaningoftheGreekworddranistoaccomplishandinthismeaningliesafurtherkeytothestructureofdrama.Aplayconcernsahumanagentattemptingtoaccomplishsomepurpose.Intragedyhisattemptisinpersonaltermsatleastunsuccessful;incomedyitissuccessful;intheproblemplayfinalaccomplishmentisofteneitherambiguousordoubtful.Thisactionfromthebeginningtotheendofamovementtowardapurposedgoalmustalsohaveamiddle;itmustproceedthroughanumberofstepsthesuccessionofincidentswhichmakeuptheplot.Becausethedramatistisconcernedwiththemeaningandlogicofeventsratherthanwiththeircasualrelationshipintimehewillprobablyselecthismaterialandorderitonabasisoftheoperationinhumanaffairsoflawsofcauseandeffect.Itisinthiscausalrelationshipofincidentsthattheelementofconflictpresentinvirtuallyallplaysappears.Thecentralfigureoftheplay--theprotagonist---encountersdifficulties;hispurposeorpurposesconflictwitheventsorcircumstanceswithpurposesofothercharactersintheplayorwithcross-purposeswhichexistwithinhisownthoughtsanddesires.Thesedifficultiesthreatentheprotagonist’saccomplishment;inotherwordstheypresentcomplicationsandhissuccessorfailureindealingwiththesecomplicationsdeterminestheoutcome.Normallycomplicationsbuildthroughtheplayinorderofincreasingdifficulty;onecomplicationmaybeaddedtoanotheroronemaygrowoutofthesolutionofaprecedingone.Atsomepointinthischainofcomplicationandsolutionachievedorattemptedtheprotagonistperformsanactormakesadecisionwhichirrevocablycommitshimtoafurthercoursepointstowardcertaingeneralconsequences.Thispointisusuallycalledthecrisis;thecomplicationsandsolutionswhichfollowworkoutthelogicalstepsfromcrisistofindresolutionordenouement.Adramaisarrangedmainlyinaccordancewith
OnemeaningoftheGreekworddranistoaccomplishandinthismeaningliesafurtherkeytothestructureofdrama.Aplayconcernsahumanagentattemptingtoaccomplishsomepurpose.Intragedyhisattemptisinpersonaltermsatleastunsuccessful;incomedyitissuccessful;intheproblemplayfinalaccomplishmentisofteneitherambiguousordoubtful.Thisactionfromthebeginningtotheendofamovementtowardapurposedgoalmustalsohaveamiddle;itmustproceedthroughanumberofstepsthesuccessionofincidentswhichmakeuptheplot.Becausethedramatistisconcernedwiththemeaningandlogicofeventsratherthanwiththeircasualrelationshipintimehewillprobablyselecthismaterialandorderitonabasisoftheoperationinhumanaffairsoflawsofcauseandeffect.Itisinthiscausalrelationshipofincidentsthattheelementofconflictpresentinvirtuallyallplaysappears.Thecentralfigureoftheplay--theprotagonist---encountersdifficulties;hispurposeorpurposesconflictwitheventsorcircumstanceswithpurposesofothercharactersintheplayorwithcross-purposeswhichexistwithinhisownthoughtsanddesires.Thesedifficultiesthreatentheprotagonist’saccomplishment;inotherwordstheypresentcomplicationsandhissuccessorfailureindealingwiththesecomplicationsdeterminestheoutcome.Normallycomplicationsbuildthroughtheplayinorderofincreasingdifficulty;onecomplicationmaybeaddedtoanotheroronemaygrowoutofthesolutionofaprecedingone.Atsomepointinthischainofcomplicationandsolutionachievedorattemptedtheprotagonistperformsanactormakesadecisionwhichirrevocablycommitshimtoafurthercoursepointstowardcertaingeneralconsequences.Thispointisusuallycalledthecrisis;thecomplicationsandsolutionswhichfollowworkoutthelogicalstepsfromcrisistofindresolutionordenouement.ThewordcrisisinthelastlinebutonePara.2mostprobablyimplies
ThehumanYchromosome--theDNAchunkthatmakesamanaman—haslostsomanygenesoverevolutionarytimethatsomescientistshavesuspecteditmightdisappearin10millionyears.Butanewstudysaysit’llstickaround.Researchersfoundnosignofgenelossoverthepast6millionyearssuggestingthechromosomeisdoingaprettygoodjobofmaintainingitselfsaidresearcherDavidPageoftheWhiteheadInstituteforBiomedicalResearchinCambridgeMass.ThatagreeswithpriormathematicalcalculationsthatsuggestedtherateofgenelosswouldslowasthechromosomeevolvedPageandstudyco-authorsnoteinThursday’sissueofthejournalNature.AndtheysayitclasheswithwhatPagecalledtheimminentdemiseideathatsaystheYchromosomeisdoomedtoextinction.TheYappeared300millionyearsagoandhassinceerodedintoadinkychromosomebecauseitlacksthemechanismotherchromosomeshavetogetridofdamagedDNA.Somutationshavedisabledhundredsofitsoriginalgenescausingthemtobeshedasuseless.TheYnowcontainsonly27genesorfamiliesofvirtuallyidenticalgenes.In2003Pagereportedthatthemodern-dayYhasanunusualmechanismtofixabouthalfofitsgenesandprotectthemfromdisappearing.Buthesaidsomescientistsdisagreedwithhisconclusion.ThenewpaperfocusesonaregionoftheYchromosomewheregenescan’tbefixedthatway.Researcherscomparedthehumanandchimpanzeeversionsofthisregion.Humansandchimpshavebeenevolvingseparatelyforabout6millionyearssoscientistsreasonedthatthecomparisonswouldrevealgenesthathavebecomedisabledinonespeciesortheotherduringthattime.TheyfoundfivesuchgenesonthechimpchromosomebutnoneonthehumanchromosomeanimbalancePagecalledsurprising.Itlooksliketherehasbeenlittleifanygenelossinourownspecieslineageinthelast6millionyearsPagesaid.ThatcontradictstheideathatthehumanYchromosomehascontinuedtolosegenessofastit’lldisappearin10millionyearshesaid.Ithinkwecanwithconfidencedismiss...the’imminentdemise’theoryPagesaid.JenniferA.MarshallGravesoftheAustralianNationalUniversityinCanberraageneresearcherwhoarguesforeventualextinctionoftheYchromosomecalledPage’sworkbeautifulbutsaiditdidn’tshakeherconvictionthattheYisdoomed.TheonlyrealquestioniswhennotiftheYchromosomedisappearsshesaid.Itcouldbealotshorterthan10millionyearsbutitcouldbealotlongershesaid.TheYchromosomehasalreadydisappearedinsomeotheranimalsandthere’snoreasontoexpectitcan’thappentohumansshesaid.Ifithappenedinpeoplesomeotherchromosomewouldprobablytakeoverthesex-determiningroleoftheYshesaid.Theworddinkyline1paragraph4mostprobablymeans
LASTmonthAmerica’sNationalLawJournaltolditsreadersthatemploymentlawyersarewarninglovestruckco-workerstotakeprecautionsintheofficebeforelockinglipsoutside.TheadvicecametoolateforHarryStonecipher.ThebossofBoeingwasforcedtoresignlastweekend—forreasonsthatwillstrikemanyoutsidersasabsurd—afterhisboardweretoldofanaffairthatthe68-year-oldmarriedmanhadbeenconductingwithafemaleemployeewhodidnotreportdirectlytohimInevitablyastheweekrolledondetailsoftheaffairrolledout.Theotherpartywasre2portedtobeDebraPeabodywhoisunmarriedandhasworkedforBoeingfor25years.ThecoupleweresaidtohavefirstgottogetheratBoeing’sannualretreatatPalmDesertCaliforniainJanuary.Afterthatmuchoftheaffairmusthavebeenconductedfromadistance:Mr.Stonecipher’sofficeisatBoeing’sheadquartersinChicago;MsPeabodyrunsthefirm’sgovernment-relationsofficeinWashingtonDC.Theyexchangede-mailsitseemsasofficeloverstendtodothesedaysandthereinprobablylayMrStonecipher’sdownfallLewisPlattBoeing’schairmansaidthatMrStonecipherbrokeacompanyrulethatsays:Employeeswillnotengageinconductoractivitythatmayraisequestionsastothecompany’shonestyimpartialityreputationorotherwisecauseembarrassmenttothecompany.Havinganaffairwithafellowemployeeisnotofitselfagainstcompanyrules;causingembarrassmenttoBoeingis.Itseemsthattheboardjudgedthatthecontentsofthelovers’e-mailswouldhavebeenbadforBoeinghadtheybeenmadepublic.GonearethedayswhenaboardconsideredsuchmattersnoneofitsbusinessasCitibank’sdidin1991whenitsbossJohnReedbecamethetalkofWailStreetforhavinganaffairwithastewardessonCiti’scorporatejet.AtBoeingawhistleblowerissaidtohaveforwardedthemessagestoMrPlatt.Ingenerale-mailsareencryptedandnotaccessibletoanyonewhodoesnotknowthesender’spassword.ButmanyfirmsinstallsoftwaredesignedtosearchelectroniccommunicationsforkeywordssuchassexandCEO.Astudylastyearof840AmericanfirmsbytheAmericanManagementAssociationfoundthat60%ofthemcheckexternale-mailsincomingandoutgoingwhile27%scrutinizeinternalmessagesbetweenemployees.Sweetnothingswhisperedbythewatercoolermaytravellessfarthesedaysthanelectronicbilletsdoux.Boeingisparticularlysensitivetoembarrassmentatthemoment.Mr.Stonecipherwasrecalledfromretirementonly15monthsagoafterthecompany’spreviousbossPhilConditanditschieffinancialofficerMichaelSearshadleftinthewakeofascandalinvolvinganillegaljoboffertoaPentagonofficial.MrStonecipheracrustyformernumbertwoatBoeingwasbroughtbackspecificallytoraisethecompany’sethicalstandardsandtohelpitbeseeninitsmainandaffectedlypuritanicalmarketinWashingtonDCassqueakyclean.Verballyexplicitextra-maritalaffairsareinconsistentwithsuchastrategyitseemsthoughtheyarenotyetenoughtobringdownfuturekingsofEngland.Incorporatelifesuchaffairsarehardlyunusual.Onesurveyfoundthatone-quarterofalllong-termrelationshipsstartatwork;anotherfoundthatover40%ofexecutivessaytheyhavebeeninvolvedinanaffairwithacolleagueandthatinhaftofthesecasesoneorotherpartywasmarriedatthetime.Manyabosshasmarriedhisassistantandlivedhappilyeverafter.Boeingapparentlyusedtoacceptthis:Mr.Condit’sfourthwifewasacolleaguebeforetheymarried.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext
ThesuccessofAugustusowedmuchtothecharacterofRomantheorizingaboutthestate.TheRomansdidnotproduceambitiousblueprints1theconstructionofidealstatessuchas2totheGreeks.WithveryfewexceptionsRomantheoristsignoredorrejected3valuelessintellectualexerciseslikePlato’sRepublicin4therelationshipoftheindividualtothestatewas5outpainstakinglywithoutreferenceto6statesorindividuals.TheclosesttheRomancametotheGreekmodelwasCicero’sDeRePublieaandevenhereCicerohadRomeclearlyin7.Romanthoughtaboutthestatewasconcreteevenwhenit8religiousandmoralconcepts.ThefirstrulerofRomeRomuluswas9tohavereceivedauthorityfromthegodsspecificallyfromJupiterthe"guarantor"ofRome.Allconstitutional10wasamethodofconferringandadministeringthe11.Veryclearlyitwasbelievedthatonlytheassemblyofthe12thefamilyheadswhoformedtheoriginalsenate13thereligiouscharacternecessarytoexerciseauthoritybecauseitsoriginalfunctionwasto14thegods.Beingpracticalaswellasexclusivethesenatorsmoved15todividetheauthorityholdingthattheirconsulsorchiefofficialswouldpossessiton16monthsandlaterextendingitspossessiontolowerofficials.17theimportantachievementwastocreatetheideaofcontinuing18authorityembodiedonlytemporarilyincertainupper-classindividualsandconferredonly19themassofthepeopleconcurred.Thesystemgrewwithenormous20asnewofficesandassemblieswerecreatedandalmostnonediscarded. 19
[A]Advertisementsaddintereststolife [B]Advertisementshelptosavemoney [C]Criticismsonadvertisers [D]Usefulnessofsmalladvertisements [E]Trueaestheticvalueofadvertisement[ F]Informing:thechieffunctionofadvertising 41______ Advertiserstendtothinkbigandperhapsthisiswhythey’realwayscominginforcriticism.Theircriticsseemtoresentthembecausetheyhaveaflairforself-promotionandbecausetheyhavesomuchmoneytothrowaround."It’siniquitous"theysay"thatthisentirelyunproductiveindustryffwecancallitthatshouldabsorbmillionsofpoundseachyear.Itonlygoestoshowhowmuchprofitthebigcompaniesaremaking.Whydon’ttheystopadvertisingandreducethepriceOftheirgoodsAfterailit’stheconsumerwhopay..." 42______ Thepooroldconsumer!He’dhavetopayagreatdealmoreifadvertisingdidn’tcreatemassmarketsforproducts.Itispreciselybecauseoftheheavyadvertisingthatconsumergoodsaresocheap.Butwegetthewrongideaifwethinktheonlypurposeofadvertisingistosellgoods.Anotherequallyimportantfunctionistoinform.Agreatdealoftheknowledgewehaveabouthouseholdgoodsderiveslargelyfromtheadvertisementsweread.Advertisementsintroduceustonewproductsorremindusoftheexistenceofoneswealreadyknowabout.Supposingyouwantedtobuyawashingmachineitismorethanlikelyyouwouldobtaindetailsregardingperformancepriceetc.fromanadvertisement. 43______ Lotsofpeoplepretendthattheyneverreadadvertisementsbutthisclaimmaybeseriouslydoubted.Itishardlypossiblenottoreadadvertisementsthesedays.Andwhatfuntheyoftenaretoo!Justthinkwhatarailwaystationoranewspaperwouldbelikewithoutadvertisements.WouldyouenjoygazingatablankwallorreadingrailwaylawswhilewaitingforatrainWouldyouliketoreadonlyclosely-printedcolumnsofnewsinyourdailypaperAcheerfulwittyadvertisementmakessuchadifferencetoadrabwallornewspaperfullofthedailyrationofcalamities. 44______ Wemustnotforgeteitherthatadvertisingmakesapositivecontributiontoourpockets.Newspaperscommercialradioandtelevisioncompaniescouldnotsubsistwithoutthissourceofrevenue.Thefactthatwepaysolittleforourdailypaperorcanenjoysomanybroadcastprogramsisdueentirelytothemoneyspentbyadvertisers.Justthinkwhatanewspaperwouldcostifwehadtopayitsfullprice! 45______ Anotherthingwemustn’tforgetisthe"smallads."whichareinvirtuallyeverynewspaperandmagazine.Whatatremendouslyusefulservicetheyperformforthecommunity!Justaboutanythingcanbeaccomplishedthroughthesecolumns.Forinstanceyoucanfindajobbuyorsellahouseannounceabirthmarriageordeathinwhatusedtobecalledthe"hatchmatchanddispatch"columns;butbyfarthemostfascinatingsectionisthepersonalor"agony"column.Nootheriteminanewspaperprovidessuchentertainingreadingorofferssuchadeepinsightintohumannature.It’sthebestadvertisementforadvertisingthereis! 41
ThesuccessofAugustusowedmuchtothecharacterofRomantheorizingaboutthestate.TheRomansdidnotproduceambitiousblueprints1theconstructionofidealstatessuchas2totheGreeks.WithveryfewexceptionsRomantheoristsignoredorrejected3valuelessintellectualexerciseslikePlato’sRepublicin4therelationshipoftheindividualtothestatewas5outpainstakinglywithoutreferenceto6statesorindividuals.TheclosesttheRomancametotheGreekmodelwasCicero’sDeRePublieaandevenhereCicerohadRomeclearlyin7.Romanthoughtaboutthestatewasconcreteevenwhenit8religiousandmoralconcepts.ThefirstrulerofRomeRomuluswas9tohavereceivedauthorityfromthegodsspecificallyfromJupiterthe"guarantor"ofRome.Allconstitutional10wasamethodofconferringandadministeringthe11.Veryclearlyitwasbelievedthatonlytheassemblyofthe12thefamilyheadswhoformedtheoriginalsenate13thereligiouscharacternecessarytoexerciseauthoritybecauseitsoriginalfunctionwasto14thegods.Beingpracticalaswellasexclusivethesenatorsmoved15todividetheauthorityholdingthattheirconsulsorchiefofficialswouldpossessiton16monthsandlaterextendingitspossessiontolowerofficials.17theimportantachievementwastocreatetheideaofcontinuing18authorityembodiedonlytemporarilyincertainupper-classindividualsandconferredonly19themassofthepeopleconcurred.Thesystemgrewwithenormous20asnewofficesandassemblieswerecreatedandalmostnonediscarded. 3
ThesuccessofAugustusowedmuchtothecharacterofRomantheorizingaboutthestate.TheRomansdidnotproduceambitiousblueprints1theconstructionofidealstatessuchas2totheGreeks.WithveryfewexceptionsRomantheoristsignoredorrejected3valuelessintellectualexerciseslikePlato’sRepublicin4therelationshipoftheindividualtothestatewas5outpainstakinglywithoutreferenceto6statesorindividuals.TheclosesttheRomancametotheGreekmodelwasCicero’sDeRePublieaandevenhereCicerohadRomeclearlyin7.Romanthoughtaboutthestatewasconcreteevenwhenit8religiousandmoralconcepts.ThefirstrulerofRomeRomuluswas9tohavereceivedauthorityfromthegodsspecificallyfromJupiterthe"guarantor"ofRome.Allconstitutional10wasamethodofconferringandadministeringthe11.Veryclearlyitwasbelievedthatonlytheassemblyofthe12thefamilyheadswhoformedtheoriginalsenate13thereligiouscharacternecessarytoexerciseauthoritybecauseitsoriginalfunctionwasto14thegods.Beingpracticalaswellasexclusivethesenatorsmoved15todividetheauthorityholdingthattheirconsulsorchiefofficialswouldpossessiton16monthsandlaterextendingitspossessiontolowerofficials.17theimportantachievementwastocreatetheideaofcontinuing18authorityembodiedonlytemporarilyincertainupper-classindividualsandconferredonly19themassofthepeopleconcurred.Thesystemgrewwithenormous20asnewofficesandassemblieswerecreatedandalmostnonediscarded. 5
TelevisionhastransformedpoliticsintheUnitedStatesbychangingthewayinwhichinformationisdistributedbyalteringpoliticalcampaignsandchangingcitizens’patternsofresponsetopolitics.Bygivingcitizen’sindependentaccesstothecandidatestelevisiondismissedtheroleofthepoliticalpartyintheselectionofthemajorpartycandidates.Bycanteringpoliticsonthepersonofcandidatestelevisionacceleratedthecitizen’sfocusoncharacterratherthanissues. Televisionhasalteredtheformsofpoliticalcommunicationaswell.47Themessagesonwhichmostofusrelyarebrieferthantheyoncewerethestumpspeechapoliticalspeechgivenbytravellingpoliticiansandlasting1.5to2hourswhichcharacterizednineteenth-centurypoliticaldiscoursehasgivenwaytothe30secondadvertisementandthen10second"soundbite"inbroadcastnews.Increasinglytheaudienceforspeechesisnotthatstandinginfrontofthepoliticianbutrathertheviewingaudiencewhowillhearandseeaclipofthespeechonthenews. Intheseabbreviatedformsmuchofwhatconsistedthetraditionalpoliticaldiscourseofearlierageshasbeenlost.48In15or30secondsaspeakercan’testablishthehistoricalcontextthatshapedtheissueinquestioncannotdetailtheprobablecausesoftheproblemandcannotexaminealternativeproposalstoarguethatoneispreferabletoothers.Inclipspoliticiansassertbutdonotargue. Becausetelevisionisanintimatemediumspeakingthroughitrequiredachangedpoliticalstylethatwasmoreconversationalpersonalandvisualthanthatoftheold-stylestumpspeech.Relianceontelevisionmeansthatincreasinglyourpoliticalworldcontainsmemorablepicturesratherthanmemorablewords.Schoolsteachusnotanalyzewordsandprint.49Howeverinaworldinwhichpoliticsisincreasinglyvisualinformedcitizenshiprequiresanewsetofskills. Recognizingthepoweroftelevision’spicturespoliticianscrafttelevisualandstagedeventscalledpseudo-eventsdesignedtoattractmediacoverage.50Politicianstheirspeechwritersandtheirpublicrelationsadvisersfortelevisedconsumptionhavecraftedmuchofthepoliticalactivityweseeontelevisionnews.Soundbitesinnewsandanswerstoquestionsindebatesincreasinglysoundlikeadvertisements. 47
ThesuccessofAugustusowedmuchtothecharacterofRomantheorizingaboutthestate.TheRomansdidnotproduceambitiousblueprints1theconstructionofidealstatessuchas2totheGreeks.WithveryfewexceptionsRomantheoristsignoredorrejected3valuelessintellectualexerciseslikePlato’sRepublicin4therelationshipoftheindividualtothestatewas5outpainstakinglywithoutreferenceto6statesorindividuals.TheclosesttheRomancametotheGreekmodelwasCicero’sDeRePublieaandevenhereCicerohadRomeclearlyin7.Romanthoughtaboutthestatewasconcreteevenwhenit8religiousandmoralconcepts.ThefirstrulerofRomeRomuluswas9tohavereceivedauthorityfromthegodsspecificallyfromJupiterthe"guarantor"ofRome.Allconstitutional10wasamethodofconferringandadministeringthe11.Veryclearlyitwasbelievedthatonlytheassemblyofthe12thefamilyheadswhoformedtheoriginalsenate13thereligiouscharacternecessarytoexerciseauthoritybecauseitsoriginalfunctionwasto14thegods.Beingpracticalaswellasexclusivethesenatorsmoved15todividetheauthorityholdingthattheirconsulsorchiefofficialswouldpossessiton16monthsandlaterextendingitspossessiontolowerofficials.17theimportantachievementwastocreatetheideaofcontinuing18authorityembodiedonlytemporarilyincertainupper-classindividualsandconferredonly19themassofthepeopleconcurred.Thesystemgrewwithenormous20asnewofficesandassemblieswerecreatedandalmostnonediscarded. 9
WHAT’SthedifferencebetweenGodandLarryEllisonasksanoldsoftwareindustryjoke.Answer:Goddoesn’tthinkhe’sLarryEllison.ThebossofOracleishardlyaloneamongcorporatechiefsinhavingareputationforbeingratherkeenonhimself.Indeed’untilthebubbleburstandthepublicturnednastyatthestartofthedecadethecultofthecelebritychiefexecutiveseemedtodemandbosslynarcissismasevidencethatafirmwasbeingledbyanall-conqueringhero.Narcissusmetanastyendofcourse.Andinrecentyearsboss-worshiphascometobeseenasbadforbusiness.InhismanagementbestsellerGoodtoGreatJimCollinsarguedthatthetrulysuccessfulbosseswerenottheserf-proclaimedstarswhoadornthecoversofForbesandFortunebutinsteadself-effacingthoughtfulmonkishsortswholeadbyinspiringexample.Astatisticalanswermaybeathand.ForthefirsttimeanewstudyIt’sAllAboutMetobepresentednextweekattheannualgatheringoftheAmericanAcademyofManagementoffersasystematicempiricalanalysisofwhateffectnarcissisticbosseshaveonthefirmstheyrun.TheauthorsArijitChatterjeeandDonaldHambrickofPennsylvaniaStateUniversityexaminednarcissismintheupperlevelsof105firmsinthecomputerandsoftwareindustries.Todothistheybadtosolveapracticalproblem:studiesofnarcissismhavehithertoreliedonsurveyingindividualspersonallysomethingforwhichfewchiefexecutivesarelikelytohavetimeorinclination.Sotheauthorsdevisedanindexofnarcissismusingsixpubliclyavailableindicatorsobtainablewithouttheco-operationoftheboss.Theseare:theprominenceoftheboss’sphotointheannualreport;hisprominenceincompanypressreleases;thelengthofhisWho’sWhoentry;thefrequencyofhisuseofthefirstpersonsingularininterviews;andtheratiosofhiscashandnon-cashcompensationtothoseofthefirm’ssecond-highestpaidexecutive.Narcissismnaturallydrivespeopletoseekpositionsofpowerandinfluenceandbecausegreatself-esteemhelpsyourprofessionaladvancesaytheauthorschiefexecutiveswilltendonaveragetobemorenarcissisticthanthegeneralpopulation.HowdoesthataffectafirmMessrsChatterjeeandHambrickfoundthathighlynarcissisticbossestendedtomakebiggerchangesintheuseofimportantresourcessuchasresearchanddevelopmentorinspendingandleverage;theycarriedoutmoreandbiggermergersandacquisitions;andtheirresultswerebothmoreextrememorebigwinsorbiglossesandmoretransientthanthoseoffirmsrunbytheirhumblerpeers.Forshareholdersthatcouldbegoodorbad.AlthoughoddlytheauthorsarekeepingtheirnarcissismrankingsecrettheyhaverevealedthatMrEllisondidnotcometop.Alasforhimthatmaybebecausethestudylimiteditsefftopeoplewhobecamethebossafter1991--wellafterhetookthehelm.IneveryrespectMrEllisonseemstobetheclassicnarcissisticbossclaimsMrChatterjee.Thereislifeintheoldjokeyet.JimCollinsseemstobelievethattrulysuccessfulmanagers
ThesuccessofAugustusowedmuchtothecharacterofRomantheorizingaboutthestate.TheRomansdidnotproduceambitiousblueprints1theconstructionofidealstatessuchas2totheGreeks.WithveryfewexceptionsRomantheoristsignoredorrejected3valuelessintellectualexerciseslikePlato’sRepublicin4therelationshipoftheindividualtothestatewas5outpainstakinglywithoutreferenceto6statesorindividuals.TheclosesttheRomancametotheGreekmodelwasCicero’sDeRePublieaandevenhereCicerohadRomeclearlyin7.Romanthoughtaboutthestatewasconcreteevenwhenit8religiousandmoralconcepts.ThefirstrulerofRomeRomuluswas9tohavereceivedauthorityfromthegodsspecificallyfromJupiterthe"guarantor"ofRome.Allconstitutional10wasamethodofconferringandadministeringthe11.Veryclearlyitwasbelievedthatonlytheassemblyofthe12thefamilyheadswhoformedtheoriginalsenate13thereligiouscharacternecessarytoexerciseauthoritybecauseitsoriginalfunctionwasto14thegods.Beingpracticalaswellasexclusivethesenatorsmoved15todividetheauthorityholdingthattheirconsulsorchiefofficialswouldpossessiton16monthsandlaterextendingitspossessiontolowerofficials.17theimportantachievementwastocreatetheideaofcontinuing18authorityembodiedonlytemporarilyincertainupper-classindividualsandconferredonly19themassofthepeopleconcurred.Thesystemgrewwithenormous20asnewofficesandassemblieswerecreatedandalmostnonediscarded. 11
ThehumanYchromosome--theDNAchunkthatmakesamanaman—haslostsomanygenesoverevolutionarytimethatsomescientistshavesuspecteditmightdisappearin10millionyears.Butanewstudysaysit’llstickaround.Researchersfoundnosignofgenelossoverthepast6millionyearssuggestingthechromosomeisdoingaprettygoodjobofmaintainingitselfsaidresearcherDavidPageoftheWhiteheadInstituteforBiomedicalResearchinCambridgeMass.ThatagreeswithpriormathematicalcalculationsthatsuggestedtherateofgenelosswouldslowasthechromosomeevolvedPageandstudyco-authorsnoteinThursday’sissueofthejournalNature.AndtheysayitclasheswithwhatPagecalledtheimminentdemiseideathatsaystheYchromosomeisdoomedtoextinction.TheYappeared300millionyearsagoandhassinceerodedintoadinkychromosomebecauseitlacksthemechanismotherchromosomeshavetogetridofdamagedDNA.Somutationshavedisabledhundredsofitsoriginalgenescausingthemtobeshedasuseless.TheYnowcontainsonly27genesorfamiliesofvirtuallyidenticalgenes.In2003Pagereportedthatthemodern-dayYhasanunusualmechanismtofixabouthalfofitsgenesandprotectthemfromdisappearing.Buthesaidsomescientistsdisagreedwithhisconclusion.ThenewpaperfocusesonaregionoftheYchromosomewheregenescan’tbefixedthatway.Researcherscomparedthehumanandchimpanzeeversionsofthisregion.Humansandchimpshavebeenevolvingseparatelyforabout6millionyearssoscientistsreasonedthatthecomparisonswouldrevealgenesthathavebecomedisabledinonespeciesortheotherduringthattime.TheyfoundfivesuchgenesonthechimpchromosomebutnoneonthehumanchromosomeanimbalancePagecalledsurprising.Itlooksliketherehasbeenlittleifanygenelossinourownspecieslineageinthelast6millionyearsPagesaid.ThatcontradictstheideathatthehumanYchromosomehascontinuedtolosegenessofastit’lldisappearin10millionyearshesaid.Ithinkwecanwithconfidencedismiss...the’imminentdemise’theoryPagesaid.JenniferA.MarshallGravesoftheAustralianNationalUniversityinCanberraageneresearcherwhoarguesforeventualextinctionoftheYchromosomecalledPage’sworkbeautifulbutsaiditdidn’tshakeherconvictionthattheYisdoomed.TheonlyrealquestioniswhennotiftheYchromosomedisappearsshesaid.Itcouldbealotshorterthan10millionyearsbutitcouldbealotlongershesaid.TheYchromosomehasalreadydisappearedinsomeotheranimalsandthere’snoreasontoexpectitcan’thappentohumansshesaid.Ifithappenedinpeoplesomeotherchromosomewouldprobablytakeoverthesex-determiningroleoftheYshesaid.Itcanbeinferredfromthefirst3paragraphsthat
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VintonCerfknownasthefatheroftheInternetsaidonWednesdaythattheWebwasoutgrowingtheplanetEarthandthetimehadcometotaketheinformationsuperhighwaytoouterspace.TheInternetisgrowingquicklyandwestillhavealotofworktodotocovertheplanetCerftoldthefirstdayoftheannualconferenceoftheInternetSocietyinGenevawheremorethan1500cyberspacefanshavegatheredtoseekanswerstoquestionsaboutthetangledweboftheInternetCedbelievedthatitwouldsoonbepossibletosendreal-timesciencedataontheInternetfromaspacemissionorbitinganotherplanetsuchasMars.ThereisnowaneffortunderwaytodesignandbuildaninterplanetaryInternet.Thespaceresearchcommunityiscomingcloserandcloserandmerging.WethinkthatwewillseeinterplanetaryInternetnetworksthatlookverymuchliketheonesweusetoday.WewillneedinterplanetarygatewaysandtherewillbeprotocolstotransmitdatabetweenthesegatewaysCerfsaid.FrancoisFluekigerascientistattendingtheconferencefromtheEuropeanParticlePhysicsLaboratorynearGenevawasnotentirelyconvincedsaying..Weneeddreamslikethis.ButIdon’tknowanyMartianwhomI’dliketocommunicatewiththroughtheInternet.’CerfhasbeenworkingwithNASA’sPasadenaJetPropulsionLaboratory--thepeoplebehindtherecentMarsexpedition--todesignwhathecallsaninterplanetaryInternetprotocolHebelievesthatastronautswillwanttousetheInternetalthoughspecialproblemsremainwithinterferenceanddelay.ThisisquiterealTheeffortisbecomingextraordinarilyconcreteoverthenextfewmonthsbecausethenextMarsmissionisinplanningstagesnowCerftoldtheconference.IfweusedomainnameslikeEarthorMarsjetpropulsionlaboratorypeoplewouldbecomingtogetherwithpeoplefromtheInternetcommunity.’Headded.TheideaistotaketheinterplanetaryInternetdesignandmakeitapartoftheinfrastructureoftheMarsmission.Helatertoldanewsconferencethatdesigningthissystemnowwouldpreparemankindoffuturetechnologicaladvances.Thewholeidesistocreateanarchitecturesothedesignworksanywhere.Idon’tknowwherewe’regoingtohavetoputitbutmyguessisthatwe’llbegoingouttheresometimeCerfsaid.Ifyouthink100yearsfromnowitisentirelypossiblethatwhatwillbepurelyresearch50yearsfromnowwillbecomecommercialized./AccordingtoCerfthepurposetodesigninterplanetaryInternetisto
ThesuccessofAugustusowedmuchtothecharacterofRomantheorizingaboutthestate.TheRomansdidnotproduceambitiousblueprints1theconstructionofidealstatessuchas2totheGreeks.WithveryfewexceptionsRomantheoristsignoredorrejected3valuelessintellectualexerciseslikePlato’sRepublicin4therelationshipoftheindividualtothestatewas5outpainstakinglywithoutreferenceto6statesorindividuals.TheclosesttheRomancametotheGreekmodelwasCicero’sDeRePublieaandevenhereCicerohadRomeclearlyin7.Romanthoughtaboutthestatewasconcreteevenwhenit8religiousandmoralconcepts.ThefirstrulerofRomeRomuluswas9tohavereceivedauthorityfromthegodsspecificallyfromJupiterthe"guarantor"ofRome.Allconstitutional10wasamethodofconferringandadministeringthe11.Veryclearlyitwasbelievedthatonlytheassemblyofthe12thefamilyheadswhoformedtheoriginalsenate13thereligiouscharacternecessarytoexerciseauthoritybecauseitsoriginalfunctionwasto14thegods.Beingpracticalaswellasexclusivethesenatorsmoved15todividetheauthorityholdingthattheirconsulsorchiefofficialswouldpossessiton16monthsandlaterextendingitspossessiontolowerofficials.17theimportantachievementwastocreatetheideaofcontinuing18authorityembodiedonlytemporarilyincertainupper-classindividualsandconferredonly19themassofthepeopleconcurred.Thesystemgrewwithenormous20asnewofficesandassemblieswerecreatedandalmostnonediscarded. 17
ThehumanYchromosome--theDNAchunkthatmakesamanaman—haslostsomanygenesoverevolutionarytimethatsomescientistshavesuspecteditmightdisappearin10millionyears.Butanewstudysaysit’llstickaround.Researchersfoundnosignofgenelossoverthepast6millionyearssuggestingthechromosomeisdoingaprettygoodjobofmaintainingitselfsaidresearcherDavidPageoftheWhiteheadInstituteforBiomedicalResearchinCambridgeMass.ThatagreeswithpriormathematicalcalculationsthatsuggestedtherateofgenelosswouldslowasthechromosomeevolvedPageandstudyco-authorsnoteinThursday’sissueofthejournalNature.AndtheysayitclasheswithwhatPagecalledtheimminentdemiseideathatsaystheYchromosomeisdoomedtoextinction.TheYappeared300millionyearsagoandhassinceerodedintoadinkychromosomebecauseitlacksthemechanismotherchromosomeshavetogetridofdamagedDNA.Somutationshavedisabledhundredsofitsoriginalgenescausingthemtobeshedasuseless.TheYnowcontainsonly27genesorfamiliesofvirtuallyidenticalgenes.In2003Pagereportedthatthemodern-dayYhasanunusualmechanismtofixabouthalfofitsgenesandprotectthemfromdisappearing.Buthesaidsomescientistsdisagreedwithhisconclusion.ThenewpaperfocusesonaregionoftheYchromosomewheregenescan’tbefixedthatway.Researcherscomparedthehumanandchimpanzeeversionsofthisregion.Humansandchimpshavebeenevolvingseparatelyforabout6millionyearssoscientistsreasonedthatthecomparisonswouldrevealgenesthathavebecomedisabledinonespeciesortheotherduringthattime.TheyfoundfivesuchgenesonthechimpchromosomebutnoneonthehumanchromosomeanimbalancePagecalledsurprising.Itlooksliketherehasbeenlittleifanygenelossinourownspecieslineageinthelast6millionyearsPagesaid.ThatcontradictstheideathatthehumanYchromosomehascontinuedtolosegenessofastit’lldisappearin10millionyearshesaid.Ithinkwecanwithconfidencedismiss...the’imminentdemise’theoryPagesaid.JenniferA.MarshallGravesoftheAustralianNationalUniversityinCanberraageneresearcherwhoarguesforeventualextinctionoftheYchromosomecalledPage’sworkbeautifulbutsaiditdidn’tshakeherconvictionthattheYisdoomed.TheonlyrealquestioniswhennotiftheYchromosomedisappearsshesaid.Itcouldbealotshorterthan10millionyearsbutitcouldbealotlongershesaid.TheYchromosomehasalreadydisappearedinsomeotheranimalsandthere’snoreasontoexpectitcan’thappentohumansshesaid.Ifithappenedinpeoplesomeotherchromosomewouldprobablytakeoverthesex-determiningroleoftheYshesaid.Theauthor’sattitudetowardstheYchromosomeissueseemstobe
Thehistoryofthecomputerinthetwentiethcenturyisoneofdramaticadaptationandexpansion.Thecomputerhadmodestbeginningsinareaswhereitwasusedasaspecialisttool.Thefirstelectroniccomputerwasbuiltinthe1930sandwassolelyfortheuseofundergraduatestudentsinIowaStateUniversitytohandlemathematicalcomputationsinnuclearphysics.Inthe1960sanearlyversionoftheInternetARPPANETwasusedincomputerscienceandengineeringprojects.Howeveronly10yearslatercomputerswerestartingtochangeourlifestylethewaywedobusinessandmanyotherthingsandbythelate1980s’networkswereexpandingtoembracesectionsofthegeneralpublic.ComputerizationhaschangedUShighschooleducationinmanyways.Threedifferentchangesthatconsiderbeingimportant.Thefirstistheuseofthecomputerasteachingaidforteachers.Thenextisthemassivedatastorageandfastdataretrievalfacilitatedbycomputer.Thencomesthechangesbroughtaboutbytheintroductionofsimulationsoftware.Howprevalentistheuseofcomputersinschools!Asrecentlyastheearly1980sonly20%ofsecondaryscienceteachersintheUSAwereusingmicrocomputers.HoweversincethenhighschoolsintheUShavecomputerizedrapidly.By1987schoolshadacquiredabout1.5millioncomputerswith95%ofpublicschoolshavingatleastonecomputer.Computerscanbeusedasteachingaidsbothinschoolsandinhomes.Inschoolsforexampleteacherscanplugacomputerintoanespeciallyequippedoverheadprojectortobringtextsgraphicssoundandvideosintoaclassroom.Bythesemultimediacomputeranimationsteacherscanmorereadilyattractandretainstudents’attention.Annconcludesthatcomputeraidedteachingcanattractandmotivatestudentswhoweredroppingoutwhenmoretraditionalmethodswerebeingused.LetusnowturntotheInternet.Thisisaglobalnetworkconnectingmanylocalnetworks.OvertheInternethighschoolstudentscanretrieveinformationanddatabasesfromeverynetworkedlibraryaroundtheworldinseconds.TheWorldWideWebprovidesaneasywaytoaccesshard-to-findinformation.Studentscannowreachanylibrarythroughtheglobalnetworkandfindwhattheywant.Thefinalstepistodownloadthescannedimage.Thoughtheslowtransmissionofsignalthroughthenetworkisamajorlimitingfactoritcanstillsaveusmuchtimeinfindingusefulinformationandthusitisaninvaluabletooltobothhighschoolteachersandstudents.Theauthor’sattitudetowardscomputerizationseemstobe
ThesuccessofAugustusowedmuchtothecharacterofRomantheorizingaboutthestate.TheRomansdidnotproduceambitiousblueprints1theconstructionofidealstatessuchas2totheGreeks.WithveryfewexceptionsRomantheoristsignoredorrejected3valuelessintellectualexerciseslikePlato’sRepublicin4therelationshipoftheindividualtothestatewas5outpainstakinglywithoutreferenceto6statesorindividuals.TheclosesttheRomancametotheGreekmodelwasCicero’sDeRePublieaandevenhereCicerohadRomeclearlyin7.Romanthoughtaboutthestatewasconcreteevenwhenit8religiousandmoralconcepts.ThefirstrulerofRomeRomuluswas9tohavereceivedauthorityfromthegodsspecificallyfromJupiterthe"guarantor"ofRome.Allconstitutional10wasamethodofconferringandadministeringthe11.Veryclearlyitwasbelievedthatonlytheassemblyofthe12thefamilyheadswhoformedtheoriginalsenate13thereligiouscharacternecessarytoexerciseauthoritybecauseitsoriginalfunctionwasto14thegods.Beingpracticalaswellasexclusivethesenatorsmoved15todividetheauthorityholdingthattheirconsulsorchiefofficialswouldpossessiton16monthsandlaterextendingitspossessiontolowerofficials.17theimportantachievementwastocreatetheideaofcontinuing18authorityembodiedonlytemporarilyincertainupper-classindividualsandconferredonly19themassofthepeopleconcurred.Thesystemgrewwithenormous20asnewofficesandassemblieswerecreatedandalmostnonediscarded. 1
TheextensionofdemocraticrightsintilefirsthalfofthenineteenthcenturyandtheensuingdeclineoftheFederalistestablishmentanewconceptionofeducationbegantoemerge.Educationwasnolongeraconfirmationofapre-existingstatusbutaninstrumentintheacquisitionofhigherstatus.Foranewgenerationofupwardlymobilestudentsthegoalofeducationwasnottopreparethemtolivecomfortablyintheworldintowhichtheyhadbeenbornbuttoteachthemnewvirtuesandskillsthatwouldpropelthemintoadifferentandbetterworld.Educationbecametraining;andthestudentwasnolongerthegentleman-in-waitingbutthejourneymanapprenticeforupwardmobility.Inthenineteenthcenturyacollegeeducationbegantobeseenasawaytogetaheadintheworld.Thefoundingoftheland-grantcollegesopenedthedoorsofhighereducationtopoorbutaspiringboysfromnonAnglo-Saxonworking-classandlower-middle-classbackgrounds.Themythofthepoorboywhoworkedhiswaythroughcollegetosuccessdrewmillionsofpoorboystothenewcampuses.Andwiththisshifteducationbecamemorevocational:itsobjectswastheacquisitionofpracticalskillsandusefulinformation.Forthegentleman-in-waitingvirtueconsistedaboveallingraceandstyleindoingwellwhatwasappropriatetohisposition;educationwasmerelyawayofacquiringpolish.Andvicewasmanifestedingracelessnessawkwardnessinbehavinginappropriatelydiscourteouslyorostentatiously.FortheapprenticehowevervirtuewasevidencedinsuccessthroughhardworkTherequisitequalitiesofcharacterwerenotgraceorstylebutdrivedeterminationandasharpeyeforopportunity.Whilecasualliberalityandevenprodigalitycharacterizedthegentlemanfrugalitythriftandself-controlcametodistinguishthenewapprenticeAndwhilethegentlemandidnotaspiretoahigherstationbecausehisstationwasalreadyhightheapprenticewascontinuallybecomingstrivingstrugglingupward.Failurefortheapprenticemeantstandingstillnotrising.Whichofthefollowingistrueofthefirstparagraph
ThesuccessofAugustusowedmuchtothecharacterofRomantheorizingaboutthestate.TheRomansdidnotproduceambitiousblueprints1theconstructionofidealstatessuchas2totheGreeks.WithveryfewexceptionsRomantheoristsignoredorrejected3valuelessintellectualexerciseslikePlato’sRepublicin4therelationshipoftheindividualtothestatewas5outpainstakinglywithoutreferenceto6statesorindividuals.TheclosesttheRomancametotheGreekmodelwasCicero’sDeRePublieaandevenhereCicerohadRomeclearlyin7.Romanthoughtaboutthestatewasconcreteevenwhenit8religiousandmoralconcepts.ThefirstrulerofRomeRomuluswas9tohavereceivedauthorityfromthegodsspecificallyfromJupiterthe"guarantor"ofRome.Allconstitutional10wasamethodofconferringandadministeringthe11.Veryclearlyitwasbelievedthatonlytheassemblyofthe12thefamilyheadswhoformedtheoriginalsenate13thereligiouscharacternecessarytoexerciseauthoritybecauseitsoriginalfunctionwasto14thegods.Beingpracticalaswellasexclusivethesenatorsmoved15todividetheauthorityholdingthattheirconsulsorchiefofficialswouldpossessiton16monthsandlaterextendingitspossessiontolowerofficials.17theimportantachievementwastocreatetheideaofcontinuing18authorityembodiedonlytemporarilyincertainupper-classindividualsandconferredonly19themassofthepeopleconcurred.Thesystemgrewwithenormous20asnewofficesandassemblieswerecreatedandalmostnonediscarded. 13
[A]Advertisementsaddintereststolife [B]Advertisementshelptosavemoney [C]Criticismsonadvertisers [D]Usefulnessofsmalladvertisements [E]Trueaestheticvalueofadvertisement[ F]Informing:thechieffunctionofadvertising 41______ Advertiserstendtothinkbigandperhapsthisiswhythey’realwayscominginforcriticism.Theircriticsseemtoresentthembecausetheyhaveaflairforself-promotionandbecausetheyhavesomuchmoneytothrowaround."It’siniquitous"theysay"thatthisentirelyunproductiveindustryffwecancallitthatshouldabsorbmillionsofpoundseachyear.Itonlygoestoshowhowmuchprofitthebigcompaniesaremaking.Whydon’ttheystopadvertisingandreducethepriceOftheirgoodsAfterailit’stheconsumerwhopay..." 42______ Thepooroldconsumer!He’dhavetopayagreatdealmoreifadvertisingdidn’tcreatemassmarketsforproducts.Itispreciselybecauseoftheheavyadvertisingthatconsumergoodsaresocheap.Butwegetthewrongideaifwethinktheonlypurposeofadvertisingistosellgoods.Anotherequallyimportantfunctionistoinform.Agreatdealoftheknowledgewehaveabouthouseholdgoodsderiveslargelyfromtheadvertisementsweread.Advertisementsintroduceustonewproductsorremindusoftheexistenceofoneswealreadyknowabout.Supposingyouwantedtobuyawashingmachineitismorethanlikelyyouwouldobtaindetailsregardingperformancepriceetc.fromanadvertisement. 43______ Lotsofpeoplepretendthattheyneverreadadvertisementsbutthisclaimmaybeseriouslydoubted.Itishardlypossiblenottoreadadvertisementsthesedays.Andwhatfuntheyoftenaretoo!Justthinkwhatarailwaystationoranewspaperwouldbelikewithoutadvertisements.WouldyouenjoygazingatablankwallorreadingrailwaylawswhilewaitingforatrainWouldyouliketoreadonlyclosely-printedcolumnsofnewsinyourdailypaperAcheerfulwittyadvertisementmakessuchadifferencetoadrabwallornewspaperfullofthedailyrationofcalamities. 44______ Wemustnotforgeteitherthatadvertisingmakesapositivecontributiontoourpockets.Newspaperscommercialradioandtelevisioncompaniescouldnotsubsistwithoutthissourceofrevenue.Thefactthatwepaysolittleforourdailypaperorcanenjoysomanybroadcastprogramsisdueentirelytothemoneyspentbyadvertisers.Justthinkwhatanewspaperwouldcostifwehadtopayitsfullprice! 45______ Anotherthingwemustn’tforgetisthe"smallads."whichareinvirtuallyeverynewspaperandmagazine.Whatatremendouslyusefulservicetheyperformforthecommunity!Justaboutanythingcanbeaccomplishedthroughthesecolumns.Forinstanceyoucanfindajobbuyorsellahouseannounceabirthmarriageordeathinwhatusedtobecalledthe"hatchmatchanddispatch"columns;butbyfarthemostfascinatingsectionisthepersonalor"agony"column.Nootheriteminanewspaperprovidessuchentertainingreadingorofferssuchadeepinsightintohumannature.It’sthebestadvertisementforadvertisingthereis! 43
TelevisionhastransformedpoliticsintheUnitedStatesbychangingthewayinwhichinformationisdistributedbyalteringpoliticalcampaignsandchangingcitizens’patternsofresponsetopolitics.Bygivingcitizen’sindependentaccesstothecandidatestelevisiondismissedtheroleofthepoliticalpartyintheselectionofthemajorpartycandidates.Bycanteringpoliticsonthepersonofcandidatestelevisionacceleratedthecitizen’sfocusoncharacterratherthanissues. Televisionhasalteredtheformsofpoliticalcommunicationaswell.47Themessagesonwhichmostofusrelyarebrieferthantheyoncewerethestumpspeechapoliticalspeechgivenbytravellingpoliticiansandlasting1.5to2hourswhichcharacterizednineteenth-centurypoliticaldiscoursehasgivenwaytothe30secondadvertisementandthen10second"soundbite"inbroadcastnews.Increasinglytheaudienceforspeechesisnotthatstandinginfrontofthepoliticianbutrathertheviewingaudiencewhowillhearandseeaclipofthespeechonthenews. Intheseabbreviatedformsmuchofwhatconsistedthetraditionalpoliticaldiscourseofearlierageshasbeenlost.48In15or30secondsaspeakercan’testablishthehistoricalcontextthatshapedtheissueinquestioncannotdetailtheprobablecausesoftheproblemandcannotexaminealternativeproposalstoarguethatoneispreferabletoothers.Inclipspoliticiansassertbutdonotargue. Becausetelevisionisanintimatemediumspeakingthroughitrequiredachangedpoliticalstylethatwasmoreconversationalpersonalandvisualthanthatoftheold-stylestumpspeech.Relianceontelevisionmeansthatincreasinglyourpoliticalworldcontainsmemorablepicturesratherthanmemorablewords.Schoolsteachusnotanalyzewordsandprint.49Howeverinaworldinwhichpoliticsisincreasinglyvisualinformedcitizenshiprequiresanewsetofskills. Recognizingthepoweroftelevision’spicturespoliticianscrafttelevisualandstagedeventscalledpseudo-eventsdesignedtoattractmediacoverage.50Politicianstheirspeechwritersandtheirpublicrelationsadvisersfortelevisedconsumptionhavecraftedmuchofthepoliticalactivityweseeontelevisionnews.Soundbitesinnewsandanswerstoquestionsindebatesincreasinglysoundlikeadvertisements. 49
[A]Advertisementsaddintereststolife [B]Advertisementshelptosavemoney [C]Criticismsonadvertisers [D]Usefulnessofsmalladvertisements [E]Trueaestheticvalueofadvertisement[ F]Informing:thechieffunctionofadvertising 41______ Advertiserstendtothinkbigandperhapsthisiswhythey’realwayscominginforcriticism.Theircriticsseemtoresentthembecausetheyhaveaflairforself-promotionandbecausetheyhavesomuchmoneytothrowaround."It’siniquitous"theysay"thatthisentirelyunproductiveindustryffwecancallitthatshouldabsorbmillionsofpoundseachyear.Itonlygoestoshowhowmuchprofitthebigcompaniesaremaking.Whydon’ttheystopadvertisingandreducethepriceOftheirgoodsAfterailit’stheconsumerwhopay..." 42______ Thepooroldconsumer!He’dhavetopayagreatdealmoreifadvertisingdidn’tcreatemassmarketsforproducts.Itispreciselybecauseoftheheavyadvertisingthatconsumergoodsaresocheap.Butwegetthewrongideaifwethinktheonlypurposeofadvertisingistosellgoods.Anotherequallyimportantfunctionistoinform.Agreatdealoftheknowledgewehaveabouthouseholdgoodsderiveslargelyfromtheadvertisementsweread.Advertisementsintroduceustonewproductsorremindusoftheexistenceofoneswealreadyknowabout.Supposingyouwantedtobuyawashingmachineitismorethanlikelyyouwouldobtaindetailsregardingperformancepriceetc.fromanadvertisement. 43______ Lotsofpeoplepretendthattheyneverreadadvertisementsbutthisclaimmaybeseriouslydoubted.Itishardlypossiblenottoreadadvertisementsthesedays.Andwhatfuntheyoftenaretoo!Justthinkwhatarailwaystationoranewspaperwouldbelikewithoutadvertisements.WouldyouenjoygazingatablankwallorreadingrailwaylawswhilewaitingforatrainWouldyouliketoreadonlyclosely-printedcolumnsofnewsinyourdailypaperAcheerfulwittyadvertisementmakessuchadifferencetoadrabwallornewspaperfullofthedailyrationofcalamities. 44______ Wemustnotforgeteitherthatadvertisingmakesapositivecontributiontoourpockets.Newspaperscommercialradioandtelevisioncompaniescouldnotsubsistwithoutthissourceofrevenue.Thefactthatwepaysolittleforourdailypaperorcanenjoysomanybroadcastprogramsisdueentirelytothemoneyspentbyadvertisers.Justthinkwhatanewspaperwouldcostifwehadtopayitsfullprice! 45______ Anotherthingwemustn’tforgetisthe"smallads."whichareinvirtuallyeverynewspaperandmagazine.Whatatremendouslyusefulservicetheyperformforthecommunity!Justaboutanythingcanbeaccomplishedthroughthesecolumns.Forinstanceyoucanfindajobbuyorsellahouseannounceabirthmarriageordeathinwhatusedtobecalledthe"hatchmatchanddispatch"columns;butbyfarthemostfascinatingsectionisthepersonalor"agony"column.Nootheriteminanewspaperprovidessuchentertainingreadingorofferssuchadeepinsightintohumannature.It’sthebestadvertisementforadvertisingthereis! 45
TheextensionofdemocraticrightsintilefirsthalfofthenineteenthcenturyandtheensuingdeclineoftheFederalistestablishmentanewconceptionofeducationbegantoemerge.Educationwasnolongeraconfirmationofapre-existingstatusbutaninstrumentintheacquisitionofhigherstatus.Foranewgenerationofupwardlymobilestudentsthegoalofeducationwasnottopreparethemtolivecomfortablyintheworldintowhichtheyhadbeenbornbuttoteachthemnewvirtuesandskillsthatwouldpropelthemintoadifferentandbetterworld.Educationbecametraining;andthestudentwasnolongerthegentleman-in-waitingbutthejourneymanapprenticeforupwardmobility.Inthenineteenthcenturyacollegeeducationbegantobeseenasawaytogetaheadintheworld.Thefoundingoftheland-grantcollegesopenedthedoorsofhighereducationtopoorbutaspiringboysfromnonAnglo-Saxonworking-classandlower-middle-classbackgrounds.Themythofthepoorboywhoworkedhiswaythroughcollegetosuccessdrewmillionsofpoorboystothenewcampuses.Andwiththisshifteducationbecamemorevocational:itsobjectswastheacquisitionofpracticalskillsandusefulinformation.Forthegentleman-in-waitingvirtueconsistedaboveallingraceandstyleindoingwellwhatwasappropriatetohisposition;educationwasmerelyawayofacquiringpolish.Andvicewasmanifestedingracelessnessawkwardnessinbehavinginappropriatelydiscourteouslyorostentatiously.FortheapprenticehowevervirtuewasevidencedinsuccessthroughhardworkTherequisitequalitiesofcharacterwerenotgraceorstylebutdrivedeterminationandasharpeyeforopportunity.Whilecasualliberalityandevenprodigalitycharacterizedthegentlemanfrugalitythriftandself-controlcametodistinguishthenewapprenticeAndwhilethegentlemandidnotaspiretoahigherstationbecausehisstationwasalreadyhightheapprenticewascontinuallybecomingstrivingstrugglingupward.Failurefortheapprenticemeantstandingstillnotrising.Thebesttitleforthepassageis
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