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不是肿瘤组织特有的正常细胞和其他组织上也存在的抗原是
TSA
TAA
TSTA
TRA
TNF
当轻雾使天空部分或完全不明时观测记录和编报参照雾执行如10/10=Actra
脂肪产热的指标是
腋温（T
肛温（TR）
TA-R
TRA
口温
代表肿瘤排斥抗原的是
TAA
TSA
TSTA
LAA
TRA
输血相关的急性肺损伤TRA-LI
代表肿瘤特异抗原的是
TSTA
TAA
TSA
LAA
TRA
硬盘是计算机主要的外存储器其速度直接影响计算机整体的性能目前硬盘的数据接口比较多下面传送速度最快的是
U1tra2 SCSI
E-IDE
U1tra ATA/66
U1tra ATA/100
SY230C6B发动机型号是
AA-6BG1TRP
CC-6BG1TRA01
CC-6BG1TRA02
CC-6BG1TRP
简述BSC中如下硬件的功能作用TRHTRASRSC7
Theblueprintistothebuilder_____theoutlineistothewr
what
that
as
and
代表肿瘤特异性移植抗原的是
TAA
TSA
TSTA
LAA
TRA
代表白血病相关性膜抗原的是
TAA
TSA
TSTA
LAA
TRA
怎样区别Cs云与Astra云
BSC中用于语音信息的代码转换的单元是
TRAU
TRA
TRX
TRI
代表肿瘤特异性抗原的是
TAA
TSA
TSTA
LAA
TRA
代表肿瘤相关抗原的是
TAA
TSA
TSTA
LAA
TRA
呼叫等待的英文缩写是.
CW
TRA
10G
脂肪产热的指标是
腋温(TA)
肛温(TR)
TA-R
TRA
口温
不能够直接演变成Actra的有.
As tra
Cs
Cc
Sc tra
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WhatisitthatbringsaboutsuchanintimateconnectionbetweenlanguageandthinkingIstherenothinkingwithouttheuseoflanguagenamelyinconceptsandconceptcombinationsforwhichwordsneednotnecessarilycometomindHasnoteveryoneofusstruggledforwordsalthoughtheconnectionbetween"things"wasalreadyclear 46Wemightbeinclinedtoattributetotheactofthinkingcompleteindependencefromlanguageiftheindividualformedorwereabletoformhisconceptswithouttheverbalguidanceofhisenvironment.Yetmostlikelythementalshapeofanindividualgrowingupundersuchconditionswouldbeverypoor.Thuswemayconcludethatthementaldevelopmentoftheindividualandhiswayofformingconceptsdependtoahighdegreeuponlanguage.Thismakesusrealizetowhatextentthesamelanguagemeansthesamementality.Inthissensethinkingandlanguagearelinkedtogether. WhatdistinguishesthelanguageofsciencefromlanguagesasweordinarilyunderstandthewordHowisitthatscientificlanguageisinternational47Whatsciencestrivesforisanutmostacutencessandclarityofconceptsasregardstheirmutualrelationandtheircorrespondencetosensorydata.AsanillustrationletustakethelanguageofEuclideangeometryandAlgebra.Theymanipulatewithasmallnumberofindependentlyintroducedconceptsrespectivelysymbolssuchastheintegralnumberthestraightlinethepointaswellaswithsignswhichdesignatethefundamentalconcepts.Thisisthebasisfortheconstructionrespectivelydefinitionofallotherstatementsandconcepts.Theconnectionbetweenconceptsandstatementsontheonehandandthesensorydataontheotherhandisestablishedthroughactsofcountingandmeasuringwhoseperformanceissufficientlywelldetermined. 48Thesuper-nationalcharacterofscientificconceptsandscientificlanguageisduetothefacethattheyhavebeensetupbythebestbrainsofallcountriesandalltimes.Insolitudeandyetincooperativeeffortasregardsthefinaleffecttheycreatedthespiritualtoolsforthetechnicalrevolutionswhichhavetransformedthelifeofmankindinthelastcenturies.Theirsystemofconceptshasservedasaguideinthebewilderingchaosofperceptionssothatwelearnedtograspgeneraltruthsfromparticularobservations. WhathopesandfearsdoesthescientificmethodimplyformankindIdonotthinkthatthisistherightwaytoputthequestion.Whateverthistoolinthehandofmanwillproducedependsentirelyonthenatureofthegoalsaliveinthismankind.Oncethesegoalsexistthescientitlemethodfurnishesmeanstorealizethem.Yetitcannotfurnishtheverygoals.49Thescientificmethoditselfwouldnothaveledanywhereanditwouldnotevenhavebeenbornwithoutapassionatestrivingforclearunderstanding. Perfectionofmeansandconfusionofgoalsseem—inmyopinion—tocharacterizeourage.50Ifwedesiresincerelyandpassionatelythesafetythewelfareandthefreedevelopmentofthetalentsofallmenweshallnotbeinwantofthemeanstoapproachsuchastate.Evenifonlyasmallpartofmankindstrivesforsuchgoalstheirsuperioritywillproveitselfinthelongrun. 49Thescientificmethoditselfwouldnothaveledanywhereanditwouldnotevenhavebeenbornwithoutapassionatestrivingforclearunderstanding.
ArareprovisioninSanFrancisco’sbusinesstaxcodethattaxescompanieswhenemployeescashintheirstockoptionshascausedastirinthishotbedoffledglingtechcompanies.Remarkablyfewcompaniesevenknewaboutthetaxwhichhasbeenineffectforsevenyears.ButsincecityofficialsofferedTwitterapayroll-taxbreakasanincentiveforittoremaininSanFranciscothecompanyisconsideredlikelytogopublicsoonthestock-optionprovisionhassuddenlycomeunderintensescrutiny.AnumberofotherboomingcompaniesincludingZingsthemakerofonlinegamesandoneofthecity’sfastest-growingfirmshavethreatenedtoleavethecityunlesstheyreceivesimilarpayroll-taxexemptionsbeforegoingpublic. UnlikemostcitiesSanFranciscogeneratesmostofitsbusinesstaxrevenuethroughapayrolltax.TheTwitterexemptionbillwhichwillbeconsideredbythefullBoardofSupervisorsonApril5wouldfreezepayrolltaxesforsixyearsalongastripofMarketStreet—whereTwitterissettorelocate—andseveralsquareblocksintheTenderloinneighborhood.Twitterexecutiveshadbeenconcernedbecausesince2004thecity’spayrolltaxcodehascountedstockoptionsgrantedtoemployeesascompensationwhichistaxedat1.5percent.IfTwittergoespublicinSanFranciscoandalargenumberofworkersexercisetheiroptionsthecitywouldtaxthecompanyonitsemployees’stockgains—abilllikelytoamounttotensofmillionsofdollars."Twittercouldbelookingatasignificantlylargerpayrolltaxliabilityifandwhenitgoespublic"saidTedEganthechiefeconomistinSanFrancisco’scontroller’soffice. BecauseofthedearthofI.P.O.’sinsidethecitylimitsinthelastdecadethestockoptiontaxhasgoneunderradaruntilnow.Businessescityofficialsandevenseasonedtaxlawyersareconfounded."Nobodyevertalkedaboutthisbecausenobody’sreallytestedtheseissuesbefore"saidThomasH.SteeleapartnerinMorrison&Foerster’sSanFranciscoofficespecializinginstateandlocaltax.Hesaidthathisclientsbegancallinghimthisweektoaskaboutthetax’sramifications."APandora’sboxhasalreadybeenopened"saidSupervisorRossMirkarimiamemberoftheBoardofSupervisors’budgetandfinancecommitteewhohasexpressedconcernabouttailoringlegislationforonecompany."We’vebeengoingaboutthisthewrongway"hesaid.TherecentconfusionhasaddedimpetustocallsforcomprehensivebusinesstaxreformbyDavidChiutheboardpresident."Thestockoptionproblemisreal"Mr.Chiusaid."Wehavetoaddressitinafairandresponsibleway. Mostofthecompanieshavenoideasaboutstock-optionprovisionbecause
StartingwithhisreviewofSkinner’sVerbalBehaviorNoamChomskyhadledthepsycholinguistswhoarguethatmanhasdevelopedaninnate天生的capacityfordealingwiththelinguisticuniversalscommontoalllanguages.Experienceandlearningthenprovideonlyinformationaboutthe1instancesofthoseuniversalaspectsoflanguagewhichareneededtocommunicatewithotherpeoplewithinaparticularlanguage2. Thislinguisticapproach3theviewthatlanguageisbuiltuponlearnedassociationsbetweenwords.Whatislearnedisnotstringsofwordsperse本身but4rulesthatenableaspeakerto5aninfinitevarietyofnovelsentences.6singlewordsarelearnedasconcepts:theydonotstandinaone-to-one7withtheparticularthingsignifiedbut8allmembersofageneralclass. Thisviewoftheinnateaspectoflanguagelearningisatfirstnotreadily9intoexistingpsychologicalframeworksand10achallengethathasstimulatedmuchthoughtandnewresearchdirections.Chomskyarguesthatapreconditionforlanguagedevelopmentistheexistenceofcertainprinciples"intrinsic原有的tothemind"thatprovideinvariantstructures11perceivinglearningandthinking.Language12alloftheseprocesses;thusitsstudy13ourtheoriesofknowledgeingeneral. Basictothismodeloflanguageisthenotionthatachild’slearningoflanguageisakindoftheory14.It’sthoughttobeaccomplished15explicitinstruction16ofintelligencelevelatanearlyagewhenheisnotcapableofothercomplex17ormotorachievementsandwithrelativelylittlereliabledatatogoon.18thechildconstructsatheoryofanideallanguagewhichhasbroad19power.Chomskyarguesthatallchildrencouldnotdevelopthesamebasictheory20itnotfortheinnateexistenceofpropertiesofmentalorganizationwhichlimitthepossiblepropertiesoflanguages. 17
Inthedimlylitcyber-caféatSciences-Pohot-houseoftheFrenchelitenoGauloisesmokefillstheairnodog-earedcopiesofSartrelieonthetables.Frenchstudentsaredoingwhatallstudentsdo:surfingthewebviaGoogle.NowPresidentJacquesChiracwantstostopthisAmericanculturalinvasionbysettinguparivalFrenchsearch-engine.TheideawaspromptedbyGoogle’splantoputonlinemillionsoftextsfromAmericanandBritishuniversitylibraries.IfEnglishbooksarethreateningtoswampcyberspaceMrChiracwillnotstandidlyby. HeaskedhiscultureministerRenaudDonnedieudeVabresandJean-NoelJeanneneyheadofFrance’sBibliothèqueNationaletodothesameforFrenchtexts--andcreateahome-grownsearch-enginetobrowsethem.WhynotletGoogledothejobItsFrenchversionisusedfor74%ofinteruetsearchesinFrance.Theansweristhevulgarcriteriaitusestorankresults."Idonotbelieve"wroteMrDonnedieudeVabresinLeMonde"thattheonlykeytoaccessourcultureshouldbetheautomaticrankingbypopularitywhichhasbeenbehindGoogle’ssuccess." ThisisnotthefirsttimeGooglehasmetFrenchresistance.AcourthasupheldarulingagainstitinalawsuitbroughtbytwofirmsthatclaimeditsdisplayofrivalsponsoredlinksGoogle’schiefsourceofrevenuesconstitutedtrademarkcounterfeiting.TheFrenchstatenewsagencyAgenceFrance-PressehasalsofiledsuitagainstGoogleforcopyrightinfringement.Googlephobiaisspreading.MrJeanneneyhastalkedofthe"riskofcrushingdominationbyAmericaindefiningtheviewthatfuturegenerationshaveoftheworld.""IhavenothinginparticularagainstGoogle"hetoldL’Expressamagazine."IsimplynotethatthiscommercialcompanyistheexpressionoftheAmericansysteminwhichthelawofthemarketisking."Advertisingmuscleandconsumerdemandshouldnottriumphovergoodtasteandculturalsophistication. TheflawsintheFrenchplanareobvious.IfpopularitycannotarbitratewhatwillMrJeanneneywantsa"committeeofexperts".HeappearstobeseriousthoughthesupplyofFrench-speakingexpertsorexpertsspeakinganylanguageforthatmatterwouldseemtobeinsufficient.AndifadvertisingisnottopaywillthetaxpayerTheplanmirrorsanotherofMrChirac’spetprojects:aCNNàlafraneaise.OverayearagostungbythepowerofEnglish-speakingtelevisionnewschannelsintheIraqwarMrChiracpromisedtosetupaFrenchrivalbytheendof2004.Theprojectisboggeddownbyinfighting. France’sdesiretocombatEnglishonthewebortheairwavesisunderstandable.ProtectingFrance’stonguefromitscitizens’inclinationtoadoptEnglishwordsisanancienthobbyoftherulingelite.TheAcadémieFrancaisewassetupin1635tothatend.Linguistsdevisetranslationsofcyber-termssuchasarrosagespamorboguebug.LawslimittheuseofEnglishonTV--"SuperNanny"and"StarAcademy"arecurrentpests--andimposetranslationsofEnglishslogansinadvertising.TreatingtheinvasionofEnglishasamarketfailurethatmustbecorrectedbythestatemaylookclumsy.InFranceitisjustbusinessasusual. Thephraseboggeddownparagraph5isclosestinmeaningto
StartingwithhisreviewofSkinner’sVerbalBehaviorNoamChomskyhadledthepsycholinguistswhoarguethatmanhasdevelopedaninnate天生的capacityfordealingwiththelinguisticuniversalscommontoalllanguages.Experienceandlearningthenprovideonlyinformationaboutthe1instancesofthoseuniversalaspectsoflanguagewhichareneededtocommunicatewithotherpeoplewithinaparticularlanguage2. Thislinguisticapproach3theviewthatlanguageisbuiltuponlearnedassociationsbetweenwords.Whatislearnedisnotstringsofwordsperse本身but4rulesthatenableaspeakerto5aninfinitevarietyofnovelsentences.6singlewordsarelearnedasconcepts:theydonotstandinaone-to-one7withtheparticularthingsignifiedbut8allmembersofageneralclass. Thisviewoftheinnateaspectoflanguagelearningisatfirstnotreadily9intoexistingpsychologicalframeworksand10achallengethathasstimulatedmuchthoughtandnewresearchdirections.Chomskyarguesthatapreconditionforlanguagedevelopmentistheexistenceofcertainprinciples"intrinsic原有的tothemind"thatprovideinvariantstructures11perceivinglearningandthinking.Language12alloftheseprocesses;thusitsstudy13ourtheoriesofknowledgeingeneral. Basictothismodeloflanguageisthenotionthatachild’slearningoflanguageisakindoftheory14.It’sthoughttobeaccomplished15explicitinstruction16ofintelligencelevelatanearlyagewhenheisnotcapableofothercomplex17ormotorachievementsandwithrelativelylittlereliabledatatogoon.18thechildconstructsatheoryofanideallanguagewhichhasbroad19power.Chomskyarguesthatallchildrencouldnotdevelopthesamebasictheory20itnotfortheinnateexistenceofpropertiesofmentalorganizationwhichlimitthepossiblepropertiesoflanguages. 5
WhatisitthatbringsaboutsuchanintimateconnectionbetweenlanguageandthinkingIstherenothinkingwithouttheuseoflanguagenamelyinconceptsandconceptcombinationsforwhichwordsneednotnecessarilycometomindHasnoteveryoneofusstruggledforwordsalthoughtheconnectionbetween"things"wasalreadyclear 46Wemightbeinclinedtoattributetotheactofthinkingcompleteindependencefromlanguageiftheindividualformedorwereabletoformhisconceptswithouttheverbalguidanceofhisenvironment.Yetmostlikelythementalshapeofanindividualgrowingupundersuchconditionswouldbeverypoor.Thuswemayconcludethatthementaldevelopmentoftheindividualandhiswayofformingconceptsdependtoahighdegreeuponlanguage.Thismakesusrealizetowhatextentthesamelanguagemeansthesamementality.Inthissensethinkingandlanguagearelinkedtogether. WhatdistinguishesthelanguageofsciencefromlanguagesasweordinarilyunderstandthewordHowisitthatscientificlanguageisinternational47Whatsciencestrivesforisanutmostacutencessandclarityofconceptsasregardstheirmutualrelationandtheircorrespondencetosensorydata.AsanillustrationletustakethelanguageofEuclideangeometryandAlgebra.Theymanipulatewithasmallnumberofindependentlyintroducedconceptsrespectivelysymbolssuchastheintegralnumberthestraightlinethepointaswellaswithsignswhichdesignatethefundamentalconcepts.Thisisthebasisfortheconstructionrespectivelydefinitionofallotherstatementsandconcepts.Theconnectionbetweenconceptsandstatementsontheonehandandthesensorydataontheotherhandisestablishedthroughactsofcountingandmeasuringwhoseperformanceissufficientlywelldetermined. 48Thesuper-nationalcharacterofscientificconceptsandscientificlanguageisduetothefacethattheyhavebeensetupbythebestbrainsofallcountriesandalltimes.Insolitudeandyetincooperativeeffortasregardsthefinaleffecttheycreatedthespiritualtoolsforthetechnicalrevolutionswhichhavetransformedthelifeofmankindinthelastcenturies.Theirsystemofconceptshasservedasaguideinthebewilderingchaosofperceptionssothatwelearnedtograspgeneraltruthsfromparticularobservations. WhathopesandfearsdoesthescientificmethodimplyformankindIdonotthinkthatthisistherightwaytoputthequestion.Whateverthistoolinthehandofmanwillproducedependsentirelyonthenatureofthegoalsaliveinthismankind.Oncethesegoalsexistthescientitlemethodfurnishesmeanstorealizethem.Yetitcannotfurnishtheverygoals.49Thescientificmethoditselfwouldnothaveledanywhereanditwouldnotevenhavebeenbornwithoutapassionatestrivingforclearunderstanding. Perfectionofmeansandconfusionofgoalsseem—inmyopinion—tocharacterizeourage.50Ifwedesiresincerelyandpassionatelythesafetythewelfareandthefreedevelopmentofthetalentsofallmenweshallnotbeinwantofthemeanstoapproachsuchastate.Evenifonlyasmallpartofmankindstrivesforsuchgoalstheirsuperioritywillproveitselfinthelongrun. 47Whatsciencestrivesforisanutmostacutencessandclarityofconceptsasregardstheirmutualrelationandtheircorrespondencetosensorydata.
ArareprovisioninSanFrancisco’sbusinesstaxcodethattaxescompanieswhenemployeescashintheirstockoptionshascausedastirinthishotbedoffledglingtechcompanies.Remarkablyfewcompaniesevenknewaboutthetaxwhichhasbeenineffectforsevenyears.ButsincecityofficialsofferedTwitterapayroll-taxbreakasanincentiveforittoremaininSanFranciscothecompanyisconsideredlikelytogopublicsoonthestock-optionprovisionhassuddenlycomeunderintensescrutiny.AnumberofotherboomingcompaniesincludingZingsthemakerofonlinegamesandoneofthecity’sfastest-growingfirmshavethreatenedtoleavethecityunlesstheyreceivesimilarpayroll-taxexemptionsbeforegoingpublic. UnlikemostcitiesSanFranciscogeneratesmostofitsbusinesstaxrevenuethroughapayrolltax.TheTwitterexemptionbillwhichwillbeconsideredbythefullBoardofSupervisorsonApril5wouldfreezepayrolltaxesforsixyearsalongastripofMarketStreet—whereTwitterissettorelocate—andseveralsquareblocksintheTenderloinneighborhood.Twitterexecutiveshadbeenconcernedbecausesince2004thecity’spayrolltaxcodehascountedstockoptionsgrantedtoemployeesascompensationwhichistaxedat1.5percent.IfTwittergoespublicinSanFranciscoandalargenumberofworkersexercisetheiroptionsthecitywouldtaxthecompanyonitsemployees’stockgains—abilllikelytoamounttotensofmillionsofdollars."Twittercouldbelookingatasignificantlylargerpayrolltaxliabilityifandwhenitgoespublic"saidTedEganthechiefeconomistinSanFrancisco’scontroller’soffice. BecauseofthedearthofI.P.O.’sinsidethecitylimitsinthelastdecadethestockoptiontaxhasgoneunderradaruntilnow.Businessescityofficialsandevenseasonedtaxlawyersareconfounded."Nobodyevertalkedaboutthisbecausenobody’sreallytestedtheseissuesbefore"saidThomasH.SteeleapartnerinMorrison&Foerster’sSanFranciscoofficespecializinginstateandlocaltax.Hesaidthathisclientsbegancallinghimthisweektoaskaboutthetax’sramifications."APandora’sboxhasalreadybeenopened"saidSupervisorRossMirkarimiamemberoftheBoardofSupervisors’budgetandfinancecommitteewhohasexpressedconcernabouttailoringlegislationforonecompany."We’vebeengoingaboutthisthewrongway"hesaid.TherecentconfusionhasaddedimpetustocallsforcomprehensivebusinesstaxreformbyDavidChiutheboardpresident."Thestockoptionproblemisreal"Mr.Chiusaid."Wehavetoaddressitinafairandresponsibleway. Accordingtothefirstparagraghweknow
IsathleticexpertiseattainedorinnateThosewhohavesufferedthetongue-lashingofacruelgamesmasteratschoolmightbeforgivenfordoubtingtheideathatanyoneandeveryoneiscapableofgreatsportingachievementifonlytheywouldputenougheffortintoit.Practicemaymakeperfectbutnotallarebuiltinwaysthatmakeitworthbotheringinthefirstplace. ThelatestevidenceofthistruthhasbeengatheredbySabrinaLeeofSimonFraserUniversityinVancouverandStephenPiazzaatPennsylvaniaStateUniversity.Theyhavelookedatthephysicalstructureofshort-distancerunnersandfoundthattheirfeetarebuiltdifferentlyfromthoseofcouchpotatoes. Dr.LeeandDr.Piazzaalreadyknewthatshort-distancerunnerstendtohaveahigherproportionoffast-contractingmusclefibresintheirlegsthanmoresedentaryfolkcanmuster.Theysuspectedthoughthattheywouldfinddifferencesinthebonestructureaswell.Andtheydid. Theylookedatsevenuniversitysprinterswhospecializeinthe100-metredashandfive200-metrespecialistsandcomparedthemwith12non-athleticuniversitystudentsofthesameheight.Inparticulartheylookedatthesizesofbonesofthetoesandheel.TheyalsousedultrasonicscanningtomeasuretheslidingmotionoftheAchillestendonsoftheirvolunteersastheirfeetmovedupanddown.Thisallowedthemtostudythelengthofthelevercreatedbythetendonasitpullsonthebackoftheheeltomakethefootflexandpushofftheground. Dr.LeeandDr.Piazzafoundthatthetoesoftheirshort-distancerunnersaveraged8.2cminlengthwhilethoseofcommonpeopleaveraged7.3cm.ThelengthoftheleverofbonethattheAchillestendonpullsonalsodifferedbeingaquartershorterinshort-distancerunners. Thesefindingssuggestshort-distancerunnersgetbettercontactwiththegroundbyhavinglongertoes.Thatmakessenseasitcreatesafirmerplatformtopushagainst.Inashort-distancerunningraceaccelerationofftheblockiseverything.Cheetahsthechampionofshort-distancerunnersoftheanimalkingdomhavenon-flexibleclawsthatgiveasimilaradvantage. Itispossible—just—thatthedifferencesinphysicalstructurearetheresultoflongandrigoroustraining.Butitisunlikely.Farmoreprobableisthattheoldsayingofcoachesthatgreatshort-distancerunnersarebornnotmadeistrue.Everyoneelsegamesmastersincludedshouldjustgetusedtotheidea. AccordingtoDr.LeeandDr.PiazzawhichofthefollowingsareNOTdifferent
StartingwithhisreviewofSkinner’sVerbalBehaviorNoamChomskyhadledthepsycholinguistswhoarguethatmanhasdevelopedaninnate天生的capacityfordealingwiththelinguisticuniversalscommontoalllanguages.Experienceandlearningthenprovideonlyinformationaboutthe1instancesofthoseuniversalaspectsoflanguagewhichareneededtocommunicatewithotherpeoplewithinaparticularlanguage2. Thislinguisticapproach3theviewthatlanguageisbuiltuponlearnedassociationsbetweenwords.Whatislearnedisnotstringsofwordsperse本身but4rulesthatenableaspeakerto5aninfinitevarietyofnovelsentences.6singlewordsarelearnedasconcepts:theydonotstandinaone-to-one7withtheparticularthingsignifiedbut8allmembersofageneralclass. Thisviewoftheinnateaspectoflanguagelearningisatfirstnotreadily9intoexistingpsychologicalframeworksand10achallengethathasstimulatedmuchthoughtandnewresearchdirections.Chomskyarguesthatapreconditionforlanguagedevelopmentistheexistenceofcertainprinciples"intrinsic原有的tothemind"thatprovideinvariantstructures11perceivinglearningandthinking.Language12alloftheseprocesses;thusitsstudy13ourtheoriesofknowledgeingeneral. Basictothismodeloflanguageisthenotionthatachild’slearningoflanguageisakindoftheory14.It’sthoughttobeaccomplished15explicitinstruction16ofintelligencelevelatanearlyagewhenheisnotcapableofothercomplex17ormotorachievementsandwithrelativelylittlereliabledatatogoon.18thechildconstructsatheoryofanideallanguagewhichhasbroad19power.Chomskyarguesthatallchildrencouldnotdevelopthesamebasictheory20itnotfortheinnateexistenceofpropertiesofmentalorganizationwhichlimitthepossiblepropertiesoflanguages. 1
YourfriendMr.Hancouldnotusehisdictionarybecauseofyourfaultandwritealetterinabout100wordstoexpressyourapology. Donotsignyourownnameusing"LiMing"instead. Donotwritetheaddress.
JudgeKleinberggotitrightwhenhemadeitclearthatthereweren’tseparaterulesforbloggersandjournalists. That’snottosaybloggersareoraren’tjournalists—justthatthereshouldn’tbeadistinction.Inotherwordsthesamerulesapplytoeveryone.But—andhere’sthetrickypart—althoughtherulesapplytopeopleequallywecandoandshouldapplythemdifferentlytodifferentacts.Askingwhetherbloggersarejournalistsismeaningless.What’simportantisn’tthepersonbuttheproduct.Ifasnoopy12-year-oldgirlfindevidencethathertown’smayoristakingbribesthencollectsitverifiesitandpublishesitonherblogthat’sjournalism.IfWaiterCronkitewritesinhisdiarythatheplanteddaisiesandwashedthedishesthatafternoonthat’snot.It’swhat’sdonenotwho’sdoingit. Thisisn’tsomethingthatalwaysneededtobepointedout.Intheolddaysyoucoulddrawalinebetweenjournalistsandeveryoneelsejustasyoucoulddrawalinebetweenanyotherprofession.Whatyoudidiswhatyouwere:reporterbarbergrocertailorwhatever.Journalistswereusuallyhiredbynewspapersmagazinesandradiostations.Andtheyfollowedcertainrulesrespectingoff-the-recordcommentsbeingaccurateandnotmisquoting. TodaytheWebisanessentiallywaytogetnewsandwhilejournalismisprettymuchthesametheterm"journalist"isgettingabitcloudy.That’swhythequestionofwhetherbloggersarejournalistskeepscomingup.Whenanyonecanpublishanyonecanbeajournalist.Sothequestionsthecourtsneedtoanswerisnot"Whoisajournalist"butrather"Whoisdoingjournalism"That12-year-oldgirlwasdoingitevenifsheisn’tinhighschoolyet—evenifshewasn’tajournalist. Notbeingajournalistdoesn’tnecessarilyreducethequalityoftheworknorshoulditreducetheprotectionsitreceives.Sowhenaquestionofjournalists’rightscomesupweneedtoasktwoquestions.First"WhatprotectionsshouldjournalismreceiveundertheFirstAmendment"Andsecond"Wasthepersoninquestionperforminganactofjournalism"Ifsheis—iftheworkshewasdoinginvolvesgatheringandpublishinginformationoflegitimatepublicinterest—thenherprofessiondoesn’tmatter. Theideathatthelinebetweenamateursandprofessionalsisblurringissomethingweneedtogetusedto.TheWebgivesthelittleguythesamepublishingtoolsasthebigguy.Video-editingsoftwareisinexpensiveenoughthatthequalityofamateursequalsthatofmanypros.Butwhileourtechnologyisremovingage-olddistinctionsourperceptionsandourlawshaven’tquiteembracedthenewreality.It’stimetoshiftourthinking. Peoplecontinuedebatingthestatusofthebloggersbecause
StartingwithhisreviewofSkinner’sVerbalBehaviorNoamChomskyhadledthepsycholinguistswhoarguethatmanhasdevelopedaninnate天生的capacityfordealingwiththelinguisticuniversalscommontoalllanguages.Experienceandlearningthenprovideonlyinformationaboutthe1instancesofthoseuniversalaspectsoflanguagewhichareneededtocommunicatewithotherpeoplewithinaparticularlanguage2. Thislinguisticapproach3theviewthatlanguageisbuiltuponlearnedassociationsbetweenwords.Whatislearnedisnotstringsofwordsperse本身but4rulesthatenableaspeakerto5aninfinitevarietyofnovelsentences.6singlewordsarelearnedasconcepts:theydonotstandinaone-to-one7withtheparticularthingsignifiedbut8allmembersofageneralclass. Thisviewoftheinnateaspectoflanguagelearningisatfirstnotreadily9intoexistingpsychologicalframeworksand10achallengethathasstimulatedmuchthoughtandnewresearchdirections.Chomskyarguesthatapreconditionforlanguagedevelopmentistheexistenceofcertainprinciples"intrinsic原有的tothemind"thatprovideinvariantstructures11perceivinglearningandthinking.Language12alloftheseprocesses;thusitsstudy13ourtheoriesofknowledgeingeneral. Basictothismodeloflanguageisthenotionthatachild’slearningoflanguageisakindoftheory14.It’sthoughttobeaccomplished15explicitinstruction16ofintelligencelevelatanearlyagewhenheisnotcapableofothercomplex17ormotorachievementsandwithrelativelylittlereliabledatatogoon.18thechildconstructsatheoryofanideallanguagewhichhasbroad19power.Chomskyarguesthatallchildrencouldnotdevelopthesamebasictheory20itnotfortheinnateexistenceofpropertiesofmentalorganizationwhichlimitthepossiblepropertiesoflanguages. 19
IsathleticexpertiseattainedorinnateThosewhohavesufferedthetongue-lashingofacruelgamesmasteratschoolmightbeforgivenfordoubtingtheideathatanyoneandeveryoneiscapableofgreatsportingachievementifonlytheywouldputenougheffortintoit.Practicemaymakeperfectbutnotallarebuiltinwaysthatmakeitworthbotheringinthefirstplace. ThelatestevidenceofthistruthhasbeengatheredbySabrinaLeeofSimonFraserUniversityinVancouverandStephenPiazzaatPennsylvaniaStateUniversity.Theyhavelookedatthephysicalstructureofshort-distancerunnersandfoundthattheirfeetarebuiltdifferentlyfromthoseofcouchpotatoes. Dr.LeeandDr.Piazzaalreadyknewthatshort-distancerunnerstendtohaveahigherproportionoffast-contractingmusclefibresintheirlegsthanmoresedentaryfolkcanmuster.Theysuspectedthoughthattheywouldfinddifferencesinthebonestructureaswell.Andtheydid. Theylookedatsevenuniversitysprinterswhospecializeinthe100-metredashandfive200-metrespecialistsandcomparedthemwith12non-athleticuniversitystudentsofthesameheight.Inparticulartheylookedatthesizesofbonesofthetoesandheel.TheyalsousedultrasonicscanningtomeasuretheslidingmotionoftheAchillestendonsoftheirvolunteersastheirfeetmovedupanddown.Thisallowedthemtostudythelengthofthelevercreatedbythetendonasitpullsonthebackoftheheeltomakethefootflexandpushofftheground. Dr.LeeandDr.Piazzafoundthatthetoesoftheirshort-distancerunnersaveraged8.2cminlengthwhilethoseofcommonpeopleaveraged7.3cm.ThelengthoftheleverofbonethattheAchillestendonpullsonalsodifferedbeingaquartershorterinshort-distancerunners. Thesefindingssuggestshort-distancerunnersgetbettercontactwiththegroundbyhavinglongertoes.Thatmakessenseasitcreatesafirmerplatformtopushagainst.Inashort-distancerunningraceaccelerationofftheblockiseverything.Cheetahsthechampionofshort-distancerunnersoftheanimalkingdomhavenon-flexibleclawsthatgiveasimilaradvantage. Itispossible—just—thatthedifferencesinphysicalstructurearetheresultoflongandrigoroustraining.Butitisunlikely.Farmoreprobableisthattheoldsayingofcoachesthatgreatshort-distancerunnersarebornnotmadeistrue.Everyoneelsegamesmastersincludedshouldjustgetusedtotheidea. WhichofthefollowingsisNOTincludedinthelatestevidencegatheredbyDr.LeeandDr.Piazza
StartingwithhisreviewofSkinner’sVerbalBehaviorNoamChomskyhadledthepsycholinguistswhoarguethatmanhasdevelopedaninnate天生的capacityfordealingwiththelinguisticuniversalscommontoalllanguages.Experienceandlearningthenprovideonlyinformationaboutthe1instancesofthoseuniversalaspectsoflanguagewhichareneededtocommunicatewithotherpeoplewithinaparticularlanguage2. Thislinguisticapproach3theviewthatlanguageisbuiltuponlearnedassociationsbetweenwords.Whatislearnedisnotstringsofwordsperse本身but4rulesthatenableaspeakerto5aninfinitevarietyofnovelsentences.6singlewordsarelearnedasconcepts:theydonotstandinaone-to-one7withtheparticularthingsignifiedbut8allmembersofageneralclass. Thisviewoftheinnateaspectoflanguagelearningisatfirstnotreadily9intoexistingpsychologicalframeworksand10achallengethathasstimulatedmuchthoughtandnewresearchdirections.Chomskyarguesthatapreconditionforlanguagedevelopmentistheexistenceofcertainprinciples"intrinsic原有的tothemind"thatprovideinvariantstructures11perceivinglearningandthinking.Language12alloftheseprocesses;thusitsstudy13ourtheoriesofknowledgeingeneral. Basictothismodeloflanguageisthenotionthatachild’slearningoflanguageisakindoftheory14.It’sthoughttobeaccomplished15explicitinstruction16ofintelligencelevelatanearlyagewhenheisnotcapableofothercomplex17ormotorachievementsandwithrelativelylittlereliabledatatogoon.18thechildconstructsatheoryofanideallanguagewhichhasbroad19power.Chomskyarguesthatallchildrencouldnotdevelopthesamebasictheory20itnotfortheinnateexistenceofpropertiesofmentalorganizationwhichlimitthepossiblepropertiesoflanguages. 13
StartingwithhisreviewofSkinner’sVerbalBehaviorNoamChomskyhadledthepsycholinguistswhoarguethatmanhasdevelopedaninnate天生的capacityfordealingwiththelinguisticuniversalscommontoalllanguages.Experienceandlearningthenprovideonlyinformationaboutthe1instancesofthoseuniversalaspectsoflanguagewhichareneededtocommunicatewithotherpeoplewithinaparticularlanguage2. Thislinguisticapproach3theviewthatlanguageisbuiltuponlearnedassociationsbetweenwords.Whatislearnedisnotstringsofwordsperse本身but4rulesthatenableaspeakerto5aninfinitevarietyofnovelsentences.6singlewordsarelearnedasconcepts:theydonotstandinaone-to-one7withtheparticularthingsignifiedbut8allmembersofageneralclass. Thisviewoftheinnateaspectoflanguagelearningisatfirstnotreadily9intoexistingpsychologicalframeworksand10achallengethathasstimulatedmuchthoughtandnewresearchdirections.Chomskyarguesthatapreconditionforlanguagedevelopmentistheexistenceofcertainprinciples"intrinsic原有的tothemind"thatprovideinvariantstructures11perceivinglearningandthinking.Language12alloftheseprocesses;thusitsstudy13ourtheoriesofknowledgeingeneral. Basictothismodeloflanguageisthenotionthatachild’slearningoflanguageisakindoftheory14.It’sthoughttobeaccomplished15explicitinstruction16ofintelligencelevelatanearlyagewhenheisnotcapableofothercomplex17ormotorachievementsandwithrelativelylittlereliabledatatogoon.18thechildconstructsatheoryofanideallanguagewhichhasbroad19power.Chomskyarguesthatallchildrencouldnotdevelopthesamebasictheory20itnotfortheinnateexistenceofpropertiesofmentalorganizationwhichlimitthepossiblepropertiesoflanguages. 3
Almosteverydayweseesomethinginthepapersaboutthelatestexcitingdevelopmentsinthespacerace.Photographsareregularlyflashedtotheearthfromthousandsandevenmillionsofmilesaway.Theyareprintedinournewspapersandshownonourtelevisionscreensasavisibleproofoftheman’snewestachievements.Thephotographsneatlysumuptheresultsofthesemassiveeffortsto’conquerspace’andatthesametimetheyexposedtheabsurdityoftheundertaking.Allwecanseeisanindistinguishableblobthatissupposedtorepresentaplanetseenfromseveralthousandmilesaway.Wearegoingtoendupwithalittlemoon-dustandafewstoneswhichwillbeputbehindglassinsomemuseum.41__________ 42__________Itisjustanextensionoftheraceforpoweronearth.Onlythewealthiestnationscancompeteandtheydosointhenameofpurescientificresearch.Butinrealityalltheyareinterestedinispowerandprestige.Theywanttoimpressustheirspectatorswithamagnificentshowofstrength.Manhasplayedthepowergameeversinceheappearedonearth.Nowheisplayingitasithasneverbeenplayedbefore.Thespaceraceisjustanotheraspectoftheage-oldargumentthat"mightisright". 43__________Butwhathasthespaceracedonetorelievethesufferingoftheearth’sstarvingmillionsInwhatwayhasitraisedthestandardoflivingofanyoneofusAsfarasthelaymanisconcernedthepracticalresultsofallthisexpenditureofmoneyandeffortsarenegligible.Thankstospaceresearchwecannowseetelevisionpicturestransmittedlivehalfwayacrosstheglobeandthehousewifecanusenon-stickfryingpansinthekitchen.Thewholethingbecomesutterlyabsurdwhenyouthinkthatnomatterwhatproblemsmanovercomesitisunlikelythathewilleverbeabletotraveleventotheneareststar. 44__________Forthefirsttimeinhishistorymanhastheoverwhelmingtechnologicalresourcestocombathumansufferingyethesquandersthemonmeaninglesspursuits. 45__________Individualswithlimitedbudgetsusuallygettheirprioritiesright;theyprovidethemselveswithnecessitiesbeforetryingtoobtainluxuries.Whycan’tgreatnationsactinthesamesensiblewayLetusputourhouseinorderfirstandletspacelookafteritself. [A]Anincreasingnumberofpeopleevenbegintopictureaspacetravelinrecentyears. [B]Povertyhungerdiseaseandwarareman’sgreatestenemiesandtheworldwouldbeaninfinitelybetterplaceifthepowerfulnationsdevotedhalfasmuchmoneyandefforttotheseproblemsastheydotothespacerace. [C]Thespaceraceisnotsimplytheobjectivesearchforknowledgethoughitisoftenmadeouttobe. [D]Ontheotherhandpeoplebenefitdramaticallyfromthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology. [E]Thisishardlyvalueformoneywhenyouthinkthatourownearthcanprovidecountlesssightsthatareinfinitelymoreexcitingandspectacular. [F]Weareoftentoldthattechnologicalknow-howacquiredinattemptingtogetusintoorbitwillbeutilizedtomakebetteronearth. [G]Ifamandeprivedhimselfandhisfamilyoffoodinordertobuyandrunacarwewouldconsiderhimmad. 45
Inthedimlylitcyber-caféatSciences-Pohot-houseoftheFrenchelitenoGauloisesmokefillstheairnodog-earedcopiesofSartrelieonthetables.Frenchstudentsaredoingwhatallstudentsdo:surfingthewebviaGoogle.NowPresidentJacquesChiracwantstostopthisAmericanculturalinvasionbysettinguparivalFrenchsearch-engine.TheideawaspromptedbyGoogle’splantoputonlinemillionsoftextsfromAmericanandBritishuniversitylibraries.IfEnglishbooksarethreateningtoswampcyberspaceMrChiracwillnotstandidlyby. HeaskedhiscultureministerRenaudDonnedieudeVabresandJean-NoelJeanneneyheadofFrance’sBibliothèqueNationaletodothesameforFrenchtexts--andcreateahome-grownsearch-enginetobrowsethem.WhynotletGoogledothejobItsFrenchversionisusedfor74%ofinteruetsearchesinFrance.Theansweristhevulgarcriteriaitusestorankresults."Idonotbelieve"wroteMrDonnedieudeVabresinLeMonde"thattheonlykeytoaccessourcultureshouldbetheautomaticrankingbypopularitywhichhasbeenbehindGoogle’ssuccess." ThisisnotthefirsttimeGooglehasmetFrenchresistance.AcourthasupheldarulingagainstitinalawsuitbroughtbytwofirmsthatclaimeditsdisplayofrivalsponsoredlinksGoogle’schiefsourceofrevenuesconstitutedtrademarkcounterfeiting.TheFrenchstatenewsagencyAgenceFrance-PressehasalsofiledsuitagainstGoogleforcopyrightinfringement.Googlephobiaisspreading.MrJeanneneyhastalkedofthe"riskofcrushingdominationbyAmericaindefiningtheviewthatfuturegenerationshaveoftheworld.""IhavenothinginparticularagainstGoogle"hetoldL’Expressamagazine."IsimplynotethatthiscommercialcompanyistheexpressionoftheAmericansysteminwhichthelawofthemarketisking."Advertisingmuscleandconsumerdemandshouldnottriumphovergoodtasteandculturalsophistication. TheflawsintheFrenchplanareobvious.IfpopularitycannotarbitratewhatwillMrJeanneneywantsa"committeeofexperts".HeappearstobeseriousthoughthesupplyofFrench-speakingexpertsorexpertsspeakinganylanguageforthatmatterwouldseemtobeinsufficient.AndifadvertisingisnottopaywillthetaxpayerTheplanmirrorsanotherofMrChirac’spetprojects:aCNNàlafraneaise.OverayearagostungbythepowerofEnglish-speakingtelevisionnewschannelsintheIraqwarMrChiracpromisedtosetupaFrenchrivalbytheendof2004.Theprojectisboggeddownbyinfighting. France’sdesiretocombatEnglishonthewebortheairwavesisunderstandable.ProtectingFrance’stonguefromitscitizens’inclinationtoadoptEnglishwordsisanancienthobbyoftherulingelite.TheAcadémieFrancaisewassetupin1635tothatend.Linguistsdevisetranslationsofcyber-termssuchasarrosagespamorboguebug.LawslimittheuseofEnglishonTV--"SuperNanny"and"StarAcademy"arecurrentpests--andimposetranslationsofEnglishslogansinadvertising.TreatingtheinvasionofEnglishasamarketfailurethatmustbecorrectedbythestatemaylookclumsy.InFranceitisjustbusinessasusual. MrDonnedieudeVabresisagainstGooglebecausehe
StartingwithhisreviewofSkinner’sVerbalBehaviorNoamChomskyhadledthepsycholinguistswhoarguethatmanhasdevelopedaninnate天生的capacityfordealingwiththelinguisticuniversalscommontoalllanguages.Experienceandlearningthenprovideonlyinformationaboutthe1instancesofthoseuniversalaspectsoflanguagewhichareneededtocommunicatewithotherpeoplewithinaparticularlanguage2. Thislinguisticapproach3theviewthatlanguageisbuiltuponlearnedassociationsbetweenwords.Whatislearnedisnotstringsofwordsperse本身but4rulesthatenableaspeakerto5aninfinitevarietyofnovelsentences.6singlewordsarelearnedasconcepts:theydonotstandinaone-to-one7withtheparticularthingsignifiedbut8allmembersofageneralclass. Thisviewoftheinnateaspectoflanguagelearningisatfirstnotreadily9intoexistingpsychologicalframeworksand10achallengethathasstimulatedmuchthoughtandnewresearchdirections.Chomskyarguesthatapreconditionforlanguagedevelopmentistheexistenceofcertainprinciples"intrinsic原有的tothemind"thatprovideinvariantstructures11perceivinglearningandthinking.Language12alloftheseprocesses;thusitsstudy13ourtheoriesofknowledgeingeneral. Basictothismodeloflanguageisthenotionthatachild’slearningoflanguageisakindoftheory14.It’sthoughttobeaccomplished15explicitinstruction16ofintelligencelevelatanearlyagewhenheisnotcapableofothercomplex17ormotorachievementsandwithrelativelylittlereliabledatatogoon.18thechildconstructsatheoryofanideallanguagewhichhasbroad19power.Chomskyarguesthatallchildrencouldnotdevelopthesamebasictheory20itnotfortheinnateexistenceofpropertiesofmentalorganizationwhichlimitthepossiblepropertiesoflanguages. 11
Almosteverydayweseesomethinginthepapersaboutthelatestexcitingdevelopmentsinthespacerace.Photographsareregularlyflashedtotheearthfromthousandsandevenmillionsofmilesaway.Theyareprintedinournewspapersandshownonourtelevisionscreensasavisibleproofoftheman’snewestachievements.Thephotographsneatlysumuptheresultsofthesemassiveeffortsto’conquerspace’andatthesametimetheyexposedtheabsurdityoftheundertaking.Allwecanseeisanindistinguishableblobthatissupposedtorepresentaplanetseenfromseveralthousandmilesaway.Wearegoingtoendupwithalittlemoon-dustandafewstoneswhichwillbeputbehindglassinsomemuseum.41__________ 42__________Itisjustanextensionoftheraceforpoweronearth.Onlythewealthiestnationscancompeteandtheydosointhenameofpurescientificresearch.Butinrealityalltheyareinterestedinispowerandprestige.Theywanttoimpressustheirspectatorswithamagnificentshowofstrength.Manhasplayedthepowergameeversinceheappearedonearth.Nowheisplayingitasithasneverbeenplayedbefore.Thespaceraceisjustanotheraspectoftheage-oldargumentthat"mightisright". 43__________Butwhathasthespaceracedonetorelievethesufferingoftheearth’sstarvingmillionsInwhatwayhasitraisedthestandardoflivingofanyoneofusAsfarasthelaymanisconcernedthepracticalresultsofallthisexpenditureofmoneyandeffortsarenegligible.Thankstospaceresearchwecannowseetelevisionpicturestransmittedlivehalfwayacrosstheglobeandthehousewifecanusenon-stickfryingpansinthekitchen.Thewholethingbecomesutterlyabsurdwhenyouthinkthatnomatterwhatproblemsmanovercomesitisunlikelythathewilleverbeabletotraveleventotheneareststar. 44__________Forthefirsttimeinhishistorymanhastheoverwhelmingtechnologicalresourcestocombathumansufferingyethesquandersthemonmeaninglesspursuits. 45__________Individualswithlimitedbudgetsusuallygettheirprioritiesright;theyprovidethemselveswithnecessitiesbeforetryingtoobtainluxuries.Whycan’tgreatnationsactinthesamesensiblewayLetusputourhouseinorderfirstandletspacelookafteritself. [A]Anincreasingnumberofpeopleevenbegintopictureaspacetravelinrecentyears. [B]Povertyhungerdiseaseandwarareman’sgreatestenemiesandtheworldwouldbeaninfinitelybetterplaceifthepowerfulnationsdevotedhalfasmuchmoneyandefforttotheseproblemsastheydotothespacerace. [C]Thespaceraceisnotsimplytheobjectivesearchforknowledgethoughitisoftenmadeouttobe. [D]Ontheotherhandpeoplebenefitdramaticallyfromthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology. [E]Thisishardlyvalueformoneywhenyouthinkthatourownearthcanprovidecountlesssightsthatareinfinitelymoreexcitingandspectacular. [F]Weareoftentoldthattechnologicalknow-howacquiredinattemptingtogetusintoorbitwillbeutilizedtomakebetteronearth. [G]Ifamandeprivedhimselfandhisfamilyoffoodinordertobuyandrunacarwewouldconsiderhimmad. 43
TheswinefluwillprobablyreturninforceearlierthanseasonalfluusuallybeginsfederalhealthofficialspredictedFridaysayingtheyexpectedittoeruptassoonasschoolsopenratherthaninOctoberorNovember. TheswinefluisstillcirculatingintheUnitedStatesespeciallyinsummercampseventhoughhotweatherhasarrivedandtheregularfluseasonendedmonthsago"soweexpectchallengeswhenpeoplereturntoschoolwhenkidsarecongregatingtogether"Dr.AnneSchuchatdirectorofrespiratorydiseasesattheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionsaidinatelephonenewsconferenceheldjointlywithvaccineexpertsfromtheFoodandDrugAdministrationandtheDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices. Itisstillunclearhowmanydosesofaswinefluvaccinewillbeavailablebythenandofficialshavebeenreluctanttomakefirmpredictionsbeyondsayingthattheyexpecttensofmillionsratherthanhundredsofmillionsandtheyplantodistributethemtopeoplewhoarethemostvulnerablelikepregnantwomenandpeoplewhoarethemostlikelytoencountertheflulikehealthcareworkers. Thenumberofdosesavailablewilldependonhowfastseedstrainsgrowhowmuchprotectionasmalldoseprovidesandwhetherimmune-systemboosterscalledadjuvantsareneededandprovetobesafe;adjuvantsarenotusedinAmericanfluvaccinesnow. ClinicaltrialstestingthosequestionsareexpectedtotakeanothercoupleofmonthssaidDr.JesseL.GoodmandirectoroftheF.D．A．’sCenterforBiologicsEvaluationandResearch. AssumingaswinefluvaccinationcampaignbeginsitwillbevoluntaryDr.Schuchatemphasizedbutshe"stronglyencouraged"pregnantwomentogetbothaseasonalflushotandaswineflushotwhentheyareavailable. TheC．D．C．hasbeencloselyfollowingthediseaseintheSouthernHemispherewinteranditismimickingthepatternsseenintheUnitedStatesandMexicointhespringshesaid. Mostinfectionsandmostseriouscasesareinchildrenandyoungadultsandthosewithunderlyingconditionsincludingpregnancyarethemostlikelytodie.Dr.Schuchatlikenedthespread’sunpredictabilitytothatofpopcorn:onecitycouldseeanexplosionofcasesandoverwhelmedhospitalswhileanothersawfew. Hermostimportantmessagesheaddedwasthat"thevirusisn’tgoneandwefullyexpecttherewillbechallengesinthefall." AccordingtothetextwhatdoesadjuvantPara4Line2referto
ArareprovisioninSanFrancisco’sbusinesstaxcodethattaxescompanieswhenemployeescashintheirstockoptionshascausedastirinthishotbedoffledglingtechcompanies.Remarkablyfewcompaniesevenknewaboutthetaxwhichhasbeenineffectforsevenyears.ButsincecityofficialsofferedTwitterapayroll-taxbreakasanincentiveforittoremaininSanFranciscothecompanyisconsideredlikelytogopublicsoonthestock-optionprovisionhassuddenlycomeunderintensescrutiny.AnumberofotherboomingcompaniesincludingZingsthemakerofonlinegamesandoneofthecity’sfastest-growingfirmshavethreatenedtoleavethecityunlesstheyreceivesimilarpayroll-taxexemptionsbeforegoingpublic. UnlikemostcitiesSanFranciscogeneratesmostofitsbusinesstaxrevenuethroughapayrolltax.TheTwitterexemptionbillwhichwillbeconsideredbythefullBoardofSupervisorsonApril5wouldfreezepayrolltaxesforsixyearsalongastripofMarketStreet—whereTwitterissettorelocate—andseveralsquareblocksintheTenderloinneighborhood.Twitterexecutiveshadbeenconcernedbecausesince2004thecity’spayrolltaxcodehascountedstockoptionsgrantedtoemployeesascompensationwhichistaxedat1.5percent.IfTwittergoespublicinSanFranciscoandalargenumberofworkersexercisetheiroptionsthecitywouldtaxthecompanyonitsemployees’stockgains—abilllikelytoamounttotensofmillionsofdollars."Twittercouldbelookingatasignificantlylargerpayrolltaxliabilityifandwhenitgoespublic"saidTedEganthechiefeconomistinSanFrancisco’scontroller’soffice. BecauseofthedearthofI.P.O.’sinsidethecitylimitsinthelastdecadethestockoptiontaxhasgoneunderradaruntilnow.Businessescityofficialsandevenseasonedtaxlawyersareconfounded."Nobodyevertalkedaboutthisbecausenobody’sreallytestedtheseissuesbefore"saidThomasH.SteeleapartnerinMorrison&Foerster’sSanFranciscoofficespecializinginstateandlocaltax.Hesaidthathisclientsbegancallinghimthisweektoaskaboutthetax’sramifications."APandora’sboxhasalreadybeenopened"saidSupervisorRossMirkarimiamemberoftheBoardofSupervisors’budgetandfinancecommitteewhohasexpressedconcernabouttailoringlegislationforonecompany."We’vebeengoingaboutthisthewrongway"hesaid.TherecentconfusionhasaddedimpetustocallsforcomprehensivebusinesstaxreformbyDavidChiutheboardpresident."Thestockoptionproblemisreal"Mr.Chiusaid."Wehavetoaddressitinafairandresponsibleway. Abouttheboardpresidentwhichisthecorrect
JudgeKleinberggotitrightwhenhemadeitclearthatthereweren’tseparaterulesforbloggersandjournalists. That’snottosaybloggersareoraren’tjournalists—justthatthereshouldn’tbeadistinction.Inotherwordsthesamerulesapplytoeveryone.But—andhere’sthetrickypart—althoughtherulesapplytopeopleequallywecandoandshouldapplythemdifferentlytodifferentacts.Askingwhetherbloggersarejournalistsismeaningless.What’simportantisn’tthepersonbuttheproduct.Ifasnoopy12-year-oldgirlfindevidencethathertown’smayoristakingbribesthencollectsitverifiesitandpublishesitonherblogthat’sjournalism.IfWaiterCronkitewritesinhisdiarythatheplanteddaisiesandwashedthedishesthatafternoonthat’snot.It’swhat’sdonenotwho’sdoingit. Thisisn’tsomethingthatalwaysneededtobepointedout.Intheolddaysyoucoulddrawalinebetweenjournalistsandeveryoneelsejustasyoucoulddrawalinebetweenanyotherprofession.Whatyoudidiswhatyouwere:reporterbarbergrocertailorwhatever.Journalistswereusuallyhiredbynewspapersmagazinesandradiostations.Andtheyfollowedcertainrulesrespectingoff-the-recordcommentsbeingaccurateandnotmisquoting. TodaytheWebisanessentiallywaytogetnewsandwhilejournalismisprettymuchthesametheterm"journalist"isgettingabitcloudy.That’swhythequestionofwhetherbloggersarejournalistskeepscomingup.Whenanyonecanpublishanyonecanbeajournalist.Sothequestionsthecourtsneedtoanswerisnot"Whoisajournalist"butrather"Whoisdoingjournalism"That12-year-oldgirlwasdoingitevenifsheisn’tinhighschoolyet—evenifshewasn’tajournalist. Notbeingajournalistdoesn’tnecessarilyreducethequalityoftheworknorshoulditreducetheprotectionsitreceives.Sowhenaquestionofjournalists’rightscomesupweneedtoasktwoquestions.First"WhatprotectionsshouldjournalismreceiveundertheFirstAmendment"Andsecond"Wasthepersoninquestionperforminganactofjournalism"Ifsheis—iftheworkshewasdoinginvolvesgatheringandpublishinginformationoflegitimatepublicinterest—thenherprofessiondoesn’tmatter. Theideathatthelinebetweenamateursandprofessionalsisblurringissomethingweneedtogetusedto.TheWebgivesthelittleguythesamepublishingtoolsasthebigguy.Video-editingsoftwareisinexpensiveenoughthatthequalityofamateursequalsthatofmanypros.Butwhileourtechnologyisremovingage-olddistinctionsourperceptionsandourlawshaven’tquiteembracedthenewreality.It’stimetoshiftourthinking. WhentheauthorsaysWhat’simportantisn’tthepersonbuttheproductinthesecondparagraphhemeans
StartingwithhisreviewofSkinner’sVerbalBehaviorNoamChomskyhadledthepsycholinguistswhoarguethatmanhasdevelopedaninnate天生的capacityfordealingwiththelinguisticuniversalscommontoalllanguages.Experienceandlearningthenprovideonlyinformationaboutthe1instancesofthoseuniversalaspectsoflanguagewhichareneededtocommunicatewithotherpeoplewithinaparticularlanguage2. Thislinguisticapproach3theviewthatlanguageisbuiltuponlearnedassociationsbetweenwords.Whatislearnedisnotstringsofwordsperse本身but4rulesthatenableaspeakerto5aninfinitevarietyofnovelsentences.6singlewordsarelearnedasconcepts:theydonotstandinaone-to-one7withtheparticularthingsignifiedbut8allmembersofageneralclass. Thisviewoftheinnateaspectoflanguagelearningisatfirstnotreadily9intoexistingpsychologicalframeworksand10achallengethathasstimulatedmuchthoughtandnewresearchdirections.Chomskyarguesthatapreconditionforlanguagedevelopmentistheexistenceofcertainprinciples"intrinsic原有的tothemind"thatprovideinvariantstructures11perceivinglearningandthinking.Language12alloftheseprocesses;thusitsstudy13ourtheoriesofknowledgeingeneral. Basictothismodeloflanguageisthenotionthatachild’slearningoflanguageisakindoftheory14.It’sthoughttobeaccomplished15explicitinstruction16ofintelligencelevelatanearlyagewhenheisnotcapableofothercomplex17ormotorachievementsandwithrelativelylittlereliabledatatogoon.18thechildconstructsatheoryofanideallanguagewhichhasbroad19power.Chomskyarguesthatallchildrencouldnotdevelopthesamebasictheory20itnotfortheinnateexistenceofpropertiesofmentalorganizationwhichlimitthepossiblepropertiesoflanguages. 9
Almosteverydayweseesomethinginthepapersaboutthelatestexcitingdevelopmentsinthespacerace.Photographsareregularlyflashedtotheearthfromthousandsandevenmillionsofmilesaway.Theyareprintedinournewspapersandshownonourtelevisionscreensasavisibleproofoftheman’snewestachievements.Thephotographsneatlysumuptheresultsofthesemassiveeffortsto’conquerspace’andatthesametimetheyexposedtheabsurdityoftheundertaking.Allwecanseeisanindistinguishableblobthatissupposedtorepresentaplanetseenfromseveralthousandmilesaway.Wearegoingtoendupwithalittlemoon-dustandafewstoneswhichwillbeputbehindglassinsomemuseum.41__________ 42__________Itisjustanextensionoftheraceforpoweronearth.Onlythewealthiestnationscancompeteandtheydosointhenameofpurescientificresearch.Butinrealityalltheyareinterestedinispowerandprestige.Theywanttoimpressustheirspectatorswithamagnificentshowofstrength.Manhasplayedthepowergameeversinceheappearedonearth.Nowheisplayingitasithasneverbeenplayedbefore.Thespaceraceisjustanotheraspectoftheage-oldargumentthat"mightisright". 43__________Butwhathasthespaceracedonetorelievethesufferingoftheearth’sstarvingmillionsInwhatwayhasitraisedthestandardoflivingofanyoneofusAsfarasthelaymanisconcernedthepracticalresultsofallthisexpenditureofmoneyandeffortsarenegligible.Thankstospaceresearchwecannowseetelevisionpicturestransmittedlivehalfwayacrosstheglobeandthehousewifecanusenon-stickfryingpansinthekitchen.Thewholethingbecomesutterlyabsurdwhenyouthinkthatnomatterwhatproblemsmanovercomesitisunlikelythathewilleverbeabletotraveleventotheneareststar. 44__________Forthefirsttimeinhishistorymanhastheoverwhelmingtechnologicalresourcestocombathumansufferingyethesquandersthemonmeaninglesspursuits. 45__________Individualswithlimitedbudgetsusuallygettheirprioritiesright;theyprovidethemselveswithnecessitiesbeforetryingtoobtainluxuries.Whycan’tgreatnationsactinthesamesensiblewayLetusputourhouseinorderfirstandletspacelookafteritself. [A]Anincreasingnumberofpeopleevenbegintopictureaspacetravelinrecentyears. [B]Povertyhungerdiseaseandwarareman’sgreatestenemiesandtheworldwouldbeaninfinitelybetterplaceifthepowerfulnationsdevotedhalfasmuchmoneyandefforttotheseproblemsastheydotothespacerace. [C]Thespaceraceisnotsimplytheobjectivesearchforknowledgethoughitisoftenmadeouttobe. [D]Ontheotherhandpeoplebenefitdramaticallyfromthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology. [E]Thisishardlyvalueformoneywhenyouthinkthatourownearthcanprovidecountlesssightsthatareinfinitelymoreexcitingandspectacular. [F]Weareoftentoldthattechnologicalknow-howacquiredinattemptingtogetusintoorbitwillbeutilizedtomakebetteronearth. [G]Ifamandeprivedhimselfandhisfamilyoffoodinordertobuyandrunacarwewouldconsiderhimmad. 41
StartingwithhisreviewofSkinner’sVerbalBehaviorNoamChomskyhadledthepsycholinguistswhoarguethatmanhasdevelopedaninnate天生的capacityfordealingwiththelinguisticuniversalscommontoalllanguages.Experienceandlearningthenprovideonlyinformationaboutthe1instancesofthoseuniversalaspectsoflanguagewhichareneededtocommunicatewithotherpeoplewithinaparticularlanguage2. Thislinguisticapproach3theviewthatlanguageisbuiltuponlearnedassociationsbetweenwords.Whatislearnedisnotstringsofwordsperse本身but4rulesthatenableaspeakerto5aninfinitevarietyofnovelsentences.6singlewordsarelearnedasconcepts:theydonotstandinaone-to-one7withtheparticularthingsignifiedbut8allmembersofageneralclass. Thisviewoftheinnateaspectoflanguagelearningisatfirstnotreadily9intoexistingpsychologicalframeworksand10achallengethathasstimulatedmuchthoughtandnewresearchdirections.Chomskyarguesthatapreconditionforlanguagedevelopmentistheexistenceofcertainprinciples"intrinsic原有的tothemind"thatprovideinvariantstructures11perceivinglearningandthinking.Language12alloftheseprocesses;thusitsstudy13ourtheoriesofknowledgeingeneral. Basictothismodeloflanguageisthenotionthatachild’slearningoflanguageisakindoftheory14.It’sthoughttobeaccomplished15explicitinstruction16ofintelligencelevelatanearlyagewhenheisnotcapableofothercomplex17ormotorachievementsandwithrelativelylittlereliabledatatogoon.18thechildconstructsatheoryofanideallanguagewhichhasbroad19power.Chomskyarguesthatallchildrencouldnotdevelopthesamebasictheory20itnotfortheinnateexistenceofpropertiesofmentalorganizationwhichlimitthepossiblepropertiesoflanguages. 15
Manycountrieshaveatraditionofinvitingforeignerstorulethem.TheEnglishcalledinWilliamofOrangein1688anddependingonyourinterpretationofhistoryWilliamofNormandyin1066.Bothdidratheragoodjob.ReturningthecomplimentAlbaniaaskedawell-bredEnglishmancalledAubgreyHerberttobetheirkinginthe1920s.Herefused-andtheyendedupwithseveralcovescalledZog. Americathecountryofimmigrantshasnotruckwithimportedforeigntalent.Articletwooftheconstitutionsaysthat"nopersonexceptanatural-borncitizen..shallbeeligibletotheofficeofthepresident".Thisisnowbeingchallengedbyaparticularlyirresistibleimmigrant:ArnoldSchwarzenegger. BarelyayearhaspassedsincetheerstwhilecyborgswepttovictoryinCalifornia’srecallelectionyetthereisalreadyanAmend-for-ArnoldcampaigncollectingsignaturestolettheAustrian-borngovernorhaveagoattheWhiteHouse.GeorgeBushseniorhasweighedinonhisbehalf.Thereareseveral"Arnoldamendments"inCongress.oneallowsforeignerswhohavebeennaturalizedcitizensfor20yearstobecomepresident.TheAustrianbecameAmericanin1983. Itiseasytodismissthehooplaasanotherregrettableexampleofloopycelebritypolitics.Mr.Schwarzeneggerhasmadeadecentstartasgovernorbuthehasdonelittleasyettochangethestructureofhisdysfunctionalstate.IndeedevenifthelawwerechangedhecouldwellbeelbowedasidebyanotherincomerthistimefromCanada.theDemocraticgovernorofMichiganJenniferGranholmwhoappearstohavefewerskeletonsinherclosetthanthehedonisticactor. MoreoverchangingtheAmericanconstitutionisnododdle.Ithashappenedonly17timessince1791whenthefirsttenamendmentswerecodifiedasthebillofrights.Tochangetheconstitutionanamendmenthastobeapprovedbytwo-thirdsofbothhousesofCongressandthentoberatifiedbythree-quartersofthe50states.TheArnoldamendmentishardlyinthesamecategoryasabolishingslaveryorgivingwomenthevote.AndassomewagspointoutAustrianimportshaveaprettydodgyrecordofrunningmilitarysuperpowers. ThephrasehasnotruckwithLine1Paragraph2mostprobablymeans
Manycountrieshaveatraditionofinvitingforeignerstorulethem.TheEnglishcalledinWilliamofOrangein1688anddependingonyourinterpretationofhistoryWilliamofNormandyin1066.Bothdidratheragoodjob.ReturningthecomplimentAlbaniaaskedawell-bredEnglishmancalledAubgreyHerberttobetheirkinginthe1920s.Herefused-andtheyendedupwithseveralcovescalledZog. Americathecountryofimmigrantshasnotruckwithimportedforeigntalent.Articletwooftheconstitutionsaysthat"nopersonexceptanatural-borncitizen..shallbeeligibletotheofficeofthepresident".Thisisnowbeingchallengedbyaparticularlyirresistibleimmigrant:ArnoldSchwarzenegger. BarelyayearhaspassedsincetheerstwhilecyborgswepttovictoryinCalifornia’srecallelectionyetthereisalreadyanAmend-for-ArnoldcampaigncollectingsignaturestolettheAustrian-borngovernorhaveagoattheWhiteHouse.GeorgeBushseniorhasweighedinonhisbehalf.Thereareseveral"Arnoldamendments"inCongress.oneallowsforeignerswhohavebeennaturalizedcitizensfor20yearstobecomepresident.TheAustrianbecameAmericanin1983. Itiseasytodismissthehooplaasanotherregrettableexampleofloopycelebritypolitics.Mr.Schwarzeneggerhasmadeadecentstartasgovernorbuthehasdonelittleasyettochangethestructureofhisdysfunctionalstate.IndeedevenifthelawwerechangedhecouldwellbeelbowedasidebyanotherincomerthistimefromCanada.theDemocraticgovernorofMichiganJenniferGranholmwhoappearstohavefewerskeletonsinherclosetthanthehedonisticactor. MoreoverchangingtheAmericanconstitutionisnododdle.Ithashappenedonly17timessince1791whenthefirsttenamendmentswerecodifiedasthebillofrights.Tochangetheconstitutionanamendmenthastobeapprovedbytwo-thirdsofbothhousesofCongressandthentoberatifiedbythree-quartersofthe50states.TheArnoldamendmentishardlyinthesamecategoryasabolishingslaveryorgivingwomenthevote.AndassomewagspointoutAustrianimportshaveaprettydodgyrecordofrunningmilitarysuperpowers. ThewordcyborgLine1Paragraph3mostprobablyrefersto
StartingwithhisreviewofSkinner’sVerbalBehaviorNoamChomskyhadledthepsycholinguistswhoarguethatmanhasdevelopedaninnate天生的capacityfordealingwiththelinguisticuniversalscommontoalllanguages.Experienceandlearningthenprovideonlyinformationaboutthe1instancesofthoseuniversalaspectsoflanguagewhichareneededtocommunicatewithotherpeoplewithinaparticularlanguage2. Thislinguisticapproach3theviewthatlanguageisbuiltuponlearnedassociationsbetweenwords.Whatislearnedisnotstringsofwordsperse本身but4rulesthatenableaspeakerto5aninfinitevarietyofnovelsentences.6singlewordsarelearnedasconcepts:theydonotstandinaone-to-one7withtheparticularthingsignifiedbut8allmembersofageneralclass. Thisviewoftheinnateaspectoflanguagelearningisatfirstnotreadily9intoexistingpsychologicalframeworksand10achallengethathasstimulatedmuchthoughtandnewresearchdirections.Chomskyarguesthatapreconditionforlanguagedevelopmentistheexistenceofcertainprinciples"intrinsic原有的tothemind"thatprovideinvariantstructures11perceivinglearningandthinking.Language12alloftheseprocesses;thusitsstudy13ourtheoriesofknowledgeingeneral. Basictothismodeloflanguageisthenotionthatachild’slearningoflanguageisakindoftheory14.It’sthoughttobeaccomplished15explicitinstruction16ofintelligencelevelatanearlyagewhenheisnotcapableofothercomplex17ormotorachievementsandwithrelativelylittlereliabledatatogoon.18thechildconstructsatheoryofanideallanguagewhichhasbroad19power.Chomskyarguesthatallchildrencouldnotdevelopthesamebasictheory20itnotfortheinnateexistenceofpropertiesofmentalorganizationwhichlimitthepossiblepropertiesoflanguages. 7
TheswinefluwillprobablyreturninforceearlierthanseasonalfluusuallybeginsfederalhealthofficialspredictedFridaysayingtheyexpectedittoeruptassoonasschoolsopenratherthaninOctoberorNovember. TheswinefluisstillcirculatingintheUnitedStatesespeciallyinsummercampseventhoughhotweatherhasarrivedandtheregularfluseasonendedmonthsago"soweexpectchallengeswhenpeoplereturntoschoolwhenkidsarecongregatingtogether"Dr.AnneSchuchatdirectorofrespiratorydiseasesattheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionsaidinatelephonenewsconferenceheldjointlywithvaccineexpertsfromtheFoodandDrugAdministrationandtheDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices. Itisstillunclearhowmanydosesofaswinefluvaccinewillbeavailablebythenandofficialshavebeenreluctanttomakefirmpredictionsbeyondsayingthattheyexpecttensofmillionsratherthanhundredsofmillionsandtheyplantodistributethemtopeoplewhoarethemostvulnerablelikepregnantwomenandpeoplewhoarethemostlikelytoencountertheflulikehealthcareworkers. Thenumberofdosesavailablewilldependonhowfastseedstrainsgrowhowmuchprotectionasmalldoseprovidesandwhetherimmune-systemboosterscalledadjuvantsareneededandprovetobesafe;adjuvantsarenotusedinAmericanfluvaccinesnow. ClinicaltrialstestingthosequestionsareexpectedtotakeanothercoupleofmonthssaidDr.JesseL.GoodmandirectoroftheF.D．A．’sCenterforBiologicsEvaluationandResearch. AssumingaswinefluvaccinationcampaignbeginsitwillbevoluntaryDr.Schuchatemphasizedbutshe"stronglyencouraged"pregnantwomentogetbothaseasonalflushotandaswineflushotwhentheyareavailable. TheC．D．C．hasbeencloselyfollowingthediseaseintheSouthernHemispherewinteranditismimickingthepatternsseenintheUnitedStatesandMexicointhespringshesaid. Mostinfectionsandmostseriouscasesareinchildrenandyoungadultsandthosewithunderlyingconditionsincludingpregnancyarethemostlikelytodie.Dr.Schuchatlikenedthespread’sunpredictabilitytothatofpopcorn:onecitycouldseeanexplosionofcasesandoverwhelmedhospitalswhileanothersawfew. Hermostimportantmessagesheaddedwasthat"thevirusisn’tgoneandwefullyexpecttherewillbechallengesinthefall." WhydidofficialsexpecttheswineflutoeruptassoonasschoolsopenratherthaninOctoberorNovember
TheswinefluwillprobablyreturninforceearlierthanseasonalfluusuallybeginsfederalhealthofficialspredictedFridaysayingtheyexpectedittoeruptassoonasschoolsopenratherthaninOctoberorNovember. TheswinefluisstillcirculatingintheUnitedStatesespeciallyinsummercampseventhoughhotweatherhasarrivedandtheregularfluseasonendedmonthsago"soweexpectchallengeswhenpeoplereturntoschoolwhenkidsarecongregatingtogether"Dr.AnneSchuchatdirectorofrespiratorydiseasesattheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionsaidinatelephonenewsconferenceheldjointlywithvaccineexpertsfromtheFoodandDrugAdministrationandtheDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices. Itisstillunclearhowmanydosesofaswinefluvaccinewillbeavailablebythenandofficialshavebeenreluctanttomakefirmpredictionsbeyondsayingthattheyexpecttensofmillionsratherthanhundredsofmillionsandtheyplantodistributethemtopeoplewhoarethemostvulnerablelikepregnantwomenandpeoplewhoarethemostlikelytoencountertheflulikehealthcareworkers. Thenumberofdosesavailablewilldependonhowfastseedstrainsgrowhowmuchprotectionasmalldoseprovidesandwhetherimmune-systemboosterscalledadjuvantsareneededandprovetobesafe;adjuvantsarenotusedinAmericanfluvaccinesnow. ClinicaltrialstestingthosequestionsareexpectedtotakeanothercoupleofmonthssaidDr.JesseL.GoodmandirectoroftheF.D．A．’sCenterforBiologicsEvaluationandResearch. AssumingaswinefluvaccinationcampaignbeginsitwillbevoluntaryDr.Schuchatemphasizedbutshe"stronglyencouraged"pregnantwomentogetbothaseasonalflushotandaswineflushotwhentheyareavailable. TheC．D．C．hasbeencloselyfollowingthediseaseintheSouthernHemispherewinteranditismimickingthepatternsseenintheUnitedStatesandMexicointhespringshesaid. Mostinfectionsandmostseriouscasesareinchildrenandyoungadultsandthosewithunderlyingconditionsincludingpregnancyarethemostlikelytodie.Dr.Schuchatlikenedthespread’sunpredictabilitytothatofpopcorn:onecitycouldseeanexplosionofcasesandoverwhelmedhospitalswhileanothersawfew. Hermostimportantmessagesheaddedwasthat"thevirusisn’tgoneandwefullyexpecttherewillbechallengesinthefall." Whichofthefollowingisthemostinfectivetothisdisease
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