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What is time Is it a thing to be saved or spent or wasted, like money Or is it something we have no ...
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Whatdoestheworkpestinthesecondsentenceofthefirstpa
Harmful thing.
Insignificant thing.
Troublesome thing
Trivial thing
Timeisthemostvaluablethingthatmankindhas.___71____
________anadvertisementsaysrememberthatthereis____
Whatever, no such thing
What, not such thing
However, no such thing
how, not such thing
A.punctualpersonisinthehabitofdoingathingattheprop
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Yourpreferredresourceisnotavailableatthetimeneeded
Negotiate with management to get the resource. The management is responsible for provision of resources for the project.
Assess your alternatives.
Begin the task early.
Use reserves to increase resources assigned to those tasks.
Heworkstoohardthatis______iswrongwithhim.
that which
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what
the thing what
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less important than schoolwork
more important than school
as important as schoolwork
the most important thing
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color
Manyatimeinlife_____athingisworthdoingornotdepends
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根据短文内容从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳答案其中两项为多余选项Timeisthemostv
Timeisthemostvaluablethingthatmankindhas.61Manypeo
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A.punctualpersonisinthehabitofdoingathingattheprop
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WhentheywerechildrenTerriSchiavo’sbrotherBobbyaccidentallylockedherinasuitcase.Shetriedsohardtogetoutthatthesuitcasejumpedupanddownandscreamed.Thescenepredictedhorriblyhowshewouldendthoughbythatstageshehadneitherwalkednortalkedformorethan15years.BythetimeshefinallydiedonMarch31stherbodyhadbecomeaboxoutofwhichshecouldnotescape.MorethanthatithadbecomeaboxoutofwhichtheUnitedStatesgovernmentCongressthepresidentthegovernorofFloridaandanarmyofevangelicalprotestorsandbloggerswouldnotletherescape.Herlifewhateveritsqualitybecamethepropertynotmerelyofherhusbandwhohadthelegalrighttospeakforherandherparentswhohadbroughtherupbutofthecourtsthestateandthousandsofself-appointedmedicalandpsychologicalexpertsacrossthecountry.ThechiefdifferencebetweenhercaseandthoseofKarenQuinlanandNancyCruzanmuchearliervictimsofPersistentVegetativeStatePVSwastheexistenceoftheinternet.WhenpostedvideotapesshowedMrsSchiavoapparentlysmilingandcommunicatingwiththosearoundherdoctorscalledthesemerereflexactivitybuttothelaymantheyseemedtorevealahumanbeingwhoshouldnotbekilled.OnMarch20thaCATscanofMrsSchiavo’sbrain-thegreymatterofthecerebralcortexmoreorlassgonereplacedbycerebrospinalfluid-waspostedonabiog.ByMarch29thithadbrought390passionateandwarringresponses.Allthisoutsideinterferencecouldonlyexacerbatetherealcrueldilemmasofthecase.AfteraheartattackinFebruary1990whenshewas26MrsSchiavo’sbrainwasdeprivedofoxygenforfiveminutesandirreparablydamaged.Forawhileherfamilyhopedshemightberehabilitated.HerhusbandMichaelboughthernewclothesandwheeledherroundartgalleriesincaseherbraincouldrespond.By1993hewassureitcouldnotandwhenshecaughtaninfectionhedidnotwanthertreated.Herparentsdisagreedandclaimedshecouldrecover.Fromthatpointthefamilysplitandlitigationstarted.Eachsidebackedbylegionsofsupportersaccusedtheotherofmoney-grubbingandbadfaith.AFloridacourttwiceorderedMrsSchiavo’sfeedingtubetoberemovedandJebBushthegovernorofFloridaoverruledit.ThefinalremovalofthetubeonMarch18thwasfollowedbyanextraordinarysceneintheearlyhoursofMarch21stwhenGeorgeBushsignedintolawabillallowingMrsSchiavo’sparentstoappealyetagaintoafederalcourt.Butbythenthecourtsandtwo-thirdsofAmericansthoughtthatenoughwasenough.OnMarch24ththeSupremeCourtdeclinedtohearthecase.What’sdoctors’opiniononMrsSchiavo’scase
Itvanishedin2002aresultofabadfall.Asmyneurosurgeonexplainedwhenmyheadhitthegroundmybrainsloshedaroundwhichsmasheddelicatenerveendingsinmyolfactorysystem.Maybethey’llrepairthemselvesshesaidinwhatstruckmeasmuchtoocasualatoneandmaybetheywon’tIfIhadtolosesomethingitmightaswellhavebeensmell;atleastnothingaboutmypersonalityormymemoryhadchangedascanhappenwithheadtrauma.Soitseemedalmostchurlishtofeelasthemonthswentonsodevastatedbythisparticularloss.ButIwasheartbroken.MysenseofsmellwasalwayssomethingItookpleasurein.WithoutscentIfeltasffIwerewalkingaroundthecitywithoutmycontactlensesdealingwithpeoplewhilewearingearplugsmovingthroughsomethingstickyandthick.Thesharpnessofthingstheirspecificitydiminished.Icouldn’teventellwhenthemilkhadgonebad.OddlymysenseoftasteremainedperfectlyfinebutIwasstillnervousaboutopeningacartonofyogurtwithouthavingsomeonenearbytosniffitforme.Ihadbeenstrippedofthesensewealluseoftenwithoutrealizingittonegotiatetheworldtoknowwhichthingsaresafeandwhicharedangerous.AfternearlyayearItalkedtoacolleaguesavvyingaboutneuro-sciencewhosuggestedItrytoretrainmysenseofsmellontheassumptionthatthenerveendingshadrepairedthemselvesbutthatsomethingwasstillbrokenalongthepathwayfromnosetobrainwhereodormoleculesactivateolfactoryreceptorsthesubjectofthisyear’sNobel-winningresearch.HeradvicewastoexposemyselftostrongdistinctivefragrancesaskingthepersonIwaswithtotellmeexactlywhatIwassmellingevenifIwasn’tconsciousofsmellinganythingatall.Ibeganstickingmynoseintoeverythingthatseemedlikelytohaveascent-thecumininthespicecabinetfreshlygroundcoffeeredwine.IinterruptedfriendsmidsentenceifwehappenedtobewalkingpastapizzaplaceoragarbagetruckandaskedstupidlyWhatareyousmellingnowSlowlythesmelltherapystartedtowork.AtfirstdistressinglyallIcouldsmellwereunnaturalscents:dandruffshampoofurniturepolishacloudofafter-shavefromastockyyoungman.ThefirsttimeIsmelledcutgrassagaininthesmallparkneartheAmericanMuseumofNaturalHistorywasalmostexactlytwoyearsaftermyfall.Itmademecry.Thetearsembarrassedmebutcutgrassisoneofthosefragrancesthattransportmedirectlytothelandscapeofchildhood.Andthat’swhatIhadbeenmissingreallyandwhygettingbackmysenseofsmellwassoprecious:avisceralconnectiontothepersonIusedtobe.Accordingtothetextabadfalloftheauthorresultedin______.
Bythe1950’sand60’sgoingforChinesehadbecomepartofthesuburbanvernacular.InplaceslikeNewYorkCityeatingChinesefoodbecameintertwinedwiththetraditionsofotherethnicgroupsespeciallythatofJewishimmigrants.ManyJewishfamiliesfaithfullyvisitedtheirfavoriteChineserestauranteverySundaynight.AmongthemenusintheexhibitionareselectionsfromGlattWok:KosherChineseRestaurantandTakeoutinMonseyN.Y.andWokToyinCedarhurstN.Y.Until1965Cantonese-speakingimmigrantsmainlyfromthecountyofToisandominatedtheindustryandmenusreflectedastandardrepertoryoftastybutblandAmericanizationsofCantonesedishes.ButlooseningimmigrationrestrictionsthatyearbroughtafloodofpeoplefrommanydifferentregionsofChinastartingauthenticityrevolutionsaidEdSchoenfeldarestaurateurandChinesefoodconsultant.TopchefswhoweretrainedinspicyandmoreunusualregionalspecialtieslikeHunanandSichunancookingcametoNewYorkthenMr.Schoenfeldsaid.PresidentRichardM.Nixon’striptoChinain1972awakenedinterestinthecountryandaccountsofhismealshelpedwhetdiners’appetitesfornewdishes.AnillustrationofascowlingNixonwithapairofchopsticksglaresdownfromthewallattheexhibition.HunanandSichuanrestaurantsinNewYorkinfluencedthetasteofthewholecountryMr.Schoenfeldsaid.DisheslikeGeneralTso’schickenandcrispyorangebeefcaughtoneverywhere.ButaswiththeCantonesefoodbeforeitMr.Schoenfeldsaidthecookingdegradedovertimeasitbecamemassproduced.Today’sbatter-friedsyrup-ladenversionofChinesefoodhesaidbearslittleresemblancetoauthenticcuisine.TherealexplosionofChineserestaurantsthatmadethemubiquitouscameinthe1980’ssaidBettyXieeditorofChineseRestaurantNews.NowyouseetherearealmostoneortwoChineserestaurantsineverytownintheUnitedStatesshesaid.TherearesignsthatsomehavetiredofChinesefood.A2004ZagatsurveyshowedthatitspopularityhasebbedsomewhatinNewYorkCity.ButthejourneyoftheChineserestaurantremainsthestoryoftheAmericandreamasexperiencedbyaconstantbutevolvingstreamofChineseimmigrantswhorealizedthepotentialof12-hourdaysborrowedcapitalandawillingnesstocookwhateverAmericanswanted.Salesmarginsaretightandwagesarelow.RestaurantsarepassedfromonefamilymembertothenextorsoldbyoneChinesefamilytoanother.OftenacontingencywrittenintoSalescontractsisthatthepreviousownerstrainthenewowners.ThecompetitioninChinesecommunitiesiscutthroatMr.Chentheco-curatorsaid.WhatpeoplerealizeisyoucanmakemuchmuchbetterprofitinplaceslikeMontana./AccordingtotheauthorChinesefoodinNewYorkCity______.
Itisanastonishingfactthattherearelawsofnaturerulesthatsummarizeconveniently-1qualitativelybutquantitatively-howtheworldworks.Wemight2auniverseinwhichtherearenosuchlawsinwhichthe1080elementaryparticlesthat3auniverselikeourownbehavewithutteranduncompromisingabandon.Tounderstandsuchauniversewewouldneedabrain4asmassiveastheuniverse.Itseems5thatsuchauniversecouldhavelifeandintelligencebecausebeingandbrains6somedegreeofinternalstabilityandorder.But7inamuchmorerandomuniversethereweresuchbeingswithanintelligencemuch8thanourowntherecouldnotbemuchknowledgepassionorjoy. 9forusweliveinauniversethathasatleastimportantpartsthatareknowable.Ourcommon-senseexperienceandourevolutionaryhistoryhave10ustounderstandsomethingoftheworkadayworld.Whenwegointootherrealmshowevercommonsenseandordinaryintuition11highlyunreliableguides.Itisstunningthataswegoclosetothespeedoflightourmass12indefinitelyweshrinktowardzerothickness13thedirectionofmotionandtimeforuscomesasneartostoppingaswewouldlike.Manypeoplethinkthatthisissillyandeveryweek14Igetaletterfromsomeonewhocomplainstomeaboutit.ButitisvirtuallycertainconsequencenotjustofexperimentbutalsoofAlbertEinstein’s15analysisofspaceandtimecalledtheSpecialTheoryofRelativity.Itdoesnotmatterthattheseeffectsseemunreasonabletous.Wearenot16thehabitoftravelingclosetothespeedoflight.Thetestimonyofourcommonsenseissuspectathighvelocities. Theideathattheworldplacesrestrictionson17humansmightdoisfrustrating.Whyshouldn’twebeabletohaveintermediaterotationalpositionsWhycan’twe18fasterthanthespeedoflightBut19wecantellthisisthewaytheuniverseisconstructed.Suchprohibitionsnotonly20ustowardalittlehumility;theyalsomaketheworldmoreknowable. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Itvanishedin2002aresultofabadfall.Asmyneurosurgeonexplainedwhenmyheadhitthegroundmybrainsloshedaroundwhichsmasheddelicatenerveendingsinmyolfactorysystem.Maybethey’llrepairthemselvesshesaidinwhatstruckmeasmuchtoocasualatoneandmaybetheywon’tIfIhadtolosesomethingitmightaswellhavebeensmell;atleastnothingaboutmypersonalityormymemoryhadchangedascanhappenwithheadtrauma.Soitseemedalmostchurlishtofeelasthemonthswentonsodevastatedbythisparticularloss.ButIwasheartbroken.MysenseofsmellwasalwayssomethingItookpleasurein.WithoutscentIfeltasffIwerewalkingaroundthecitywithoutmycontactlensesdealingwithpeoplewhilewearingearplugsmovingthroughsomethingstickyandthick.Thesharpnessofthingstheirspecificitydiminished.Icouldn’teventellwhenthemilkhadgonebad.OddlymysenseoftasteremainedperfectlyfinebutIwasstillnervousaboutopeningacartonofyogurtwithouthavingsomeonenearbytosniffitforme.Ihadbeenstrippedofthesensewealluseoftenwithoutrealizingittonegotiatetheworldtoknowwhichthingsaresafeandwhicharedangerous.AfternearlyayearItalkedtoacolleaguesavvyingaboutneuro-sciencewhosuggestedItrytoretrainmysenseofsmellontheassumptionthatthenerveendingshadrepairedthemselvesbutthatsomethingwasstillbrokenalongthepathwayfromnosetobrainwhereodormoleculesactivateolfactoryreceptorsthesubjectofthisyear’sNobel-winningresearch.HeradvicewastoexposemyselftostrongdistinctivefragrancesaskingthepersonIwaswithtotellmeexactlywhatIwassmellingevenifIwasn’tconsciousofsmellinganythingatall.Ibeganstickingmynoseintoeverythingthatseemedlikelytohaveascent-thecumininthespicecabinetfreshlygroundcoffeeredwine.IinterruptedfriendsmidsentenceifwehappenedtobewalkingpastapizzaplaceoragarbagetruckandaskedstupidlyWhatareyousmellingnowSlowlythesmelltherapystartedtowork.AtfirstdistressinglyallIcouldsmellwereunnaturalscents:dandruffshampoofurniturepolishacloudofafter-shavefromastockyyoungman.ThefirsttimeIsmelledcutgrassagaininthesmallparkneartheAmericanMuseumofNaturalHistorywasalmostexactlytwoyearsaftermyfall.Itmademecry.Thetearsembarrassedmebutcutgrassisoneofthosefragrancesthattransportmedirectlytothelandscapeofchildhood.Andthat’swhatIhadbeenmissingreallyandwhygettingbackmysenseofsmellwassoprecious:avisceralconnectiontothepersonIusedtobe.Whentheauthorsmelledcutgrassagainforthefirsttimeshe______.
Itisanastonishingfactthattherearelawsofnaturerulesthatsummarizeconveniently-1qualitativelybutquantitatively-howtheworldworks.Wemight2auniverseinwhichtherearenosuchlawsinwhichthe1080elementaryparticlesthat3auniverselikeourownbehavewithutteranduncompromisingabandon.Tounderstandsuchauniversewewouldneedabrain4asmassiveastheuniverse.Itseems5thatsuchauniversecouldhavelifeandintelligencebecausebeingandbrains6somedegreeofinternalstabilityandorder.But7inamuchmorerandomuniversethereweresuchbeingswithanintelligencemuch8thanourowntherecouldnotbemuchknowledgepassionorjoy. 9forusweliveinauniversethathasatleastimportantpartsthatareknowable.Ourcommon-senseexperienceandourevolutionaryhistoryhave10ustounderstandsomethingoftheworkadayworld.Whenwegointootherrealmshowevercommonsenseandordinaryintuition11highlyunreliableguides.Itisstunningthataswegoclosetothespeedoflightourmass12indefinitelyweshrinktowardzerothickness13thedirectionofmotionandtimeforuscomesasneartostoppingaswewouldlike.Manypeoplethinkthatthisissillyandeveryweek14Igetaletterfromsomeonewhocomplainstomeaboutit.ButitisvirtuallycertainconsequencenotjustofexperimentbutalsoofAlbertEinstein’s15analysisofspaceandtimecalledtheSpecialTheoryofRelativity.Itdoesnotmatterthattheseeffectsseemunreasonabletous.Wearenot16thehabitoftravelingclosetothespeedoflight.Thetestimonyofourcommonsenseissuspectathighvelocities. Theideathattheworldplacesrestrictionson17humansmightdoisfrustrating.Whyshouldn’twebeabletohaveintermediaterotationalpositionsWhycan’twe18fasterthanthespeedoflightBut19wecantellthisisthewaytheuniverseisconstructed.Suchprohibitionsnotonly20ustowardalittlehumility;theyalsomaketheworldmoreknowable. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Itisanastonishingfactthattherearelawsofnaturerulesthatsummarizeconveniently-1qualitativelybutquantitatively-howtheworldworks.Wemight2auniverseinwhichtherearenosuchlawsinwhichthe1080elementaryparticlesthat3auniverselikeourownbehavewithutteranduncompromisingabandon.Tounderstandsuchauniversewewouldneedabrain4asmassiveastheuniverse.Itseems5thatsuchauniversecouldhavelifeandintelligencebecausebeingandbrains6somedegreeofinternalstabilityandorder.But7inamuchmorerandomuniversethereweresuchbeingswithanintelligencemuch8thanourowntherecouldnotbemuchknowledgepassionorjoy. 9forusweliveinauniversethathasatleastimportantpartsthatareknowable.Ourcommon-senseexperienceandourevolutionaryhistoryhave10ustounderstandsomethingoftheworkadayworld.Whenwegointootherrealmshowevercommonsenseandordinaryintuition11highlyunreliableguides.Itisstunningthataswegoclosetothespeedoflightourmass12indefinitelyweshrinktowardzerothickness13thedirectionofmotionandtimeforuscomesasneartostoppingaswewouldlike.Manypeoplethinkthatthisissillyandeveryweek14Igetaletterfromsomeonewhocomplainstomeaboutit.ButitisvirtuallycertainconsequencenotjustofexperimentbutalsoofAlbertEinstein’s15analysisofspaceandtimecalledtheSpecialTheoryofRelativity.Itdoesnotmatterthattheseeffectsseemunreasonabletous.Wearenot16thehabitoftravelingclosetothespeedoflight.Thetestimonyofourcommonsenseissuspectathighvelocities. Theideathattheworldplacesrestrictionson17humansmightdoisfrustrating.Whyshouldn’twebeabletohaveintermediaterotationalpositionsWhycan’twe18fasterthanthespeedoflightBut19wecantellthisisthewaytheuniverseisconstructed.Suchprohibitionsnotonly20ustowardalittlehumility;theyalsomaketheworldmoreknowable. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
TheUnitedStateshashistoricallyhadhigherratesofmarriagethanthoseofotherindustrializedcountries.Thecurrentannualmarriage1intheUnitedStates-about9newmarriagesforevery1000people-is2higherthanitisinotherindustrializedcountries.Howevermarriageis3aswidespreadasitwasseveraldecadesago.4ofAmericanadultswhoaremarried5from72percentin1970to60percentin2002.Thisdoesnotmeanthatlargenumbersofpeoplewillremainunmarried6theirlives.Throughoutthe20thcenturyabout90percentofAmericansmarriedatsome7intheirlives.Experts8thataboutthesameproportionoftoday’syoungadultswilleventuallymarry. Thetimingofmarriagehasvaried9overthepastcentury.In1995theaverageageofwomenintheUnitedStatesatthe10oftheirfirstmarriagewas25.Theaverageageofmenwasabout27.MenandwomenintheUnitedStatesmarry11thefirsttimeatanaverageoffiveyearslaterthanpeople12inthe1950s.13youngadultsofthe1950smarriedyoungerthandidanyprevious14inU.S.history.Today’slaterageofmarriageis15theageofmarriagebetween1890and1940.16agreaterproportionofthepopulationwasmarried95percentduringthe1950sthanatanytimebefore17.Expertsdonotagreeon18the"marriagerush"ofthelate1940sand1950soccurredbutmostsocialscientistsbelieveitrepresenteda19tothereturnofpeacefullifeandprosperityafter15yearsofsevereeconomic20andwar. ReadthefollowingtextChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Peopleinbusinesscanuseforesighttoidentifynewproductsandservicesaswellasmarketsforthoseproductsandservices.Anincreaseinminoritypopulationsinaneighborhoodwouldpromptagrocerwithforesighttostockmorefoodslinkedtoethnictastes.Anartmuseumdirectorwithforesightmightfollowtrendsincomputergraphicstomakeexhibitsmoreappealingtoyoungervisitors.Foresightmayrevealpotentialthreatsthatwecanpreparetodealwithbeforetheybecomecrises.Forinstanceacorporatemanagerwithforesightmightseeanalarmingriseinlocalhousingpricesthatcouldaffecttheavailabilityofskilledworkersintheregion.Thepublic’schangingvaluesandprioritiesaswellasemergingtechnologiesdemographicshiftseconomicconstraintsoropportunitiesandenvironmentalandresourceconcernsareallpartsoftheincreasinglycomplexworldsysteminwhichleadersmustlead.Peopleingovernmentalsoneedforesighttokeepsystemsrunningsmoothlytoplanbudgetsandtopreventwars.Governmentleaderstodaymustdealwithahostofnewproblemsemergingfromrapidadvancesintechnology.Evenatthecommunitylevelforesightiscritical:Schoolofficialsforexampleneedforesighttoassessnumbersofstudentstoaccommodatenumbersofteacherstohireneweducationaltechnologiestodeployandnewskillsforstudentsandtheirteacherstodevelop.Manyofthebest-knowntechniquesforforesightweredevelopedbygovernmentplannersespeciallyinthemilitarywhenthepost-WorldWarIIatomicagemadeitcriticaltothinkabouttheunthinkableandprepareforit.PioneeringfuturistsattheRANDCorporationthefirstthinktankbeganseriouslyconsideringwhatnewtechnologiesmightemergeinthefutureandhowthesemightaffectU.S.security.ThesepioneeringfuturistsatRANDalongwithotherselsewhererefinedavarietyofnewwaysforthinkingaboutthefuture.Thefuturistsrecognizedthatthefutureworldiscontinuouswiththepresentworldsowecanlearnagreatdealaboutwhatmayhappeninthefuturebylookingsystematicallyatwhatishappeningnow.Thekeythingtowatchisnoteventssuddendevelopmentsorone-dayoccurrencesbuttrendslong-termongoingshiftsinsuchthingsaspopulationlandusetechnologyandgovernmentalsystems.Usingthesetechniquesandmanyothersfuturistsnowcantellusmanythingsthatmayhappeninthefuture.Somearenearlycertaintohappensuchasthecontinuingexpansionintheworld’spopulation.Othereventsareviewedasfarlesslikelybutcouldbeextremelyimportantiftheydooccursuchasanasteroidcollidingwiththeplanet.Accordingtothetextthemostimportantforthefuturiststograspis______.
Ifyouseeadiamondringonthefourthfingerofawoman’slefthandyouprobablyknowwhatitmeans:inAmericathishaslongbeenthedigitofchoiceforbetrothaljewelryandtheloreofthetradetracesthesymbolismbacktoancienttimes.Butifyouseeadiamondringonthefourthfingerofawoman’srighthandyoumayormaynotknowthatitsignifiesanindependentspiritoreveneconomicempowermentandchanginggendermores.AlotofwomenhavedisposableincomeKatieCouricsaidrecentlyontheTodayshowaftershowingviewersherChangeright-hander.WhywaitforamantogiveheradiamondringThisnotionmaybetracedbackapproximatelytoSeptember.That’swhentheDiamondInformationCenterbeganahugemarketingcampaignaimedatarticulatingthemeaningofright-handrings-andthusarationaleforbuyingthem.Yourlefthandsays’we’thecampaigndeclares.Yourrighthandsays’me’.Thepositioningisbrilliant:thewearermaybemarriedorunmarriedandmaybuytheringherselforrequestitasagift.Andwhileitcantakeyearsforanewjewelryconcepttoworkitselfthoroughlyintothemainstreamthetight-bandringalreadyhasmomentum.AtthehigherendofthescalethejewelrymakerKwiatwhichsuppliesstoreslikeSaksoffersalineofKwiatSpiritRingsthatcanretailforasmuchas$5000andwe’resellingitfasterthanwe’remanufacturingitsaysBillGouldthecompany’schiefofmarketing.Attheotherendofthestalemass-orientedretailersthatoftentakeawait-and-seeattitudehavealreadyjumpedonthebandwagon.FirmslikeKwiatweregivenwhatGouldcallsdirectionfromtheDiamondinformationCenteraboutthenewring’sattributes-multiplediamondsinanorth-southorientationthatdistinguishesitfromthelookofanengagementringandsoon.Butallthisissecondarytothenewlymintedmeaning.TheideaMorrisonsaysisthatbeyondatrendthiscouldbecomeasortofculturalimperative.AtallorderWellbearinmindthatadiamondisforeverisnotasayinghandeddownfromimperialRome.ItwashandeddownfromanearliergenerationofDeBeersmarketers.JoyceJonasajewelryappraiserandhistoriannotesthatDeBeersinthe40’sand50’stookadvantageofachangingAmericanclassstructuretoturndiamondringsintoanattainablesymbolforthemasses.BynowJonansobservesthestonealoneisjustacommodity.AndthisofcourseiswhatmakesitsinventedsignificancemoreCrucialthanever.Accordingtotheauthoradiamondisforeveris______.
Ifyouseeadiamondringonthefourthfingerofawoman’slefthandyouprobablyknowwhatitmeans:inAmericathishaslongbeenthedigitofchoiceforbetrothaljewelryandtheloreofthetradetracesthesymbolismbacktoancienttimes.Butifyouseeadiamondringonthefourthfingerofawoman’srighthandyoumayormaynotknowthatitsignifiesanindependentspiritoreveneconomicempowermentandchanginggendermores.AlotofwomenhavedisposableincomeKatieCouricsaidrecentlyontheTodayshowaftershowingviewersherChangeright-hander.WhywaitforamantogiveheradiamondringThisnotionmaybetracedbackapproximatelytoSeptember.That’swhentheDiamondInformationCenterbeganahugemarketingcampaignaimedatarticulatingthemeaningofright-handrings-andthusarationaleforbuyingthem.Yourlefthandsays’we’thecampaigndeclares.Yourrighthandsays’me’.Thepositioningisbrilliant:thewearermaybemarriedorunmarriedandmaybuytheringherselforrequestitasagift.Andwhileitcantakeyearsforanewjewelryconcepttoworkitselfthoroughlyintothemainstreamthetight-bandringalreadyhasmomentum.AtthehigherendofthescalethejewelrymakerKwiatwhichsuppliesstoreslikeSaksoffersalineofKwiatSpiritRingsthatcanretailforasmuchas$5000andwe’resellingitfasterthanwe’remanufacturingitsaysBillGouldthecompany’schiefofmarketing.Attheotherendofthestalemass-orientedretailersthatoftentakeawait-and-seeattitudehavealreadyjumpedonthebandwagon.FirmslikeKwiatweregivenwhatGouldcallsdirectionfromtheDiamondinformationCenteraboutthenewring’sattributes-multiplediamondsinanorth-southorientationthatdistinguishesitfromthelookofanengagementringandsoon.Butallthisissecondarytothenewlymintedmeaning.TheideaMorrisonsaysisthatbeyondatrendthiscouldbecomeasortofculturalimperative.AtallorderWellbearinmindthatadiamondisforeverisnotasayinghandeddownfromimperialRome.ItwashandeddownfromanearliergenerationofDeBeersmarketers.JoyceJonasajewelryappraiserandhistoriannotesthatDeBeersinthe40’sand50’stookadvantageofachangingAmericanclassstructuretoturndiamondringsintoanattainablesymbolforthemasses.BynowJonansobservesthestonealoneisjustacommodity.AndthisofcourseiswhatmakesitsinventedsignificancemoreCrucialthanever.Yourrighthandsays’me’Line4Par
A.Periodicalsininitialstage B.Thefunctionofperiodicals C.Newspapersandotherperiodicalsonline D.Theintroductionofreviews E.Featuresofperiodicals F.Theemergenceofmodernperiodicals Periodicalsrefertopublicationsreleasedonaregularbasisthatmayincludenewsfeaturearticlespoemsfictionalstoriesorothertypesofwriting.Manyperiodicalsalsoincludephotographsanddrawings.Periodicalsthatareaimedatageneralaudiencesuchasweeklynewsroundupsormonthlyspecial-interestpublicationsarealsocalledmagazines.Thosewithamorenarrowaudiencesuchaspublicationsofscholarlyorganizationscanbetermedjournals.Whilenewspapersareperiodicalsthetermgenerallyhascometorefertopublicationsotherthandailies. 41.__________ Historicallymustperiodicalshavedifferedfromnewspapersintheirformatpublicationscheduleandcontent.Mostnewspapersdealwiththenewsofthedayandareissuedonpulppaperwithrelativelylargeunboundpages.Bycontrastothertypesofperiodicalsfocusonmorespecializedmaterialandwhentheydealwithnewstheytendtodosointheformofsummariesorcommentaries.Forcenturiestheseperiodicalsgenerallyhavebeenprintedonfinerpaperthannewspaperswithsmallerboundpagesandissuedatintervalslongerthanadayweeklyeverytwoweeksmonthlyquarterlyorevenannually. 42.__________ Inthe1990swiththegrowthoftheInternetpublishersbegantoreleasenewspapersandotherperiodicalsonline.Thisdevelopmentblurredthelinebetweenthetwoformsbecausethegeneralformatanddesignofonlinenewspapersandperiodicalsaresimilarandthepublicationschedulesofbothformsbecamemoreflexible.Forexamplemanynewspaperpublishersupdatetheironlineversionsthroughoutthedayandsomeonlineperiodicalsdothesame.Despitethesetechnologicalchangesthetwoformsdifferingemphasisinchoiceofcontentremainsadistinguishingfactor. 43.__________ TheearliestperiodicalsincludetheGermanErbaulicheMonaths-UnterredungenEdifyingMonthlyDiscussions1663-1668theFrenchJournaldesScavans1665;subsequentlytitledJournaldesSavantsandtheEnglishPhilosophicalTransactions1665oftheRoyalSocietyofLondon.Thesewereessentiallycollectionsofsummarieslateressaysondevelopmentsinartliteraturephilosophyandscience. 44.__________ ThefirstperiodicalofthemoderngeneraltypedevotedtoamiscellanyofreadingentertainmentwastheEnglishpublicationTheGentleman’sMagazine1731—1907-thefirstinstanceoftheuseofthewordmagazinetodenoteaforumforentertainingreading.Itcontainedreportsofpoliticaldebatesessaysstoriesandpoemsandwaswidelyinfluential.ItservedasthemodelforthefirsttrueAmericanperiodicalsGeneralMagazineandHistoricalChronicleandAmericanMagazine.BothoftheseperiodicalsfirstappearedinPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniainJanuary1741asrivalpublications;neitherlastedmorethanafewmonthshowever.TheformerwasfoundedbytheAmericanstatesmanandscientistBenjaminFranklinandthelatterbytheAmericanprinterAndrewBradford. MonthlyorquarterlyreviewsusuallypartisaninpoliticsandwitharticlescontributedbyeminentauthorsandpoliticianswereintroducedinBritainearlyinthe19thcentury.Ofthesetwobecameoutstanding.TheEdinburghReview1802-1929foundedinsupportoftheWhigPartywasoneofthemostinfluentialcriticaljournalsofitsdayandnumberedamongitscontributors-theEnglishwritersSirWalterScottThomasCarlyleMatthewArnoldandWilliamHazlitt.Blackwood’sEdinburghMagazine1817-1981aTorypublicationwasearlyinitscareernotedforitsserializationofScottishfictionanditssatiricalcommentariesonScottishaffairs. OneofthemostimportantseriousperiodicalsintheUnitedStatesinthe19thcenturywastheNorthAmericanReview1815-1940;revivedin1964.EditorsduringitskongandillustriouscareerincludedsuchliteraryfiguresasJamesRussellLowellCharlesEliotNortonandHenryAdams;contributorsincludedHenryJamesH. G.WellsandMarkTwain.AmongtheEuropeanequivalentsofsuchperiodicalsweretheFrenchRevuedesDeuxMondesandtheGermanLiterarischesWochenblatt. 42
Peopleinbusinesscanuseforesighttoidentifynewproductsandservicesaswellasmarketsforthoseproductsandservices.Anincreaseinminoritypopulationsinaneighborhoodwouldpromptagrocerwithforesighttostockmorefoodslinkedtoethnictastes.Anartmuseumdirectorwithforesightmightfollowtrendsincomputergraphicstomakeexhibitsmoreappealingtoyoungervisitors.Foresightmayrevealpotentialthreatsthatwecanpreparetodealwithbeforetheybecomecrises.Forinstanceacorporatemanagerwithforesightmightseeanalarmingriseinlocalhousingpricesthatcouldaffecttheavailabilityofskilledworkersintheregion.Thepublic’schangingvaluesandprioritiesaswellasemergingtechnologiesdemographicshiftseconomicconstraintsoropportunitiesandenvironmentalandresourceconcernsareallpartsoftheincreasinglycomplexworldsysteminwhichleadersmustlead.Peopleingovernmentalsoneedforesighttokeepsystemsrunningsmoothlytoplanbudgetsandtopreventwars.Governmentleaderstodaymustdealwithahostofnewproblemsemergingfromrapidadvancesintechnology.Evenatthecommunitylevelforesightiscritical:Schoolofficialsforexampleneedforesighttoassessnumbersofstudentstoaccommodatenumbersofteacherstohireneweducationaltechnologiestodeployandnewskillsforstudentsandtheirteacherstodevelop.Manyofthebest-knowntechniquesforforesightweredevelopedbygovernmentplannersespeciallyinthemilitarywhenthepost-WorldWarIIatomicagemadeitcriticaltothinkabouttheunthinkableandprepareforit.PioneeringfuturistsattheRANDCorporationthefirstthinktankbeganseriouslyconsideringwhatnewtechnologiesmightemergeinthefutureandhowthesemightaffectU.S.security.ThesepioneeringfuturistsatRANDalongwithotherselsewhererefinedavarietyofnewwaysforthinkingaboutthefuture.Thefuturistsrecognizedthatthefutureworldiscontinuouswiththepresentworldsowecanlearnagreatdealaboutwhatmayhappeninthefuturebylookingsystematicallyatwhatishappeningnow.Thekeythingtowatchisnoteventssuddendevelopmentsorone-dayoccurrencesbuttrendslong-termongoingshiftsinsuchthingsaspopulationlandusetechnologyandgovernmentalsystems.Usingthesetechniquesandmanyothersfuturistsnowcantellusmanythingsthatmayhappeninthefuture.Somearenearlycertaintohappensuchasthecontinuingexpansionintheworld’spopulation.Othereventsareviewedasfarlesslikelybutcouldbeextremelyimportantiftheydooccursuchasanasteroidcollidingwiththeplanet.Whichofthefollowingmayberegardedaspotentialcrises
Itisanastonishingfactthattherearelawsofnaturerulesthatsummarizeconveniently-1qualitativelybutquantitatively-howtheworldworks.Wemight2auniverseinwhichtherearenosuchlawsinwhichthe1080elementaryparticlesthat3auniverselikeourownbehavewithutteranduncompromisingabandon.Tounderstandsuchauniversewewouldneedabrain4asmassiveastheuniverse.Itseems5thatsuchauniversecouldhavelifeandintelligencebecausebeingandbrains6somedegreeofinternalstabilityandorder.But7inamuchmorerandomuniversethereweresuchbeingswithanintelligencemuch8thanourowntherecouldnotbemuchknowledgepassionorjoy. 9forusweliveinauniversethathasatleastimportantpartsthatareknowable.Ourcommon-senseexperienceandourevolutionaryhistoryhave10ustounderstandsomethingoftheworkadayworld.Whenwegointootherrealmshowevercommonsenseandordinaryintuition11highlyunreliableguides.Itisstunningthataswegoclosetothespeedoflightourmass12indefinitelyweshrinktowardzerothickness13thedirectionofmotionandtimeforuscomesasneartostoppingaswewouldlike.Manypeoplethinkthatthisissillyandeveryweek14Igetaletterfromsomeonewhocomplainstomeaboutit.ButitisvirtuallycertainconsequencenotjustofexperimentbutalsoofAlbertEinstein’s15analysisofspaceandtimecalledtheSpecialTheoryofRelativity.Itdoesnotmatterthattheseeffectsseemunreasonabletous.Wearenot16thehabitoftravelingclosetothespeedoflight.Thetestimonyofourcommonsenseissuspectathighvelocities. Theideathattheworldplacesrestrictionson17humansmightdoisfrustrating.Whyshouldn’twebeabletohaveintermediaterotationalpositionsWhycan’twe18fasterthanthespeedoflightBut19wecantellthisisthewaytheuniverseisconstructed.Suchprohibitionsnotonly20ustowardalittlehumility;theyalsomaketheworldmoreknowable. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
WhentheywerechildrenTerriSchiavo’sbrotherBobbyaccidentallylockedherinasuitcase.Shetriedsohardtogetoutthatthesuitcasejumpedupanddownandscreamed.Thescenepredictedhorriblyhowshewouldendthoughbythatstageshehadneitherwalkednortalkedformorethan15years.BythetimeshefinallydiedonMarch31stherbodyhadbecomeaboxoutofwhichshecouldnotescape.MorethanthatithadbecomeaboxoutofwhichtheUnitedStatesgovernmentCongressthepresidentthegovernorofFloridaandanarmyofevangelicalprotestorsandbloggerswouldnotletherescape.Herlifewhateveritsqualitybecamethepropertynotmerelyofherhusbandwhohadthelegalrighttospeakforherandherparentswhohadbroughtherupbutofthecourtsthestateandthousandsofself-appointedmedicalandpsychologicalexpertsacrossthecountry.ThechiefdifferencebetweenhercaseandthoseofKarenQuinlanandNancyCruzanmuchearliervictimsofPersistentVegetativeStatePVSwastheexistenceoftheinternet.WhenpostedvideotapesshowedMrsSchiavoapparentlysmilingandcommunicatingwiththosearoundherdoctorscalledthesemerereflexactivitybuttothelaymantheyseemedtorevealahumanbeingwhoshouldnotbekilled.OnMarch20thaCATscanofMrsSchiavo’sbrain-thegreymatterofthecerebralcortexmoreorlassgonereplacedbycerebrospinalfluid-waspostedonabiog.ByMarch29thithadbrought390passionateandwarringresponses.Allthisoutsideinterferencecouldonlyexacerbatetherealcrueldilemmasofthecase.AfteraheartattackinFebruary1990whenshewas26MrsSchiavo’sbrainwasdeprivedofoxygenforfiveminutesandirreparablydamaged.Forawhileherfamilyhopedshemightberehabilitated.HerhusbandMichaelboughthernewclothesandwheeledherroundartgalleriesincaseherbraincouldrespond.By1993hewassureitcouldnotandwhenshecaughtaninfectionhedidnotwanthertreated.Herparentsdisagreedandclaimedshecouldrecover.Fromthatpointthefamilysplitandlitigationstarted.Eachsidebackedbylegionsofsupportersaccusedtheotherofmoney-grubbingandbadfaith.AFloridacourttwiceorderedMrsSchiavo’sfeedingtubetoberemovedandJebBushthegovernorofFloridaoverruledit.ThefinalremovalofthetubeonMarch18thwasfollowedbyanextraordinarysceneintheearlyhoursofMarch21stwhenGeorgeBushsignedintolawabillallowingMrsSchiavo’sparentstoappealyetagaintoafederalcourt.Butbythenthecourtsandtwo-thirdsofAmericansthoughtthatenoughwasenough.OnMarch24ththeSupremeCourtdeclinedtohearthecase.Thefirstparagraphimpliesthat______.
Itisanastonishingfactthattherearelawsofnaturerulesthatsummarizeconveniently-1qualitativelybutquantitatively-howtheworldworks.Wemight2auniverseinwhichtherearenosuchlawsinwhichthe1080elementaryparticlesthat3auniverselikeourownbehavewithutteranduncompromisingabandon.Tounderstandsuchauniversewewouldneedabrain4asmassiveastheuniverse.Itseems5thatsuchauniversecouldhavelifeandintelligencebecausebeingandbrains6somedegreeofinternalstabilityandorder.But7inamuchmorerandomuniversethereweresuchbeingswithanintelligencemuch8thanourowntherecouldnotbemuchknowledgepassionorjoy. 9forusweliveinauniversethathasatleastimportantpartsthatareknowable.Ourcommon-senseexperienceandourevolutionaryhistoryhave10ustounderstandsomethingoftheworkadayworld.Whenwegointootherrealmshowevercommonsenseandordinaryintuition11highlyunreliableguides.Itisstunningthataswegoclosetothespeedoflightourmass12indefinitelyweshrinktowardzerothickness13thedirectionofmotionandtimeforuscomesasneartostoppingaswewouldlike.Manypeoplethinkthatthisissillyandeveryweek14Igetaletterfromsomeonewhocomplainstomeaboutit.ButitisvirtuallycertainconsequencenotjustofexperimentbutalsoofAlbertEinstein’s15analysisofspaceandtimecalledtheSpecialTheoryofRelativity.Itdoesnotmatterthattheseeffectsseemunreasonabletous.Wearenot16thehabitoftravelingclosetothespeedoflight.Thetestimonyofourcommonsenseissuspectathighvelocities. Theideathattheworldplacesrestrictionson17humansmightdoisfrustrating.Whyshouldn’twebeabletohaveintermediaterotationalpositionsWhycan’twe18fasterthanthespeedoflightBut19wecantellthisisthewaytheuniverseisconstructed.Suchprohibitionsnotonly20ustowardalittlehumility;theyalsomaketheworldmoreknowable. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
WhentheywerechildrenTerriSchiavo’sbrotherBobbyaccidentallylockedherinasuitcase.Shetriedsohardtogetoutthatthesuitcasejumpedupanddownandscreamed.Thescenepredictedhorriblyhowshewouldendthoughbythatstageshehadneitherwalkednortalkedformorethan15years.BythetimeshefinallydiedonMarch31stherbodyhadbecomeaboxoutofwhichshecouldnotescape.MorethanthatithadbecomeaboxoutofwhichtheUnitedStatesgovernmentCongressthepresidentthegovernorofFloridaandanarmyofevangelicalprotestorsandbloggerswouldnotletherescape.Herlifewhateveritsqualitybecamethepropertynotmerelyofherhusbandwhohadthelegalrighttospeakforherandherparentswhohadbroughtherupbutofthecourtsthestateandthousandsofself-appointedmedicalandpsychologicalexpertsacrossthecountry.ThechiefdifferencebetweenhercaseandthoseofKarenQuinlanandNancyCruzanmuchearliervictimsofPersistentVegetativeStatePVSwastheexistenceoftheinternet.WhenpostedvideotapesshowedMrsSchiavoapparentlysmilingandcommunicatingwiththosearoundherdoctorscalledthesemerereflexactivitybuttothelaymantheyseemedtorevealahumanbeingwhoshouldnotbekilled.OnMarch20thaCATscanofMrsSchiavo’sbrain-thegreymatterofthecerebralcortexmoreorlassgonereplacedbycerebrospinalfluid-waspostedonabiog.ByMarch29thithadbrought390passionateandwarringresponses.Allthisoutsideinterferencecouldonlyexacerbatetherealcrueldilemmasofthecase.AfteraheartattackinFebruary1990whenshewas26MrsSchiavo’sbrainwasdeprivedofoxygenforfiveminutesandirreparablydamaged.Forawhileherfamilyhopedshemightberehabilitated.HerhusbandMichaelboughthernewclothesandwheeledherroundartgalleriesincaseherbraincouldrespond.By1993hewassureitcouldnotandwhenshecaughtaninfectionhedidnotwanthertreated.Herparentsdisagreedandclaimedshecouldrecover.Fromthatpointthefamilysplitandlitigationstarted.Eachsidebackedbylegionsofsupportersaccusedtheotherofmoney-grubbingandbadfaith.AFloridacourttwiceorderedMrsSchiavo’sfeedingtubetoberemovedandJebBushthegovernorofFloridaoverruledit.ThefinalremovalofthetubeonMarch18thwasfollowedbyanextraordinarysceneintheearlyhoursofMarch21stwhenGeorgeBushsignedintolawabillallowingMrsSchiavo’sparentstoappealyetagaintoafederalcourt.Butbythenthecourtsandtwo-thirdsofAmericansthoughtthatenoughwasenough.OnMarch24ththeSupremeCourtdeclinedtohearthecase.FromthelastparagraphwemayinferthatonSchiavo’scase______.
Timewaswhenthesolarsystemhadtwowateryworlds.46Directlynextdoortothewarm.wetloamyEarthwasthewarmwetloamyMarsbothplanetscoveredwithoceansandrunningwithrivers-andbothpossiblyteemingwithlife.Billionsofyearsagohoweverthelow-gravityMarshadbothitsairandwaterleakawaycausingtheplanettobecomethedeadfreeze-driedplaceitistoday. Thatiswhattheprevailingthinkinghasbeen.Nowitappearsthatthinkingmaybewrong.47RecentlyNASAreleasednewimagesfromtheMarsGlobalSurveyorspacecraftthatsuggestwatermaybeflowingupandstreamingontotheMartiansurface-dramaticallyincreasingthelikelihoodthatatleastpartoftheplanetisbiologicallyalive."Iftheseresultsprovetrue"saysEdWeilerassociateadministratorofNASA’sOfficeofSpaceScience"[theyhave]profoundimplicationsforthepossibilityoflife." FindingliquidwateronMars’surfacehasneverbeeneasy-becauseitsimplycan’texistthere.Themodern-dayMartianatmospherehasbarely1percentthedensityofEarth’sanditsaveragetemperaturehoversaround-67degreesFahrenheit-19degreesCentigrade.Inanenvironmentasharshasthiswaterwouldeithervaporizeintospaceorsimplyflash-freezeinplace.48ScientistsstudyingMartianhistoryhavealwayslookedforcluestheplanet’sancientwaterleftbehind-trackswherevanishedriversonceflowedbasinswherevanishedseasoncestood. 49Theapproximately65000imagestheSurveyororbiterhasbeamedhomeinthenearlythreeyearsithasbeencirclingMarsarefullofthiskindofexpectedhydro-scarring.Butsomeofthepicturestookscientistsbysurprise.Theolderaformationisthemorelikelyitistohavebeendistortedovertheeons-smoothedbyperiodicwindstormsorgougedbytheoccasionalincomingmeteor.Howeverafewofthenewlydiscoveredwaterchannelslookfresh.Thatdiscoveryhasleadastonishedresearcherstoconcludethatthesechannelsmayhavebeenrecentlyformed. 50planetologistshavelongassumedthatifundergroundwaterwasgoingtobubbleuponMarsitwouldhavetobesomewhereinthebalmyequatorialzones:wheretemperaturesatnooninmidsummermayreach68degreesFahrenheit20degreesCentigrade.Almostallthenewchannelshoweverwerediscoveredattheplanet’srelativeextremes-northof30degreesnorthlatitudeandsouthof30degreessouthlatitude-andallwerecarvedonthecoldshadedsidesofslopes. planetologistshavelongassumedthatifundergroundwaterwasgoingtobubbleuponMarsitwouldhavetobesomewhereinthebalmyequatorialzones:wheretemperaturesatnooninmidsummermayreach68degreesFahrenheit20degreesCentigrade.
Itisanastonishingfactthattherearelawsofnaturerulesthatsummarizeconveniently-1qualitativelybutquantitatively-howtheworldworks.Wemight2auniverseinwhichtherearenosuchlawsinwhichthe1080elementaryparticlesthat3auniverselikeourownbehavewithutteranduncompromisingabandon.Tounderstandsuchauniversewewouldneedabrain4asmassiveastheuniverse.Itseems5thatsuchauniversecouldhavelifeandintelligencebecausebeingandbrains6somedegreeofinternalstabilityandorder.But7inamuchmorerandomuniversethereweresuchbeingswithanintelligencemuch8thanourowntherecouldnotbemuchknowledgepassionorjoy. 9forusweliveinauniversethathasatleastimportantpartsthatareknowable.Ourcommon-senseexperienceandourevolutionaryhistoryhave10ustounderstandsomethingoftheworkadayworld.Whenwegointootherrealmshowevercommonsenseandordinaryintuition11highlyunreliableguides.Itisstunningthataswegoclosetothespeedoflightourmass12indefinitelyweshrinktowardzerothickness13thedirectionofmotionandtimeforuscomesasneartostoppingaswewouldlike.Manypeoplethinkthatthisissillyandeveryweek14Igetaletterfromsomeonewhocomplainstomeaboutit.ButitisvirtuallycertainconsequencenotjustofexperimentbutalsoofAlbertEinstein’s15analysisofspaceandtimecalledtheSpecialTheoryofRelativity.Itdoesnotmatterthattheseeffectsseemunreasonabletous.Wearenot16thehabitoftravelingclosetothespeedoflight.Thetestimonyofourcommonsenseissuspectathighvelocities. Theideathattheworldplacesrestrictionson17humansmightdoisfrustrating.Whyshouldn’twebeabletohaveintermediaterotationalpositionsWhycan’twe18fasterthanthespeedoflightBut19wecantellthisisthewaytheuniverseisconstructed.Suchprohibitionsnotonly20ustowardalittlehumility;theyalsomaketheworldmoreknowable. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
TheUnitedStateshashistoricallyhadhigherratesofmarriagethanthoseofotherindustrializedcountries.Thecurrentannualmarriage1intheUnitedStates-about9newmarriagesforevery1000people-is2higherthanitisinotherindustrializedcountries.Howevermarriageis3aswidespreadasitwasseveraldecadesago.4ofAmericanadultswhoaremarried5from72percentin1970to60percentin2002.Thisdoesnotmeanthatlargenumbersofpeoplewillremainunmarried6theirlives.Throughoutthe20thcenturyabout90percentofAmericansmarriedatsome7intheirlives.Experts8thataboutthesameproportionoftoday’syoungadultswilleventuallymarry. Thetimingofmarriagehasvaried9overthepastcentury.In1995theaverageageofwomenintheUnitedStatesatthe10oftheirfirstmarriagewas25.Theaverageageofmenwasabout27.MenandwomenintheUnitedStatesmarry11thefirsttimeatanaverageoffiveyearslaterthanpeople12inthe1950s.13youngadultsofthe1950smarriedyoungerthandidanyprevious14inU.S.history.Today’slaterageofmarriageis15theageofmarriagebetween1890and1940.16agreaterproportionofthepopulationwasmarried95percentduringthe1950sthanatanytimebefore17.Expertsdonotagreeon18the"marriagerush"ofthelate1940sand1950soccurredbutmostsocialscientistsbelieveitrepresenteda19tothereturnofpeacefullifeandprosperityafter15yearsofsevereeconomic20andwar. ReadthefollowingtextChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Timewaswhenthesolarsystemhadtwowateryworlds.46Directlynextdoortothewarm.wetloamyEarthwasthewarmwetloamyMarsbothplanetscoveredwithoceansandrunningwithrivers-andbothpossiblyteemingwithlife.Billionsofyearsagohoweverthelow-gravityMarshadbothitsairandwaterleakawaycausingtheplanettobecomethedeadfreeze-driedplaceitistoday. Thatiswhattheprevailingthinkinghasbeen.Nowitappearsthatthinkingmaybewrong.47RecentlyNASAreleasednewimagesfromtheMarsGlobalSurveyorspacecraftthatsuggestwatermaybeflowingupandstreamingontotheMartiansurface-dramaticallyincreasingthelikelihoodthatatleastpartoftheplanetisbiologicallyalive."Iftheseresultsprovetrue"saysEdWeilerassociateadministratorofNASA’sOfficeofSpaceScience"[theyhave]profoundimplicationsforthepossibilityoflife." FindingliquidwateronMars’surfacehasneverbeeneasy-becauseitsimplycan’texistthere.Themodern-dayMartianatmospherehasbarely1percentthedensityofEarth’sanditsaveragetemperaturehoversaround-67degreesFahrenheit-19degreesCentigrade.Inanenvironmentasharshasthiswaterwouldeithervaporizeintospaceorsimplyflash-freezeinplace.48ScientistsstudyingMartianhistoryhavealwayslookedforcluestheplanet’sancientwaterleftbehind-trackswherevanishedriversonceflowedbasinswherevanishedseasoncestood. 49Theapproximately65000imagestheSurveyororbiterhasbeamedhomeinthenearlythreeyearsithasbeencirclingMarsarefullofthiskindofexpectedhydro-scarring.Butsomeofthepicturestookscientistsbysurprise.Theolderaformationisthemorelikelyitistohavebeendistortedovertheeons-smoothedbyperiodicwindstormsorgougedbytheoccasionalincomingmeteor.Howeverafewofthenewlydiscoveredwaterchannelslookfresh.Thatdiscoveryhasleadastonishedresearcherstoconcludethatthesechannelsmayhavebeenrecentlyformed. 50planetologistshavelongassumedthatifundergroundwaterwasgoingtobubbleuponMarsitwouldhavetobesomewhereinthebalmyequatorialzones:wheretemperaturesatnooninmidsummermayreach68degreesFahrenheit20degreesCentigrade.Almostallthenewchannelshoweverwerediscoveredattheplanet’srelativeextremes-northof30degreesnorthlatitudeandsouthof30degreessouthlatitude-andallwerecarvedonthecoldshadedsidesofslopes. ScientistsstudyingMartianhistoryhavealwayslookedforcluestheplanet’sancientwaterleftbehind-trackswherevanishedriversonceflowedbasinswherevanishedseasoncestood.
Itisanastonishingfactthattherearelawsofnaturerulesthatsummarizeconveniently-1qualitativelybutquantitatively-howtheworldworks.Wemight2auniverseinwhichtherearenosuchlawsinwhichthe1080elementaryparticlesthat3auniverselikeourownbehavewithutteranduncompromisingabandon.Tounderstandsuchauniversewewouldneedabrain4asmassiveastheuniverse.Itseems5thatsuchauniversecouldhavelifeandintelligencebecausebeingandbrains6somedegreeofinternalstabilityandorder.But7inamuchmorerandomuniversethereweresuchbeingswithanintelligencemuch8thanourowntherecouldnotbemuchknowledgepassionorjoy. 9forusweliveinauniversethathasatleastimportantpartsthatareknowable.Ourcommon-senseexperienceandourevolutionaryhistoryhave10ustounderstandsomethingoftheworkadayworld.Whenwegointootherrealmshowevercommonsenseandordinaryintuition11highlyunreliableguides.Itisstunningthataswegoclosetothespeedoflightourmass12indefinitelyweshrinktowardzerothickness13thedirectionofmotionandtimeforuscomesasneartostoppingaswewouldlike.Manypeoplethinkthatthisissillyandeveryweek14Igetaletterfromsomeonewhocomplainstomeaboutit.ButitisvirtuallycertainconsequencenotjustofexperimentbutalsoofAlbertEinstein’s15analysisofspaceandtimecalledtheSpecialTheoryofRelativity.Itdoesnotmatterthattheseeffectsseemunreasonabletous.Wearenot16thehabitoftravelingclosetothespeedoflight.Thetestimonyofourcommonsenseissuspectathighvelocities. Theideathattheworldplacesrestrictionson17humansmightdoisfrustrating.Whyshouldn’twebeabletohaveintermediaterotationalpositionsWhycan’twe18fasterthanthespeedoflightBut19wecantellthisisthewaytheuniverseisconstructed.Suchprohibitionsnotonly20ustowardalittlehumility;theyalsomaketheworldmoreknowable. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Itisanastonishingfactthattherearelawsofnaturerulesthatsummarizeconveniently-1qualitativelybutquantitatively-howtheworldworks.Wemight2auniverseinwhichtherearenosuchlawsinwhichthe1080elementaryparticlesthat3auniverselikeourownbehavewithutteranduncompromisingabandon.Tounderstandsuchauniversewewouldneedabrain4asmassiveastheuniverse.Itseems5thatsuchauniversecouldhavelifeandintelligencebecausebeingandbrains6somedegreeofinternalstabilityandorder.But7inamuchmorerandomuniversethereweresuchbeingswithanintelligencemuch8thanourowntherecouldnotbemuchknowledgepassionorjoy. 9forusweliveinauniversethathasatleastimportantpartsthatareknowable.Ourcommon-senseexperienceandourevolutionaryhistoryhave10ustounderstandsomethingoftheworkadayworld.Whenwegointootherrealmshowevercommonsenseandordinaryintuition11highlyunreliableguides.Itisstunningthataswegoclosetothespeedoflightourmass12indefinitelyweshrinktowardzerothickness13thedirectionofmotionandtimeforuscomesasneartostoppingaswewouldlike.Manypeoplethinkthatthisissillyandeveryweek14Igetaletterfromsomeonewhocomplainstomeaboutit.ButitisvirtuallycertainconsequencenotjustofexperimentbutalsoofAlbertEinstein’s15analysisofspaceandtimecalledtheSpecialTheoryofRelativity.Itdoesnotmatterthattheseeffectsseemunreasonabletous.Wearenot16thehabitoftravelingclosetothespeedoflight.Thetestimonyofourcommonsenseissuspectathighvelocities. Theideathattheworldplacesrestrictionson17humansmightdoisfrustrating.Whyshouldn’twebeabletohaveintermediaterotationalpositionsWhycan’twe18fasterthanthespeedoflightBut19wecantellthisisthewaytheuniverseisconstructed.Suchprohibitionsnotonly20ustowardalittlehumility;theyalsomaketheworldmoreknowable. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Itisanastonishingfactthattherearelawsofnaturerulesthatsummarizeconveniently-1qualitativelybutquantitatively-howtheworldworks.Wemight2auniverseinwhichtherearenosuchlawsinwhichthe1080elementaryparticlesthat3auniverselikeourownbehavewithutteranduncompromisingabandon.Tounderstandsuchauniversewewouldneedabrain4asmassiveastheuniverse.Itseems5thatsuchauniversecouldhavelifeandintelligencebecausebeingandbrains6somedegreeofinternalstabilityandorder.But7inamuchmorerandomuniversethereweresuchbeingswithanintelligencemuch8thanourowntherecouldnotbemuchknowledgepassionorjoy. 9forusweliveinauniversethathasatleastimportantpartsthatareknowable.Ourcommon-senseexperienceandourevolutionaryhistoryhave10ustounderstandsomethingoftheworkadayworld.Whenwegointootherrealmshowevercommonsenseandordinaryintuition11highlyunreliableguides.Itisstunningthataswegoclosetothespeedoflightourmass12indefinitelyweshrinktowardzerothickness13thedirectionofmotionandtimeforuscomesasneartostoppingaswewouldlike.Manypeoplethinkthatthisissillyandeveryweek14Igetaletterfromsomeonewhocomplainstomeaboutit.ButitisvirtuallycertainconsequencenotjustofexperimentbutalsoofAlbertEinstein’s15analysisofspaceandtimecalledtheSpecialTheoryofRelativity.Itdoesnotmatterthattheseeffectsseemunreasonabletous.Wearenot16thehabitoftravelingclosetothespeedoflight.Thetestimonyofourcommonsenseissuspectathighvelocities. Theideathattheworldplacesrestrictionson17humansmightdoisfrustrating.Whyshouldn’twebeabletohaveintermediaterotationalpositionsWhycan’twe18fasterthanthespeedoflightBut19wecantellthisisthewaytheuniverseisconstructed.Suchprohibitionsnotonly20ustowardalittlehumility;theyalsomaketheworldmoreknowable. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Bythe1950’sand60’sgoingforChinesehadbecomepartofthesuburbanvernacular.InplaceslikeNewYorkCityeatingChinesefoodbecameintertwinedwiththetraditionsofotherethnicgroupsespeciallythatofJewishimmigrants.ManyJewishfamiliesfaithfullyvisitedtheirfavoriteChineserestauranteverySundaynight.AmongthemenusintheexhibitionareselectionsfromGlattWok:KosherChineseRestaurantandTakeoutinMonseyN.Y.andWokToyinCedarhurstN.Y.Until1965Cantonese-speakingimmigrantsmainlyfromthecountyofToisandominatedtheindustryandmenusreflectedastandardrepertoryoftastybutblandAmericanizationsofCantonesedishes.ButlooseningimmigrationrestrictionsthatyearbroughtafloodofpeoplefrommanydifferentregionsofChinastartingauthenticityrevolutionsaidEdSchoenfeldarestaurateurandChinesefoodconsultant.TopchefswhoweretrainedinspicyandmoreunusualregionalspecialtieslikeHunanandSichunancookingcametoNewYorkthenMr.Schoenfeldsaid.PresidentRichardM.Nixon’striptoChinain1972awakenedinterestinthecountryandaccountsofhismealshelpedwhetdiners’appetitesfornewdishes.AnillustrationofascowlingNixonwithapairofchopsticksglaresdownfromthewallattheexhibition.HunanandSichuanrestaurantsinNewYorkinfluencedthetasteofthewholecountryMr.Schoenfeldsaid.DisheslikeGeneralTso’schickenandcrispyorangebeefcaughtoneverywhere.ButaswiththeCantonesefoodbeforeitMr.Schoenfeldsaidthecookingdegradedovertimeasitbecamemassproduced.Today’sbatter-friedsyrup-ladenversionofChinesefoodhesaidbearslittleresemblancetoauthenticcuisine.TherealexplosionofChineserestaurantsthatmadethemubiquitouscameinthe1980’ssaidBettyXieeditorofChineseRestaurantNews.NowyouseetherearealmostoneortwoChineserestaurantsineverytownintheUnitedStatesshesaid.TherearesignsthatsomehavetiredofChinesefood.A2004ZagatsurveyshowedthatitspopularityhasebbedsomewhatinNewYorkCity.ButthejourneyoftheChineserestaurantremainsthestoryoftheAmericandreamasexperiencedbyaconstantbutevolvingstreamofChineseimmigrantswhorealizedthepotentialof12-hourdaysborrowedcapitalandawillingnesstocookwhateverAmericanswanted.Salesmarginsaretightandwagesarelow.RestaurantsarepassedfromonefamilymembertothenextorsoldbyoneChinesefamilytoanother.OftenacontingencywrittenintoSalescontractsisthatthepreviousownerstrainthenewowners.ThecompetitioninChinesecommunitiesiscutthroatMr.Chentheco-curatorsaid.WhatpeoplerealizeisyoucanmakemuchmuchbetterprofitinplaceslikeMontana./Whatisthefactorthatcontributestoauthenticityrevolution
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawingInyouressayyoushouldfirstdescribethedrawingtheninterpretitsmeaningandgiveyourcommentonit.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2
Timewaswhenthesolarsystemhadtwowateryworlds.46Directlynextdoortothewarm.wetloamyEarthwasthewarmwetloamyMarsbothplanetscoveredwithoceansandrunningwithrivers-andbothpossiblyteemingwithlife.Billionsofyearsagohoweverthelow-gravityMarshadbothitsairandwaterleakawaycausingtheplanettobecomethedeadfreeze-driedplaceitistoday. Thatiswhattheprevailingthinkinghasbeen.Nowitappearsthatthinkingmaybewrong.47RecentlyNASAreleasednewimagesfromtheMarsGlobalSurveyorspacecraftthatsuggestwatermaybeflowingupandstreamingontotheMartiansurface-dramaticallyincreasingthelikelihoodthatatleastpartoftheplanetisbiologicallyalive."Iftheseresultsprovetrue"saysEdWeilerassociateadministratorofNASA’sOfficeofSpaceScience"[theyhave]profoundimplicationsforthepossibilityoflife." FindingliquidwateronMars’surfacehasneverbeeneasy-becauseitsimplycan’texistthere.Themodern-dayMartianatmospherehasbarely1percentthedensityofEarth’sanditsaveragetemperaturehoversaround-67degreesFahrenheit-19degreesCentigrade.Inanenvironmentasharshasthiswaterwouldeithervaporizeintospaceorsimplyflash-freezeinplace.48ScientistsstudyingMartianhistoryhavealwayslookedforcluestheplanet’sancientwaterleftbehind-trackswherevanishedriversonceflowedbasinswherevanishedseasoncestood. 49Theapproximately65000imagestheSurveyororbiterhasbeamedhomeinthenearlythreeyearsithasbeencirclingMarsarefullofthiskindofexpectedhydro-scarring.Butsomeofthepicturestookscientistsbysurprise.Theolderaformationisthemorelikelyitistohavebeendistortedovertheeons-smoothedbyperiodicwindstormsorgougedbytheoccasionalincomingmeteor.Howeverafewofthenewlydiscoveredwaterchannelslookfresh.Thatdiscoveryhasleadastonishedresearcherstoconcludethatthesechannelsmayhavebeenrecentlyformed. 50planetologistshavelongassumedthatifundergroundwaterwasgoingtobubbleuponMarsitwouldhavetobesomewhereinthebalmyequatorialzones:wheretemperaturesatnooninmidsummermayreach68degreesFahrenheit20degreesCentigrade.Almostallthenewchannelshoweverwerediscoveredattheplanet’srelativeextremes-northof30degreesnorthlatitudeandsouthof30degreessouthlatitude-andallwerecarvedonthecoldshadedsidesofslopes. Directlynextdoortothewarm.wetloamyEarthwasthewarmwetloamyMarsbothplanetscoveredwithoceansandrunningwithrivers-andbothpossiblyteemingwithlife.
Itvanishedin2002aresultofabadfall.Asmyneurosurgeonexplainedwhenmyheadhitthegroundmybrainsloshedaroundwhichsmasheddelicatenerveendingsinmyolfactorysystem.Maybethey’llrepairthemselvesshesaidinwhatstruckmeasmuchtoocasualatoneandmaybetheywon’tIfIhadtolosesomethingitmightaswellhavebeensmell;atleastnothingaboutmypersonalityormymemoryhadchangedascanhappenwithheadtrauma.Soitseemedalmostchurlishtofeelasthemonthswentonsodevastatedbythisparticularloss.ButIwasheartbroken.MysenseofsmellwasalwayssomethingItookpleasurein.WithoutscentIfeltasffIwerewalkingaroundthecitywithoutmycontactlensesdealingwithpeoplewhilewearingearplugsmovingthroughsomethingstickyandthick.Thesharpnessofthingstheirspecificitydiminished.Icouldn’teventellwhenthemilkhadgonebad.OddlymysenseoftasteremainedperfectlyfinebutIwasstillnervousaboutopeningacartonofyogurtwithouthavingsomeonenearbytosniffitforme.Ihadbeenstrippedofthesensewealluseoftenwithoutrealizingittonegotiatetheworldtoknowwhichthingsaresafeandwhicharedangerous.AfternearlyayearItalkedtoacolleaguesavvyingaboutneuro-sciencewhosuggestedItrytoretrainmysenseofsmellontheassumptionthatthenerveendingshadrepairedthemselvesbutthatsomethingwasstillbrokenalongthepathwayfromnosetobrainwhereodormoleculesactivateolfactoryreceptorsthesubjectofthisyear’sNobel-winningresearch.HeradvicewastoexposemyselftostrongdistinctivefragrancesaskingthepersonIwaswithtotellmeexactlywhatIwassmellingevenifIwasn’tconsciousofsmellinganythingatall.Ibeganstickingmynoseintoeverythingthatseemedlikelytohaveascent-thecumininthespicecabinetfreshlygroundcoffeeredwine.IinterruptedfriendsmidsentenceifwehappenedtobewalkingpastapizzaplaceoragarbagetruckandaskedstupidlyWhatareyousmellingnowSlowlythesmelltherapystartedtowork.AtfirstdistressinglyallIcouldsmellwereunnaturalscents:dandruffshampoofurniturepolishacloudofafter-shavefromastockyyoungman.ThefirsttimeIsmelledcutgrassagaininthesmallparkneartheAmericanMuseumofNaturalHistorywasalmostexactlytwoyearsaftermyfall.Itmademecry.Thetearsembarrassedmebutcutgrassisoneofthosefragrancesthattransportmedirectlytothelandscapeofchildhood.Andthat’swhatIhadbeenmissingreallyandwhygettingbackmysenseofsmellwassoprecious:avisceralconnectiontothepersonIusedtobe.Whywastheauthornervousaboutopeningacartonofyogurt
Itisanastonishingfactthattherearelawsofnaturerulesthatsummarizeconveniently-1qualitativelybutquantitatively-howtheworldworks.Wemight2auniverseinwhichtherearenosuchlawsinwhichthe1080elementaryparticlesthat3auniverselikeourownbehavewithutteranduncompromisingabandon.Tounderstandsuchauniversewewouldneedabrain4asmassiveastheuniverse.Itseems5thatsuchauniversecouldhavelifeandintelligencebecausebeingandbrains6somedegreeofinternalstabilityandorder.But7inamuchmorerandomuniversethereweresuchbeingswithanintelligencemuch8thanourowntherecouldnotbemuchknowledgepassionorjoy. 9forusweliveinauniversethathasatleastimportantpartsthatareknowable.Ourcommon-senseexperienceandourevolutionaryhistoryhave10ustounderstandsomethingoftheworkadayworld.Whenwegointootherrealmshowevercommonsenseandordinaryintuition11highlyunreliableguides.Itisstunningthataswegoclosetothespeedoflightourmass12indefinitelyweshrinktowardzerothickness13thedirectionofmotionandtimeforuscomesasneartostoppingaswewouldlike.Manypeoplethinkthatthisissillyandeveryweek14Igetaletterfromsomeonewhocomplainstomeaboutit.ButitisvirtuallycertainconsequencenotjustofexperimentbutalsoofAlbertEinstein’s15analysisofspaceandtimecalledtheSpecialTheoryofRelativity.Itdoesnotmatterthattheseeffectsseemunreasonabletous.Wearenot16thehabitoftravelingclosetothespeedoflight.Thetestimonyofourcommonsenseissuspectathighvelocities. Theideathattheworldplacesrestrictionson17humansmightdoisfrustrating.Whyshouldn’twebeabletohaveintermediaterotationalpositionsWhycan’twe18fasterthanthespeedoflightBut19wecantellthisisthewaytheuniverseisconstructed.Suchprohibitionsnotonly20ustowardalittlehumility;theyalsomaketheworldmoreknowable. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
A.Periodicalsininitialstage B.Thefunctionofperiodicals C.Newspapersandotherperiodicalsonline D.Theintroductionofreviews E.Featuresofperiodicals F.Theemergenceofmodernperiodicals Periodicalsrefertopublicationsreleasedonaregularbasisthatmayincludenewsfeaturearticlespoemsfictionalstoriesorothertypesofwriting.Manyperiodicalsalsoincludephotographsanddrawings.Periodicalsthatareaimedatageneralaudiencesuchasweeklynewsroundupsormonthlyspecial-interestpublicationsarealsocalledmagazines.Thosewithamorenarrowaudiencesuchaspublicationsofscholarlyorganizationscanbetermedjournals.Whilenewspapersareperiodicalsthetermgenerallyhascometorefertopublicationsotherthandailies. 41.__________ Historicallymustperiodicalshavedifferedfromnewspapersintheirformatpublicationscheduleandcontent.Mostnewspapersdealwiththenewsofthedayandareissuedonpulppaperwithrelativelylargeunboundpages.Bycontrastothertypesofperiodicalsfocusonmorespecializedmaterialandwhentheydealwithnewstheytendtodosointheformofsummariesorcommentaries.Forcenturiestheseperiodicalsgenerallyhavebeenprintedonfinerpaperthannewspaperswithsmallerboundpagesandissuedatintervalslongerthanadayweeklyeverytwoweeksmonthlyquarterlyorevenannually. 42.__________ Inthe1990swiththegrowthoftheInternetpublishersbegantoreleasenewspapersandotherperiodicalsonline.Thisdevelopmentblurredthelinebetweenthetwoformsbecausethegeneralformatanddesignofonlinenewspapersandperiodicalsaresimilarandthepublicationschedulesofbothformsbecamemoreflexible.Forexamplemanynewspaperpublishersupdatetheironlineversionsthroughoutthedayandsomeonlineperiodicalsdothesame.Despitethesetechnologicalchangesthetwoformsdifferingemphasisinchoiceofcontentremainsadistinguishingfactor. 43.__________ TheearliestperiodicalsincludetheGermanErbaulicheMonaths-UnterredungenEdifyingMonthlyDiscussions1663-1668theFrenchJournaldesScavans1665;subsequentlytitledJournaldesSavantsandtheEnglishPhilosophicalTransactions1665oftheRoyalSocietyofLondon.Thesewereessentiallycollectionsofsummarieslateressaysondevelopmentsinartliteraturephilosophyandscience. 44.__________ ThefirstperiodicalofthemoderngeneraltypedevotedtoamiscellanyofreadingentertainmentwastheEnglishpublicationTheGentleman’sMagazine1731—1907-thefirstinstanceoftheuseofthewordmagazinetodenoteaforumforentertainingreading.Itcontainedreportsofpoliticaldebatesessaysstoriesandpoemsandwaswidelyinfluential.ItservedasthemodelforthefirsttrueAmericanperiodicalsGeneralMagazineandHistoricalChronicleandAmericanMagazine.BothoftheseperiodicalsfirstappearedinPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniainJanuary1741asrivalpublications;neitherlastedmorethanafewmonthshowever.TheformerwasfoundedbytheAmericanstatesmanandscientistBenjaminFranklinandthelatterbytheAmericanprinterAndrewBradford. MonthlyorquarterlyreviewsusuallypartisaninpoliticsandwitharticlescontributedbyeminentauthorsandpoliticianswereintroducedinBritainearlyinthe19thcentury.Ofthesetwobecameoutstanding.TheEdinburghReview1802-1929foundedinsupportoftheWhigPartywasoneofthemostinfluentialcriticaljournalsofitsdayandnumberedamongitscontributors-theEnglishwritersSirWalterScottThomasCarlyleMatthewArnoldandWilliamHazlitt.Blackwood’sEdinburghMagazine1817-1981aTorypublicationwasearlyinitscareernotedforitsserializationofScottishfictionanditssatiricalcommentariesonScottishaffairs. OneofthemostimportantseriousperiodicalsintheUnitedStatesinthe19thcenturywastheNorthAmericanReview1815-1940;revivedin1964.EditorsduringitskongandillustriouscareerincludedsuchliteraryfiguresasJamesRussellLowellCharlesEliotNortonandHenryAdams;contributorsincludedHenryJamesH. G.WellsandMarkTwain.AmongtheEuropeanequivalentsofsuchperiodicalsweretheFrenchRevuedesDeuxMondesandtheGermanLiterarischesWochenblatt. 44
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