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设具有连续的二阶偏导数，且满足，试求函数u的表达式．
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设函数fx具有连续的一阶导数且满足求fx的表达式
设具有连续二阶偏导数且满足试求函数u的表达式
设函数fu具有2阶连续导数z=fexcosy满足若f0=0f′0=0求fu的表达式
设z=zuv具有二阶连续偏导数且z=zx-2yz+3y满足求z=zuv所满足的方程．并求zuv的一般
设函数yx具有二阶导数且曲线ι:y=yx与直线y=x相切于原点．记a为曲线ι在点xy处切线的倾角若
设函数fu具有二阶连续导数z=fexcosy满足若f0=0f′0=0求fu的表达式
设函数z=fxyygx其中函数f具有二阶连续偏导数函数gx可导且在x=1处取得极值g1=1求
设具有连续二阶偏导数且满足试求函数u的表达式
设函数y=yx在-∞+∞内具有二阶导数且y’≠0x=xy是y=yx的反函数．试将x=xy所满足的微分
设函数fx具有二阶导数且满足fx+f’π-x=sinxfπ/2=0求fx．
设函数fuv具有二阶连续偏导数且y=yx是由方程f2xy-x=1所确定的隐函数则y=______．
设u=uxt有二阶连续偏导数并满足其中a＞0为常数．Ⅰ作自变量代换导出u对x与y的一二阶偏导数与u对
设函数fx具有二阶导数且f’≠0求由方程x2ey=efy确定的隐函数y=yx的一阶二阶导数．
设函数fu二阶连续可导z=fexcosy满足若f0=0f′0=0求fu的表达式
设函数f具有二阶导数且f’≠1．求由方程x2ey=efy确定的隐函数y=yx的一二阶导数．
设具有连续的二阶偏导数且满足试求函数u的表达式．
设函数fu在0+∞内具有二阶导数且满足等式 若f1=0f’1=1求函数fu的表达式
设具有连续的二阶偏导数且满足 试求函数u的表达式
设z=zxy有二阶连续偏导数且满足 Ⅰ作自变量与因变量变换u=x+yυ=x-yω=xy-z．变换
设函数u的全微分du=[ex+f’x]ydx+f’xdy其中f在-∞+∞内具有二阶连续的导数且f0=
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In1942AllanRHolmbergadoctoralstudentinanthropologyfromYaleUniversityUSAventureddeepintothejungleofBolivianAmazoniaandsearchedoutanisolatedbandofSirionoIndians.TheresearcherdescribedtheprimitivesocietyasadesperatestraggleforsurvivalaviewofAmazoniabeingfundamentallyreconsideredtoday. 41._______________ TheSirionoHolmbergwroteleda"strikinglybackward"existence.Theirvillageswerelittlemorethanclustersofthatchedhuts.Lifeitselfwasaperpetualandpunishingsearchforfood:somefamiliesgrewmaniocandotherstarchycropsinsmallgardenplotsclearedfromtheforestwhileothermembersofthetribescouredthecountryforsmallgameandpromisingfishholes.Whenlocalresourcesbecamedepletedthetribemovedon.AsfortechnologyHolmbergnotedtheSiriono"maybeclassifiedamongthemosthandicappedpeoplesoftheworld".OtherthanbowsarrowsandcrudediggingstickstheonlytoolstheSiriono.seemedtopossesswere"twomachetesworntothesizeofpocket-knives". 42._______________ AlthoughthelivesoftheSirionohavechangedintheinterveningdecadestheimageofthemasStoneAgerelicshasendured.TocasualobserversaswellastoinfluentialnaturalscientistsandregionalplannerstheluxuriantforestsofAmazoniaseemagelessunconquerableahabitattotallyhostiletohumancivilization.TheapparentsimplicityofIndianwaysoflifehasbeenjudgedanevolutionaryadaptationtoforestecologylivingproofthatAmazoniacouldnot—andcannot—sustainamorecomplexsociety.Archaeologicaltracesoffarmoreelaboratecultureshavebeendismissedastheruinsofinvadersfromoutsidetheregionabandonedtodecayintheuncompromisingtropicalenvironment. 43._______________ ThepopularconceptionofAmazoniaanditsnativeresidentswouldbeenormouslyconsequentialifitweretrue.ButthehumanhistoryofAmazoniainthepast11000yearsbetraysthatviewasmyth.Evidencegatheredinrecentyearsfromanthropologyandarchaeologyindicatesthattheregionhassupportedaseriesofindigenousculturesforeleventhousandyears;anextensivenetworkofcomplexsocieties—somewithpopulationsperhapsaslargeas100000—thrivedthereformorethan1000yearsbeforethearrivalofEuropeans.FarfrombeingevolutionarilyretardedprehistoricAmazonianpeopledevelopedtechnologiesandculturesthatwereadvancedfortheirtime.IfthelivesofIndianstodayseem"primitive"theappearanceisnottheresultofsomeenvironmentaladaptationorecologicalbarrier;ratheritisacomparativelyrecentadaptationtocenturiesofeconomicandpoliticalpressure. 44._______________ TheevidenceforarevisedviewofAmazoniawilltakemanypeoplebysurprise.Ecologistshaveassumedthattropicalecosystemswereshapedentirelybynaturalforcesandtheyhavefocusedtheirresearchonhabitatstheybelievehaveescapedhumaninfluence.ButastheUniversityofFloridaecologistPeterFeinsingerhasnotedanapproachthatleavespeopleoutoftheequationisnolongertenable.ThearchaeologicalevidenceshowsthatthenaturalhistoryofAmazoniaistoasurprisingextenttiedtotheactivitiesofitsprehistoricinhabitants. 45._______________ Therealizationcomesnonetoosoon.InJune1992politicalandenvironmentalleadersfromacrosstheworldmetinRiodeJaneirotodiscusshowdevelopingcountriescanadvancetheireconomieswithoutdestroyingtheirnaturalresources.ThechallengeisespeciallydifficultinAmazonia.Becausethetropicalforesthasbeendepictedasecologicallyunfitforlarge-scalehumanoccupationsomeenvironmentalistshaveopposeddevelopmentofanykind.Ironicallyonemajorcasualtyofthatextremepositionhasbeentheenvironmentitself.Whilepolicymakersstruggletodefineandimplementappropriatelegislationdevelopmentofthemostdestructivekindhascontinuedapaceovervastareas. Theothermajorcasualtyofthe"naturalism"ofenvironmentalscientistshasbeentheindigenousAmazonianswhosehabitsofhuntingfishingandslash-and-burncultivationoftenhavebeenrepresentedasharmfultothehabitat.IntheclashbetweenenvironmentalistsanddeveloperstheIndianshavesufferedthemost.Thenewunderstandingofthepre-historyofAmazoniahoweverpointstowardamiddleground.Archaeologymakesclearthatwithjudiciousmanagementselectedpartsoftheregioncouldsupportmorepeoplethananyonethoughtbefore.Thelong-buriedpastitseemsoffershopeforthefuture. [A]Assumedinhospitablenessto.socialdevelopment [B]Pricepaidformisconceptions [C]Evolutionaryadaptationtoforestecology [D]Falsebelievesrevised [E]Extremeimpoverishmentandbackwardness [F]Ignoranceofearlyhumanimpact 41
Text3 TheuniquenessoftheJapanesecharacteristheresultoftwoseeminglycontradictoryforces:thestrengthoftraditionsandtheselectivereceptivitytoforeignachievementsandinventions.Asearlyas1860stherewerecountermovementtotraditionalorientation.OneofthefanusspokesmenofJapan’s"Enlightenment"claimed"theConfuciancivilizationoftheEastseemstometolacktwothingspossessedbyWesterncivilization:scienceinthematerialsphereandasenseofindependenceinthespiritualsphere."AnotherbreakofrelativeliberalismfollowedWorldWarIwhenthedemocraticidealismofPresidentWoodrowWilsonhadanimportantimpactonJapaneseintellectualsandespeciallystudents;butmoreimportantwastheLeninistideologyofthe1917BolshevikRevolution.Againintheearly1930snationalismandmilitarismbecamedominant. FollowingtheendofWorldWarⅡsubstantialchangeswereundertakeninJapantoliberatetheindividualfromauthoritarianrestraints.Thenewdemocraticvaluesystemwasacceptedbymanyteachersstudentsintellectualsandoldliberalsbutitwasnotimmediatelyembracedbythesocietyasawhole.Japanesetraditionsweredominatedbygroupvaluesandnotionsofpersonalfreedomandindividualrightswereunfamiliar. TodaydemocraticprocessesareclearlyevidentinthewidespreadparticipationoftheJapanesepeopleinsocialandpoliticallife.Schooltextbooksemphasizeequalityoverhierarchyandrationalismovertradition;butinpracticethesevaluesareoftenmisinterpretedanddistortedparticularlybytheyouthwhotranslatetheindividualisticandhumanisticgoalsofdemocracyintoegoisticandmaterialisticones. MostJapanesepeoplehaveconsciouslyrejectedConfucianismbutleftoversoftheoldorderremain.Animportantfeatureofrelationshipinmanyinstitutionsincludingpoliticalpartiesanduniversitiesisthe"oyabun-kobun"orparent-childrelation.Thecorrespondingloyaltyoftheindividualtohispatronreinforceshisallegiancetothegrouptowhichtheybothbelong.Awillingnesstocooperatewithothermembersofthegroupandtosupportwithoutqualificationtheinterestsofthegroupinallitsexternalrelationsisstillawidelyrespectedvirtue.The"oyabun-kobun"createsladdersofmobilitywhichanindividualcanascendrisingasfarasabilitiespermitsolongashemaintainssuccessfulpersonaltieswithasuperiorintheverticalchannelthelatterrequirementusuallytakingprecedenceoveraneedforexceptionalcompetence.Asaconsequencethereislittlehorizontalrelationshipbetweenpeopleevenwiththesameprofession. Whichofthefollowingismostliketherelationshipoftheoyabun-kobundescribedinthepassage
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Text4 Virtuallyeverythingastronomersknowaboutobjectsoutsidethesolarsystemisbasedonthedetectionofphotons-quantaofelectromagneticradiation.Yetthereisanotherformofradiationthatpermeatestheuniverse:neutrinos.Withasitsnameimpliesnoelectricchargeandnegligiblemasstheneutrinointeractswithotherparticlessorarelythataneutrinocancrosstheentireuniverseeventraversingsubstantialaggregationsofmatterwithoutbeingabsorbedorevendeflected.Neutrinoscanthusescapefromregionsofspacewherelightandotherkindsofelectromagneticradiationareblockedbymatter.Notasinglevalidatedobservationofanextraterrestrialneutrinohas.sofarbeenproduceddespitetheconstructionofastringofelaborateobservatoriesmountedontheearthfromSouthernIndiatoUtahtoSouthAfrica.Howeverthedetectionofextraterrestrialneutrinosareofgreatsignificanceinthestudyofastronomy.Neutrinoscarrywiththeirinformationaboutthesiteandcircumstancesoftheirproduction;thereforethedetectionofcosmicneutrinoscouldprovidenewinformationaboutawidevarietyofcosmicphenomenaandaboutthehistoryoftheuniverse. Howcanscientistsdetectaparticlethatinteracts.soinfrequentlywithothermatterTwenty-fiveyearspassedbetweenPauli’shypothesisthattheneutrinoexistedanditsactualdetection;sincethenvirtuallyallresearchwithneutrinoshasbeenwithneutrinoscreatedartificiallyinlargeparticleacceleratorsandstudiedunderneutrinomicroscopes.Butaneutrinotelescopecapableofdetectingcosmicneutrinosisdifficulttoconstruct.Noapparatuscandetectneutrinosunlessitisextremelymassivebecausegreatmassissynonymouswithhugenumbersofnucleonsneutronsandprotonsandthemoremassivethedetectorthegreatertheprobabilityofoneofitsnucleon’sreactingwithaneutrino.Inadditiontheapparatusmustbesufficientlyshieldedfromtheinterferingeffectsofotherparticles. Fortunatelyagroupofastrophysicistshasproposedameansofdetectingcosmicneutrinosbyharnessingthemassoftheocean.NamedDUMANDforDeepUnderwaterMuonandNeutrinoDetectortheprojectcallsforplacinganarrayoflightsensorsatadepthoffivekilometersundertheoceansurface.Thedetectingmediumistheseawateritself:whenaneutrinointeractswithaparticleinanatomofseawatertheresultisacascadeofelectricallychargedparticlesandaflashoflightthatcanbedetectedbythesensors.Thefivekilometersofseawaterabovethesensorswillshieldthemfromtheinterferingeffectsofotherhigh-energyparticlesrainingdownthroughtheatmosphere. ThestrongestmotivationfortheDUMANDprojectisthatitwillexploitanimportantsourceofinformationabouttheuniverse.Theextensionofastronomyfromvisiblelighttoradiowavestox-raysandgammaraysneverfailedtoleadtothediscoveryofunusualobjectssuchasradiogalaxiesquasarsandpulsars.Eachofthesediscoveriescameasasurprise.Neutrinoastronomywilldoubtlesslybringitsownshareofsurprises. Whatkindofneutrinoswouldbemostusefultoastronomers
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In1942AllanRHolmbergadoctoralstudentinanthropologyfromYaleUniversityUSAventureddeepintothejungleofBolivianAmazoniaandsearchedoutanisolatedbandofSirionoIndians.TheresearcherdescribedtheprimitivesocietyasadesperatestraggleforsurvivalaviewofAmazoniabeingfundamentallyreconsideredtoday. 41._______________ TheSirionoHolmbergwroteleda"strikinglybackward"existence.Theirvillageswerelittlemorethanclustersofthatchedhuts.Lifeitselfwasaperpetualandpunishingsearchforfood:somefamiliesgrewmaniocandotherstarchycropsinsmallgardenplotsclearedfromtheforestwhileothermembersofthetribescouredthecountryforsmallgameandpromisingfishholes.Whenlocalresourcesbecamedepletedthetribemovedon.AsfortechnologyHolmbergnotedtheSiriono"maybeclassifiedamongthemosthandicappedpeoplesoftheworld".OtherthanbowsarrowsandcrudediggingstickstheonlytoolstheSiriono.seemedtopossesswere"twomachetesworntothesizeofpocket-knives". 42._______________ AlthoughthelivesoftheSirionohavechangedintheinterveningdecadestheimageofthemasStoneAgerelicshasendured.TocasualobserversaswellastoinfluentialnaturalscientistsandregionalplannerstheluxuriantforestsofAmazoniaseemagelessunconquerableahabitattotallyhostiletohumancivilization.TheapparentsimplicityofIndianwaysoflifehasbeenjudgedanevolutionaryadaptationtoforestecologylivingproofthatAmazoniacouldnot—andcannot—sustainamorecomplexsociety.Archaeologicaltracesoffarmoreelaboratecultureshavebeendismissedastheruinsofinvadersfromoutsidetheregionabandonedtodecayintheuncompromisingtropicalenvironment. 43._______________ ThepopularconceptionofAmazoniaanditsnativeresidentswouldbeenormouslyconsequentialifitweretrue.ButthehumanhistoryofAmazoniainthepast11000yearsbetraysthatviewasmyth.Evidencegatheredinrecentyearsfromanthropologyandarchaeologyindicatesthattheregionhassupportedaseriesofindigenousculturesforeleventhousandyears;anextensivenetworkofcomplexsocieties—somewithpopulationsperhapsaslargeas100000—thrivedthereformorethan1000yearsbeforethearrivalofEuropeans.FarfrombeingevolutionarilyretardedprehistoricAmazonianpeopledevelopedtechnologiesandculturesthatwereadvancedfortheirtime.IfthelivesofIndianstodayseem"primitive"theappearanceisnottheresultofsomeenvironmentaladaptationorecologicalbarrier;ratheritisacomparativelyrecentadaptationtocenturiesofeconomicandpoliticalpressure. 44._______________ TheevidenceforarevisedviewofAmazoniawilltakemanypeoplebysurprise.Ecologistshaveassumedthattropicalecosystemswereshapedentirelybynaturalforcesandtheyhavefocusedtheirresearchonhabitatstheybelievehaveescapedhumaninfluence.ButastheUniversityofFloridaecologistPeterFeinsingerhasnotedanapproachthatleavespeopleoutoftheequationisnolongertenable.ThearchaeologicalevidenceshowsthatthenaturalhistoryofAmazoniaistoasurprisingextenttiedtotheactivitiesofitsprehistoricinhabitants. 45._______________ Therealizationcomesnonetoosoon.InJune1992politicalandenvironmentalleadersfromacrosstheworldmetinRiodeJaneirotodiscusshowdevelopingcountriescanadvancetheireconomieswithoutdestroyingtheirnaturalresources.ThechallengeisespeciallydifficultinAmazonia.Becausethetropicalforesthasbeendepictedasecologicallyunfitforlarge-scalehumanoccupationsomeenvironmentalistshaveopposeddevelopmentofanykind.Ironicallyonemajorcasualtyofthatextremepositionhasbeentheenvironmentitself.Whilepolicymakersstruggletodefineandimplementappropriatelegislationdevelopmentofthemostdestructivekindhascontinuedapaceovervastareas. Theothermajorcasualtyofthe"naturalism"ofenvironmentalscientistshasbeentheindigenousAmazonianswhosehabitsofhuntingfishingandslash-and-burncultivationoftenhavebeenrepresentedasharmfultothehabitat.IntheclashbetweenenvironmentalistsanddeveloperstheIndianshavesufferedthemost.Thenewunderstandingofthepre-historyofAmazoniahoweverpointstowardamiddleground.Archaeologymakesclearthatwithjudiciousmanagementselectedpartsoftheregioncouldsupportmorepeoplethananyonethoughtbefore.Thelong-buriedpastitseemsoffershopeforthefuture. [A]Assumedinhospitablenessto.socialdevelopment [B]Pricepaidformisconceptions [C]Evolutionaryadaptationtoforestecology [D]Falsebelievesrevised [E]Extremeimpoverishmentandbackwardness [F]Ignoranceofearlyhumanimpact 45
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In1942AllanRHolmbergadoctoralstudentinanthropologyfromYaleUniversityUSAventureddeepintothejungleofBolivianAmazoniaandsearchedoutanisolatedbandofSirionoIndians.TheresearcherdescribedtheprimitivesocietyasadesperatestraggleforsurvivalaviewofAmazoniabeingfundamentallyreconsideredtoday. 41._______________ TheSirionoHolmbergwroteleda"strikinglybackward"existence.Theirvillageswerelittlemorethanclustersofthatchedhuts.Lifeitselfwasaperpetualandpunishingsearchforfood:somefamiliesgrewmaniocandotherstarchycropsinsmallgardenplotsclearedfromtheforestwhileothermembersofthetribescouredthecountryforsmallgameandpromisingfishholes.Whenlocalresourcesbecamedepletedthetribemovedon.AsfortechnologyHolmbergnotedtheSiriono"maybeclassifiedamongthemosthandicappedpeoplesoftheworld".OtherthanbowsarrowsandcrudediggingstickstheonlytoolstheSiriono.seemedtopossesswere"twomachetesworntothesizeofpocket-knives". 42._______________ AlthoughthelivesoftheSirionohavechangedintheinterveningdecadestheimageofthemasStoneAgerelicshasendured.TocasualobserversaswellastoinfluentialnaturalscientistsandregionalplannerstheluxuriantforestsofAmazoniaseemagelessunconquerableahabitattotallyhostiletohumancivilization.TheapparentsimplicityofIndianwaysoflifehasbeenjudgedanevolutionaryadaptationtoforestecologylivingproofthatAmazoniacouldnot—andcannot—sustainamorecomplexsociety.Archaeologicaltracesoffarmoreelaboratecultureshavebeendismissedastheruinsofinvadersfromoutsidetheregionabandonedtodecayintheuncompromisingtropicalenvironment. 43._______________ ThepopularconceptionofAmazoniaanditsnativeresidentswouldbeenormouslyconsequentialifitweretrue.ButthehumanhistoryofAmazoniainthepast11000yearsbetraysthatviewasmyth.Evidencegatheredinrecentyearsfromanthropologyandarchaeologyindicatesthattheregionhassupportedaseriesofindigenousculturesforeleventhousandyears;anextensivenetworkofcomplexsocieties—somewithpopulationsperhapsaslargeas100000—thrivedthereformorethan1000yearsbeforethearrivalofEuropeans.FarfrombeingevolutionarilyretardedprehistoricAmazonianpeopledevelopedtechnologiesandculturesthatwereadvancedfortheirtime.IfthelivesofIndianstodayseem"primitive"theappearanceisnottheresultofsomeenvironmentaladaptationorecologicalbarrier;ratheritisacomparativelyrecentadaptationtocenturiesofeconomicandpoliticalpressure. 44._______________ TheevidenceforarevisedviewofAmazoniawilltakemanypeoplebysurprise.Ecologistshaveassumedthattropicalecosystemswereshapedentirelybynaturalforcesandtheyhavefocusedtheirresearchonhabitatstheybelievehaveescapedhumaninfluence.ButastheUniversityofFloridaecologistPeterFeinsingerhasnotedanapproachthatleavespeopleoutoftheequationisnolongertenable.ThearchaeologicalevidenceshowsthatthenaturalhistoryofAmazoniaistoasurprisingextenttiedtotheactivitiesofitsprehistoricinhabitants. 45._______________ Therealizationcomesnonetoosoon.InJune1992politicalandenvironmentalleadersfromacrosstheworldmetinRiodeJaneirotodiscusshowdevelopingcountriescanadvancetheireconomieswithoutdestroyingtheirnaturalresources.ThechallengeisespeciallydifficultinAmazonia.Becausethetropicalforesthasbeendepictedasecologicallyunfitforlarge-scalehumanoccupationsomeenvironmentalistshaveopposeddevelopmentofanykind.Ironicallyonemajorcasualtyofthatextremepositionhasbeentheenvironmentitself.Whilepolicymakersstruggletodefineandimplementappropriatelegislationdevelopmentofthemostdestructivekindhascontinuedapaceovervastareas. Theothermajorcasualtyofthe"naturalism"ofenvironmentalscientistshasbeentheindigenousAmazonianswhosehabitsofhuntingfishingandslash-and-burncultivationoftenhavebeenrepresentedasharmfultothehabitat.IntheclashbetweenenvironmentalistsanddeveloperstheIndianshavesufferedthemost.Thenewunderstandingofthepre-historyofAmazoniahoweverpointstowardamiddleground.Archaeologymakesclearthatwithjudiciousmanagementselectedpartsoftheregioncouldsupportmorepeoplethananyonethoughtbefore.Thelong-buriedpastitseemsoffershopeforthefuture. [A]Assumedinhospitablenessto.socialdevelopment [B]Pricepaidformisconceptions [C]Evolutionaryadaptationtoforestecology [D]Falsebelievesrevised [E]Extremeimpoverishmentandbackwardness [F]Ignoranceofearlyhumanimpact 43
ToliveintheUnitedStatestodayistogainanappreciationforDahrendorfsassertionthatsocialchangeexistseverywhere.Technologytheapplicationofknowledgeforpracticalendsisamajorsourceofsocialchange. Yetwewoulddowelltoremindourselvesthattechnologyisahumancreation;itdoesnotexistnaturally.Aspearorarobotisasmuchaculturalasaphysicalobject.46Untilhumansuseaspeartohuntgameorarobottoproducemachinepartsneitherismuchmorethanasolidmassofmatter.Forabirdlookingforanobjectonwhichtorestaspearorrobotservesthepurposeequallywell.TheexplosionoftheChallengerspaceshuttleandtheRussiannuclearaccidentatChernobyldrivehomethehumanqualityoftechnology:theyprovidecasesinwhichwell-plannedsystemssuddenlygotintoamessandtherewasnoreadyhandtosetthemright.Sincetechnologyisahumancreationweareresponsibleforwhatisdonewithit.Pessimistsworrythatwewilluseourtechnologyeventuallytoblowourworldandourselvestopieces.Buttheyhavebeensayingthisfordecadesandsofarwehavemanagedtosurviveandevenflourish.Whetherwewillcontinuetodosointheyearsaheadremainsuncertain.Clearlytheimpactoftechnologyonourlivesdeservesacloserexamination. Fewtechnologicaldevelopmentshavehadagreaterimpactonourlivesthanthecomputerrevolution.Scientistsandengineershavedesignedspecializedmachinesthatcandothetasksthatonceonlypeoplecoulddo.47Therearethosewhoassertthattheswitchtoaninformation-basedeconomyisinthesamecampasothergreathistoricalmilestonesparticularlytheIndustrialRevolution. YetwhenweaskwhytheIndustrialRevolutionwasarevolutionwefindthatitwasnotthemachines.Theprimaryreasonwhyitwasrevolutionaryisthatitledtogreatsocialchange.48Itgaverisetomassproductionandthroughmassproductiontoasocietyinwhichwealthwasnotconfinedtothefew.49InsomewhatsimilarfashioncomputerspromisetorevolutionizethestructureofAmericanlifeparticularlyastheyfreethehumanmindandopennewpossibilitiesinknowledgeandcommunication. TheIndustrialRevolutionsupplementedandreplacedthemusclesofhumansandreplacedsomeaspectsofthemindofhumanbeingsbyelectronicmethods.50Itisthecapacityofthecomputerforsolvingproblemsandmakingdecisionsthatrepresentsitsgreatestpotentialandthatposesthegreatestdifficultiesinpredictingtheimpactonsociety. Therearethosewhoassertthattheswitchtoaninformation-basedeconomyisinthesamecampasothergreathistoricalmilestonesparticularlytheIndustrialRevolution.
2004年国内某大型IT企业为扩大规模增强实力采取了以下措施1月宣布兼并国内第二大PC销售商实现产销一体化4月宣布将上年利润中的50%用于扩大再生产8月宣布耗巨资购进目前世界上最为先进的生产设备实现生产流程全自动化则该IT企业在2004年实现了
生产要素按贡献参与分配的经济依据是
Text3 TheuniquenessoftheJapanesecharacteristheresultoftwoseeminglycontradictoryforces:thestrengthoftraditionsandtheselectivereceptivitytoforeignachievementsandinventions.Asearlyas1860stherewerecountermovementtotraditionalorientation.OneofthefanusspokesmenofJapan’s"Enlightenment"claimed"theConfuciancivilizationoftheEastseemstometolacktwothingspossessedbyWesterncivilization:scienceinthematerialsphereandasenseofindependenceinthespiritualsphere."AnotherbreakofrelativeliberalismfollowedWorldWarIwhenthedemocraticidealismofPresidentWoodrowWilsonhadanimportantimpactonJapaneseintellectualsandespeciallystudents;butmoreimportantwastheLeninistideologyofthe1917BolshevikRevolution.Againintheearly1930snationalismandmilitarismbecamedominant. FollowingtheendofWorldWarⅡsubstantialchangeswereundertakeninJapantoliberatetheindividualfromauthoritarianrestraints.Thenewdemocraticvaluesystemwasacceptedbymanyteachersstudentsintellectualsandoldliberalsbutitwasnotimmediatelyembracedbythesocietyasawhole.Japanesetraditionsweredominatedbygroupvaluesandnotionsofpersonalfreedomandindividualrightswereunfamiliar. TodaydemocraticprocessesareclearlyevidentinthewidespreadparticipationoftheJapanesepeopleinsocialandpoliticallife.Schooltextbooksemphasizeequalityoverhierarchyandrationalismovertradition;butinpracticethesevaluesareoftenmisinterpretedanddistortedparticularlybytheyouthwhotranslatetheindividualisticandhumanisticgoalsofdemocracyintoegoisticandmaterialisticones. MostJapanesepeoplehaveconsciouslyrejectedConfucianismbutleftoversoftheoldorderremain.Animportantfeatureofrelationshipinmanyinstitutionsincludingpoliticalpartiesanduniversitiesisthe"oyabun-kobun"orparent-childrelation.Thecorrespondingloyaltyoftheindividualtohispatronreinforceshisallegiancetothegrouptowhichtheybothbelong.Awillingnesstocooperatewithothermembersofthegroupandtosupportwithoutqualificationtheinterestsofthegroupinallitsexternalrelationsisstillawidelyrespectedvirtue.The"oyabun-kobun"createsladdersofmobilitywhichanindividualcanascendrisingasfarasabilitiespermitsolongashemaintainssuccessfulpersonaltieswithasuperiorintheverticalchannelthelatterrequirementusuallytakingprecedenceoveraneedforexceptionalcompetence.Asaconsequencethereislittlehorizontalrelationshipbetweenpeopleevenwiththesameprofession. Theauthorimplies
早在第二次国内革命战争初期__从政治统一战线的角度提出过保护中小商人保护民族工商业的政策主张反对消灭资产阶级和富农左倾口号对官僚买办资本主义和民族资本主义的区别政策界限是
下列哪些观点属于形而上学的观点
十六大报告提出了我国经济建设和革的任务之一就是走新型工业化道路为此我们必须
我国当前出台的人民币汇率调整政策的核心要点包括
ToliveintheUnitedStatestodayistogainanappreciationforDahrendorfsassertionthatsocialchangeexistseverywhere.Technologytheapplicationofknowledgeforpracticalendsisamajorsourceofsocialchange. Yetwewoulddowelltoremindourselvesthattechnologyisahumancreation;itdoesnotexistnaturally.Aspearorarobotisasmuchaculturalasaphysicalobject.46Untilhumansuseaspeartohuntgameorarobottoproducemachinepartsneitherismuchmorethanasolidmassofmatter.Forabirdlookingforanobjectonwhichtorestaspearorrobotservesthepurposeequallywell.TheexplosionoftheChallengerspaceshuttleandtheRussiannuclearaccidentatChernobyldrivehomethehumanqualityoftechnology:theyprovidecasesinwhichwell-plannedsystemssuddenlygotintoamessandtherewasnoreadyhandtosetthemright.Sincetechnologyisahumancreationweareresponsibleforwhatisdonewithit.Pessimistsworrythatwewilluseourtechnologyeventuallytoblowourworldandourselvestopieces.Buttheyhavebeensayingthisfordecadesandsofarwehavemanagedtosurviveandevenflourish.Whetherwewillcontinuetodosointheyearsaheadremainsuncertain.Clearlytheimpactoftechnologyonourlivesdeservesacloserexamination. Fewtechnologicaldevelopmentshavehadagreaterimpactonourlivesthanthecomputerrevolution.Scientistsandengineershavedesignedspecializedmachinesthatcandothetasksthatonceonlypeoplecoulddo.47Therearethosewhoassertthattheswitchtoaninformation-basedeconomyisinthesamecampasothergreathistoricalmilestonesparticularlytheIndustrialRevolution. YetwhenweaskwhytheIndustrialRevolutionwasarevolutionwefindthatitwasnotthemachines.Theprimaryreasonwhyitwasrevolutionaryisthatitledtogreatsocialchange.48Itgaverisetomassproductionandthroughmassproductiontoasocietyinwhichwealthwasnotconfinedtothefew.49InsomewhatsimilarfashioncomputerspromisetorevolutionizethestructureofAmericanlifeparticularlyastheyfreethehumanmindandopennewpossibilitiesinknowledgeandcommunication. TheIndustrialRevolutionsupplementedandreplacedthemusclesofhumansandreplacedsomeaspectsofthemindofhumanbeingsbyelectronicmethods.50Itisthecapacityofthecomputerforsolvingproblemsandmakingdecisionsthatrepresentsitsgreatestpotentialandthatposesthegreatestdifficultiesinpredictingtheimpactonsociety. InsomewhatsimilarfashioncomputerspromisetorevolutionizethestructureofAmericanlifeparticularlyastheyfreethehumanmindandopennewpossibilitiesinknowledgeandcommunication.
Text2 ITisastartlingclaimbutonethatCongresswomanDeborahPryceusestogoodeffect:theequivalentoftwoclassroomsfullofchildrenarediagnosedwithcancereveryday.MrsPrycelostherown9-year-olddaughtertocancerin1999.Pediatriccancerremainsalittle-understoodissueinAmericawherethehealth-caredebateisconsumedwiththeillspillsandmedicalbillsoftheelderly. CancerkillsmorechildrenthananyotherdiseaseinAmerica.Althoughtherehavebeentremendousgainsincancersurvivalratesinrecentdecadestheproportionofchildrenandteensdiagnosedwithdifferentformsofthediseaseincreasedbyalmostathirdbetween1975and2001. Grislythoughthesestatisticsaretheyarestilltinywhensetbesidethenumberofadultliveslosttobreastcancer41000eachyearandlungcancer164000.Advocatesformoremoneyforchildcancerprefertolookatlife-yearslost.Theaverageageforcancerdiagnosisinayoungchildissixwhiletheaverageadultisdiagnosedintheirlate60s.RobertArceciapediatriccancerexpertatJohnsHopkinspointsoutthatintermsoftotallife-yearssavedthebenefitfromcuringpediatriccancervictimsisroughlythesameascuringadultswithbreastcancer. Thereisanobviouselementofspecialpleadinginsuchcalculations.Allthesamebreastcancerhasattractedaflurryofpublicityprivatefund-raisingandmoneyfromgovernment.Childhoodcancerhasreceivedlessattentionandcash.Pediatriccanceratermwhichcoverspeopleupto20yearsoldreceivesone-twentiethofthefederalresearchmoneydoledoutbytheNationalCancerInstitute.FundingmoanpediatricresearchershasnotkeptpacewithrisingcostsinthefieldandNCImoneyforcollaborativeresearchwillactuallybecutby3%thisyear. Thereisnonationalpediatriccancerregistrythatwouldletresearcherstrackchildandteenagepatientsthroughtheirlivesastheycandointhecaseofadultsufferers.Apilotchildhood-cancerregistryisintheworks.GroupslikeMrReaman’snowgetcashdirectlyfromCongress.Butitisplainlyaproblemmostpoliticiansdon’tknowmuchabout. Thebiggestproblemcouldliewith15-19-ycar-olds.Thosediagnosedwithcancerhavenotseenthesameimprovementintheirchancesasyoungerchildrenandolderadultshavedone.Therearesomephysicalexplanationsforthis:teenagerswhohavepassedadolescencearemorevulnerabletodifferentsortsofcancer.ButArchieBleyerapediatriconcologistattheM.D.AndersonCancerCentreinTexashasproducedsomedataimplyingthatlackofhealthinsuranceplaysarole.Olderteenagersandyoungadultsarelesslikelytobecoveredandcheckedregularly. Those15-19-year-oldsdiagnosedwithcancer
对感觉是认识起点的观点
Text4 Virtuallyeverythingastronomersknowaboutobjectsoutsidethesolarsystemisbasedonthedetectionofphotons-quantaofelectromagneticradiation.Yetthereisanotherformofradiationthatpermeatestheuniverse:neutrinos.Withasitsnameimpliesnoelectricchargeandnegligiblemasstheneutrinointeractswithotherparticlessorarelythataneutrinocancrosstheentireuniverseeventraversingsubstantialaggregationsofmatterwithoutbeingabsorbedorevendeflected.Neutrinoscanthusescapefromregionsofspacewherelightandotherkindsofelectromagneticradiationareblockedbymatter.Notasinglevalidatedobservationofanextraterrestrialneutrinohas.sofarbeenproduceddespitetheconstructionofastringofelaborateobservatoriesmountedontheearthfromSouthernIndiatoUtahtoSouthAfrica.Howeverthedetectionofextraterrestrialneutrinosareofgreatsignificanceinthestudyofastronomy.Neutrinoscarrywiththeirinformationaboutthesiteandcircumstancesoftheirproduction;thereforethedetectionofcosmicneutrinoscouldprovidenewinformationaboutawidevarietyofcosmicphenomenaandaboutthehistoryoftheuniverse. Howcanscientistsdetectaparticlethatinteracts.soinfrequentlywithothermatterTwenty-fiveyearspassedbetweenPauli’shypothesisthattheneutrinoexistedanditsactualdetection;sincethenvirtuallyallresearchwithneutrinoshasbeenwithneutrinoscreatedartificiallyinlargeparticleacceleratorsandstudiedunderneutrinomicroscopes.Butaneutrinotelescopecapableofdetectingcosmicneutrinosisdifficulttoconstruct.Noapparatuscandetectneutrinosunlessitisextremelymassivebecausegreatmassissynonymouswithhugenumbersofnucleonsneutronsandprotonsandthemoremassivethedetectorthegreatertheprobabilityofoneofitsnucleon’sreactingwithaneutrino.Inadditiontheapparatusmustbesufficientlyshieldedfromtheinterferingeffectsofotherparticles. Fortunatelyagroupofastrophysicistshasproposedameansofdetectingcosmicneutrinosbyharnessingthemassoftheocean.NamedDUMANDforDeepUnderwaterMuonandNeutrinoDetectortheprojectcallsforplacinganarrayoflightsensorsatadepthoffivekilometersundertheoceansurface.Thedetectingmediumistheseawateritself:whenaneutrinointeractswithaparticleinanatomofseawatertheresultisacascadeofelectricallychargedparticlesandaflashoflightthatcanbedetectedbythesensors.Thefivekilometersofseawaterabovethesensorswillshieldthemfromtheinterferingeffectsofotherhigh-energyparticlesrainingdownthroughtheatmosphere. ThestrongestmotivationfortheDUMANDprojectisthatitwillexploitanimportantsourceofinformationabouttheuniverse.Theextensionofastronomyfromvisiblelighttoradiowavestox-raysandgammaraysneverfailedtoleadtothediscoveryofunusualobjectssuchasradiogalaxiesquasarsandpulsars.Eachofthesediscoveriescameasasurprise.Neutrinoastronomywilldoubtlesslybringitsownshareofsurprises. Whyisitdifficulttodetectneutrinos
Text3 TheuniquenessoftheJapanesecharacteristheresultoftwoseeminglycontradictoryforces:thestrengthoftraditionsandtheselectivereceptivitytoforeignachievementsandinventions.Asearlyas1860stherewerecountermovementtotraditionalorientation.OneofthefanusspokesmenofJapan’s"Enlightenment"claimed"theConfuciancivilizationoftheEastseemstometolacktwothingspossessedbyWesterncivilization:scienceinthematerialsphereandasenseofindependenceinthespiritualsphere."AnotherbreakofrelativeliberalismfollowedWorldWarIwhenthedemocraticidealismofPresidentWoodrowWilsonhadanimportantimpactonJapaneseintellectualsandespeciallystudents;butmoreimportantwastheLeninistideologyofthe1917BolshevikRevolution.Againintheearly1930snationalismandmilitarismbecamedominant. FollowingtheendofWorldWarⅡsubstantialchangeswereundertakeninJapantoliberatetheindividualfromauthoritarianrestraints.Thenewdemocraticvaluesystemwasacceptedbymanyteachersstudentsintellectualsandoldliberalsbutitwasnotimmediatelyembracedbythesocietyasawhole.Japanesetraditionsweredominatedbygroupvaluesandnotionsofpersonalfreedomandindividualrightswereunfamiliar. TodaydemocraticprocessesareclearlyevidentinthewidespreadparticipationoftheJapanesepeopleinsocialandpoliticallife.Schooltextbooksemphasizeequalityoverhierarchyandrationalismovertradition;butinpracticethesevaluesareoftenmisinterpretedanddistortedparticularlybytheyouthwhotranslatetheindividualisticandhumanisticgoalsofdemocracyintoegoisticandmaterialisticones. MostJapanesepeoplehaveconsciouslyrejectedConfucianismbutleftoversoftheoldorderremain.Animportantfeatureofrelationshipinmanyinstitutionsincludingpoliticalpartiesanduniversitiesisthe"oyabun-kobun"orparent-childrelation.Thecorrespondingloyaltyoftheindividualtohispatronreinforceshisallegiancetothegrouptowhichtheybothbelong.Awillingnesstocooperatewithothermembersofthegroupandtosupportwithoutqualificationtheinterestsofthegroupinallitsexternalrelationsisstillawidelyrespectedvirtue.The"oyabun-kobun"createsladdersofmobilitywhichanindividualcanascendrisingasfarasabilitiespermitsolongashemaintainssuccessfulpersonaltieswithasuperiorintheverticalchannelthelatterrequirementusuallytakingprecedenceoveraneedforexceptionalcompetence.Asaconsequencethereislittlehorizontalrelationshipbetweenpeopleevenwiththesameprofession. WhichofthefollowingstatementoftheJapan'scultureistrueaccordingtothepassage
唯物史观从个人和社会统一的观点出发认为人的自我价值在于通过自己的活动
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