首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
[A] Since white was the colour of the kind of paradise! so much longed to live in someday, grey l...
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《填空》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
fun函数的功能是首先对a所指的N行N列的矩阵找出各行中的最大的数再求这N个最大值中的最小的那个数作
某些基因异常可导致该病这些基因有提示高频听力受损提示肾活检电镜及Ⅳ型胶原检测提示奥尔波特综合征Alp
COL4A1
COL4A2
COL4A3
COL4A4
COL4A5
COL4A6
LMX1B
WT-1
[函数2.1说明]函数intstrcmpchar*schar*t的功能是比较两个字符串s和t的大小若
患儿女11岁因反复肉眼血尿2年来诊外院诊为慢性肾炎给予激素治疗无效自幼听力不好其孪生妹妹也有血尿史查
COL4A1
COL4A2
COL4A3
COL4A4
COL4A5
COL4A6
LMX1B
WT-1
fun函数的功能是首先对a所指的N行N列的矩阵找出各行中的最大的数再求这N个最大值中的最小的那个数作
fun函数的功能是首先对a所指的N行N列的矩阵找出各行中的最大的数再求这N个最大值中的最小的那个数作
fun函数的功能是首先对a所指的N行N列的矩阵找出各行中的最大的数再求这N个最大值中的最小的那个数作
龈谷gingivalcol
fun函数的功能是首先对a所指的N行N列的矩阵找出各行中的最大数再求这N个最大值中最小的那个数并作为
fun函数的功能是首先对a所指的N行N列的矩阵找出各行中的最大的数再求这N个最大值中的最小的那个数作
Col质粒
Alport综合征的基因突变不包括
NPHS1
COL4A3
COL4A4
COL4A5
编码Ⅳ型胶原A链的基因突变
fun函数的功能是首先对a所指的N行N列的矩阵找出各行中的最大的数再求这N个最大值中 的最小的那个
fun函数的功能是首先对a所指的N行N列的矩阵找出各行中的最大数再求这N个最大值中的最小的那个数作为
fun函数的功能是首先对a所指的N行N列的矩阵找出各行中的最大的数再求这N个最大值中的最小的那个数作
fun函数的功能是首先对a所指的N行N列的矩阵找出各行中的最大数再求这N个最大值中的最小的那个数作为
fun函数的功能是首先对a所指的N行N列的矩阵找出各行中的最大的数再求这N个最大值中的最小的那个数作
Alport综合征的基因突变不包括
NPHSl
COL4A3
COL4A4
COL4A5
编码Ⅳ型胶原A链的基因突变
fun函数的功能是首先对a所指的N行N列的矩阵找出各行中的最大数再求这N个最大值中最小的那个数并作为
热门试题
更多
Text4 ArecenthistoryoftheChicagomeat-packingindustryanditsworkersexamineshowtheindustrygrewfromitsappearanceinthe1830’sthroughtheearly1890’s.Meat-packerstheauthorargueshadgoodwagesworkingconditionsandprospectsfromadvancementwithinthepackinghousesanddidnotcooperatewithlaboragitatorssincelaborrelationsweresoharmonious.Becausethehistorymaintainsthatconditionswereabovestandardfortheyearthefrequencyoflabordisputesespeciallyinthemid-1880’sisnotaccountedfortheworkignoresthefactthatthe1880’swerecrucialyearsinAmericanlaborhistoryandthatthepackinghouseworkers’effortswerepartofthenationalmovementforlaborreform. Infactotherhistoricalsourcesforthelatenineteenthcenturyrecorddeterioratinghousingandhighdiseaseandinfantmortalityratesintheindustrialcommunityduetolowwagesandunhealthyworkingconditions.AdditionaldatafromtheUniversityofChicagosuggestthatthepackinghousesweredangerousplacestowork.ThegovernmentinvestigationcommissionedbyPresidentTheodoreRooseveltwhicheventuallyledtotheadoptionofthe1906MeatInspectionActfoundthepacking-housesunsanitarywhilesocialworkersobservedthatmostoftheworkerswerepoorlypaidandover-worked. Thehistorymaybetoooptimisticbecausemostofitsdatadatefromthe1880’satthelatestandtheinformationprovidedfromthatdecadeisinsufficientlyanalyzed.Conditionsactuallydeclinedinthe1880’sandcontinuedtodeclineafterthe18g0’sduetoareorganizationofthepackingprocessandamassiveinfluxofunskilledworkers.Thedeteriorationinworkerstatuspartlyaresultofthenewavailabilityofunskilledandhencecheaplaborisnotdiscussed.Thoughadetailedaccountofworkinthepackinghousesisattemptedtheauthorfailstodistinguishbetweenthewagesandconditionsofskilledworkersandforthoseunskilledlaborerswhocomprisedthemajorityoftheindustry’sworkersfromthelgg0’son.Whileconditionsfortheformerwerearguablytolerableduetothestrategicimportanceofskilledworkersinthecomplicatedslaughteringcuttingandpackingprocessthoughworkercomplaintsabouttherateandconditionsofworkwerefrequentpayandconditionsforthelatterwerewretched. Theauthor’smisinterpretationoftheoriginsofthefeelingsthemeat-packershadfortheirindustrialneighborhoodmayaccountforthehistory’sfaultygeneralizations.Theprideandcontentmenttheauthorremarksuponwerearguablylesstheproductsoftheindustrialworldofthepackers--thegiantyardsandtheintricateplants--thanoftheunityandvibrancyoftheethnicculturesthatformedaviablecommunityonChicago’sSouthSide.Indeedthestrengthofthiscommunitysucceededingeneratingasocialmovementthateffectivelyconfrontedtheproblemsoftheindustrythatprovideditslivelihood. Thequestionwhichisdiscussedinthepassageis
Thirty-fiveyearsaftercomputerscientistsatUCLAlinkedtwobulkycomputersusinga15-footgraycabletestinganewwayforexchangingdataovernetworkswhatwouldultimatelybecometheInternetremainsaworkinprogress. Universityresearchersareexperimentingwithwaystoincreaseitscapacityandspeed.ProgrammersaretryingtoimbueWebpageswithintelligence.Andworkisunderwaytore-engineerthenet-worktoreducespamandsecuritytroubles. 46Allthewhilethreatsloom:criticswarethatcommerciallegalandpoliticalpressurescouldhinderthetypesofinnovationsthatmadetheInternetwhatitistoday. StephenCrockerandVintonCerfwereamongthegraduatestudentswhojoinedUCLAprofessorLenKleinrockinanengineeringlabonSept.21969asbitsofmeaninglesstestdataflowedsilentlybetweenthetwocomputers.ByJanuarythreeother"nodes"joinedthefledglingnetwork. 47Thencamee-mailafewyearslateracorecommunicationsagreementcalledTCP/IPinthelate70sthedomainnamesysteminthe80sandtheWorldWideWeb--nowthesecondmostpopularapplicationbehinde-mail--in1990.TheInternetexpandedbeyonditsinitialmilitaryandeducationaldomainintobusinessesandhomesaroundtheworld. TodayCrockercontinuesworkontheInternetdesigningbettertoolsforcollaboration.48AndassecuritychairmanfortheInternet’skeyoversightbodyheistryingtodefendthecoreaddressingsystemfromoutsidethreats. HeacknowledgestheInternethehelpedbuildisfarfromfinishedandchangesareinstoretomeetgrowingdemandsformultimedia.49Networkprovidersnowmakeonly"bestefforts"atdeliveringdatapacketsandCrockersaidbetterguaranteesareneededtopreventtheskipsandunexpectedpausesnowcommonwithvideo. CerfnowatMCIInc.saidhewishedhecouldhavedesignedtheInternetwithsecuritybuilt-in.MicrosoftCorp.YahooInc.andAmericaOnlineInc.amongothersarecurrentlytryingtoretrofitthenetworksoe-mailsenderscanbeauthenticated--awaytocutclownonjunkmessagessentusingspoofedaddresses. 50Manyfeaturesbeingdevelopedtodaywouldn’thavebeenpossibleatbirthgiventheslowercomputingspeedsandnarrowerInternetpipesorbandwidthCerfsaid. 46Allthewhilethreatsloom:criticswarethatcommerciallegalandpoliticalpressurescouldhinderthetypesofinnovationsthatmadetheInternetwhatitistoday.
Shynessisthecauseofmuchunhappinessforagreatmanypeople.Shypeopleare1andserf-conscious;thatistheyare2concernedwiththeirownappearanceandactions.3thoughtsare4occurringintheirminds:WhatkindofimpressionamImaking Itisobviousthatsuch5feelingsmustaffectpeopleadversely.Aperson’sself-conceptis6inthewayheorshebehavesandthewayapersonbehavesaffectsotherpeople’sreactions.7thewaypeoplethinkaboutthemselveshasaprofoundeffectonallareasoftheirlives. Shypeoplehavinglow8arelikelytobepassiveandeasilyinfluencedbyothers.Theyneedreassurance9theyaredoing"thefightthing".Shypeoplearevery10tocriticism;theyfeelit11theirinferiority.Ashypersonmay12toacomplimentwithastatementlikethisone:"You’rejustsayingthattomakemefeelgood."Itisclearthat13self-awarenessisahealthyqualityoverdoingitisharmful. Canshynessbecompletely14oratleastreducedFortunatelypeoplecanovercomeshynesswithdeterminedandpatienteffortinbuildingself-confidence.Sinceshynessgoes15withlackofserf-esteemitisimportantforpeopletoaccepttheirweaknessaswellastheirstrengths.Forexamplemostpeoplewouldliketobe"A"studentsineverysubject.Itisnotfairforthemto16themselvesinferiorbecausetheyhavedifficulty17someareas.People’sexpectationsofthemselvesmustbe18 Eachoneofusisauniqueworthwhileindividual.Thebetterweunderstandourselvestheeasieritbecomesto19ourfullpotential.Let’snotallowshynesstoblockourchancesforarichand20life. 8
Lightpollutionnowhasbecomeabigproblemandledtomuchwasteinoursociety.Ithasbeenestimatedthat30%oftheelectricitygeneratedforoutdoorilluminationiswasted.Importanttooaretheenvironmentalcostsofproducingtheenergytopowerwastedlight.Forexampleforeverykilowatt-hourofelectricityusedalmosttwopoundsofcarbondioxideandalmosttwogramsofsulphurdioxideareemittedintotheenvironment.46Thusbysimplyeliminatingwastedlightthoseamountscanbesubstantiallyreducedwithnonegativeeffectonnecessarylightingandwithdecidedlypositiveenvironmentalbenefitsfortheregion. Forindividualsandfamiliesanothersignificantissueisthatoflightintrusionthespillingofun-wantedlightontoprivateproperty.Thisconcernisalreadyaddressedinsomelocalzoningcodeswheremaximumlightlevelsatpropertylinesareestablished.47Butastheproblembecomesmorecommonhomeownersmayalsosensethattheintrusionofunwantedlightkeepsthemfromu-singtheiroutsidepropertyatnightastheywishormayeveninterferewithindooractivitiesbyshiningintothehouseinterior.Indeedlegalproceedingscouldresultfromsuchunwantedintrusionasaviolationofpropertyrights.Furthermorepoorqualitylightingwhethercommercialmunicipalorresidentialcanlessentheappealofaneighborhoodloweringpropertyvaluesiftheareabeginstolooktoobrightandgaudy. Yettheproblemoflightpollutioniseasilyremedied.Ingeneralgoodlightingusesonlytheamountoflightnecessaryforaspecificpurposeandthatlightisdirectedproperly.48Lightsallowingnoilluminationabovethehorizontalplaneoffixedobjectsandmountedattheproperheighttodotheirjobwhileavoidingglareandlightintrusionaretheideal.Inrecentyearstherehasbeenaconsciouseffortbymanymunicipalitiesbusinessesandindividualstobetteraddressthewayslightingisused. Sothenexttimeyouareoutatnightmakeanoteofthewaythingsarelit.49Rememberregardlessofhowweachievethegoalofreducinglightpollutionthesimplefactremainsthatweallwinwhensensiblelightingisused.Goodlightingsavesenergyandmoneyitreducespollutionitimprovestheappearanceofneighborhoodsandmaintainspropertyvaluesitenhancesthescientificandaestheticappreciationofthegloriesofthenightskyanditpreservesthatbeautyandinspirationforusandforourchildren.50Sowhenyoufindyourselfluckyenoughtobeinaplacewhereitisstilldarkenoughtoseetheskysparklingwithstarsthinkhowmuchlessbeautytherewouldbeintheworldwithoutit!Andbecomeanadvocateforsensibleandefficientlighting. Thusbysimplyeliminatingwastedlightthoseamountscanbesubstantiallyreducedwithnonegativeeffectonnecessarylightingandwithdecidedlypositiveenvironmentalbenefitsfortheregion.
Text1 Iamnotanaccomplishedlawyer.IfindquiteasmuchmaterialforalectureinthosepointswhereinIhavefailedasinthosewhereIhavebeenmoderatelysuccessful.Theleadingruleforthelawyerasforthemanofeveryothercallingisdiligence.Leavenothingfortomorrowwhichcanbedonetoday.Neverletyourcorrespondencesfallbehind.Whateverpieceofbusinessyouhaveinhandbeforestoppingdoallthelaborrelatedtoitwhichcanthenbedone.Whenyoubringacommonlawsuitifyouhavethefactsfordoingsowritethedeclarationatonce.Ifalawpointbeinvolvedexaminethebooksandnotetheauthorityyourelyonthedeclarationitselfwhereyouaresuretofinditwhenwanted.Inbusinessnotlikelytobelitigated--ordinarycollectioncasespartitionsandthelike--makeallexaminationsoftitlesnotethemandevendraftordersandofficialordersinadvance.Thiscoursehasatripleadvantage:itavoidsomissionsandneglectsavesyourlaborwhenoncedoneperformsthelaboroutofcourtwhenyouhaveleisureratherthanincourtwhenyouhavenot.Spontaneousspeakingshouldbepracticedandcultivated.Itisthelawyer’savenuetothepublic.Howeverableandfaithfulhemaybeinotherrespectspeopleareslowbringinghimbusinessifhecannotmakeaspeech.Andyethereisnotamorefatalerrortoyounglawyersthanrelyingtoomuchonspeechmaking.Ifanyoneuponhisrarepowersofspeakingshallclaimexemptionfromtheexhaustingworkofthelawhiscaseisafailureinadvance. Discouragelitigation.Persuadeyourneighborstocompromisewheneveryoucan.Pointouttothemhowthenominalwinnerisoftenarealloser--infeesandexpensesandwasteoftime.Asapeacemakerthelawyerhasasuperioropportunityofbeingagoodman.Therewillstillbebusinessenough. Neverstiruplitigation.Aworsemancanscarcelybefoundthanonewhodoesthis.WhocanbemorenearlyafriendthanhewhohabituallyoverhaulstheRegisterofdeedsinsearchofdefectsintitleswhereontostirupstrifeandputmoneyinhispocketAmoraltoneoughttobeintroducedintotheprofessionwhichshoulddrivesuchmenoutofit. Howdoestheauthorthinkofhimself
Shynessisthecauseofmuchunhappinessforagreatmanypeople.Shypeopleare1andserf-conscious;thatistheyare2concernedwiththeirownappearanceandactions.3thoughtsare4occurringintheirminds:WhatkindofimpressionamImaking Itisobviousthatsuch5feelingsmustaffectpeopleadversely.Aperson’sself-conceptis6inthewayheorshebehavesandthewayapersonbehavesaffectsotherpeople’sreactions.7thewaypeoplethinkaboutthemselveshasaprofoundeffectonallareasoftheirlives. Shypeoplehavinglow8arelikelytobepassiveandeasilyinfluencedbyothers.Theyneedreassurance9theyaredoing"thefightthing".Shypeoplearevery10tocriticism;theyfeelit11theirinferiority.Ashypersonmay12toacomplimentwithastatementlikethisone:"You’rejustsayingthattomakemefeelgood."Itisclearthat13self-awarenessisahealthyqualityoverdoingitisharmful. Canshynessbecompletely14oratleastreducedFortunatelypeoplecanovercomeshynesswithdeterminedandpatienteffortinbuildingself-confidence.Sinceshynessgoes15withlackofserf-esteemitisimportantforpeopletoaccepttheirweaknessaswellastheirstrengths.Forexamplemostpeoplewouldliketobe"A"studentsineverysubject.Itisnotfairforthemto16themselvesinferiorbecausetheyhavedifficulty17someareas.People’sexpectationsofthemselvesmustbe18 Eachoneofusisauniqueworthwhileindividual.Thebetterweunderstandourselvestheeasieritbecomesto19ourfullpotential.Let’snotallowshynesstoblockourchancesforarichand20life. 4
Text4 TherecentapparentlysuccessfulpredictionbymathematicalmodelsofanappearanceofElNifio—thewarmoceancurrentthatperiodicallydevelopsalongthePacificcoastofSouthAmerica--hasexcitedresearchers.JacobBjerknesspointedoutover20yearsagohowwindsmightcreateeitherabnormallywarmorabnormallycoldwaterintheeasternequatorialPacific.NonethelessuntilthedevelopmentofthemodelsnoonecouldexplainwhyconditionsshouldregularlyshiftfromonetotheotherashappensintheperiodicoscillationsbetweenappearanceofthewarmElNifioandthecoldso-calledanti-ElNifio.Theansweralleastifthecurrentmodelthatlinksthebehavioroftheoceantothatoftheatmosphereiscorrectistobefoundintheocean. IthaslongbeenknownthatduringanElNiflotwoconditionsexist:1unusuallywarmwaterextendsalongtheeasternPacificprincipallyalongthecoastsofEcuadorandPeruand2windsblowfromthewestintothewarmerairrisingoverthewarmwaterintheeast.Thesewindstendtocreateafeedbackmechanismbydrivingthewarmersurfacewaterintoa"pile"thatblocksthenormalupwellingofdeepercoldwaterintheeastandfurtherwarmstheeasternwaterthusstrengtheningthewindstillmore.ThecontributionofthemodelistoshowthatthewindsofanElNifiowhichraisesealevelintheeastsimultaneouslysendasignaltothewestloweringsealevel.AccordingtothemodelthatsignalisgeneratedasanegativeRossbywaveawaveofdepressedornegativesealevelthatmoveswestwardparalleltotheequatorat25to85kilometersperday.TakingmonthstotraversethePacificRossbywavesmarchtothewesternboundaryofthePacificbasinwhichismodeledasasmoothwallbutinrealityconsistsofquiteirregularislandchainssuchasthePhilippinesandIndonesia. WhenthewavesmeetthewesternboundarytheyarereflectedandthemodelpredictsthatRossbywaveswillbebrokenintonumerouscoastalKelvinwavescarryingthesamenegativesea-levelsignal.TheseeventuallyshoottowardtheequatorandthenheadeastwardalongtheequatorpropelledbytherotationoftheEarthataspeedofabout250kilometersperday.WhenenoughKelvinwavesofsufficientamplitudearrivefromthewesternPacifictheirnegativesea-levelsignalovercomesthefeedbackmechanismtendingtoraisethesealevelandtheybegintodrivethesystemintotheoppositecoldmode.Thisproducesagradualshiftinwindsonethatwilleventuallysendpositivesea-levelRossbywaveswestwardwavesthatwilleventuallyreturnascoldcycle-endingpositiveKelvinwavesbeginninganotherwarmingcycle. Thepassagefunctionsasan
Toresolveadisputemeanstoturnopposingpositionsintoasingleoutcome.Thetwopartiesmaychoosetofocustheirattentionononeormoreofthreebasicfactors.Theymayseekto1reconciletheirinterests2determinewhoisrightand/or3determinewhoismorepowerful. 41Disagreementofinterests Interestsareneedsdesiresconcernsfears--thethingsonecaresaboutorwants.Theypro-videthefoundationforaperson’soranorganisation’spositioninadispute.Inadisputenotonlydotheinterestsofonepartynotcoincidewiththoseoftheotherpartybuttheyareinconflict.ForexamplethedirectorofsalesforanelectronicscompanygetsintoadisputewiththedirectorofmanufacturingoverthenumberofTVmodelstoproduce. 42Methodsofsettlingconflictinginterests Reconcilingsuchinterestsisnoteasy.Itinvolvesprobingfordeeplyrootedconcernsdevisingcreativesolutionsandmakingtrade-offsandcompromiseswhereinterestsareopposed.Themostcommonprocedurefordoingthisisnegotiationtheactofcommunicationintendedtoreachagreement. 43Theuseofnegotiationfordifferentdisputetypes Bynomeansdoallnegotiationsormediationsfocusonreconcilinginterests.Somenegotiationsfocusondeterminingwhoisrightsuchaswhentwolawyersargueaboutwhosecasehasthegreatermerit. 44Handlingrights-baseddisputes Thereareoftendifferent---andsometimescontradictory--standardsthatapplytorights.Reachingagreementonrightswheretheoutcomewilldeterminewhogetswhatcanoftenbesodifficultthatthepartiesfrequentlyturntoathirdpartytodeterminewhoisright.Themosttypicalrightsprocedureisadjudicationinwhichdisputantspresentevidenceandargumentstoaneutralthirdpartywhohasthepowertomakeadecisionthatmustbefollowedbybothdisputants.Inmediationbycontrastthethirdpartydoesnothavethepowertodecidethedispute.Publicadjudicationisprovidedbycourtsandadministrativeagencies.Privateadjudicationisprovidedbyarbitrators. 45Theroleofpowerinsettlingdisagreements Athirdwaytoresolveadisputeisonthebasisofpower.Wedefinepowersomewhatnarrowlyastheabilitytopressuresomeonetodosomethinghewouldnototherwisedo. Inrelationshipsofmutualdependencesuchasbetweenlaborandmanagementorwithinanorganizationorafamilythequestionofwhoismorepowerfulturnsonwhoislessdependentontheother.Ifacompanyneedstheemployees’workmorethanemployeesneedthecompany’spaythecompanyismoredependentandhencelesspowerful.Howdependentoneisturnsonhowsatisfactorythealternativesareforsatisfyingone’sinterests.Thebetterthealternativethelessdependentoneis.Ifitiseasierforthecompanytoreplacestrikingemployeesthanitisforstrikingemployeestofindnewjobsthecompanyislessdependentandtherebymorepowerful.Determiningwhoisthemorepowerfulpartywithoutadecisiveandpotentiallydestructivepowercontestisdifficultbecausepowerisultimatelyamatterofperceptions. [A]Anotherinterests-basedprocedureismediationinwhichathirdpartyassiststhedisputantsthetwosidesinthedisputeinreachingagreement. [B]Othernegotiationslocusondeterminingwhoismorepowerfulsuchaswhenquarrellingmeighboursornationsexchangethreatsandcounterthreats.Oftennegotiationsinvolveamixofallthree--someattemptstosatisfyinterestssomediscussionofrightsandsomereferencestorelativepower. [C]Weoftenencounterdisputes.Ifwedon’tdealwithitpropertyitwillbringunexpectedout-cometous. [D]ThedirectorofsaleswantstoproducemoremodelsbecauseherinterestisinsellingTVsets;moremodelsmeanmorechoiceforconsumersandhenceincreasedsales.Thedirectorofmanufacturinghoweverwantstoproducefewermodels.Hisinterestisindecreasingmanufacturingcostsandmoremodelsmeanhighercosts. [E]Exercisingpowertypicallymeansimposingcostsontheothersideorthreateningtodoso.Theexerciseofpowertakestwocommonforms:actsofaggressionsuchasphysicalattackandwithholdingthebenefitsthatderivefromarelationshipaswhenemployeesstopworkinginastrike. [F]Itisoftencomplicatedtoattempttodeterminewhoisrightinadispute.Althoughitisusuallystraightforwardwhererightsareformalizedinlawotherrightstaketheformofunwrittenbutsociallyacceptedstandardsofbehavioursuchasreciprocityprecedentequalityandseniority. 42
Lightpollutionnowhasbecomeabigproblemandledtomuchwasteinoursociety.Ithasbeenestimatedthat30%oftheelectricitygeneratedforoutdoorilluminationiswasted.Importanttooaretheenvironmentalcostsofproducingtheenergytopowerwastedlight.Forexampleforeverykilowatt-hourofelectricityusedalmosttwopoundsofcarbondioxideandalmosttwogramsofsulphurdioxideareemittedintotheenvironment.46Thusbysimplyeliminatingwastedlightthoseamountscanbesubstantiallyreducedwithnonegativeeffectonnecessarylightingandwithdecidedlypositiveenvironmentalbenefitsfortheregion. Forindividualsandfamiliesanothersignificantissueisthatoflightintrusionthespillingofun-wantedlightontoprivateproperty.Thisconcernisalreadyaddressedinsomelocalzoningcodeswheremaximumlightlevelsatpropertylinesareestablished.47Butastheproblembecomesmorecommonhomeownersmayalsosensethattheintrusionofunwantedlightkeepsthemfromu-singtheiroutsidepropertyatnightastheywishormayeveninterferewithindooractivitiesbyshiningintothehouseinterior.Indeedlegalproceedingscouldresultfromsuchunwantedintrusionasaviolationofpropertyrights.Furthermorepoorqualitylightingwhethercommercialmunicipalorresidentialcanlessentheappealofaneighborhoodloweringpropertyvaluesiftheareabeginstolooktoobrightandgaudy. Yettheproblemoflightpollutioniseasilyremedied.Ingeneralgoodlightingusesonlytheamountoflightnecessaryforaspecificpurposeandthatlightisdirectedproperly.48Lightsallowingnoilluminationabovethehorizontalplaneoffixedobjectsandmountedattheproperheighttodotheirjobwhileavoidingglareandlightintrusionaretheideal.Inrecentyearstherehasbeenaconsciouseffortbymanymunicipalitiesbusinessesandindividualstobetteraddressthewayslightingisused. Sothenexttimeyouareoutatnightmakeanoteofthewaythingsarelit.49Rememberregardlessofhowweachievethegoalofreducinglightpollutionthesimplefactremainsthatweallwinwhensensiblelightingisused.Goodlightingsavesenergyandmoneyitreducespollutionitimprovestheappearanceofneighborhoodsandmaintainspropertyvaluesitenhancesthescientificandaestheticappreciationofthegloriesofthenightskyanditpreservesthatbeautyandinspirationforusandforourchildren.50Sowhenyoufindyourselfluckyenoughtobeinaplacewhereitisstilldarkenoughtoseetheskysparklingwithstarsthinkhowmuchlessbeautytherewouldbeintheworldwithoutit!Andbecomeanadvocateforsensibleandefficientlighting. Sowhenyoufindyourselfluckyenoughtobeinaplacewhereitisstilldarkenoughtoseetheskysparklingwithstarsthinkhowmuchlessbeautytherewouldbeintheworldwithoutit!
Shynessisthecauseofmuchunhappinessforagreatmanypeople.Shypeopleare1andserf-conscious;thatistheyare2concernedwiththeirownappearanceandactions.3thoughtsare4occurringintheirminds:WhatkindofimpressionamImaking Itisobviousthatsuch5feelingsmustaffectpeopleadversely.Aperson’sself-conceptis6inthewayheorshebehavesandthewayapersonbehavesaffectsotherpeople’sreactions.7thewaypeoplethinkaboutthemselveshasaprofoundeffectonallareasoftheirlives. Shypeoplehavinglow8arelikelytobepassiveandeasilyinfluencedbyothers.Theyneedreassurance9theyaredoing"thefightthing".Shypeoplearevery10tocriticism;theyfeelit11theirinferiority.Ashypersonmay12toacomplimentwithastatementlikethisone:"You’rejustsayingthattomakemefeelgood."Itisclearthat13self-awarenessisahealthyqualityoverdoingitisharmful. Canshynessbecompletely14oratleastreducedFortunatelypeoplecanovercomeshynesswithdeterminedandpatienteffortinbuildingself-confidence.Sinceshynessgoes15withlackofserf-esteemitisimportantforpeopletoaccepttheirweaknessaswellastheirstrengths.Forexamplemostpeoplewouldliketobe"A"studentsineverysubject.Itisnotfairforthemto16themselvesinferiorbecausetheyhavedifficulty17someareas.People’sexpectationsofthemselvesmustbe18 Eachoneofusisauniqueworthwhileindividual.Thebetterweunderstandourselvestheeasieritbecomesto19ourfullpotential.Let’snotallowshynesstoblockourchancesforarichand20life. 12
Text2 SoBig.Fwasthemorevisibleoftiletworecentwavesofinfectionbecauseitpropagateditselfbye-mailmeaningthatvictimsnoticedwhatwasgoingon.SoBig.Fwassoeffectivethatitcausedsubstantialdisruptioneventothoseprotectedbyanti-virussoftware.Thatwasbecausesomanycopiesofthevirusspreadthatmanymachineswereoverwhelmedbymessagesfromtheirownanti-virussoftware.Ontopofthatonecommoncounter-measurebackfiredincreasingtrafficstillfurthers.Anti-virussoftwareoftenbouncesawarningbacktothesenderofaninfectede-mailsayingthatthee-mailinquestioncannotbedeliveredbecauseitcontainsavirus.SoBig.Fwasabletospoofthissystemby"harvesting"e-mailaddressesfromtheharddisksofinfectedcomputers.Someoftheseaddresseswerethensentinfectede-mailsthathadbeendoctoredtolookasthoughtheyhadcomefromotherharvestedaddresses.Thelatterwerethussentwarningseventhoughtheirmachinesmaynothavebeeninfected. KevinHaleyofSymantecafirmthatmakesanti-virussoftwarethinksthatonereasonSoBig.Fwassomuchmoreeffectivethanothervirusesthatworkthiswayisbecauseitwasbetteratsearchinghard-drivesforaddresses.BrianKingofCERTaninternet-securitycenteratCarnegie-MellonUniversityinPittsburghnotethatunlikeitsprecursorsSoBig.Fwascapableof"multi-threading":itcouldsendmultiplee-mailssimultaneouslyallowingittodispatchthousandsinminutes. Blasterworkedbycreatinga"bufferoverrunintheremoteprocedurecall".InotherwordthatmeansitattackedapieceofsoftwareusedbyMicrosoft’sWindowsoperatingsystemtoallowonecomputertocontrolanother.Itdidsobycausingthatsoftwaretousetoomuchmemory. MostwormsworkbyexploitingweaknessesinanoperatingsystembutwhoeverwroteBlasterhadaparticularlyrefinedsenseofhumorsincethewebsiteunderattackwastheonefromwhichuserscouldobtainaprogramtofixtheveryweaknessinWindowsthatthewormitselfwasexploiting. OnewaytodealwithawickedwormlikeBlasteristodesignafairygodmotherwormthatgoesaroundrepairingvulnerablemachinesautomatically.InthecaseofBlastersomeoneseemstohavetriedexactlythatwithaprogramcalledWelchi.HoweveraccordingtoMr.HaleyWelchihascausedalmostasmanyproblemsasBlasteritselfbyoverwhelmingnetworkswith"pings"--signalsthatcheckedforthepresenceofothercomputers. Thoughbothoftheseprogramsfellshortoftheapparentobjectivesoftheirauthorstheystillcauseddamage.ForinstancetheyforcedtheshutdownofanumberofcomputernetworksincludingtheoneusedbytheNewYorkTimesnewsroomandtheoneorganizingtrainsoperatedbyCSXafreightcompanyonAmerica’seastcoast.Computerscientistsexpectthatitisonlyamatteroftimebeforeatrulydevastatingvirusisunleashed. ComparedwithSoBig.FBlasterwasavirusthatwas
Lightpollutionnowhasbecomeabigproblemandledtomuchwasteinoursociety.Ithasbeenestimatedthat30%oftheelectricitygeneratedforoutdoorilluminationiswasted.Importanttooaretheenvironmentalcostsofproducingtheenergytopowerwastedlight.Forexampleforeverykilowatt-hourofelectricityusedalmosttwopoundsofcarbondioxideandalmosttwogramsofsulphurdioxideareemittedintotheenvironment.46Thusbysimplyeliminatingwastedlightthoseamountscanbesubstantiallyreducedwithnonegativeeffectonnecessarylightingandwithdecidedlypositiveenvironmentalbenefitsfortheregion. Forindividualsandfamiliesanothersignificantissueisthatoflightintrusionthespillingofun-wantedlightontoprivateproperty.Thisconcernisalreadyaddressedinsomelocalzoningcodeswheremaximumlightlevelsatpropertylinesareestablished.47Butastheproblembecomesmorecommonhomeownersmayalsosensethattheintrusionofunwantedlightkeepsthemfromu-singtheiroutsidepropertyatnightastheywishormayeveninterferewithindooractivitiesbyshiningintothehouseinterior.Indeedlegalproceedingscouldresultfromsuchunwantedintrusionasaviolationofpropertyrights.Furthermorepoorqualitylightingwhethercommercialmunicipalorresidentialcanlessentheappealofaneighborhoodloweringpropertyvaluesiftheareabeginstolooktoobrightandgaudy. Yettheproblemoflightpollutioniseasilyremedied.Ingeneralgoodlightingusesonlytheamountoflightnecessaryforaspecificpurposeandthatlightisdirectedproperly.48Lightsallowingnoilluminationabovethehorizontalplaneoffixedobjectsandmountedattheproperheighttodotheirjobwhileavoidingglareandlightintrusionaretheideal.Inrecentyearstherehasbeenaconsciouseffortbymanymunicipalitiesbusinessesandindividualstobetteraddressthewayslightingisused. Sothenexttimeyouareoutatnightmakeanoteofthewaythingsarelit.49Rememberregardlessofhowweachievethegoalofreducinglightpollutionthesimplefactremainsthatweallwinwhensensiblelightingisused.Goodlightingsavesenergyandmoneyitreducespollutionitimprovestheappearanceofneighborhoodsandmaintainspropertyvaluesitenhancesthescientificandaestheticappreciationofthegloriesofthenightskyanditpreservesthatbeautyandinspirationforusandforourchildren.50Sowhenyoufindyourselfluckyenoughtobeinaplacewhereitisstilldarkenoughtoseetheskysparklingwithstarsthinkhowmuchlessbeautytherewouldbeintheworldwithoutit!Andbecomeanadvocateforsensibleandefficientlighting. Lightsallowingnoilluminationabovethehorizontalplaneoffixedobjectsandmountedattheproperheighttodotheirjobwhileavoidingglareandlightintrusionaretheideal
Text1 Iamnotanaccomplishedlawyer.IfindquiteasmuchmaterialforalectureinthosepointswhereinIhavefailedasinthosewhereIhavebeenmoderatelysuccessful.Theleadingruleforthelawyerasforthemanofeveryothercallingisdiligence.Leavenothingfortomorrowwhichcanbedonetoday.Neverletyourcorrespondencesfallbehind.Whateverpieceofbusinessyouhaveinhandbeforestoppingdoallthelaborrelatedtoitwhichcanthenbedone.Whenyoubringacommonlawsuitifyouhavethefactsfordoingsowritethedeclarationatonce.Ifalawpointbeinvolvedexaminethebooksandnotetheauthorityyourelyonthedeclarationitselfwhereyouaresuretofinditwhenwanted.Inbusinessnotlikelytobelitigated--ordinarycollectioncasespartitionsandthelike--makeallexaminationsoftitlesnotethemandevendraftordersandofficialordersinadvance.Thiscoursehasatripleadvantage:itavoidsomissionsandneglectsavesyourlaborwhenoncedoneperformsthelaboroutofcourtwhenyouhaveleisureratherthanincourtwhenyouhavenot.Spontaneousspeakingshouldbepracticedandcultivated.Itisthelawyer’savenuetothepublic.Howeverableandfaithfulhemaybeinotherrespectspeopleareslowbringinghimbusinessifhecannotmakeaspeech.Andyethereisnotamorefatalerrortoyounglawyersthanrelyingtoomuchonspeechmaking.Ifanyoneuponhisrarepowersofspeakingshallclaimexemptionfromtheexhaustingworkofthelawhiscaseisafailureinadvance. Discouragelitigation.Persuadeyourneighborstocompromisewheneveryoucan.Pointouttothemhowthenominalwinnerisoftenarealloser--infeesandexpensesandwasteoftime.Asapeacemakerthelawyerhasasuperioropportunityofbeingagoodman.Therewillstillbebusinessenough. Neverstiruplitigation.Aworsemancanscarcelybefoundthanonewhodoesthis.WhocanbemorenearlyafriendthanhewhohabituallyoverhaulstheRegisterofdeedsinsearchofdefectsintitleswhereontostirupstrifeandputmoneyinhispocketAmoraltoneoughttobeintroducedintotheprofessionwhichshoulddrivesuchmenoutofit. Accordingtothepassagethelawyershould
Text4 TherecentapparentlysuccessfulpredictionbymathematicalmodelsofanappearanceofElNifio—thewarmoceancurrentthatperiodicallydevelopsalongthePacificcoastofSouthAmerica--hasexcitedresearchers.JacobBjerknesspointedoutover20yearsagohowwindsmightcreateeitherabnormallywarmorabnormallycoldwaterintheeasternequatorialPacific.NonethelessuntilthedevelopmentofthemodelsnoonecouldexplainwhyconditionsshouldregularlyshiftfromonetotheotherashappensintheperiodicoscillationsbetweenappearanceofthewarmElNifioandthecoldso-calledanti-ElNifio.Theansweralleastifthecurrentmodelthatlinksthebehavioroftheoceantothatoftheatmosphereiscorrectistobefoundintheocean. IthaslongbeenknownthatduringanElNiflotwoconditionsexist:1unusuallywarmwaterextendsalongtheeasternPacificprincipallyalongthecoastsofEcuadorandPeruand2windsblowfromthewestintothewarmerairrisingoverthewarmwaterintheeast.Thesewindstendtocreateafeedbackmechanismbydrivingthewarmersurfacewaterintoa"pile"thatblocksthenormalupwellingofdeepercoldwaterintheeastandfurtherwarmstheeasternwaterthusstrengtheningthewindstillmore.ThecontributionofthemodelistoshowthatthewindsofanElNifiowhichraisesealevelintheeastsimultaneouslysendasignaltothewestloweringsealevel.AccordingtothemodelthatsignalisgeneratedasanegativeRossbywaveawaveofdepressedornegativesealevelthatmoveswestwardparalleltotheequatorat25to85kilometersperday.TakingmonthstotraversethePacificRossbywavesmarchtothewesternboundaryofthePacificbasinwhichismodeledasasmoothwallbutinrealityconsistsofquiteirregularislandchainssuchasthePhilippinesandIndonesia. WhenthewavesmeetthewesternboundarytheyarereflectedandthemodelpredictsthatRossbywaveswillbebrokenintonumerouscoastalKelvinwavescarryingthesamenegativesea-levelsignal.TheseeventuallyshoottowardtheequatorandthenheadeastwardalongtheequatorpropelledbytherotationoftheEarthataspeedofabout250kilometersperday.WhenenoughKelvinwavesofsufficientamplitudearrivefromthewesternPacifictheirnegativesea-levelsignalovercomesthefeedbackmechanismtendingtoraisethesealevelandtheybegintodrivethesystemintotheoppositecoldmode.Thisproducesagradualshiftinwindsonethatwilleventuallysendpositivesea-levelRossbywaveswestwardwavesthatwilleventuallyreturnascoldcycle-endingpositiveKelvinwavesbeginninganotherwarmingcycle. AccordingtothemodelwhatnormallysignalsthedisappearanceofanElNifio
Text2 SoBig.Fwasthemorevisibleoftiletworecentwavesofinfectionbecauseitpropagateditselfbye-mailmeaningthatvictimsnoticedwhatwasgoingon.SoBig.Fwassoeffectivethatitcausedsubstantialdisruptioneventothoseprotectedbyanti-virussoftware.Thatwasbecausesomanycopiesofthevirusspreadthatmanymachineswereoverwhelmedbymessagesfromtheirownanti-virussoftware.Ontopofthatonecommoncounter-measurebackfiredincreasingtrafficstillfurthers.Anti-virussoftwareoftenbouncesawarningbacktothesenderofaninfectede-mailsayingthatthee-mailinquestioncannotbedeliveredbecauseitcontainsavirus.SoBig.Fwasabletospoofthissystemby"harvesting"e-mailaddressesfromtheharddisksofinfectedcomputers.Someoftheseaddresseswerethensentinfectede-mailsthathadbeendoctoredtolookasthoughtheyhadcomefromotherharvestedaddresses.Thelatterwerethussentwarningseventhoughtheirmachinesmaynothavebeeninfected. KevinHaleyofSymantecafirmthatmakesanti-virussoftwarethinksthatonereasonSoBig.Fwassomuchmoreeffectivethanothervirusesthatworkthiswayisbecauseitwasbetteratsearchinghard-drivesforaddresses.BrianKingofCERTaninternet-securitycenteratCarnegie-MellonUniversityinPittsburghnotethatunlikeitsprecursorsSoBig.Fwascapableof"multi-threading":itcouldsendmultiplee-mailssimultaneouslyallowingittodispatchthousandsinminutes. Blasterworkedbycreatinga"bufferoverrunintheremoteprocedurecall".InotherwordthatmeansitattackedapieceofsoftwareusedbyMicrosoft’sWindowsoperatingsystemtoallowonecomputertocontrolanother.Itdidsobycausingthatsoftwaretousetoomuchmemory. MostwormsworkbyexploitingweaknessesinanoperatingsystembutwhoeverwroteBlasterhadaparticularlyrefinedsenseofhumorsincethewebsiteunderattackwastheonefromwhichuserscouldobtainaprogramtofixtheveryweaknessinWindowsthatthewormitselfwasexploiting. OnewaytodealwithawickedwormlikeBlasteristodesignafairygodmotherwormthatgoesaroundrepairingvulnerablemachinesautomatically.InthecaseofBlastersomeoneseemstohavetriedexactlythatwithaprogramcalledWelchi.HoweveraccordingtoMr.HaleyWelchihascausedalmostasmanyproblemsasBlasteritselfbyoverwhelmingnetworkswith"pings"--signalsthatcheckedforthepresenceofothercomputers. Thoughbothoftheseprogramsfellshortoftheapparentobjectivesoftheirauthorstheystillcauseddamage.ForinstancetheyforcedtheshutdownofanumberofcomputernetworksincludingtheoneusedbytheNewYorkTimesnewsroomandtheoneorganizingtrainsoperatedbyCSXafreightcompanyonAmerica’seastcoast.Computerscientistsexpectthatitisonlyamatteroftimebeforeatrulydevastatingvirusisunleashed. SoBig.Fdamagedcomputerprogramsmainlyby
Text3 OfallthetruthsthatthisgenerationofAmericansholdself-evidentfewaremoredeeplyembeddedinthenationalpsychethanthemaxim"Itpaystogotocollege."SincetheGIBilltrans-formedhighereducationintheaftermathofWWIIacollegediplomaonceabirthrightoftheleisuredfewhasbecomeanattractionfortheupwardlymobileasintegraltotheAmericandreamasthepursuitofhappinessitself.Thenumberstellthestory:in1950s43%ofhigh-schoolgraduateswentontopursuesomeformofhighereducation;attilesametimeonly6%ofAmericanswerecollegegraduates.Butby1998almost2tooutof3secondary-schoolgraduateswereoptingforhighereducation--and21%ofamuchlargerU.S.populationhadcollegediplomas.AsProf.HerbertLondonofNewYorkUniversitytoldacommencementaudiencelastJune:"thecollegeexperiencehasgonefromaritepassagetoarightofpassage." Howeverastheclassof2004issopainfullydiscoveringwhileacollegediplomaremainsarequisitecredentialforascendingtheeconomicladderitnolongerguaranteesthegoodlife.RarelysincetheendoftheGreatDepressionhasthejoboutlookforcollegegraduatesappearedsobleak:ofthe1.1millionstudentswhoreceivedtheirbachelordegreeslastspringfewerthan20%hadlinedupfull-timeemploymentbycommencement.Indeedanuncertainjobmarkethasprecipitatedawaveofeconomicfearandtremblingamongtheyoung."Manyofmyclassmatesareabsolutelyterrified"saysoneofthefortunatefewwhodidmanagetolandapermanentposition."Theywonderifthey’lleverfindajob." Someofthisrecession-inducedanxietywilldisappearifarecoveryfinallybeginstogeneratejobsatwhateconomistsconsideranormalrate.Butthesadfactisthatfortheforeseeablefuturecollegegraduateswillinconsiderablesurplusenablingemployerstorequireadegreeevenforjobsforwhichacollegeeducationisreallyunnecessary.AccordingtoKristinaShelleyoftheBureauofLaborStatistics--whobasesherestimateona"moderateprojection"ofcurrenttrends--30per-centofcollegegraduatesenteringthelabort0rcebetweennowandtheyear2008willbeunemployedorwillfindemploymentinjobsforwhichtheywillbeoverqualifiedjoiningwhateconomistscallthe"educationallyunderutilized." Indeeditmaybequiteawhile--ifever--beforethoseworkingtemporarilyascocktailwaitressesortaxidriverswillbeabletopursuetheirprimarycareerpaths.Ofcoursewaitingontablesandbustlingcabfaresarerespectablewaystoearnaliving.ButtheyarenotquitewhatsomanyyoungAmericans--andtheirparents--hadinmindastheendproductoffourexpensiveyearsincollege. Thefiguresinthefirstparagrapharecitedtoshowthatnow
Text2 SoBig.Fwasthemorevisibleoftiletworecentwavesofinfectionbecauseitpropagateditselfbye-mailmeaningthatvictimsnoticedwhatwasgoingon.SoBig.Fwassoeffectivethatitcausedsubstantialdisruptioneventothoseprotectedbyanti-virussoftware.Thatwasbecausesomanycopiesofthevirusspreadthatmanymachineswereoverwhelmedbymessagesfromtheirownanti-virussoftware.Ontopofthatonecommoncounter-measurebackfiredincreasingtrafficstillfurthers.Anti-virussoftwareoftenbouncesawarningbacktothesenderofaninfectede-mailsayingthatthee-mailinquestioncannotbedeliveredbecauseitcontainsavirus.SoBig.Fwasabletospoofthissystemby"harvesting"e-mailaddressesfromtheharddisksofinfectedcomputers.Someoftheseaddresseswerethensentinfectede-mailsthathadbeendoctoredtolookasthoughtheyhadcomefromotherharvestedaddresses.Thelatterwerethussentwarningseventhoughtheirmachinesmaynothavebeeninfected. KevinHaleyofSymantecafirmthatmakesanti-virussoftwarethinksthatonereasonSoBig.Fwassomuchmoreeffectivethanothervirusesthatworkthiswayisbecauseitwasbetteratsearchinghard-drivesforaddresses.BrianKingofCERTaninternet-securitycenteratCarnegie-MellonUniversityinPittsburghnotethatunlikeitsprecursorsSoBig.Fwascapableof"multi-threading":itcouldsendmultiplee-mailssimultaneouslyallowingittodispatchthousandsinminutes. Blasterworkedbycreatinga"bufferoverrunintheremoteprocedurecall".InotherwordthatmeansitattackedapieceofsoftwareusedbyMicrosoft’sWindowsoperatingsystemtoallowonecomputertocontrolanother.Itdidsobycausingthatsoftwaretousetoomuchmemory. MostwormsworkbyexploitingweaknessesinanoperatingsystembutwhoeverwroteBlasterhadaparticularlyrefinedsenseofhumorsincethewebsiteunderattackwastheonefromwhichuserscouldobtainaprogramtofixtheveryweaknessinWindowsthatthewormitselfwasexploiting. OnewaytodealwithawickedwormlikeBlasteristodesignafairygodmotherwormthatgoesaroundrepairingvulnerablemachinesautomatically.InthecaseofBlastersomeoneseemstohavetriedexactlythatwithaprogramcalledWelchi.HoweveraccordingtoMr.HaleyWelchihascausedalmostasmanyproblemsasBlasteritselfbyoverwhelmingnetworkswith"pings"--signalsthatcheckedforthepresenceofothercomputers. Thoughbothoftheseprogramsfellshortoftheapparentobjectivesoftheirauthorstheystillcauseddamage.ForinstancetheyforcedtheshutdownofanumberofcomputernetworksincludingtheoneusedbytheNewYorkTimesnewsroomandtheoneorganizingtrainsoperatedbyCSXafreightcompanyonAmerica’seastcoast.Computerscientistsexpectthatitisonlyamatteroftimebeforeatrulydevastatingvirusisunleashed. WelearnfromthepassagethatWelchiis
Shynessisthecauseofmuchunhappinessforagreatmanypeople.Shypeopleare1andserf-conscious;thatistheyare2concernedwiththeirownappearanceandactions.3thoughtsare4occurringintheirminds:WhatkindofimpressionamImaking Itisobviousthatsuch5feelingsmustaffectpeopleadversely.Aperson’sself-conceptis6inthewayheorshebehavesandthewayapersonbehavesaffectsotherpeople’sreactions.7thewaypeoplethinkaboutthemselveshasaprofoundeffectonallareasoftheirlives. Shypeoplehavinglow8arelikelytobepassiveandeasilyinfluencedbyothers.Theyneedreassurance9theyaredoing"thefightthing".Shypeoplearevery10tocriticism;theyfeelit11theirinferiority.Ashypersonmay12toacomplimentwithastatementlikethisone:"You’rejustsayingthattomakemefeelgood."Itisclearthat13self-awarenessisahealthyqualityoverdoingitisharmful. Canshynessbecompletely14oratleastreducedFortunatelypeoplecanovercomeshynesswithdeterminedandpatienteffortinbuildingself-confidence.Sinceshynessgoes15withlackofserf-esteemitisimportantforpeopletoaccepttheirweaknessaswellastheirstrengths.Forexamplemostpeoplewouldliketobe"A"studentsineverysubject.Itisnotfairforthemto16themselvesinferiorbecausetheyhavedifficulty17someareas.People’sexpectationsofthemselvesmustbe18 Eachoneofusisauniqueworthwhileindividual.Thebetterweunderstandourselvestheeasieritbecomesto19ourfullpotential.Let’snotallowshynesstoblockourchancesforarichand20life. 10
Toresolveadisputemeanstoturnopposingpositionsintoasingleoutcome.Thetwopartiesmaychoosetofocustheirattentionononeormoreofthreebasicfactors.Theymayseekto1reconciletheirinterests2determinewhoisrightand/or3determinewhoismorepowerful. 41Disagreementofinterests Interestsareneedsdesiresconcernsfears--thethingsonecaresaboutorwants.Theypro-videthefoundationforaperson’soranorganisation’spositioninadispute.Inadisputenotonlydotheinterestsofonepartynotcoincidewiththoseoftheotherpartybuttheyareinconflict.ForexamplethedirectorofsalesforanelectronicscompanygetsintoadisputewiththedirectorofmanufacturingoverthenumberofTVmodelstoproduce. 42Methodsofsettlingconflictinginterests Reconcilingsuchinterestsisnoteasy.Itinvolvesprobingfordeeplyrootedconcernsdevisingcreativesolutionsandmakingtrade-offsandcompromiseswhereinterestsareopposed.Themostcommonprocedurefordoingthisisnegotiationtheactofcommunicationintendedtoreachagreement. 43Theuseofnegotiationfordifferentdisputetypes Bynomeansdoallnegotiationsormediationsfocusonreconcilinginterests.Somenegotiationsfocusondeterminingwhoisrightsuchaswhentwolawyersargueaboutwhosecasehasthegreatermerit. 44Handlingrights-baseddisputes Thereareoftendifferent---andsometimescontradictory--standardsthatapplytorights.Reachingagreementonrightswheretheoutcomewilldeterminewhogetswhatcanoftenbesodifficultthatthepartiesfrequentlyturntoathirdpartytodeterminewhoisright.Themosttypicalrightsprocedureisadjudicationinwhichdisputantspresentevidenceandargumentstoaneutralthirdpartywhohasthepowertomakeadecisionthatmustbefollowedbybothdisputants.Inmediationbycontrastthethirdpartydoesnothavethepowertodecidethedispute.Publicadjudicationisprovidedbycourtsandadministrativeagencies.Privateadjudicationisprovidedbyarbitrators. 45Theroleofpowerinsettlingdisagreements Athirdwaytoresolveadisputeisonthebasisofpower.Wedefinepowersomewhatnarrowlyastheabilitytopressuresomeonetodosomethinghewouldnototherwisedo. Inrelationshipsofmutualdependencesuchasbetweenlaborandmanagementorwithinanorganizationorafamilythequestionofwhoismorepowerfulturnsonwhoislessdependentontheother.Ifacompanyneedstheemployees’workmorethanemployeesneedthecompany’spaythecompanyismoredependentandhencelesspowerful.Howdependentoneisturnsonhowsatisfactorythealternativesareforsatisfyingone’sinterests.Thebetterthealternativethelessdependentoneis.Ifitiseasierforthecompanytoreplacestrikingemployeesthanitisforstrikingemployeestofindnewjobsthecompanyislessdependentandtherebymorepowerful.Determiningwhoisthemorepowerfulpartywithoutadecisiveandpotentiallydestructivepowercontestisdifficultbecausepowerisultimatelyamatterofperceptions. [A]Anotherinterests-basedprocedureismediationinwhichathirdpartyassiststhedisputantsthetwosidesinthedisputeinreachingagreement. [B]Othernegotiationslocusondeterminingwhoismorepowerfulsuchaswhenquarrellingmeighboursornationsexchangethreatsandcounterthreats.Oftennegotiationsinvolveamixofallthree--someattemptstosatisfyinterestssomediscussionofrightsandsomereferencestorelativepower. [C]Weoftenencounterdisputes.Ifwedon’tdealwithitpropertyitwillbringunexpectedout-cometous. [D]ThedirectorofsaleswantstoproducemoremodelsbecauseherinterestisinsellingTVsets;moremodelsmeanmorechoiceforconsumersandhenceincreasedsales.Thedirectorofmanufacturinghoweverwantstoproducefewermodels.Hisinterestisindecreasingmanufacturingcostsandmoremodelsmeanhighercosts. [E]Exercisingpowertypicallymeansimposingcostsontheothersideorthreateningtodoso.Theexerciseofpowertakestwocommonforms:actsofaggressionsuchasphysicalattackandwithholdingthebenefitsthatderivefromarelationshipaswhenemployeesstopworkinginastrike. [F]Itisoftencomplicatedtoattempttodeterminewhoisrightinadispute.Althoughitisusuallystraightforwardwhererightsareformalizedinlawotherrightstaketheformofunwrittenbutsociallyacceptedstandardsofbehavioursuchasreciprocityprecedentequalityandseniority. 44
Shynessisthecauseofmuchunhappinessforagreatmanypeople.Shypeopleare1andserf-conscious;thatistheyare2concernedwiththeirownappearanceandactions.3thoughtsare4occurringintheirminds:WhatkindofimpressionamImaking Itisobviousthatsuch5feelingsmustaffectpeopleadversely.Aperson’sself-conceptis6inthewayheorshebehavesandthewayapersonbehavesaffectsotherpeople’sreactions.7thewaypeoplethinkaboutthemselveshasaprofoundeffectonallareasoftheirlives. Shypeoplehavinglow8arelikelytobepassiveandeasilyinfluencedbyothers.Theyneedreassurance9theyaredoing"thefightthing".Shypeoplearevery10tocriticism;theyfeelit11theirinferiority.Ashypersonmay12toacomplimentwithastatementlikethisone:"You’rejustsayingthattomakemefeelgood."Itisclearthat13self-awarenessisahealthyqualityoverdoingitisharmful. Canshynessbecompletely14oratleastreducedFortunatelypeoplecanovercomeshynesswithdeterminedandpatienteffortinbuildingself-confidence.Sinceshynessgoes15withlackofserf-esteemitisimportantforpeopletoaccepttheirweaknessaswellastheirstrengths.Forexamplemostpeoplewouldliketobe"A"studentsineverysubject.Itisnotfairforthemto16themselvesinferiorbecausetheyhavedifficulty17someareas.People’sexpectationsofthemselvesmustbe18 Eachoneofusisauniqueworthwhileindividual.Thebetterweunderstandourselvestheeasieritbecomesto19ourfullpotential.Let’snotallowshynesstoblockourchancesforarichand20life. 18
Text4 TherecentapparentlysuccessfulpredictionbymathematicalmodelsofanappearanceofElNifio—thewarmoceancurrentthatperiodicallydevelopsalongthePacificcoastofSouthAmerica--hasexcitedresearchers.JacobBjerknesspointedoutover20yearsagohowwindsmightcreateeitherabnormallywarmorabnormallycoldwaterintheeasternequatorialPacific.NonethelessuntilthedevelopmentofthemodelsnoonecouldexplainwhyconditionsshouldregularlyshiftfromonetotheotherashappensintheperiodicoscillationsbetweenappearanceofthewarmElNifioandthecoldso-calledanti-ElNifio.Theansweralleastifthecurrentmodelthatlinksthebehavioroftheoceantothatoftheatmosphereiscorrectistobefoundintheocean. IthaslongbeenknownthatduringanElNiflotwoconditionsexist:1unusuallywarmwaterextendsalongtheeasternPacificprincipallyalongthecoastsofEcuadorandPeruand2windsblowfromthewestintothewarmerairrisingoverthewarmwaterintheeast.Thesewindstendtocreateafeedbackmechanismbydrivingthewarmersurfacewaterintoa"pile"thatblocksthenormalupwellingofdeepercoldwaterintheeastandfurtherwarmstheeasternwaterthusstrengtheningthewindstillmore.ThecontributionofthemodelistoshowthatthewindsofanElNifiowhichraisesealevelintheeastsimultaneouslysendasignaltothewestloweringsealevel.AccordingtothemodelthatsignalisgeneratedasanegativeRossbywaveawaveofdepressedornegativesealevelthatmoveswestwardparalleltotheequatorat25to85kilometersperday.TakingmonthstotraversethePacificRossbywavesmarchtothewesternboundaryofthePacificbasinwhichismodeledasasmoothwallbutinrealityconsistsofquiteirregularislandchainssuchasthePhilippinesandIndonesia. WhenthewavesmeetthewesternboundarytheyarereflectedandthemodelpredictsthatRossbywaveswillbebrokenintonumerouscoastalKelvinwavescarryingthesamenegativesea-levelsignal.TheseeventuallyshoottowardtheequatorandthenheadeastwardalongtheequatorpropelledbytherotationoftheEarthataspeedofabout250kilometersperday.WhenenoughKelvinwavesofsufficientamplitudearrivefromthewesternPacifictheirnegativesea-levelsignalovercomesthefeedbackmechanismtendingtoraisethesealevelandtheybegintodrivethesystemintotheoppositecoldmode.Thisproducesagradualshiftinwindsonethatwilleventuallysendpositivesea-levelRossbywaveswestwardwavesthatwilleventuallyreturnascoldcycle-endingpositiveKelvinwavesbeginninganotherwarmingcycle. WhichofthefollowingwouldmostseriouslyunderminethevalidityofthemodelofElNifiomentioned
Shynessisthecauseofmuchunhappinessforagreatmanypeople.Shypeopleare1andserf-conscious;thatistheyare2concernedwiththeirownappearanceandactions.3thoughtsare4occurringintheirminds:WhatkindofimpressionamImaking Itisobviousthatsuch5feelingsmustaffectpeopleadversely.Aperson’sself-conceptis6inthewayheorshebehavesandthewayapersonbehavesaffectsotherpeople’sreactions.7thewaypeoplethinkaboutthemselveshasaprofoundeffectonallareasoftheirlives. Shypeoplehavinglow8arelikelytobepassiveandeasilyinfluencedbyothers.Theyneedreassurance9theyaredoing"thefightthing".Shypeoplearevery10tocriticism;theyfeelit11theirinferiority.Ashypersonmay12toacomplimentwithastatementlikethisone:"You’rejustsayingthattomakemefeelgood."Itisclearthat13self-awarenessisahealthyqualityoverdoingitisharmful. Canshynessbecompletely14oratleastreducedFortunatelypeoplecanovercomeshynesswithdeterminedandpatienteffortinbuildingself-confidence.Sinceshynessgoes15withlackofserf-esteemitisimportantforpeopletoaccepttheirweaknessaswellastheirstrengths.Forexamplemostpeoplewouldliketobe"A"studentsineverysubject.Itisnotfairforthemto16themselvesinferiorbecausetheyhavedifficulty17someareas.People’sexpectationsofthemselvesmustbe18 Eachoneofusisauniqueworthwhileindividual.Thebetterweunderstandourselvestheeasieritbecomesto19ourfullpotential.Let’snotallowshynesstoblockourchancesforarichand20life. 14
[A]Messagetransmissioninthebodyfromthechemicalperspective [B]Howfoodinfluencesmoodandmind [C]Substancescontainedinsomefoodscanimprovebrainpower [D]Anexampleoftheinfluenceoffoodonmindandmood [E]Foodproduceschemicalmessengersinthebrain [F]Theeffectsandapplicationofneurotransmitters Hippocratesthe"FatherofMedicine"said"Letyourfoodbeyourmedicineandletyourmedicinebeyourfood."ForaGreekborninthefifthcenturyB.C.Hippocrateswaswisebeyondhistime.Todayweknowthatalow-fatdietrichinwholegrainsfruitsandvegetablesstrengthenstheimmunesystemandreducestheriskofcancerheartdiseaseandstroke.ButHippocrateslendanear!There’smoretothestory.Newevidencesuggeststhatfoodmayinfluencehowhealthypeoplethinkandfeel.WerehealivetodayHippocratesmightlookbacktohislastmealtoexplainhischeerfulorsourmood.Hemightalsochangehiseatinghabitstobecomehappierorsmarter. 41._______________________________________________. Imagineyourselflyinginbedyourmindinturmoil.Youtossandturnbutsleepwon’tcome.Maybeabedtimesnackwouldhelp.Whatshouldyouchoose7Ifyouthinkfirstoftoasterwafflesorpopcornsomeexpertswouldsayyou’reontherighttrack.Foodshighincomplexcarbohydrates--suchascerealspotatoespastacrackersorricecakes--makemanypeoplerelaxedanddrowsy. Tryonemore.Youhaveamathtestcomingupintheafternoon.Youwanttobesharpbutyouusuallyfeelsleepyafterlunch.Isyourbestchoiceanenergyfixoffriesandashakeorabroiledchickenbreastandlow-fatyogurtIfyoupickthehigh-fatfriesandshakeyoumayfeelsluggishandblowthattest.Theprotein-richchickenandyogurtarebetterchoices.Proteinfoodsenergizesomeexpertssay. 42._______________________________________________. Howdoesfood’affectmoodandmindTheanswermaylieinthechemistryofthebrainandnervoussystem.Moleculescalledneurotransmittersarechemicalmessengers.Theycarryanerveimpulseacrossthegapbetweennervecells.Thereleaseofneurotransmittermoleculesfromoneneuronandtheirattachmenttoreceptorsitesonanotherkeepanerveimpulsemoving.Nerveimpulsescarrymessagesfromtheenvironmenttothebrainforexamplethepainyoufeelwhenyoustubyourtoe.Theyalsocarrymessagesintheotherdirectionfromthebraintothemuscles.That’swhyyoubackawayfromtheobstaclethatinitiatedthepainsignalandexclaim"Ouch!" 43._______________________________________________. "Manyneurotransmittersarebuiltfromthefoodsweeat"saysneuroscientistEricChudleroftheUniversityofWashington.ToolittleortoomuchofaparticularnutrientinthedietcanaffecttheirproductionChudlersays.Forexampletryptophanfromfoodssuchasyogurtmilkbananasandeggsisrequiredfortheproductionoftheneurotransmitterserotonin. 44._______________________________________________. Dozensofneurotransmittersareknown;hundredsmayexist.Theireffectsdependontheira-mountsandwheretheyworkinthebrain.Theneurotransmitterserotoninforexampleisthoughttoproducefeelingsofcalmnessrelaxationandcontentment.Drugsthatpreventitsreuptakeintotheneuronthatreleaseditareprescribedtotreatdepression.Inatleastsomehealthynon-depressedpeoplecarbohydratefoodsseemtoenhanceserotoninproductionandproducesimilareffects."Itisthebalancebetweendifferentneurotransmittersthathelpsregulatemood"Chudlersays. 45._______________________________________________. Propernutritionmayalsoenhancebrainpower.CholineisasubstancesimilartotheB-vitamins.It’sfoundineggyolkswholewheatpeanutsmilkgreenpeasliverbeansseafoodandsoybeans.Thebrainusesittomaketheneurotransmitteracetylcholine.TotesttheeffectsofcholineonmemoryandlearningresearchersattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologygavememoryteststocollegestudentsbeforeincreasingtheamountofcholineintheirsubjects’diets.Latertheyre-tested.Ontheaveragememorieswerebetterandthestudentslearnedalistofunrelatedwordsmoreeasily. "We’rejustscratchingthesurfaceinthisfield"saysLarryChristensenapsychologistattheUniversityofSouthAlabama"butweknowthattherearedefinitebehavioraleffectsofdiet."There’salottolearnandfutureresearchmayrevealmoreaboutthechemistryofmoodbrainandnutrition.Untilthenitmakessensetochoosehealthyfoodsthatnourishbothbodyandmind. 42
Shynessisthecauseofmuchunhappinessforagreatmanypeople.Shypeopleare1andserf-conscious;thatistheyare2concernedwiththeirownappearanceandactions.3thoughtsare4occurringintheirminds:WhatkindofimpressionamImaking Itisobviousthatsuch5feelingsmustaffectpeopleadversely.Aperson’sself-conceptis6inthewayheorshebehavesandthewayapersonbehavesaffectsotherpeople’sreactions.7thewaypeoplethinkaboutthemselveshasaprofoundeffectonallareasoftheirlives. Shypeoplehavinglow8arelikelytobepassiveandeasilyinfluencedbyothers.Theyneedreassurance9theyaredoing"thefightthing".Shypeoplearevery10tocriticism;theyfeelit11theirinferiority.Ashypersonmay12toacomplimentwithastatementlikethisone:"You’rejustsayingthattomakemefeelgood."Itisclearthat13self-awarenessisahealthyqualityoverdoingitisharmful. Canshynessbecompletely14oratleastreducedFortunatelypeoplecanovercomeshynesswithdeterminedandpatienteffortinbuildingself-confidence.Sinceshynessgoes15withlackofserf-esteemitisimportantforpeopletoaccepttheirweaknessaswellastheirstrengths.Forexamplemostpeoplewouldliketobe"A"studentsineverysubject.Itisnotfairforthemto16themselvesinferiorbecausetheyhavedifficulty17someareas.People’sexpectationsofthemselvesmustbe18 Eachoneofusisauniqueworthwhileindividual.Thebetterweunderstandourselvestheeasieritbecomesto19ourfullpotential.Let’snotallowshynesstoblockourchancesforarichand20life. 2
[A]Messagetransmissioninthebodyfromthechemicalperspective [B]Howfoodinfluencesmoodandmind [C]Substancescontainedinsomefoodscanimprovebrainpower [D]Anexampleoftheinfluenceoffoodonmindandmood [E]Foodproduceschemicalmessengersinthebrain [F]Theeffectsandapplicationofneurotransmitters Hippocratesthe"FatherofMedicine"said"Letyourfoodbeyourmedicineandletyourmedicinebeyourfood."ForaGreekborninthefifthcenturyB.C.Hippocrateswaswisebeyondhistime.Todayweknowthatalow-fatdietrichinwholegrainsfruitsandvegetablesstrengthenstheimmunesystemandreducestheriskofcancerheartdiseaseandstroke.ButHippocrateslendanear!There’smoretothestory.Newevidencesuggeststhatfoodmayinfluencehowhealthypeoplethinkandfeel.WerehealivetodayHippocratesmightlookbacktohislastmealtoexplainhischeerfulorsourmood.Hemightalsochangehiseatinghabitstobecomehappierorsmarter. 41._______________________________________________. Imagineyourselflyinginbedyourmindinturmoil.Youtossandturnbutsleepwon’tcome.Maybeabedtimesnackwouldhelp.Whatshouldyouchoose7Ifyouthinkfirstoftoasterwafflesorpopcornsomeexpertswouldsayyou’reontherighttrack.Foodshighincomplexcarbohydrates--suchascerealspotatoespastacrackersorricecakes--makemanypeoplerelaxedanddrowsy. Tryonemore.Youhaveamathtestcomingupintheafternoon.Youwanttobesharpbutyouusuallyfeelsleepyafterlunch.Isyourbestchoiceanenergyfixoffriesandashakeorabroiledchickenbreastandlow-fatyogurtIfyoupickthehigh-fatfriesandshakeyoumayfeelsluggishandblowthattest.Theprotein-richchickenandyogurtarebetterchoices.Proteinfoodsenergizesomeexpertssay. 42._______________________________________________. Howdoesfood’affectmoodandmindTheanswermaylieinthechemistryofthebrainandnervoussystem.Moleculescalledneurotransmittersarechemicalmessengers.Theycarryanerveimpulseacrossthegapbetweennervecells.Thereleaseofneurotransmittermoleculesfromoneneuronandtheirattachmenttoreceptorsitesonanotherkeepanerveimpulsemoving.Nerveimpulsescarrymessagesfromtheenvironmenttothebrainforexamplethepainyoufeelwhenyoustubyourtoe.Theyalsocarrymessagesintheotherdirectionfromthebraintothemuscles.That’swhyyoubackawayfromtheobstaclethatinitiatedthepainsignalandexclaim"Ouch!" 43._______________________________________________. "Manyneurotransmittersarebuiltfromthefoodsweeat"saysneuroscientistEricChudleroftheUniversityofWashington.ToolittleortoomuchofaparticularnutrientinthedietcanaffecttheirproductionChudlersays.Forexampletryptophanfromfoodssuchasyogurtmilkbananasandeggsisrequiredfortheproductionoftheneurotransmitterserotonin. 44._______________________________________________. Dozensofneurotransmittersareknown;hundredsmayexist.Theireffectsdependontheira-mountsandwheretheyworkinthebrain.Theneurotransmitterserotoninforexampleisthoughttoproducefeelingsofcalmnessrelaxationandcontentment.Drugsthatpreventitsreuptakeintotheneuronthatreleaseditareprescribedtotreatdepression.Inatleastsomehealthynon-depressedpeoplecarbohydratefoodsseemtoenhanceserotoninproductionandproducesimilareffects."Itisthebalancebetweendifferentneurotransmittersthathelpsregulatemood"Chudlersays. 45._______________________________________________. Propernutritionmayalsoenhancebrainpower.CholineisasubstancesimilartotheB-vitamins.It’sfoundineggyolkswholewheatpeanutsmilkgreenpeasliverbeansseafoodandsoybeans.Thebrainusesittomaketheneurotransmitteracetylcholine.TotesttheeffectsofcholineonmemoryandlearningresearchersattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologygavememoryteststocollegestudentsbeforeincreasingtheamountofcholineintheirsubjects’diets.Latertheyre-tested.Ontheaveragememorieswerebetterandthestudentslearnedalistofunrelatedwordsmoreeasily. "We’rejustscratchingthesurfaceinthisfield"saysLarryChristensenapsychologistattheUniversityofSouthAlabama"butweknowthattherearedefinitebehavioraleffectsofdiet."There’salottolearnandfutureresearchmayrevealmoreaboutthechemistryofmoodbrainandnutrition.Untilthenitmakessensetochoosehealthyfoodsthatnourishbothbodyandmind. 14
Shynessisthecauseofmuchunhappinessforagreatmanypeople.Shypeopleare1andserf-conscious;thatistheyare2concernedwiththeirownappearanceandactions.3thoughtsare4occurringintheirminds:WhatkindofimpressionamImaking Itisobviousthatsuch5feelingsmustaffectpeopleadversely.Aperson’sself-conceptis6inthewayheorshebehavesandthewayapersonbehavesaffectsotherpeople’sreactions.7thewaypeoplethinkaboutthemselveshasaprofoundeffectonallareasoftheirlives. Shypeoplehavinglow8arelikelytobepassiveandeasilyinfluencedbyothers.Theyneedreassurance9theyaredoing"thefightthing".Shypeoplearevery10tocriticism;theyfeelit11theirinferiority.Ashypersonmay12toacomplimentwithastatementlikethisone:"You’rejustsayingthattomakemefeelgood."Itisclearthat13self-awarenessisahealthyqualityoverdoingitisharmful. Canshynessbecompletely14oratleastreducedFortunatelypeoplecanovercomeshynesswithdeterminedandpatienteffortinbuildingself-confidence.Sinceshynessgoes15withlackofserf-esteemitisimportantforpeopletoaccepttheirweaknessaswellastheirstrengths.Forexamplemostpeoplewouldliketobe"A"studentsineverysubject.Itisnotfairforthemto16themselvesinferiorbecausetheyhavedifficulty17someareas.People’sexpectationsofthemselvesmustbe18 Eachoneofusisauniqueworthwhileindividual.Thebetterweunderstandourselvestheeasieritbecomesto19ourfullpotential.Let’snotallowshynesstoblockourchancesforarichand20life. 16
Text3 OfallthetruthsthatthisgenerationofAmericansholdself-evidentfewaremoredeeplyembeddedinthenationalpsychethanthemaxim"Itpaystogotocollege."SincetheGIBilltrans-formedhighereducationintheaftermathofWWIIacollegediplomaonceabirthrightoftheleisuredfewhasbecomeanattractionfortheupwardlymobileasintegraltotheAmericandreamasthepursuitofhappinessitself.Thenumberstellthestory:in1950s43%ofhigh-schoolgraduateswentontopursuesomeformofhighereducation;attilesametimeonly6%ofAmericanswerecollegegraduates.Butby1998almost2tooutof3secondary-schoolgraduateswereoptingforhighereducation--and21%ofamuchlargerU.S.populationhadcollegediplomas.AsProf.HerbertLondonofNewYorkUniversitytoldacommencementaudiencelastJune:"thecollegeexperiencehasgonefromaritepassagetoarightofpassage." Howeverastheclassof2004issopainfullydiscoveringwhileacollegediplomaremainsarequisitecredentialforascendingtheeconomicladderitnolongerguaranteesthegoodlife.RarelysincetheendoftheGreatDepressionhasthejoboutlookforcollegegraduatesappearedsobleak:ofthe1.1millionstudentswhoreceivedtheirbachelordegreeslastspringfewerthan20%hadlinedupfull-timeemploymentbycommencement.Indeedanuncertainjobmarkethasprecipitatedawaveofeconomicfearandtremblingamongtheyoung."Manyofmyclassmatesareabsolutelyterrified"saysoneofthefortunatefewwhodidmanagetolandapermanentposition."Theywonderifthey’lleverfindajob." Someofthisrecession-inducedanxietywilldisappearifarecoveryfinallybeginstogeneratejobsatwhateconomistsconsideranormalrate.Butthesadfactisthatfortheforeseeablefuturecollegegraduateswillinconsiderablesurplusenablingemployerstorequireadegreeevenforjobsforwhichacollegeeducationisreallyunnecessary.AccordingtoKristinaShelleyoftheBureauofLaborStatistics--whobasesherestimateona"moderateprojection"ofcurrenttrends--30per-centofcollegegraduatesenteringthelabort0rcebetweennowandtheyear2008willbeunemployedorwillfindemploymentinjobsforwhichtheywillbeoverqualifiedjoiningwhateconomistscallthe"educationallyunderutilized." Indeeditmaybequiteawhile--ifever--beforethoseworkingtemporarilyascocktailwaitressesortaxidriverswillbeabletopursuetheirprimarycareerpaths.Ofcoursewaitingontablesandbustlingcabfaresarerespectablewaystoearnaliving.ButtheyarenotquitewhatsomanyyoungAmericans--andtheirparents--hadinmindastheendproductoffourexpensiveyearsincollege. Whatdoesthesentencethecollegeexperiencehasgonefromaritepassagetoarightofpas-sageLastlineParagraph1mean
Shynessisthecauseofmuchunhappinessforagreatmanypeople.Shypeopleare1andserf-conscious;thatistheyare2concernedwiththeirownappearanceandactions.3thoughtsare4occurringintheirminds:WhatkindofimpressionamImaking Itisobviousthatsuch5feelingsmustaffectpeopleadversely.Aperson’sself-conceptis6inthewayheorshebehavesandthewayapersonbehavesaffectsotherpeople’sreactions.7thewaypeoplethinkaboutthemselveshasaprofoundeffectonallareasoftheirlives. Shypeoplehavinglow8arelikelytobepassiveandeasilyinfluencedbyothers.Theyneedreassurance9theyaredoing"thefightthing".Shypeoplearevery10tocriticism;theyfeelit11theirinferiority.Ashypersonmay12toacomplimentwithastatementlikethisone:"You’rejustsayingthattomakemefeelgood."Itisclearthat13self-awarenessisahealthyqualityoverdoingitisharmful. Canshynessbecompletely14oratleastreducedFortunatelypeoplecanovercomeshynesswithdeterminedandpatienteffortinbuildingself-confidence.Sinceshynessgoes15withlackofserf-esteemitisimportantforpeopletoaccepttheirweaknessaswellastheirstrengths.Forexamplemostpeoplewouldliketobe"A"studentsineverysubject.Itisnotfairforthemto16themselvesinferiorbecausetheyhavedifficulty17someareas.People’sexpectationsofthemselvesmustbe18 Eachoneofusisauniqueworthwhileindividual.Thebetterweunderstandourselvestheeasieritbecomesto19ourfullpotential.Let’snotallowshynesstoblockourchancesforarichand20life. 6
Shynessisthecauseofmuchunhappinessforagreatmanypeople.Shypeopleare1andserf-conscious;thatistheyare2concernedwiththeirownappearanceandactions.3thoughtsare4occurringintheirminds:WhatkindofimpressionamImaking Itisobviousthatsuch5feelingsmustaffectpeopleadversely.Aperson’sself-conceptis6inthewayheorshebehavesandthewayapersonbehavesaffectsotherpeople’sreactions.7thewaypeoplethinkaboutthemselveshasaprofoundeffectonallareasoftheirlives. Shypeoplehavinglow8arelikelytobepassiveandeasilyinfluencedbyothers.Theyneedreassurance9theyaredoing"thefightthing".Shypeoplearevery10tocriticism;theyfeelit11theirinferiority.Ashypersonmay12toacomplimentwithastatementlikethisone:"You’rejustsayingthattomakemefeelgood."Itisclearthat13self-awarenessisahealthyqualityoverdoingitisharmful. Canshynessbecompletely14oratleastreducedFortunatelypeoplecanovercomeshynesswithdeterminedandpatienteffortinbuildingself-confidence.Sinceshynessgoes15withlackofserf-esteemitisimportantforpeopletoaccepttheirweaknessaswellastheirstrengths.Forexamplemostpeoplewouldliketobe"A"studentsineverysubject.Itisnotfairforthemto16themselvesinferiorbecausetheyhavedifficulty17someareas.People’sexpectationsofthemselvesmustbe18 Eachoneofusisauniqueworthwhileindividual.Thebetterweunderstandourselvestheeasieritbecomesto19ourfullpotential.Let’snotallowshynesstoblockourchancesforarichand20life. 20
热门题库
更多
高考政治
高考历史
国家统考科目
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
国际经济法
湘公网安备 43130202000226号