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设非负函数f(x)在区间[0，1]上连续且单调非增，常数a与b满足0＜a＜b≤1．求证：
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设函数fx在闭区间[01]上可微且满足λ∈01为常数 求证在01内至少存在一点ξ使f’ξ=-fξ/
设二次函数fx＝ax2－2ax＋c在区间[01]上单调递减且fm≤f0则实数m的取值范围是_____
设二次函数fx＝ax2－2ax＋c在区间[01]上单调递减且fm≤f0则实数m的取值范围是
(－∞，0]
[2，＋∞)
[0,2]
(－∞，0]∪[2，＋∞)
函数fx＝sinπx＋x∈[－11]则
f(x)为偶函数，且在区间[0，1]上单调递减
f(x)为偶函数，且在区间[0，1]上单调递增
f(x)为奇函数，且在区间[－1，0]上单调递增
f(x)为奇函数，且在区间[－1，0]上单调递减
设函数fx在区间[01]上连续在01内可导且f0=f1证明对任何0＜C＜1存在ξη满足0＜ξ＜η＜1
设函数fx在闭区间[01]上连续在开区间01内可导且f0=f1=1[*]．求证对任何满足0＜k＜1的
设函数fx＝x｜x－a｜－2.1若a＝－2写出函数fx的单调区间2若a＞0写出函数fx的单调区间3若
设函数fx在闭区间[01]上连续在开区间01内可导且f0=f1=1．求证对任何满足0＜k＜1的常数k
设非负单减函数fx在[0b]上连续0
已知函数fx＝x2－1＋2ax＋alnxa为常数.1当a＝－1时求曲线y＝fx在x＝1处切线的方程2
已知定义在R上的连续函数fx是奇函数．若fx在区间[01]内是增函数且满足f1+x=f1-x则fx
增函数
减函数
先增后减
先减后增
设非负函数fx在区间[01]上连续且单调非增常数a与b满足0＜a＜b≤1．求证
设y=fx是区间[01]上的任一非负连续函数．Ⅰ试证存在x0∈01使得在区间[0x0]上以fx0为高
设fx在[01]上是非负单调减的连续函数且0＜a＜b＜1
设fx与gx在区间01上都是正值的连续函数．且有相同的单调性．试讨论的大小关系．
设函数fx在闭区间[01]上连续在开区间01内可导且证明对任何满足0＜k＜1的常数k存在ξ∈01使．
设函数fx在闭区间[01]上连续在开区间01内可导且f0=f1=1．求证对任何满足0＜k＜1的常数k
设非负函数fx在区间[01]上连续且单调非增常数a与b满足0＜a＜b≤1．求证
已知函数fx是定义在R上的偶函数且在区间[0+∞上单调递增.若实数a满足则a的取值范围是
[1,2]
(0,1/2]
[1/2,2]
(0,2]
设fx在[01]上连续证明存在ξ∈01使得[*]．又若fx>0且单调减少则这种ξ是唯一的．
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Anarrowingofyourworkinterestsisimpliedinalmostanytransitionfromastudyenvironmenttomanagerialorprofessionalwork.Inthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesyouwillatbestreuseonlyafractionofthematerial26inthreeorfouryears’study.Inmostcareerpathsacademicknowledgeonly2abackgroundtomuchmoreapplieddecision-making.Evenwitha"training"formofdegree3afewoftheproceduresormethods4inyourstudiesarelikelytobecontinuouslyrelevantinyourwork.Partly5reflectsthegreaterspecializationofmostworktaskscompared6studying.Manygraduatesarenot7withthevarietyinvolvedin8fromdegreestudyinatleastfourorfivesubjectsayear9verystandardizedjobdemands.Academicworkvalues10inventivenessoriginalityandthecultivationofself-realizationandself-development.Emphasisisplaced11generatingnewideasandknowledgeassembling12informationtomakea"rational"decisionappreciatingbasic13andtheoriesandgettinginvolvedinfundamentalcontroversiesanddebates.Thehumanisticvaluesofhigher14encouragesthefeelingofbeing15inaprocesswithaself-developmentalrhythm.16evenifyouremployerspursueenlightenedpersonneldevelopment17andinvestheavilyin"humancapital"—forexamplebyrotatinggraduatetraineesto18theirworkexperiences—youarestilllikelytonoticeandfeel19aboutsomemajorrestrictionsofyour20andactivitiescomparedwithastudyenvironment. 11
APerpetualMotionMachineisafascinatingandlong-discussedtopicthatmoveswellbeyondthescopeofphysics.Inshortaperpetualmotionmachinecanbelikenedtoamagiccowthatcontinuestoliveandbreatheandyetneedsnosustenance.Aperpetualmotionengineinstalledinaearwouldcontinuetorunindefinitelybutwouldneedneithergastanknorpetrol.Ofcourseasaperpetualmotionmachineisinviolationofnaturallawsitwilllikelynevermoveoutoftherealmofimaginationandintoreality.WhenthephraseperpetualmotionmachineisenteredintoGoogle’ssearchengine34400itemsarereturned.Ofthese34400itemstheforty-firsttotheforty-fifthholdreasonableinterestandwillbefurtherdiscussedherein.41.MythsandlegendsLongbeforetheadventofthesteamenginehumanbeingshaveruminatedonthepossibilityofaperpetualmotionmachine.Throughouthistorymanyhaveattemptedtoinventsuchadevicethoughnonehavethusfarbeensuccessful.42.FameandglorySomepeopleholdthatanyinventorattemptingtocreateaperpetualmotionmachinemustonlybeinitforcreditandaccoladeswishingtobethefirstinhisfieldtodiscoverthemuch-covetedsecret.43.WealthandrichesItisalsosuspectedbysomethatthoseseekingtounlockthemysteryofperpetualmotionmachinemustbemotivatedbythemonetaryrewards.Ifsuchadeviceweretofallintopopularusetheinventorwouldbeawealthymanindeed.44.AnticsandcapersEvensomeofthosewhoareawareoftheimpossibilityofperpetualmotionmachinehaveinventedsomethingsimilarundertheguiseofperpetualmotionmachineinordertoteaseus.45.DeceptionandtrickerySomepeoplethoughfullyawarethattheyareincapableofinventingaperpetualmotionmachinepersistinarguingthattheycanwiththeintentionofscammingus.Thoughtheperpetualmotionmachineisadreamlong-soughtafterbythescientificcommunityitisimprobablethatitwilleverberealized.Wecanhoweverpourourresourcesintoresearchingmorepracticalenergyconservingformsofpowersuchasgeothermalhydroelectricandsolarpowersolutions.A.InancientChinatherewasanextremelyadroitmanbythenameofZhuGeliang.Itissaidthatheconstructedawoodenhorsewhichcouldwalkunaidedandcouldbeusedinthetransportationofmilitarysupplies.Asnorecordsofthisoccurrencehavebeenfoundthistalehaspassedintolegend.B.InventorFtoldmeexcitedlysomecomplexdetailsarecurrentlyunderdiscus-siontounearththekeytoperpetualmotion.IfmyexperimentprovestobeeffectualIwillbecomeaNobelPrizewinner.YouknowtheceremonyisheldannuallyinSwedenandisbroadcastedlivetoeverycorneroftheglobe.ItisnogreatwonderthatInventorFespousedenthusiasm.Afunctionalperpetualmotionmachineisawonderthatwouldbemarveledatforgenerationstocome.C.InventorKdeclaredtheexperimentswithperpetualmotionareonthevergeofsuccess.Myproductswillsoonbedistributedthroughouttheworldandusedinawiderangeofindustrialapplications.Whenthathappensmycompanywillexpandexponentially.I’llmakeafortune!D.OneoftheclosestthingstoaperpetualmotionenginewastheoneinstalledontheTraveler1spacecraftthefirstspaceshipinhumanhistorytoflybeyondtheedgesofoursolarsystem.ThoughTraveler’sengineisabletorunwithoutmaintenanceformanyyearsitstillrequiresenergy—nuclearenergy.SostrictlyspeakingTraveler1doesnotrunonaperpetualmotionenginebutinfactneedsenergyasdoallothermachines.E.Mr.Goofyannouncedthathehadeffectivelydiagrammedthefirstperpetualmotionmachine.Whenaprivatecorporatepartypurchasedthepatenttheyfoundtotheirdismaythatmanufacturingitaccordingtothedesignlayoutwastechnicallyinfeasible.FurioustheysuedMr.GoofyforfraudbuteveninthecourtroomMr.Goofywouldnotbeshamed.HesimplyretortedI’mjustjokingaround.F.Tomproudlyproclaimingthathehadinventedaclockthatranonperpetualmotionandhaditplacedinthecentralsquareofhistown.Theclockhesaidwouldworkperfectlydespitealackofspringsintheinternalmechanism.Ascientistlaterascertainedthesecretandrevealedittothetownspeople:theclockhadbeencleverlydevisedtorunontemperaturedifferentials.
Anarrowingofyourworkinterestsisimpliedinalmostanytransitionfromastudyenvironmenttomanagerialorprofessionalwork.Inthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesyouwillatbestreuseonlyafractionofthematerial26inthreeorfouryears’study.Inmostcareerpathsacademicknowledgeonly2abackgroundtomuchmoreapplieddecision-making.Evenwitha"training"formofdegree3afewoftheproceduresormethods4inyourstudiesarelikelytobecontinuouslyrelevantinyourwork.Partly5reflectsthegreaterspecializationofmostworktaskscompared6studying.Manygraduatesarenot7withthevarietyinvolvedin8fromdegreestudyinatleastfourorfivesubjectsayear9verystandardizedjobdemands.Academicworkvalues10inventivenessoriginalityandthecultivationofself-realizationandself-development.Emphasisisplaced11generatingnewideasandknowledgeassembling12informationtomakea"rational"decisionappreciatingbasic13andtheoriesandgettinginvolvedinfundamentalcontroversiesanddebates.Thehumanisticvaluesofhigher14encouragesthefeelingofbeing15inaprocesswithaself-developmentalrhythm.16evenifyouremployerspursueenlightenedpersonneldevelopment17andinvestheavilyin"humancapital"—forexamplebyrotatinggraduatetraineesto18theirworkexperiences—youarestilllikelytonoticeandfeel19aboutsomemajorrestrictionsofyour20andactivitiescomparedwithastudyenvironment. 15
Anarrowingofyourworkinterestsisimpliedinalmostanytransitionfromastudyenvironmenttomanagerialorprofessionalwork.Inthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesyouwillatbestreuseonlyafractionofthematerial26inthreeorfouryears’study.Inmostcareerpathsacademicknowledgeonly2abackgroundtomuchmoreapplieddecision-making.Evenwitha"training"formofdegree3afewoftheproceduresormethods4inyourstudiesarelikelytobecontinuouslyrelevantinyourwork.Partly5reflectsthegreaterspecializationofmostworktaskscompared6studying.Manygraduatesarenot7withthevarietyinvolvedin8fromdegreestudyinatleastfourorfivesubjectsayear9verystandardizedjobdemands.Academicworkvalues10inventivenessoriginalityandthecultivationofself-realizationandself-development.Emphasisisplaced11generatingnewideasandknowledgeassembling12informationtomakea"rational"decisionappreciatingbasic13andtheoriesandgettinginvolvedinfundamentalcontroversiesanddebates.Thehumanisticvaluesofhigher14encouragesthefeelingofbeing15inaprocesswithaself-developmentalrhythm.16evenifyouremployerspursueenlightenedpersonneldevelopment17andinvestheavilyin"humancapital"—forexamplebyrotatinggraduatetraineesto18theirworkexperiences—youarestilllikelytonoticeandfeel19aboutsomemajorrestrictionsofyour20andactivitiescomparedwithastudyenvironment. 7
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelpcontrolmacroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.Althoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectionin1999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20. 9
Anarrowingofyourworkinterestsisimpliedinalmostanytransitionfromastudyenvironmenttomanagerialorprofessionalwork.Inthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesyouwillatbestreuseonlyafractionofthematerial26inthreeorfouryears’study.Inmostcareerpathsacademicknowledgeonly2abackgroundtomuchmoreapplieddecision-making.Evenwitha"training"formofdegree3afewoftheproceduresormethods4inyourstudiesarelikelytobecontinuouslyrelevantinyourwork.Partly5reflectsthegreaterspecializationofmostworktaskscompared6studying.Manygraduatesarenot7withthevarietyinvolvedin8fromdegreestudyinatleastfourorfivesubjectsayear9verystandardizedjobdemands.Academicworkvalues10inventivenessoriginalityandthecultivationofself-realizationandself-development.Emphasisisplaced11generatingnewideasandknowledgeassembling12informationtomakea"rational"decisionappreciatingbasic13andtheoriesandgettinginvolvedinfundamentalcontroversiesanddebates.Thehumanisticvaluesofhigher14encouragesthefeelingofbeing15inaprocesswithaself-developmentalrhythm.16evenifyouremployerspursueenlightenedpersonneldevelopment17andinvestheavilyin"humancapital"—forexamplebyrotatinggraduatetraineesto18theirworkexperiences—youarestilllikelytonoticeandfeel19aboutsomemajorrestrictionsofyour20andactivitiescomparedwithastudyenvironment. 13
In1956whenthecoldwarwasatitspeakAmericadeployedasecretsonicweaponasanewspaperheadlineputitatthetime.ThatweaponwasDizzyGillespieafamedjazzmusicianwhowasgiventhetaskofchangingtheworld’sviewofAmericanculturethroughrhythmandbeat.Crowdspouredintothestreettodance.Culturaldiplomacydieddownafterthecoldwarended.ButtheattacksofSeptember11th2001convincedtheStateDepartmenttosendoutAmerica’smusiciansonceagaintowooheartsandmindswithmelody.RhythmRoadaprogramrunbytheStateDepartmentandanon-profitorganizationJazzatLincolnCentrehasmadeinformaldiplomatsoutofbothmusiciansandaudiences.Sinceitbeganin2005musicianshavetravelledto96countries.OnebandwenttoMauritaniaacountryinnorthwesternAfricaafterlastyear’scoup;manydepartforcountriesthathavestrainedrelationshipswithAmerica.ThemusicianstraveltoplaceswheresomepeoplehaveneverseenanAmerican.Jazzsoparticipantsintheprogramiswell-suitedtodiplomacy.Itiscollaborativeallowingindividualsbothtoharmonizeandplaysolo—muchlikeademocracysaysAriRolandwhoplaysbassforabandthatleftNewYorktotourtheMiddleEastonMarch31st.Jazzisalsoareminderofmusic’spower.Ithelpedbreakdownracialbarriersasenthusiastsofallcolorsgatheredtolistentojazzwhensegregationwasstillthelawoftheland.TheStateDepartmentspent10millionU.S.dollarsonculturaldiplomacyprogramsintheyeartoSeptember30th2008.ButmostexpectfundingfortheinitiativetoincreaseunderBarackObamawhopledgedhissupportforculturaldiplomacyduringhiscampaign.RhythmRoadnowsendsouthip-hopandbluegrassbandsaswell.Therearesomedissenters.NickCullthedirectorofthePublicDiplomacyProgramattheUniversityofSouthernCaliforniathinksthatthesediplomaticprojectswouldbemoreproductiveiftheywerenotadministeredbythesameagencythatoverseesthecountry’sforeign-policyagenda.AndthereisalsoclamorforMr.Obamatoappointasecretaryofcultureinhiscabinet.WhatgoodtheyaskissendingAmericancultureabroadwhenthecountryisnotgivingitproperattentionathomeThewordwell-suitedLine2Para.3mostprobablyimplies______.
In1956whenthecoldwarwasatitspeakAmericadeployedasecretsonicweaponasanewspaperheadlineputitatthetime.ThatweaponwasDizzyGillespieafamedjazzmusicianwhowasgiventhetaskofchangingtheworld’sviewofAmericanculturethroughrhythmandbeat.Crowdspouredintothestreettodance.Culturaldiplomacydieddownafterthecoldwarended.ButtheattacksofSeptember11th2001convincedtheStateDepartmenttosendoutAmerica’smusiciansonceagaintowooheartsandmindswithmelody.RhythmRoadaprogramrunbytheStateDepartmentandanon-profitorganizationJazzatLincolnCentrehasmadeinformaldiplomatsoutofbothmusiciansandaudiences.Sinceitbeganin2005musicianshavetravelledto96countries.OnebandwenttoMauritaniaacountryinnorthwesternAfricaafterlastyear’scoup;manydepartforcountriesthathavestrainedrelationshipswithAmerica.ThemusicianstraveltoplaceswheresomepeoplehaveneverseenanAmerican.Jazzsoparticipantsintheprogramiswell-suitedtodiplomacy.Itiscollaborativeallowingindividualsbothtoharmonizeandplaysolo—muchlikeademocracysaysAriRolandwhoplaysbassforabandthatleftNewYorktotourtheMiddleEastonMarch31st.Jazzisalsoareminderofmusic’spower.Ithelpedbreakdownracialbarriersasenthusiastsofallcolorsgatheredtolistentojazzwhensegregationwasstillthelawoftheland.TheStateDepartmentspent10millionU.S.dollarsonculturaldiplomacyprogramsintheyeartoSeptember30th2008.ButmostexpectfundingfortheinitiativetoincreaseunderBarackObamawhopledgedhissupportforculturaldiplomacyduringhiscampaign.RhythmRoadnowsendsouthip-hopandbluegrassbandsaswell.Therearesomedissenters.NickCullthedirectorofthePublicDiplomacyProgramattheUniversityofSouthernCaliforniathinksthatthesediplomaticprojectswouldbemoreproductiveiftheywerenotadministeredbythesameagencythatoverseesthecountry’sforeign-policyagenda.AndthereisalsoclamorforMr.Obamatoappointasecretaryofcultureinhiscabinet.WhatgoodtheyaskissendingAmericancultureabroadwhenthecountryisnotgivingitproperattentionathomeWhywasDizzyGillespieregardedasasecretsonicweaponin1956
APerpetualMotionMachineisafascinatingandlong-discussedtopicthatmoveswellbeyondthescopeofphysics.Inshortaperpetualmotionmachinecanbelikenedtoamagiccowthatcontinuestoliveandbreatheandyetneedsnosustenance.Aperpetualmotionengineinstalledinaearwouldcontinuetorunindefinitelybutwouldneedneithergastanknorpetrol.Ofcourseasaperpetualmotionmachineisinviolationofnaturallawsitwilllikelynevermoveoutoftherealmofimaginationandintoreality.WhenthephraseperpetualmotionmachineisenteredintoGoogle’ssearchengine34400itemsarereturned.Ofthese34400itemstheforty-firsttotheforty-fifthholdreasonableinterestandwillbefurtherdiscussedherein.41.MythsandlegendsLongbeforetheadventofthesteamenginehumanbeingshaveruminatedonthepossibilityofaperpetualmotionmachine.Throughouthistorymanyhaveattemptedtoinventsuchadevicethoughnonehavethusfarbeensuccessful.42.FameandglorySomepeopleholdthatanyinventorattemptingtocreateaperpetualmotionmachinemustonlybeinitforcreditandaccoladeswishingtobethefirstinhisfieldtodiscoverthemuch-covetedsecret.43.WealthandrichesItisalsosuspectedbysomethatthoseseekingtounlockthemysteryofperpetualmotionmachinemustbemotivatedbythemonetaryrewards.Ifsuchadeviceweretofallintopopularusetheinventorwouldbeawealthymanindeed.44.AnticsandcapersEvensomeofthosewhoareawareoftheimpossibilityofperpetualmotionmachinehaveinventedsomethingsimilarundertheguiseofperpetualmotionmachineinordertoteaseus.45.DeceptionandtrickerySomepeoplethoughfullyawarethattheyareincapableofinventingaperpetualmotionmachinepersistinarguingthattheycanwiththeintentionofscammingus.Thoughtheperpetualmotionmachineisadreamlong-soughtafterbythescientificcommunityitisimprobablethatitwilleverberealized.Wecanhoweverpourourresourcesintoresearchingmorepracticalenergyconservingformsofpowersuchasgeothermalhydroelectricandsolarpowersolutions.A.InancientChinatherewasanextremelyadroitmanbythenameofZhuGeliang.Itissaidthatheconstructedawoodenhorsewhichcouldwalkunaidedandcouldbeusedinthetransportationofmilitarysupplies.Asnorecordsofthisoccurrencehavebeenfoundthistalehaspassedintolegend.B.InventorFtoldmeexcitedlysomecomplexdetailsarecurrentlyunderdiscus-siontounearththekeytoperpetualmotion.IfmyexperimentprovestobeeffectualIwillbecomeaNobelPrizewinner.YouknowtheceremonyisheldannuallyinSwedenandisbroadcastedlivetoeverycorneroftheglobe.ItisnogreatwonderthatInventorFespousedenthusiasm.Afunctionalperpetualmotionmachineisawonderthatwouldbemarveledatforgenerationstocome.C.InventorKdeclaredtheexperimentswithperpetualmotionareonthevergeofsuccess.Myproductswillsoonbedistributedthroughouttheworldandusedinawiderangeofindustrialapplications.Whenthathappensmycompanywillexpandexponentially.I’llmakeafortune!D.OneoftheclosestthingstoaperpetualmotionenginewastheoneinstalledontheTraveler1spacecraftthefirstspaceshipinhumanhistorytoflybeyondtheedgesofoursolarsystem.ThoughTraveler’sengineisabletorunwithoutmaintenanceformanyyearsitstillrequiresenergy—nuclearenergy.SostrictlyspeakingTraveler1doesnotrunonaperpetualmotionenginebutinfactneedsenergyasdoallothermachines.E.Mr.Goofyannouncedthathehadeffectivelydiagrammedthefirstperpetualmotionmachine.Whenaprivatecorporatepartypurchasedthepatenttheyfoundtotheirdismaythatmanufacturingitaccordingtothedesignlayoutwastechnicallyinfeasible.FurioustheysuedMr.GoofyforfraudbuteveninthecourtroomMr.Goofywouldnotbeshamed.HesimplyretortedI’mjustjokingaround.F.Tomproudlyproclaimingthathehadinventedaclockthatranonperpetualmotionandhaditplacedinthecentralsquareofhistown.Theclockhesaidwouldworkperfectlydespitealackofspringsintheinternalmechanism.Ascientistlaterascertainedthesecretandrevealedittothetownspeople:theclockhadbeencleverlydevisedtorunontemperaturedifferentials.
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelpcontrolmacroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.Althoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectionin1999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20. 3
Forcollegestudentsandtheirparentsthesteadyhightuitionpricesinrecentdecadeshasbeennotonlytroublingbutmysterious:whyonearthistuitioninflationdoublethegeneralinflationrateWhat’sbehindthesehugetuitionbills:LesspublicfundingThecostofacquiringrealestateOverthelasttwodecadescollegesanduniversitiesdoubledtheirfull-timesupportstaffwhileenrollmentincreasedonly40percentaccordingtoanewanalysisofgovernmentdatabytheCenterforCollegeAfford-abilityandProductivity.Duringthesameperiodthestaffoffull-timeinstructorsorequivalentpersonnelroseabout50percentwhilethenumberofmanagersincreasedslightlymorethan50percent.ThedatabasedonUnitedStatesDepartmentofEducationfilingsfrommorethan2782collegescomefrom1987to2007.Neitherthereportnoroutsideexpertsoncollegeaffordabilitywentsofarastoarguethattheincreaseinsupportstaffwasdirectlyresponsibleforspiralingtuition.Mostexpertssaythatthelargestdriveroftuitionincreaseshasbeenthedeclineinstatefinancingforhighereduction.Stillthedatafindingsraiseconcernsaboutadministrativebloat膨胀.Onacase-by-casebasismanyofthesehiringdecisionsmightbegoodonesbutoverallit’snotasustainabletrendsaidPatCallanpresidentoftheNationalCenterforPublicPolicyandHigherEducation.Thegrowthinsupportstaffincludedsomejobsthatdidnotexist20yearsagolikeenvironmentalsustainabilityofficersandabroadarrayofinformationtechnologyworkers.Thesupportstaffcategoryincludesmanydifferentjobslikeresidential-lifestaffadmissionsandrecruitmentofficersfund-raisersloancounselorsandalltheback-officestaffpositionsresponsibleforcomplyingwiththenewregulations.AlotofitisdefinitelytryingtokeepupwiththeJonesessaidDanielBennettalaboreconomistUniversitiesandcollegesarecateringmoretostudentstryingtomakecollegealifestylenotjustpeoplegettinganeducation.There’smoresocialprogramsmoreathleticsmoretrainersmoresustainableenvironmentalprograms.Inthe20-yearperiodthereportfoundthegreatestnumberofjobsaddedmorethan630000wereinstructors—butthree-quartersofthosewerepart-time.Convertedtofull-timeequivalentsthoseresultedinatotalof939000teachingjobsupfrom641000in1987.Collegeshavealteredthecompositionoftheirworkforcebysteadilyincreasingthenumberofmanagerialpositionsandsupportorservicestaffwhileatthesametimedisproportionatelyincreasingthenumberofpart-timestaffthatprovidesinstructionthereportsaidmeanwhileemployeeproductivityrelativetoenrollmentanddegreesawardedhasbeenrelativelyflatinthemidstofrisingcompensation./WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaboutthedatafindingsfromthereport
Anarrowingofyourworkinterestsisimpliedinalmostanytransitionfromastudyenvironmenttomanagerialorprofessionalwork.Inthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesyouwillatbestreuseonlyafractionofthematerial26inthreeorfouryears’study.Inmostcareerpathsacademicknowledgeonly2abackgroundtomuchmoreapplieddecision-making.Evenwitha"training"formofdegree3afewoftheproceduresormethods4inyourstudiesarelikelytobecontinuouslyrelevantinyourwork.Partly5reflectsthegreaterspecializationofmostworktaskscompared6studying.Manygraduatesarenot7withthevarietyinvolvedin8fromdegreestudyinatleastfourorfivesubjectsayear9verystandardizedjobdemands.Academicworkvalues10inventivenessoriginalityandthecultivationofself-realizationandself-development.Emphasisisplaced11generatingnewideasandknowledgeassembling12informationtomakea"rational"decisionappreciatingbasic13andtheoriesandgettinginvolvedinfundamentalcontroversiesanddebates.Thehumanisticvaluesofhigher14encouragesthefeelingofbeing15inaprocesswithaself-developmentalrhythm.16evenifyouremployerspursueenlightenedpersonneldevelopment17andinvestheavilyin"humancapital"—forexamplebyrotatinggraduatetraineesto18theirworkexperiences—youarestilllikelytonoticeandfeel19aboutsomemajorrestrictionsofyour20andactivitiescomparedwithastudyenvironment. 17
Anarrowingofyourworkinterestsisimpliedinalmostanytransitionfromastudyenvironmenttomanagerialorprofessionalwork.Inthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesyouwillatbestreuseonlyafractionofthematerial26inthreeorfouryears’study.Inmostcareerpathsacademicknowledgeonly2abackgroundtomuchmoreapplieddecision-making.Evenwitha"training"formofdegree3afewoftheproceduresormethods4inyourstudiesarelikelytobecontinuouslyrelevantinyourwork.Partly5reflectsthegreaterspecializationofmostworktaskscompared6studying.Manygraduatesarenot7withthevarietyinvolvedin8fromdegreestudyinatleastfourorfivesubjectsayear9verystandardizedjobdemands.Academicworkvalues10inventivenessoriginalityandthecultivationofself-realizationandself-development.Emphasisisplaced11generatingnewideasandknowledgeassembling12informationtomakea"rational"decisionappreciatingbasic13andtheoriesandgettinginvolvedinfundamentalcontroversiesanddebates.Thehumanisticvaluesofhigher14encouragesthefeelingofbeing15inaprocesswithaself-developmentalrhythm.16evenifyouremployerspursueenlightenedpersonneldevelopment17andinvestheavilyin"humancapital"—forexamplebyrotatinggraduatetraineesto18theirworkexperiences—youarestilllikelytonoticeandfeel19aboutsomemajorrestrictionsofyour20andactivitiescomparedwithastudyenvironment. 19
Inmanyplaceswaterisbecomingscarcer.Treatingitasarightmakesthescarcityworse.Ideallyefficientwaterusewouldbeencouragedbychargingforitbutattemptstodosohavemostlyprovedpoliticallyimpossible.Amorepracticablealternativeisasystemoftradablewaterusagerights.Asourexplainsmanywaterproblemshaveglobalcauses:populationgrowthclimatechangeurbanizationandespeciallychangingdiets.Ittakes2000litersofwatertogrowakiloofvegetablesbut15000literstoproduceakiloofbeef—andpeopleareeatingmoremeat.Theproblemsalsohaveglobalimplications.Withoutanewgreenrevolutionfarmerswillneed60%morewatertofeedthe2billionextrapeoplewhowillbebornbetweennowand2025.Yetthereisgloballynoshortageofwater.Unlikeothernaturalresourcessuchasoilwatercannotbeusedup.Itisrecycledendlesslyasrainsnoworevaporation.Onaveragepeopleareextractingfortheirownuseslessthanatenthofwhatfallsasrainandsnoweachyear.Thecentralproblemisthatsomuchwateriswastedmainlybyfarmers.Agri-cultureusesthree-quartersoftheworld’swater.Becausewaterisusuallyfreethirstycropslikealfalfa苜蓿aregrowninaridCalifornia.WheatinIndiaandBrazilusestwiceasmuchwateraswheatinAmerica.DrycountrieslikePakistanexporttextilesthougha1kgboltofclothrequires11000litersofwater.Anyeconomistknowswhattodo:pricewatertoreflectitsvalue.Butdecadesoftryingtodothatforagriculturehaverunintopowerfulresistancefromfarmers.Theyrejectscarcitypricingforthereasonthatwaterfallsfromtheskies.Nogovernmentownsitsonogovernmentshouldchargeforit.Thereisawayout.Australianfarmershavetherighttouseacertainamountofwaterfree.Theycansellthatrighttoothers.Butiftheywantmorewaterthemselvestheymustbuyitfromaneighbor.Theresultofthistradingisamarketthathasdonewhatmarketsdo:allocateresourcestomoreproductiveuse.Australiahasendureditsworstdroughtinmodernhistoryinthepasttenyears.Watersuppliesinsomefarmingareashavefallenbyhalf.Yetfarmershaverespondedtothenewmarketsignalsbyswitchingtolessthirstycropsandkeptthevalueoffarmoutputstable.Waterproductivityhasdoubled.Australia’ssystemovercomestheusualobjectionsbecauseitconfirmsfarmers’rightstowaterandletsthemhavemuchofitfornothing.TheauthormentionsIttakes2000litersofwatertogrowakiloofvegetablesbut15000literstoproduceakiloofbeef—andpeopleareeatingmoremeat.Lines2～4Para.2to______.
WhenitcomestotheslowingeconomyEllenSperoisn’tbitinghernailsjustyet.Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn’tcuttingfillingorpolishingasnailsasshe’dliketoeither.Mostofherclientsspend$12to$50weeklybutlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy.I’magoodeconomicindicatorshesaysIprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey’reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars.SoSperoisdownscalingshoppingatmiddle-browDillard’sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhomeinsteadofNeimanMarcusIdon’tknowitotherclientsaregoingtoabandonmetoo.Shesays.EvenbeforeAlanGreenspan’sadmissionthatAmerica’sred-hoteconomyiscoolinglotsofworkingfolkshadalreadyseensignsoftheslowdownthemselves.Fromcardealer-shipstoGapoutletssaleshavebeenlaggingformonthsasshopperstempertheirspending.Forretailerswholastyeartookin24percentoftheirrevenuebetweenThanksgivingandChristmasthecautiousapproachiscomingatacrucialtime.Alreadyexpertssayholidaysalesareoff7percentfromlastyear’space.Butdon’tsoundanyalarmsjustyet.Consumersseemonlymildlyconcernednotpanickedandmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy’slong-termprospectsevenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening.Consumerssaythey’renotindespairbecausedespitethedreadfulheadlinestheirownfortunesstillfeelprettygood.Homepricesareholdingsteadyinmostregions.InManhattanthere’sanewgoldrushhappeninginthe$4millionto$10millionrangepredominantlyfedbyWallStreetbonuses.SaysbrokerBarbaraCorcoran.InSanFranciscopricesarestillrisingevenasfrenziedoverbiddingquiets.Insteadof20to30offersnowmaybeyouonlygettwoorthreesaysJohnTealdiaBayAreareal-estatebroker.Andmostfolksstillfeelprettycomfortableabouttheirabilitytofindandkeepajob.Manyfolksseesilverliningstothisslow-down.Potentialhomebuyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.Employerswouldn’tmindalittlefewerbuddlesinthejobmarket.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswingswhichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.Dinersmightseeanupsidetoo.GettingatableatManhattan’shotnewAlainDucasserestaurantusedtobeimpossible.Notanymore.ForthatGreenspan&Co.maystillbeworthtoasting.ByEllenSperoisn’tbitinghernailsjustyetLine1Para.1theauthormeans
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelpcontrolmacroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.Althoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectionin1999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20. 11
Forcollegestudentsandtheirparentsthesteadyhightuitionpricesinrecentdecadeshasbeennotonlytroublingbutmysterious:whyonearthistuitioninflationdoublethegeneralinflationrateWhat’sbehindthesehugetuitionbills:LesspublicfundingThecostofacquiringrealestateOverthelasttwodecadescollegesanduniversitiesdoubledtheirfull-timesupportstaffwhileenrollmentincreasedonly40percentaccordingtoanewanalysisofgovernmentdatabytheCenterforCollegeAfford-abilityandProductivity.Duringthesameperiodthestaffoffull-timeinstructorsorequivalentpersonnelroseabout50percentwhilethenumberofmanagersincreasedslightlymorethan50percent.ThedatabasedonUnitedStatesDepartmentofEducationfilingsfrommorethan2782collegescomefrom1987to2007.Neitherthereportnoroutsideexpertsoncollegeaffordabilitywentsofarastoarguethattheincreaseinsupportstaffwasdirectlyresponsibleforspiralingtuition.Mostexpertssaythatthelargestdriveroftuitionincreaseshasbeenthedeclineinstatefinancingforhighereduction.Stillthedatafindingsraiseconcernsaboutadministrativebloat膨胀.Onacase-by-casebasismanyofthesehiringdecisionsmightbegoodonesbutoverallit’snotasustainabletrendsaidPatCallanpresidentoftheNationalCenterforPublicPolicyandHigherEducation.Thegrowthinsupportstaffincludedsomejobsthatdidnotexist20yearsagolikeenvironmentalsustainabilityofficersandabroadarrayofinformationtechnologyworkers.Thesupportstaffcategoryincludesmanydifferentjobslikeresidential-lifestaffadmissionsandrecruitmentofficersfund-raisersloancounselorsandalltheback-officestaffpositionsresponsibleforcomplyingwiththenewregulations.AlotofitisdefinitelytryingtokeepupwiththeJonesessaidDanielBennettalaboreconomistUniversitiesandcollegesarecateringmoretostudentstryingtomakecollegealifestylenotjustpeoplegettinganeducation.There’smoresocialprogramsmoreathleticsmoretrainersmoresustainableenvironmentalprograms.Inthe20-yearperiodthereportfoundthegreatestnumberofjobsaddedmorethan630000wereinstructors—butthree-quartersofthosewerepart-time.Convertedtofull-timeequivalentsthoseresultedinatotalof939000teachingjobsupfrom641000in1987.Collegeshavealteredthecompositionoftheirworkforcebysteadilyincreasingthenumberofmanagerialpositionsandsupportorservicestaffwhileatthesametimedisproportionatelyincreasingthenumberofpart-timestaffthatprovidesinstructionthereportsaidmeanwhileemployeeproductivityrelativetoenrollmentanddegreesawardedhasbeenrelativelyflatinthemidstofrisingcompensation./WhatdoesDanielBennettmeanbysayingAlotofitisdefinitelytryingtokeepupwiththeJonesesLines5～6Para.4
WhenitcomestotheslowingeconomyEllenSperoisn’tbitinghernailsjustyet.Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn’tcuttingfillingorpolishingasnailsasshe’dliketoeither.Mostofherclientsspend$12to$50weeklybutlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy."I’magoodeconomicindicator"shesays"Iprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey’reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars."SoSperoisdownscalingshoppingatmiddle-browDillard’sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhomeinsteadofNeimanMarcus"Idon’tknowitotherclientsaregoingtoabandonmetoo."Shesays. EvenbeforeAlanGreenspan’sadmissionthatAmerica’sred-hoteconomyiscoolinglotsofworkingfolkshadalreadyseensignsoftheslowdownthemselves.Fromcardealer-shipstoGapoutletssaleshavebeenlaggingformonthsasshopperstempertheirspending.Forretailerswholastyeartookin24percentoftheirrevenuebetweenThanksgivingandChristmasthecautiousapproachiscomingatacrucialtime.Alreadyexpertssayholidaysalesareoff7percentfromlastyear’space.Butdon’tsoundanyalarmsjustyet.Consumersseemonlymildlyconcernednotpanickedandmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy’slong-termprospectsevenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening. Consumerssaythey’renotindespairbecausedespitethedreadfulheadlinestheirownfortunesstillfeelprettygood.Homepricesareholdingsteadyinmostregions.InManhattan"there’sanewgoldrushhappeninginthe$4millionto$10millionrangepredominantlyfedbyWallStreetbonuses."SaysbrokerBarbaraCorcoran.InSanFranciscopricesarestillrisingevenasfrenziedoverbiddingquiets."Insteadof20to30offersnowmaybeyouonlygettwoorthree"saysJohnTealdiaBayAreareal-estatebroker.Andmostfolksstillfeelprettycomfortableabouttheirabilitytofindandkeepajob. Manyfolksseesilverliningstothisslow-down.Potentialhomebuyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.Employerswouldn’tmindalittlefewerbuddlesinthejobmarket.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswingswhichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.Dinersmightseeanupsidetoo.GettingatableatManhattan’shotnewAlainDucasserestaurantusedtobeimpossible.Notanymore.ForthatGreenspan&Co.maystillbeworthtoasting. Whenmentioningthe$4millionto$10millionrangeLine3Para.3theauthoristalkingabout
Inmanyplaceswaterisbecomingscarcer.Treatingitasarightmakesthescarcityworse.Ideallyefficientwaterusewouldbeencouragedbychargingforitbutattemptstodosohavemostlyprovedpoliticallyimpossible.Amorepracticablealternativeisasystemoftradablewaterusagerights.Asourexplainsmanywaterproblemshaveglobalcauses:populationgrowthclimatechangeurbanizationandespeciallychangingdiets.Ittakes2000litersofwatertogrowakiloofvegetablesbut15000literstoproduceakiloofbeef—andpeopleareeatingmoremeat.Theproblemsalsohaveglobalimplications.Withoutanewgreenrevolutionfarmerswillneed60%morewatertofeedthe2billionextrapeoplewhowillbebornbetweennowand2025.Yetthereisgloballynoshortageofwater.Unlikeothernaturalresourcessuchasoilwatercannotbeusedup.Itisrecycledendlesslyasrainsnoworevaporation.Onaveragepeopleareextractingfortheirownuseslessthanatenthofwhatfallsasrainandsnoweachyear.Thecentralproblemisthatsomuchwateriswastedmainlybyfarmers.Agri-cultureusesthree-quartersoftheworld’swater.Becausewaterisusuallyfreethirstycropslikealfalfa苜蓿aregrowninaridCalifornia.WheatinIndiaandBrazilusestwiceasmuchwateraswheatinAmerica.DrycountrieslikePakistanexporttextilesthougha1kgboltofclothrequires11000litersofwater.Anyeconomistknowswhattodo:pricewatertoreflectitsvalue.Butdecadesoftryingtodothatforagriculturehaverunintopowerfulresistancefromfarmers.Theyrejectscarcitypricingforthereasonthatwaterfallsfromtheskies.Nogovernmentownsitsonogovernmentshouldchargeforit.Thereisawayout.Australianfarmershavetherighttouseacertainamountofwaterfree.Theycansellthatrighttoothers.Butiftheywantmorewaterthemselvestheymustbuyitfromaneighbor.Theresultofthistradingisamarketthathasdonewhatmarketsdo:allocateresourcestomoreproductiveuse.Australiahasendureditsworstdroughtinmodernhistoryinthepasttenyears.Watersuppliesinsomefarmingareashavefallenbyhalf.Yetfarmershaverespondedtothenewmarketsignalsbyswitchingtolessthirstycropsandkeptthevalueoffarmoutputstable.Waterproductivityhasdoubled.Australia’ssystemovercomestheusualobjectionsbecauseitconfirmsfarmers’rightstowaterandletsthemhavemuchofitfornothing.Whatcausesthecentralproblemthatsomuchwateriswastedmainlybyfarmers
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelpcontrolmacroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.Althoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectionin1999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20. 1
Tetsofreactiontimesalsoseemedtobackupthenotionthatthetwohemispheresdifferedintheirprocessingstyles.Atrickresearchersusetoensurethatanimagegoestoonehemispherefirstandthentotheoppositesideofthebrain.46Ifthenatureofthestimulusandthepreferenceofthehemispherematchupthenthepersoncanrespondslightlymorequicklyandaccuratelyinidentifyingthelocalorgloballetter.Stillmorestartlingresearchersfoundthatthesameappearstoholdforthebrainsofchimps黑猩猩andperhapsotherprimates灵长类.47Theassumptionhasalwaysbeenthathandednessandbrainasymmetryarestrictlyhumantraits—partofthegreatbrainreorganizationthatallowedourancestortousetoolsspeakandperhapseventhinkrationally.Buthandednessisnowwidelyclaimedforprimatesandevenbirdsamphibians两栖动物andwhalesandinthepastfewyearssomepsychologistshaveTestedchimpsandbaboons狒狒andsuggestedtheirtwohemispheresalsodifferinprocessingstyle.48Nowresearchershavecometoseethedistinctionbetweenthetwohemispheresasasubtleoneofprocessingstylewitheverymentalfacultysharedacrossthebrainandeachsidecontributinginacomplementarynotexclusivefashion.Asmartbrainbecameonethatsimultaneouslygraspedboththeforegroundandthebackgroundofthemoment.Thenextproblemwastoworkoutexactlyhowthebrainmanagestoproductthesetwocontrastingstyles.Manyresearchersoriginallylookedfortheexplanationinasimplewiringdifferencewithinthebrain.Thistheoryheldthatneurons神经元intheleftcortex脑皮质mightmakesparser稀少的short-rangeconnectionswiththeirneighborswithcellsontheothersidewouldbemorerichlyandwidelyconnected.49Theresultwouldbethattherepresentationofsensationsandmemorieswouldbeconfinedtosmallishdiscrete离散的areasinthelefthemispherewhileexactlythesameinputtoacorrespondingareaoftherightsidewouldformasprawlingevenimpressionisticpatternofactivity.Supportersofthisideaarguedthatthesestructuraldifferenceswouldexplainwhyleftbrainlanguageareasaresogoodatpreciseresonationofwordsandwordsequenceswhiletheright-brainseemstosupplyawidersenseofcontestandmeaning.Astrikingfindingfromsomepeoplewhosufferrightbrainstrokesisthattheycanunderstandtheliteralmeaningofsentences—theirleftbraincanstilldecodethewords—buttheycannolongergetjokesorallusions.50Askedtoexplainevenacommonproverbsuchasastitchintimesavesninetheycanonlysayitmusthavesomethingtodowithsewing—anintactrightbrainisneededtomakethemoreplayfulconnections.
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelpcontrolmacroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.Althoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectionin1999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20. 5
Anarrowingofyourworkinterestsisimpliedinalmostanytransitionfromastudyenvironmenttomanagerialorprofessionalwork.Inthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesyouwillatbestreuseonlyafractionofthematerial26inthreeorfouryears’study.Inmostcareerpathsacademicknowledgeonly2abackgroundtomuchmoreapplieddecision-making.Evenwitha"training"formofdegree3afewoftheproceduresormethods4inyourstudiesarelikelytobecontinuouslyrelevantinyourwork.Partly5reflectsthegreaterspecializationofmostworktaskscompared6studying.Manygraduatesarenot7withthevarietyinvolvedin8fromdegreestudyinatleastfourorfivesubjectsayear9verystandardizedjobdemands.Academicworkvalues10inventivenessoriginalityandthecultivationofself-realizationandself-development.Emphasisisplaced11generatingnewideasandknowledgeassembling12informationtomakea"rational"decisionappreciatingbasic13andtheoriesandgettinginvolvedinfundamentalcontroversiesanddebates.Thehumanisticvaluesofhigher14encouragesthefeelingofbeing15inaprocesswithaself-developmentalrhythm.16evenifyouremployerspursueenlightenedpersonneldevelopment17andinvestheavilyin"humancapital"—forexamplebyrotatinggraduatetraineesto18theirworkexperiences—youarestilllikelytonoticeandfeel19aboutsomemajorrestrictionsofyour20andactivitiescomparedwithastudyenvironment. 9
Directions: Writealetteraccordingtothesituationbelow: Youareplanningtohaveafarewellpartyatarestaurant.Youwritetothemanageroftherestaurantinquiringthesizethedecorationandtheequipment. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
Anarrowingofyourworkinterestsisimpliedinalmostanytransitionfromastudyenvironmenttomanagerialorprofessionalwork.Inthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesyouwillatbestreuseonlyafractionofthematerial26inthreeorfouryears’study.Inmostcareerpathsacademicknowledgeonly2abackgroundtomuchmoreapplieddecision-making.Evenwitha"training"formofdegree3afewoftheproceduresormethods4inyourstudiesarelikelytobecontinuouslyrelevantinyourwork.Partly5reflectsthegreaterspecializationofmostworktaskscompared6studying.Manygraduatesarenot7withthevarietyinvolvedin8fromdegreestudyinatleastfourorfivesubjectsayear9verystandardizedjobdemands.Academicworkvalues10inventivenessoriginalityandthecultivationofself-realizationandself-development.Emphasisisplaced11generatingnewideasandknowledgeassembling12informationtomakea"rational"decisionappreciatingbasic13andtheoriesandgettinginvolvedinfundamentalcontroversiesanddebates.Thehumanisticvaluesofhigher14encouragesthefeelingofbeing15inaprocesswithaself-developmentalrhythm.16evenifyouremployerspursueenlightenedpersonneldevelopment17andinvestheavilyin"humancapital"—forexamplebyrotatinggraduatetraineesto18theirworkexperiences—youarestilllikelytonoticeandfeel19aboutsomemajorrestrictionsofyour20andactivitiescomparedwithastudyenvironment. 5
WhenitcomestotheslowingeconomyEllenSperoisn’tbitinghernailsjustyet.Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn’tcuttingfillingorpolishingasnailsasshe’dliketoeither.Mostofherclientsspend$12to$50weeklybutlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy.I’magoodeconomicindicatorshesaysIprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey’reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars.SoSperoisdownscalingshoppingatmiddle-browDillard’sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhomeinsteadofNeimanMarcusIdon’tknowitotherclientsaregoingtoabandonmetoo.Shesays.EvenbeforeAlanGreenspan’sadmissionthatAmerica’sred-hoteconomyiscoolinglotsofworkingfolkshadalreadyseensignsoftheslowdownthemselves.Fromcardealer-shipstoGapoutletssaleshavebeenlaggingformonthsasshopperstempertheirspending.Forretailerswholastyeartookin24percentoftheirrevenuebetweenThanksgivingandChristmasthecautiousapproachiscomingatacrucialtime.Alreadyexpertssayholidaysalesareoff7percentfromlastyear’space.Butdon’tsoundanyalarmsjustyet.Consumersseemonlymildlyconcernednotpanickedandmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy’slong-termprospectsevenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening.Consumerssaythey’renotindespairbecausedespitethedreadfulheadlinestheirownfortunesstillfeelprettygood.Homepricesareholdingsteadyinmostregions.InManhattanthere’sanewgoldrushhappeninginthe$4millionto$10millionrangepredominantlyfedbyWallStreetbonuses.SaysbrokerBarbaraCorcoran.InSanFranciscopricesarestillrisingevenasfrenziedoverbiddingquiets.Insteadof20to30offersnowmaybeyouonlygettwoorthreesaysJohnTealdiaBayAreareal-estatebroker.Andmostfolksstillfeelprettycomfortableabouttheirabilitytofindandkeepajob.Manyfolksseesilverliningstothisslow-down.Potentialhomebuyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.Employerswouldn’tmindalittlefewerbuddlesinthejobmarket.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswingswhichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.Dinersmightseeanupsidetoo.GettingatableatManhattan’shotnewAlainDucasserestaurantusedtobeimpossible.Notanymore.ForthatGreenspan&Co.maystillbeworthtoasting.Towhichofthefollowingistheauthorlikelytoagree
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelpcontrolmacroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.Althoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectionin1999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20. 7
In1956whenthecoldwarwasatitspeakAmericadeployedasecretsonicweaponasanewspaperheadlineputitatthetime.ThatweaponwasDizzyGillespieafamedjazzmusicianwhowasgiventhetaskofchangingtheworld’sviewofAmericanculturethroughrhythmandbeat.Crowdspouredintothestreettodance.Culturaldiplomacydieddownafterthecoldwarended.ButtheattacksofSeptember11th2001convincedtheStateDepartmenttosendoutAmerica’smusiciansonceagaintowooheartsandmindswithmelody.RhythmRoadaprogramrunbytheStateDepartmentandanon-profitorganizationJazzatLincolnCentrehasmadeinformaldiplomatsoutofbothmusiciansandaudiences.Sinceitbeganin2005musicianshavetravelledto96countries.OnebandwenttoMauritaniaacountryinnorthwesternAfricaafterlastyear’scoup;manydepartforcountriesthathavestrainedrelationshipswithAmerica.ThemusicianstraveltoplaceswheresomepeoplehaveneverseenanAmerican.Jazzsoparticipantsintheprogramiswell-suitedtodiplomacy.Itiscollaborativeallowingindividualsbothtoharmonizeandplaysolo—muchlikeademocracysaysAriRolandwhoplaysbassforabandthatleftNewYorktotourtheMiddleEastonMarch31st.Jazzisalsoareminderofmusic’spower.Ithelpedbreakdownracialbarriersasenthusiastsofallcolorsgatheredtolistentojazzwhensegregationwasstillthelawoftheland.TheStateDepartmentspent10millionU.S.dollarsonculturaldiplomacyprogramsintheyeartoSeptember30th2008.ButmostexpectfundingfortheinitiativetoincreaseunderBarackObamawhopledgedhissupportforculturaldiplomacyduringhiscampaign.RhythmRoadnowsendsouthip-hopandbluegrassbandsaswell.Therearesomedissenters.NickCullthedirectorofthePublicDiplomacyProgramattheUniversityofSouthernCaliforniathinksthatthesediplomaticprojectswouldbemoreproductiveiftheywerenotadministeredbythesameagencythatoverseesthecountry’sforeign-policyagenda.AndthereisalsoclamorforMr.Obamatoappointasecretaryofcultureinhiscabinet.WhatgoodtheyaskissendingAmericancultureabroadwhenthecountryisnotgivingitproperattentionathomeThelastparagraphsuggeststhat______.
APerpetualMotionMachineisafascinatingandlong-discussedtopicthatmoveswellbeyondthescopeofphysics.Inshortaperpetualmotionmachinecanbelikenedtoamagiccowthatcontinuestoliveandbreatheandyetneedsnosustenance.Aperpetualmotionengineinstalledinaearwouldcontinuetorunindefinitelybutwouldneedneithergastanknorpetrol.Ofcourseasaperpetualmotionmachineisinviolationofnaturallawsitwilllikelynevermoveoutoftherealmofimaginationandintoreality.WhenthephraseperpetualmotionmachineisenteredintoGoogle’ssearchengine34400itemsarereturned.Ofthese34400itemstheforty-firsttotheforty-fifthholdreasonableinterestandwillbefurtherdiscussedherein.41.MythsandlegendsLongbeforetheadventofthesteamenginehumanbeingshaveruminatedonthepossibilityofaperpetualmotionmachine.Throughouthistorymanyhaveattemptedtoinventsuchadevicethoughnonehavethusfarbeensuccessful.42.FameandglorySomepeopleholdthatanyinventorattemptingtocreateaperpetualmotionmachinemustonlybeinitforcreditandaccoladeswishingtobethefirstinhisfieldtodiscoverthemuch-covetedsecret.43.WealthandrichesItisalsosuspectedbysomethatthoseseekingtounlockthemysteryofperpetualmotionmachinemustbemotivatedbythemonetaryrewards.Ifsuchadeviceweretofallintopopularusetheinventorwouldbeawealthymanindeed.44.AnticsandcapersEvensomeofthosewhoareawareoftheimpossibilityofperpetualmotionmachinehaveinventedsomethingsimilarundertheguiseofperpetualmotionmachineinordertoteaseus.45.DeceptionandtrickerySomepeoplethoughfullyawarethattheyareincapableofinventingaperpetualmotionmachinepersistinarguingthattheycanwiththeintentionofscammingus.Thoughtheperpetualmotionmachineisadreamlong-soughtafterbythescientificcommunityitisimprobablethatitwilleverberealized.Wecanhoweverpourourresourcesintoresearchingmorepracticalenergyconservingformsofpowersuchasgeothermalhydroelectricandsolarpowersolutions.A.InancientChinatherewasanextremelyadroitmanbythenameofZhuGeliang.Itissaidthatheconstructedawoodenhorsewhichcouldwalkunaidedandcouldbeusedinthetransportationofmilitarysupplies.Asnorecordsofthisoccurrencehavebeenfoundthistalehaspassedintolegend.B.InventorFtoldmeexcitedlysomecomplexdetailsarecurrentlyunderdiscus-siontounearththekeytoperpetualmotion.IfmyexperimentprovestobeeffectualIwillbecomeaNobelPrizewinner.YouknowtheceremonyisheldannuallyinSwedenandisbroadcastedlivetoeverycorneroftheglobe.ItisnogreatwonderthatInventorFespousedenthusiasm.Afunctionalperpetualmotionmachineisawonderthatwouldbemarveledatforgenerationstocome.C.InventorKdeclaredtheexperimentswithperpetualmotionareonthevergeofsuccess.Myproductswillsoonbedistributedthroughouttheworldandusedinawiderangeofindustrialapplications.Whenthathappensmycompanywillexpandexponentially.I’llmakeafortune!D.OneoftheclosestthingstoaperpetualmotionenginewastheoneinstalledontheTraveler1spacecraftthefirstspaceshipinhumanhistorytoflybeyondtheedgesofoursolarsystem.ThoughTraveler’sengineisabletorunwithoutmaintenanceformanyyearsitstillrequiresenergy—nuclearenergy.SostrictlyspeakingTraveler1doesnotrunonaperpetualmotionenginebutinfactneedsenergyasdoallothermachines.E.Mr.Goofyannouncedthathehadeffectivelydiagrammedthefirstperpetualmotionmachine.Whenaprivatecorporatepartypurchasedthepatenttheyfoundtotheirdismaythatmanufacturingitaccordingtothedesignlayoutwastechnicallyinfeasible.FurioustheysuedMr.GoofyforfraudbuteveninthecourtroomMr.Goofywouldnotbeshamed.HesimplyretortedI’mjustjokingaround.F.Tomproudlyproclaimingthathehadinventedaclockthatranonperpetualmotionandhaditplacedinthecentralsquareofhistown.Theclockhesaidwouldworkperfectlydespitealackofspringsintheinternalmechanism.Ascientistlaterascertainedthesecretandrevealedittothetownspeople:theclockhadbeencleverlydevisedtorunontemperaturedifferentials.
Tetsofreactiontimesalsoseemedtobackupthenotionthatthetwohemispheresdifferedintheirprocessingstyles.Atrickresearchersusetoensurethatanimagegoestoonehemispherefirstandthentotheoppositesideofthebrain.46Ifthenatureofthestimulusandthepreferenceofthehemispherematchupthenthepersoncanrespondslightlymorequicklyandaccuratelyinidentifyingthelocalorgloballetter.Stillmorestartlingresearchersfoundthatthesameappearstoholdforthebrainsofchimps黑猩猩andperhapsotherprimates灵长类.47Theassumptionhasalwaysbeenthathandednessandbrainasymmetryarestrictlyhumantraits—partofthegreatbrainreorganizationthatallowedourancestortousetoolsspeakandperhapseventhinkrationally.Buthandednessisnowwidelyclaimedforprimatesandevenbirdsamphibians两栖动物andwhalesandinthepastfewyearssomepsychologistshaveTestedchimpsandbaboons狒狒andsuggestedtheirtwohemispheresalsodifferinprocessingstyle.48Nowresearchershavecometoseethedistinctionbetweenthetwohemispheresasasubtleoneofprocessingstylewitheverymentalfacultysharedacrossthebrainandeachsidecontributinginacomplementarynotexclusivefashion.Asmartbrainbecameonethatsimultaneouslygraspedboththeforegroundandthebackgroundofthemoment.Thenextproblemwastoworkoutexactlyhowthebrainmanagestoproductthesetwocontrastingstyles.Manyresearchersoriginallylookedfortheexplanationinasimplewiringdifferencewithinthebrain.Thistheoryheldthatneurons神经元intheleftcortex脑皮质mightmakesparser稀少的short-rangeconnectionswiththeirneighborswithcellsontheothersidewouldbemorerichlyandwidelyconnected.49Theresultwouldbethattherepresentationofsensationsandmemorieswouldbeconfinedtosmallishdiscrete离散的areasinthelefthemispherewhileexactlythesameinputtoacorrespondingareaoftherightsidewouldformasprawlingevenimpressionisticpatternofactivity.Supportersofthisideaarguedthatthesestructuraldifferenceswouldexplainwhyleftbrainlanguageareasaresogoodatpreciseresonationofwordsandwordsequenceswhiletheright-brainseemstosupplyawidersenseofcontestandmeaning.Astrikingfindingfromsomepeoplewhosufferrightbrainstrokesisthattheycanunderstandtheliteralmeaningofsentences—theirleftbraincanstilldecodethewords—buttheycannolongergetjokesorallusions.50Askedtoexplainevenacommonproverbsuchasastitchintimesavesninetheycanonlysayitmusthavesomethingtodowithsewing—anintactrightbrainisneededtomakethemoreplayfulconnections.
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