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The Attitude For Computers As Dr. Samuel Johnson said in a different e...
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{{*HTML*}}? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题2第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项分别完成每个句子 {{B}}?????????? ??????????? ?PregnantWomenWarnedAboutACEInhibitor{{/B}}??Someofthe mostcommonlyusedmedicinesforhighbloodpressurearedrugscalledACE inhibitors.Doctorshavegiventhesedrugstopatientsfortwenty-fiveyears.A governmentstudyintheUnitedStatesfoundthattheusealmostdoubledbetween 1995and2000.??Doctorshaveknownforyearsthatwomenshould nottakeACEinhibitorsduringthelastsixmonthsofpregnancy.Themedicine caninjurethebaby.ACEinhibitorsthoughhavebeenconsideredsafewhen takenduringthefirstthreemonths.Butanewstudyhasfoundthatwomenwho takethesedrugsearlyintheirpregnancystillincreasetheriskofbirth disorders.Thestudyshowsthatcomparedtootherstheirbabieswerealmost threetimesaslikelytobebornwithmajorproblems.Theseincludedproblems withtheformationofthebrainandnervoussystemandholesinthe heart.??Theresearcherssaytheyfoundnoincreasedriskinwomen whotookotherbloodpressuremedicinesduringthefirstthreemonths. ResearchersatVanderbiltUniversityinTennesseeandBostonUniversitydidthe study.TheNewEnglandJournalofMedicine4publishedtheresults.The researchersstudiedtherecordsofalmostthirtythousandbirthsbetween1985 and2000.TwohundredninebabieswereborntowomenwhotookACEinhibitors duringthefirstthreemonthsoftheirpregnancies.Eighteenofthebabiesor almostninepercenthadmajordisorders.??ACEinhibitorsare oftengiventopatientswithdiabetes.Butdiabetesduringpregnancycanresult inbirthdefects.Sothestudydidnotincludeanywomenknowntobediabetic. ACEinhibitorssuppressaproteincalledangiotensin-convertingenzymeorACE. Thisenzymeproducesachemicalinthebodythatmakesbloodpassagesnarrow. Thedrugsincreasetheflowofbloodsopressureisreduced.??New drugsaretestedonpregnantanimalstoseeiftheymightcausebirthdefectsin humans.Butexpertssaythesetestsarenotalwaysdependable.TheUnitedStates FoodandDrugAdministration6helpedpayforthestudy.TheF.D.A.sayswomen whomightbecomepregnantshouldtalkwiththeirdoctoraboutotherwaysto treathighbloodpressure.ACEinhibitorsarenotrecommended______.
{{*HTML*}}? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题2第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项分别完成每个句子 {{B}}?????????? ??????????? ?PregnantWomenWarnedAboutACEInhibitor{{/B}}??Someofthe mostcommonlyusedmedicinesforhighbloodpressurearedrugscalledACE inhibitors.Doctorshavegiventhesedrugstopatientsfortwenty-fiveyears.A governmentstudyintheUnitedStatesfoundthattheusealmostdoubledbetween 1995and2000.??Doctorshaveknownforyearsthatwomenshould nottakeACEinhibitorsduringthelastsixmonthsofpregnancy.Themedicine caninjurethebaby.ACEinhibitorsthoughhavebeenconsideredsafewhen takenduringthefirstthreemonths.Butanewstudyhasfoundthatwomenwho takethesedrugsearlyintheirpregnancystillincreasetheriskofbirth disorders.Thestudyshowsthatcomparedtootherstheirbabieswerealmost threetimesaslikelytobebornwithmajorproblems.Theseincludedproblems withtheformationofthebrainandnervoussystemandholesinthe heart.??Theresearcherssaytheyfoundnoincreasedriskinwomen whotookotherbloodpressuremedicinesduringthefirstthreemonths. ResearchersatVanderbiltUniversityinTennesseeandBostonUniversitydidthe study.TheNewEnglandJournalofMedicine4publishedtheresults.The researchersstudiedtherecordsofalmostthirtythousandbirthsbetween1985 and2000.TwohundredninebabieswereborntowomenwhotookACEinhibitors duringthefirstthreemonthsoftheirpregnancies.Eighteenofthebabiesor almostninepercenthadmajordisorders.??ACEinhibitorsare oftengiventopatientswithdiabetes.Butdiabetesduringpregnancycanresult inbirthdefects.Sothestudydidnotincludeanywomenknowntobediabetic. ACEinhibitorssuppressaproteincalledangiotensin-convertingenzymeorACE. Thisenzymeproducesachemicalinthebodythatmakesbloodpassagesnarrow. Thedrugsincreasetheflowofbloodsopressureisreduced.??New drugsaretestedonpregnantanimalstoseeiftheymightcausebirthdefectsin humans.Butexpertssaythesetestsarenotalwaysdependable.TheUnitedStates FoodandDrugAdministration6helpedpayforthestudy.TheF.D.A.sayswomen whomightbecomepregnantshouldtalkwiththeirdoctoraboutotherwaysto treathighbloodpressure.Paragraph3______
Peoplearoundtheglobehittheheightoftheirmiseryanddepressionin51ageanewinternationalstudysuggests. ThefindingbyBritishandAmericanresearcherswasbasedonananalysisofwell-beingamongapproximately2millionpeoplein80nations.Withfewexceptionstheobservationappearstoapplyacrosstheboardregardless{{U}}52{{/U}}genderculturegeographywealthjobhistoryeducationandmarriageorparentalstatus. "Thescientificfactseemstobethathappinessandpositivementalhealthfollowagiant’U’53 throughlife"saidstudyauthorAndrewJ.OswaldaprofessorofeconomicsatWarwickUniversityinWarwickshireEngland."Fortheaveragepersonit’shighwhenyou’re20andthenitslowlyfallsandbottomsout54 your40s.Butthegoodnewsisthatyour55 healthpicksupagainandeventuallygetsbacktothehighlevelsofouryouth." Thefindingwas56 onthepoolingofseveraldifferentsourcesofhappinessdataincluding:twomulti-decadehappiness/satisfactionsurveysfirstlaunchedinthe1970sinvolvingabout500000AmericanandWesternEuropeanmenandwomen;fourroundsofthe80-nation"WorldValuesSurvey"57 between1981and2004inNorthAmericaEasternandWesternEuropeAsiaAfricaAustraliaandCentralandSouthAmerica;anda2004—2007survey58 nearly1millionBritons. Thebottom-line:Formostpeoplethroughouttheworldthehighestprobabilityfordepressionstrikingisaround44yearsof59. IntheUnitedStateshoweversomeas-yetunexplained60 differenceswereobservedwithhappinessamongmendippingthemostintheirearly50swhereaswomenhittheirNadiraroundtheageof40. Theresearcherscautionedthatcheerfulpeopletendtolivelongerthanunhappy61—afactthatmighthaveskewedtheoverallfinding.Buttheyalsosuggestedthatevidenceofahappiness62 mightsimplyreflectamidlifechoicetogiveuplong-heldbutnolongertenableaspirationsfollowedbyasenior’ssenseofgratitudeforhavingsuccessfullyendured63 othersdidnot. "Thatsaidsomemightfindithelpfulsimplytounderstandthegeneral64ofmentalhealthastheygothroughtheirownlife"saidOswald."Itmightbeusefulforpeopletorealizethatiftheyare65 intheir40sthisisnormalitisnotexceptional.Andjustknowingthismighthelp." 59.
WilliamwhoconqueredEnglandsome930yearsagohadwealthpowerandaruthlessarmy.YetalthoughWilliamwasstupefyinglyrichbythestandardofhistimehehadnothingremotelyresemblingaflushtoilet.Nopapertowelsnoridinglawnmower.Howdidhegetby HistorybooksarefilledwithwealthypeoplewhowerepracticallydestitutecomparedtomeIhavetripe-trackedstormwindow;Croesusdidnot.EntirenationstrembledbeforeAlexandertheGreatbuthecouldn’tbuycatfoodinbulk.CzarNicholasⅡlackedacompound-mitersaw. GivenhowmuchbetteroffIamthansomanyfamousdeadpeopleyou’dthinkI’dbecontent.ThetroubleisthatlikemostpeopleIcomparemyprosperitywiththatoflivingpersons:neighborshigh-schoolclassmatesTVpersonalities.ThecovetousnessIfeeltowardmyfriendHoward’skitchenisnotmitigatedbythefactthatnoFrenchmonarcheverhadarefrigeratorwithglassdoors. Thereisreallynorisingorfallingstandardofliving.Overthecenturiespeoplesimplyfinddifferentstufftofeelgrumpyabout.You’dthinkthatmerelynothavingbubonicplague腺鼠疫wouldputusinagoodmood.Butnowewantahottubtoo. OfcourseonewaytoachievehappinesswouldbetorealizethatevenbycontemporarystandardsthethingsIownareprettynice.Myhouseissmallerthanthehousesofmanyinvestmentbankers’butevensoithasalotmoreroomsthanmywife’sandIcankeepclean.Besidestopeoplelookingbackatourerafromacenturyortwointhefuturethosebankers’fancycountertopsandmyownwornFormica福米加塑料桌面willseemequallyshabby.Ican’tkeepupwithmyneighborrightnow.butjustwait. Fromthepassageyoumayinferthatmostpeople
Somepeoplecanquiteaccuratelytimetheendoftheirnight’ssleepatwillwithoutusinganalarmclockdemonstratingthatitispossibletovoluntarilycontrolastateofconsciousnessthatischaracterizedbyalossofvolitionandattentionalguidance.Hereweshowthattheexpectationthatsleepwillcometoanendatacertaintimeinducesamarkedincreaseintheconcentrationofthehormoneadrenocorticotriopin促肾上腺皮质激素inthebloodonehourbeforewaking.Theregulationofadrenocorticotropinreleaseduringnocturnalsleepisthereforenotconfinedtodailyrhythms;46 47 Normallythereleaseofadrenocorticotropinandcortisol皮质醇increasesduringlatestagesofsleepingreachingadailymaximumatthetimeofspontaneouswaking.Adrenocorticotropinandcortisolarealsoreleasedfromthepituitary-adrenalsysteminamajoradaptiveresponsetostressandaresecretedinanticipationofstressfulevents.Weinvestigatedwhethertheincreaseinthesecretionofpituitary-adrenalhormonesduringthelatestagesofsleepinginpartreflectsanticipationofthe’stress’ofthewakingphase.48 Wemaderecordingsofelectroencephalogramelectrooculogramandelectromyogramthroughoutthenightandtookbloodsamplesevery15minutestodetermineplasmaconcentrationsofadrenocorticortropinandcortisol.Lightswereturnedoffatmidnightaftersubjectshadbeentoldtheywouldbewokenateither6:00’shortsleep’ononenightor9:00’longsleep’ontheothertwonights.Ononeofthelong-sleepnightstheywerewokenat9:00astheyexpectedbutontheothernighttheywereinsteadwokenat6:00’surprise’underthepretenceofatechnicalproblem.49 Weinterviewedthevolunteersattheendoftheexperimentsandfoundthatallbutoneofthesubjectshadexpectedtobewokenupatthespecifiedtime.Theorderofthethreeexperimentalnightswasbalancedacrosssubjectswithfivesubjectsstartingwithshortsleepfivewithlongsleepandfivewiththesurprisecondition.Theincreaseinadrenocorticotropinreleasebeforetheexpectedtimeofwakingindicatesthatanticipationwhichisgenerallyconsideredtobeauniquecharacteristicoftheregulationofconsciousactionpervadessleep50 Theregulationofadrenocorticotropinreleasepointstoamechanismthatquicklyadjustsendocrineactivitytosharpchangesintheduration. A.Theregulationofsleepterminationhasbeenthoughttoembeddedinadailyrhythmcontrollinginparallelingthereleaseofpituitaryandadrenalhormones. B.Fifteenhealthyvolunteerswithregularsleep-wakerhythmswerestudiedduringthreenights.C.Italsoreflectsapreparatoryprocessinanticipationoftheendofsleep D.Afterbeingwokensubjectsstayedinbedforanotherthreehours E.Theanticipatoryadrenocorticotropinincreasemayalsofacilitatespontaneouswaking F.About10millionAmericansconsultdoctorssleepproblemseachyear 49.
Becauseofthepopularityoftheregionitis{{U}}advisable{{/U}}tobookhotelsinadvance.
{{*HTML*}}? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题2第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项分别完成每个句子 {{B}}?????????? ??????????? ?PregnantWomenWarnedAboutACEInhibitor{{/B}}??Someofthe mostcommonlyusedmedicinesforhighbloodpressurearedrugscalledACE inhibitors.Doctorshavegiventhesedrugstopatientsfortwenty-fiveyears.A governmentstudyintheUnitedStatesfoundthattheusealmostdoubledbetween 1995and2000.??Doctorshaveknownforyearsthatwomenshould nottakeACEinhibitorsduringthelastsixmonthsofpregnancy.Themedicine caninjurethebaby.ACEinhibitorsthoughhavebeenconsideredsafewhen takenduringthefirstthreemonths.Butanewstudyhasfoundthatwomenwho takethesedrugsearlyintheirpregnancystillincreasetheriskofbirth disorders.Thestudyshowsthatcomparedtootherstheirbabieswerealmost threetimesaslikelytobebornwithmajorproblems.Theseincludedproblems withtheformationofthebrainandnervoussystemandholesinthe heart.??Theresearcherssaytheyfoundnoincreasedriskinwomen whotookotherbloodpressuremedicinesduringthefirstthreemonths. ResearchersatVanderbiltUniversityinTennesseeandBostonUniversitydidthe study.TheNewEnglandJournalofMedicine4publishedtheresults.The researchersstudiedtherecordsofalmostthirtythousandbirthsbetween1985 and2000.TwohundredninebabieswereborntowomenwhotookACEinhibitors duringthefirstthreemonthsoftheirpregnancies.Eighteenofthebabiesor almostninepercenthadmajordisorders.??ACEinhibitorsare oftengiventopatientswithdiabetes.Butdiabetesduringpregnancycanresult inbirthdefects.Sothestudydidnotincludeanywomenknowntobediabetic. ACEinhibitorssuppressaproteincalledangiotensin-convertingenzymeorACE. Thisenzymeproducesachemicalinthebodythatmakesbloodpassagesnarrow. Thedrugsincreasetheflowofbloodsopressureisreduced.??New drugsaretestedonpregnantanimalstoseeiftheymightcausebirthdefectsin humans.Butexpertssaythesetestsarenotalwaysdependable.TheUnitedStates FoodandDrugAdministration6helpedpayforthestudy.TheF.D.A.sayswomen whomightbecomepregnantshouldtalkwiththeirdoctoraboutotherwaysto treathighbloodpressure.Paragraph5______
Thescientistsbeganto{{U}}accumulate{{/U}}ahugemassofdata.
{{*HTML*}}??阅读下面这篇短文短文后列出7个句子请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断 {{B}}??????? ??????????? ?PrivacyWorryMayKeepHIVPatientsfromTherapy{{/B}}? ?PatientsinfectedwithHIVareoftenconcernedabouttheconfidentiality oftheirHIV-positivestatus.Infactsomepatientsaresoworriedthatthey willactuallygiveuptreatmenttopreventthereleaseofthisinformation accordingtoareportpublishedintheAugustissueofAIDSCare.? ?Dr.KathrynWhetten-GoldsteinandcolleaguesfromDukeUniversityDurham NorthCarolinastudiedtheconfidentialityissuesof15HIV-infectedpatients fromruralNorthCarolinalocations.Theyweredividedintogroupsdesignedto exploretheirattitudestowardandexperienceswithbreachesin confidentiality.??Thefearofabreachinconfidentialityis definitelyaffectingthecarethatHIV-infectedpatientsreceive Whetten-Goldsteinsaid.?Moststudiedpatientshadexperiencedorknew someonewhohadexperiencedabreachinconfidentiality.??Two typesofbreachesoccurredWhetten-Goldsteinnoted.Thefirstwasamore obvioustypeofbreach.Oneexamplewasanursewhotoldherchildthather patientwasHIV-positiveoutofconcernthatherchildwouldplaywiththe patient’schild.??Theothertypeofbreachwasmoresubtleone thatprovidersmightnotconsiderbreachesWhetten-Goldsteinexplained.This typeofbreachinvolvesproviderstalkingaboutapatient’sHIVstatuswithout thepatient’sknowledgeoftheinteraction.??Thelawallowsthe sharingofinformationbetweenproviderswithinthesameinstitutionbut patient’sconsentmustbeobtainedbeforeprovidersatdifferentinstitutions canshareinformationshepointedout.??Patientsinthestudy wantedproviderstotellthemwhentheyaregoingtoshareinformationwith otherprovidersandwhyitisbeingdoneWhetten-Goldsteinsaid.Theyalso feltthatprovidersshouldbepunishedwhenabreachoccurs.? ?Howeverbecausepatientsareoftenreluctanttoseeklegalactionwhich mayfurtherexposetheirstatustheyfeltthatthesystemshouldregulate itselfsheadded.Breachesinconfidentialityarecommoninmedicalcirclesallovertheworld.
Peoplearoundtheglobehittheheightoftheirmiseryanddepressionin51ageanewinternationalstudysuggests. ThefindingbyBritishandAmericanresearcherswasbasedonananalysisofwell-beingamongapproximately2millionpeoplein80nations.Withfewexceptionstheobservationappearstoapplyacrosstheboardregardless{{U}}52{{/U}}genderculturegeographywealthjobhistoryeducationandmarriageorparentalstatus. "Thescientificfactseemstobethathappinessandpositivementalhealthfollowagiant’U’53 throughlife"saidstudyauthorAndrewJ.OswaldaprofessorofeconomicsatWarwickUniversityinWarwickshireEngland."Fortheaveragepersonit’shighwhenyou’re20andthenitslowlyfallsandbottomsout54 your40s.Butthegoodnewsisthatyour55 healthpicksupagainandeventuallygetsbacktothehighlevelsofouryouth." Thefindingwas56 onthepoolingofseveraldifferentsourcesofhappinessdataincluding:twomulti-decadehappiness/satisfactionsurveysfirstlaunchedinthe1970sinvolvingabout500000AmericanandWesternEuropeanmenandwomen;fourroundsofthe80-nation"WorldValuesSurvey"57 between1981and2004inNorthAmericaEasternandWesternEuropeAsiaAfricaAustraliaandCentralandSouthAmerica;anda2004—2007survey58 nearly1millionBritons. Thebottom-line:Formostpeoplethroughouttheworldthehighestprobabilityfordepressionstrikingisaround44yearsof59. IntheUnitedStateshoweversomeas-yetunexplained60 differenceswereobservedwithhappinessamongmendippingthemostintheirearly50swhereaswomenhittheirNadiraroundtheageof40. Theresearcherscautionedthatcheerfulpeopletendtolivelongerthanunhappy61—afactthatmighthaveskewedtheoverallfinding.Buttheyalsosuggestedthatevidenceofahappiness62 mightsimplyreflectamidlifechoicetogiveuplong-heldbutnolongertenableaspirationsfollowedbyasenior’ssenseofgratitudeforhavingsuccessfullyendured63 othersdidnot. "Thatsaidsomemightfindithelpfulsimplytounderstandthegeneral64ofmentalhealthastheygothroughtheirownlife"saidOswald."Itmightbeusefulforpeopletorealizethatiftheyare65 intheir40sthisisnormalitisnotexceptional.Andjustknowingthismighthelp." 63.
Peoplearoundtheglobehittheheightoftheirmiseryanddepressionin51ageanewinternationalstudysuggests. ThefindingbyBritishandAmericanresearcherswasbasedonananalysisofwell-beingamongapproximately2millionpeoplein80nations.Withfewexceptionstheobservationappearstoapplyacrosstheboardregardless{{U}}52{{/U}}genderculturegeographywealthjobhistoryeducationandmarriageorparentalstatus. "Thescientificfactseemstobethathappinessandpositivementalhealthfollowagiant’U’53 throughlife"saidstudyauthorAndrewJ.OswaldaprofessorofeconomicsatWarwickUniversityinWarwickshireEngland."Fortheaveragepersonit’shighwhenyou’re20andthenitslowlyfallsandbottomsout54 your40s.Butthegoodnewsisthatyour55 healthpicksupagainandeventuallygetsbacktothehighlevelsofouryouth." Thefindingwas56 onthepoolingofseveraldifferentsourcesofhappinessdataincluding:twomulti-decadehappiness/satisfactionsurveysfirstlaunchedinthe1970sinvolvingabout500000AmericanandWesternEuropeanmenandwomen;fourroundsofthe80-nation"WorldValuesSurvey"57 between1981and2004inNorthAmericaEasternandWesternEuropeAsiaAfricaAustraliaandCentralandSouthAmerica;anda2004—2007survey58 nearly1millionBritons. Thebottom-line:Formostpeoplethroughouttheworldthehighestprobabilityfordepressionstrikingisaround44yearsof59. IntheUnitedStateshoweversomeas-yetunexplained60 differenceswereobservedwithhappinessamongmendippingthemostintheirearly50swhereaswomenhittheirNadiraroundtheageof40. Theresearcherscautionedthatcheerfulpeopletendtolivelongerthanunhappy61—afactthatmighthaveskewedtheoverallfinding.Buttheyalsosuggestedthatevidenceofahappiness62 mightsimplyreflectamidlifechoicetogiveuplong-heldbutnolongertenableaspirationsfollowedbyasenior’ssenseofgratitudeforhavingsuccessfullyendured63 othersdidnot. "Thatsaidsomemightfindithelpfulsimplytounderstandthegeneral64ofmentalhealthastheygothroughtheirownlife"saidOswald."Itmightbeusefulforpeopletorealizethatiftheyare65 intheir40sthisisnormalitisnotexceptional.Andjustknowingthismighthelp." 65.
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BetweennowJuneandLaborDaymillionsofAmericanwillofferuptheirbodiestothesun’srays.Atanindicateshealthandbeautyandmostsunworshipperswillsacrificealottoachieveit—includingthemselves.Witheachhourthesun’sultravioletradiationproducesirreversibledamagehasteningthedevelopmentofunsightlywrinkles.Andwitheachyearonthebeachorrooftopthesunbatherincreaseshisriskofgettingskincancer. Skincancerisbyfarthemostcommonformofcancer.Anestimated400000newcaseswillbedetectedthisyearintheUnitedStatesandalmostallofthemcanbeblamedonoverexposuretothesun.Fortunatelymostofthesecancersarehighlycurable.Buttheycanbedisfiguringandtaketimetotreat.Forthatreasonsunworshippersshouldtreatdeitywithagooddealofawe. SunburnofcourseistheinitialhazardposedbyUVradiation.ProlongedexposuretoUVhoweverinterfereswiththeproductionofcollagenfibersinthedermiscausingtheskintoloseelasticityandcreatingprematurewrinkles.Furtherdeteriorationofthedermisdeprivestheepidermisofnutritionandcausesittobecomethinanddry. CancerisUV’sfinalinsult.Short-waveradiantenergyespeciallyfromtheUV-BbandbreaksthestrandsofDNA.EnzymesworkconstantlytorearrangetheDNAintopropersequencebutwithrepeatedUVexposuretherepairprocessmayeventuallybreakdown.ThenthemutantDNAmayproduceacolonyofcancercells. Butskincancermaybeavoidedwithagooddoseofcommonsense.Peoplewithfairskinandblueeyeswhoburneasilystandthehighestrisk.Specialdangerspotsarethepartsofthebodymostconstantlyexposedtothesunsuchasthecheeksnoselowerlipandtheears.Peoplewhohavealreadydevelopedprecancerouslesionsorhadoneskincancergrowthstandagreatlyincreasedchanceofdevelopingothers.Dermatologistsrecommendavoidingthesunwhenitismostintense—between11a.m.and3p.m.Anyonewhoinsistsonsunbathingshoulduseagoodsunscreen.TheselotionsandsalvescontainchemicalssuchasparaaminobenzoicacidthatblockouttheburningUV-Bradiationwhilepermittingthetanningraystoreachtheskin. WhydoestherepairprocessoftheDNAmayfinallyfail
Somepeoplecanquiteaccuratelytimetheendoftheirnight’ssleepatwillwithoutusinganalarmclockdemonstratingthatitispossibletovoluntarilycontrolastateofconsciousnessthatischaracterizedbyalossofvolitionandattentionalguidance.Hereweshowthattheexpectationthatsleepwillcometoanendatacertaintimeinducesamarkedincreaseintheconcentrationofthehormoneadrenocorticotriopin促肾上腺皮质激素inthebloodonehourbeforewaking.Theregulationofadrenocorticotropinreleaseduringnocturnalsleepisthereforenotconfinedtodailyrhythms;46 47 Normallythereleaseofadrenocorticotropinandcortisol皮质醇increasesduringlatestagesofsleepingreachingadailymaximumatthetimeofspontaneouswaking.Adrenocorticotropinandcortisolarealsoreleasedfromthepituitary-adrenalsysteminamajoradaptiveresponsetostressandaresecretedinanticipationofstressfulevents.Weinvestigatedwhethertheincreaseinthesecretionofpituitary-adrenalhormonesduringthelatestagesofsleepinginpartreflectsanticipationofthe’stress’ofthewakingphase.48 Wemaderecordingsofelectroencephalogramelectrooculogramandelectromyogramthroughoutthenightandtookbloodsamplesevery15minutestodetermineplasmaconcentrationsofadrenocorticortropinandcortisol.Lightswereturnedoffatmidnightaftersubjectshadbeentoldtheywouldbewokenateither6:00’shortsleep’ononenightor9:00’longsleep’ontheothertwonights.Ononeofthelong-sleepnightstheywerewokenat9:00astheyexpectedbutontheothernighttheywereinsteadwokenat6:00’surprise’underthepretenceofatechnicalproblem.49 Weinterviewedthevolunteersattheendoftheexperimentsandfoundthatallbutoneofthesubjectshadexpectedtobewokenupatthespecifiedtime.Theorderofthethreeexperimentalnightswasbalancedacrosssubjectswithfivesubjectsstartingwithshortsleepfivewithlongsleepandfivewiththesurprisecondition.Theincreaseinadrenocorticotropinreleasebeforetheexpectedtimeofwakingindicatesthatanticipationwhichisgenerallyconsideredtobeauniquecharacteristicoftheregulationofconsciousactionpervadessleep50 Theregulationofadrenocorticotropinreleasepointstoamechanismthatquicklyadjustsendocrineactivitytosharpchangesintheduration. A.Theregulationofsleepterminationhasbeenthoughttoembeddedinadailyrhythmcontrollinginparallelingthereleaseofpituitaryandadrenalhormones. B.Fifteenhealthyvolunteerswithregularsleep-wakerhythmswerestudiedduringthreenights.C.Italsoreflectsapreparatoryprocessinanticipationoftheendofsleep D.Afterbeingwokensubjectsstayedinbedforanotherthreehours E.Theanticipatoryadrenocorticotropinincreasemayalsofacilitatespontaneouswaking F.About10millionAmericansconsultdoctorssleepproblemseachyear 47.
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WilliamwhoconqueredEnglandsome930yearsagohadwealthpowerandaruthlessarmy.YetalthoughWilliamwasstupefyinglyrichbythestandardofhistimehehadnothingremotelyresemblingaflushtoilet.Nopapertowelsnoridinglawnmower.Howdidhegetby HistorybooksarefilledwithwealthypeoplewhowerepracticallydestitutecomparedtomeIhavetripe-trackedstormwindow;Croesusdidnot.EntirenationstrembledbeforeAlexandertheGreatbuthecouldn’tbuycatfoodinbulk.CzarNicholasⅡlackedacompound-mitersaw. GivenhowmuchbetteroffIamthansomanyfamousdeadpeopleyou’dthinkI’dbecontent.ThetroubleisthatlikemostpeopleIcomparemyprosperitywiththatoflivingpersons:neighborshigh-schoolclassmatesTVpersonalities.ThecovetousnessIfeeltowardmyfriendHoward’skitchenisnotmitigatedbythefactthatnoFrenchmonarcheverhadarefrigeratorwithglassdoors. Thereisreallynorisingorfallingstandardofliving.Overthecenturiespeoplesimplyfinddifferentstufftofeelgrumpyabout.You’dthinkthatmerelynothavingbubonicplague腺鼠疫wouldputusinagoodmood.Butnowewantahottubtoo. OfcourseonewaytoachievehappinesswouldbetorealizethatevenbycontemporarystandardsthethingsIownareprettynice.Myhouseissmallerthanthehousesofmanyinvestmentbankers’butevensoithasalotmoreroomsthanmywife’sandIcankeepclean.Besidestopeoplelookingbackatourerafromacenturyortwointhefuturethosebankers’fancycountertopsandmyownwornFormica福米加塑料桌面willseemequallyshabby.Ican’tkeepupwithmyneighborrightnow.butjustwait. Accordingtotheauthorawaytoachievehappinessis
Peoplearoundtheglobehittheheightoftheirmiseryanddepressionin51ageanewinternationalstudysuggests. ThefindingbyBritishandAmericanresearcherswasbasedonananalysisofwell-beingamongapproximately2millionpeoplein80nations.Withfewexceptionstheobservationappearstoapplyacrosstheboardregardless{{U}}52{{/U}}genderculturegeographywealthjobhistoryeducationandmarriageorparentalstatus. "Thescientificfactseemstobethathappinessandpositivementalhealthfollowagiant’U’53 throughlife"saidstudyauthorAndrewJ.OswaldaprofessorofeconomicsatWarwickUniversityinWarwickshireEngland."Fortheaveragepersonit’shighwhenyou’re20andthenitslowlyfallsandbottomsout54 your40s.Butthegoodnewsisthatyour55 healthpicksupagainandeventuallygetsbacktothehighlevelsofouryouth." Thefindingwas56 onthepoolingofseveraldifferentsourcesofhappinessdataincluding:twomulti-decadehappiness/satisfactionsurveysfirstlaunchedinthe1970sinvolvingabout500000AmericanandWesternEuropeanmenandwomen;fourroundsofthe80-nation"WorldValuesSurvey"57 between1981and2004inNorthAmericaEasternandWesternEuropeAsiaAfricaAustraliaandCentralandSouthAmerica;anda2004—2007survey58 nearly1millionBritons. Thebottom-line:Formostpeoplethroughouttheworldthehighestprobabilityfordepressionstrikingisaround44yearsof59. IntheUnitedStateshoweversomeas-yetunexplained60 differenceswereobservedwithhappinessamongmendippingthemostintheirearly50swhereaswomenhittheirNadiraroundtheageof40. Theresearcherscautionedthatcheerfulpeopletendtolivelongerthanunhappy61—afactthatmighthaveskewedtheoverallfinding.Buttheyalsosuggestedthatevidenceofahappiness62 mightsimplyreflectamidlifechoicetogiveuplong-heldbutnolongertenableaspirationsfollowedbyasenior’ssenseofgratitudeforhavingsuccessfullyendured63 othersdidnot. "Thatsaidsomemightfindithelpfulsimplytounderstandthegeneral64ofmentalhealthastheygothroughtheirownlife"saidOswald."Itmightbeusefulforpeopletorealizethatiftheyare65 intheir40sthisisnormalitisnotexceptional.Andjustknowingthismighthelp." 51.
Peoplearoundtheglobehittheheightoftheirmiseryanddepressionin51ageanewinternationalstudysuggests. ThefindingbyBritishandAmericanresearcherswasbasedonananalysisofwell-beingamongapproximately2millionpeoplein80nations.Withfewexceptionstheobservationappearstoapplyacrosstheboardregardless{{U}}52{{/U}}genderculturegeographywealthjobhistoryeducationandmarriageorparentalstatus. "Thescientificfactseemstobethathappinessandpositivementalhealthfollowagiant’U’53 throughlife"saidstudyauthorAndrewJ.OswaldaprofessorofeconomicsatWarwickUniversityinWarwickshireEngland."Fortheaveragepersonit’shighwhenyou’re20andthenitslowlyfallsandbottomsout54 your40s.Butthegoodnewsisthatyour55 healthpicksupagainandeventuallygetsbacktothehighlevelsofouryouth." Thefindingwas56 onthepoolingofseveraldifferentsourcesofhappinessdataincluding:twomulti-decadehappiness/satisfactionsurveysfirstlaunchedinthe1970sinvolvingabout500000AmericanandWesternEuropeanmenandwomen;fourroundsofthe80-nation"WorldValuesSurvey"57 between1981and2004inNorthAmericaEasternandWesternEuropeAsiaAfricaAustraliaandCentralandSouthAmerica;anda2004—2007survey58 nearly1millionBritons. Thebottom-line:Formostpeoplethroughouttheworldthehighestprobabilityfordepressionstrikingisaround44yearsof59. IntheUnitedStateshoweversomeas-yetunexplained60 differenceswereobservedwithhappinessamongmendippingthemostintheirearly50swhereaswomenhittheirNadiraroundtheageof40. Theresearcherscautionedthatcheerfulpeopletendtolivelongerthanunhappy61—afactthatmighthaveskewedtheoverallfinding.Buttheyalsosuggestedthatevidenceofahappiness62 mightsimplyreflectamidlifechoicetogiveuplong-heldbutnolongertenableaspirationsfollowedbyasenior’ssenseofgratitudeforhavingsuccessfullyendured63 othersdidnot. "Thatsaidsomemightfindithelpfulsimplytounderstandthegeneral64ofmentalhealthastheygothroughtheirownlife"saidOswald."Itmightbeusefulforpeopletorealizethatiftheyare65 intheir40sthisisnormalitisnotexceptional.Andjustknowingthismighthelp." 57.
WilliamwhoconqueredEnglandsome930yearsagohadwealthpowerandaruthlessarmy.YetalthoughWilliamwasstupefyinglyrichbythestandardofhistimehehadnothingremotelyresemblingaflushtoilet.Nopapertowelsnoridinglawnmower.Howdidhegetby HistorybooksarefilledwithwealthypeoplewhowerepracticallydestitutecomparedtomeIhavetripe-trackedstormwindow;Croesusdidnot.EntirenationstrembledbeforeAlexandertheGreatbuthecouldn’tbuycatfoodinbulk.CzarNicholasⅡlackedacompound-mitersaw. GivenhowmuchbetteroffIamthansomanyfamousdeadpeopleyou’dthinkI’dbecontent.ThetroubleisthatlikemostpeopleIcomparemyprosperitywiththatoflivingpersons:neighborshigh-schoolclassmatesTVpersonalities.ThecovetousnessIfeeltowardmyfriendHoward’skitchenisnotmitigatedbythefactthatnoFrenchmonarcheverhadarefrigeratorwithglassdoors. Thereisreallynorisingorfallingstandardofliving.Overthecenturiespeoplesimplyfinddifferentstufftofeelgrumpyabout.You’dthinkthatmerelynothavingbubonicplague腺鼠疫wouldputusinagoodmood.Butnowewantahottubtoo. OfcourseonewaytoachievehappinesswouldbetorealizethatevenbycontemporarystandardsthethingsIownareprettynice.Myhouseissmallerthanthehousesofmanyinvestmentbankers’butevensoithasalotmoreroomsthanmywife’sandIcankeepclean.Besidestopeoplelookingbackatourerafromacenturyortwointhefuturethosebankers’fancycountertopsandmyownwornFormica福米加塑料桌面willseemequallyshabby.Ican’tkeepupwithmyneighborrightnow.butjustwait. WhichofthefollowingwaspossessedbytheKingWilliamⅠ
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{{*HTML*}}??阅读下面这篇短文短文后列出7个句子请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断 {{B}}??????? ??????????? ?PrivacyWorryMayKeepHIVPatientsfromTherapy{{/B}}? ?PatientsinfectedwithHIVareoftenconcernedabouttheconfidentiality oftheirHIV-positivestatus.Infactsomepatientsaresoworriedthatthey willactuallygiveuptreatmenttopreventthereleaseofthisinformation accordingtoareportpublishedintheAugustissueofAIDSCare.? ?Dr.KathrynWhetten-GoldsteinandcolleaguesfromDukeUniversityDurham NorthCarolinastudiedtheconfidentialityissuesof15HIV-infectedpatients fromruralNorthCarolinalocations.Theyweredividedintogroupsdesignedto exploretheirattitudestowardandexperienceswithbreachesin confidentiality.??Thefearofabreachinconfidentialityis definitelyaffectingthecarethatHIV-infectedpatientsreceive Whetten-Goldsteinsaid.?Moststudiedpatientshadexperiencedorknew someonewhohadexperiencedabreachinconfidentiality.??Two typesofbreachesoccurredWhetten-Goldsteinnoted.Thefirstwasamore obvioustypeofbreach.Oneexamplewasanursewhotoldherchildthather patientwasHIV-positiveoutofconcernthatherchildwouldplaywiththe patient’schild.??Theothertypeofbreachwasmoresubtleone thatprovidersmightnotconsiderbreachesWhetten-Goldsteinexplained.This typeofbreachinvolvesproviderstalkingaboutapatient’sHIVstatuswithout thepatient’sknowledgeoftheinteraction.??Thelawallowsthe sharingofinformationbetweenproviderswithinthesameinstitutionbut patient’sconsentmustbeobtainedbeforeprovidersatdifferentinstitutions canshareinformationshepointedout.??Patientsinthestudy wantedproviderstotellthemwhentheyaregoingtoshareinformationwith otherprovidersandwhyitisbeingdoneWhetten-Goldsteinsaid.Theyalso feltthatprovidersshouldbepunishedwhenabreachoccurs.? ?Howeverbecausepatientsareoftenreluctanttoseeklegalactionwhich mayfurtherexposetheirstatustheyfeltthatthesystemshouldregulate itselfsheadded.MostpatientsinthestudystronglyobjecttothebreachesintheconfidentialityoftheirHIVstatus.
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{{*HTML*}}下面有3篇短文每篇短文后有5道题每题后面有4个选项请仔细阅读短文并根据短文回答其后面的问题从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案{{B}}第一篇{{/B}} {{B}}??????? ??????????? ??????????? Sleep{{/B}}??Weallknowthatthenormalhumandailycycleof activityisofsome7---8hours’sleepalternatingwithsome16--17hours’ wakefulnessandthatbroadlyspeakingthesleepnormallycoincideswiththe hoursofdarkness.Ourpresentconcerniswithhoweasilyandtowhatextent thiscyclecanbemodified.??Thequestionisnomereacademic one.Thecaseforexamplewithwhichpeoplecanchangefromworkingintheday toworkingatnightisaquestionofgrowingimportanceinindustrywhere automationcallsinsistentlyforround-the-clockworkingofmachines.It normallytakesfromfivedaystooneweekforapersontoadapttoareversed routineofsleepandwakefulnesssleepingduringthedayandworkingatnight. Unfortunatelyitisoftenthecaseinindustrythatshiftsarechangedevery week;apersonmayworkfrom12midnightto8amoneweek8amto4pmthe nextand4pmto12midnightthethirdandsoon.Thismeansthatnosoonerhas hegotusedtooneroutinethanhehastochangetoanother4sothatmuchof histimeisspentneitherworkingnorsleepingveryefficiently.? ?Oneanswerwouldseemtobelongerperiodsoneachshiftamonthoreven threemonths.RecentresearchbyBonjeroftheNetherlandshoweverhasshown thatpeopleonsuchsystemswillreverttotheirnormalhabitsofsleepand wakefulnessduringtheweekendsandthatthisisquiteenoughtodestroyany adaptationtonightworkbuiltupduringtheweek.??Theonlyreal solutionappearstobetohandoverthenightshifttoacorpsofpermanent nightworkerswhosenocturnalwakefulnessmaypersistthroughallweekendsand holidays.?Aninterestingstudyofthedomesticlifeandhealthof night-shiftworkerswascardedoutbyBrown.Shefoundahighincidenceof disturbedsleepdigestivedisorderanddomesticdisruptionamongthoseon alternatingdayandnightshiftsbutnoabnormaloccurrenceofthesesymptoms amongthoseonpermanentnightwork.Accordingtothepassagethemainproblemaboutnightworkisthat______
Peoplearoundtheglobehittheheightoftheirmiseryanddepressionin51ageanewinternationalstudysuggests. ThefindingbyBritishandAmericanresearcherswasbasedonananalysisofwell-beingamongapproximately2millionpeoplein80nations.Withfewexceptionstheobservationappearstoapplyacrosstheboardregardless{{U}}52{{/U}}genderculturegeographywealthjobhistoryeducationandmarriageorparentalstatus. "Thescientificfactseemstobethathappinessandpositivementalhealthfollowagiant’U’53 throughlife"saidstudyauthorAndrewJ.OswaldaprofessorofeconomicsatWarwickUniversityinWarwickshireEngland."Fortheaveragepersonit’shighwhenyou’re20andthenitslowlyfallsandbottomsout54 your40s.Butthegoodnewsisthatyour55 healthpicksupagainandeventuallygetsbacktothehighlevelsofouryouth." Thefindingwas56 onthepoolingofseveraldifferentsourcesofhappinessdataincluding:twomulti-decadehappiness/satisfactionsurveysfirstlaunchedinthe1970sinvolvingabout500000AmericanandWesternEuropeanmenandwomen;fourroundsofthe80-nation"WorldValuesSurvey"57 between1981and2004inNorthAmericaEasternandWesternEuropeAsiaAfricaAustraliaandCentralandSouthAmerica;anda2004—2007survey58 nearly1millionBritons. Thebottom-line:Formostpeoplethroughouttheworldthehighestprobabilityfordepressionstrikingisaround44yearsof59. IntheUnitedStateshoweversomeas-yetunexplained60 differenceswereobservedwithhappinessamongmendippingthemostintheirearly50swhereaswomenhittheirNadiraroundtheageof40. Theresearcherscautionedthatcheerfulpeopletendtolivelongerthanunhappy61—afactthatmighthaveskewedtheoverallfinding.Buttheyalsosuggestedthatevidenceofahappiness62 mightsimplyreflectamidlifechoicetogiveuplong-heldbutnolongertenableaspirationsfollowedbyasenior’ssenseofgratitudeforhavingsuccessfullyendured63 othersdidnot. "Thatsaidsomemightfindithelpfulsimplytounderstandthegeneral64ofmentalhealthastheygothroughtheirownlife"saidOswald."Itmightbeusefulforpeopletorealizethatiftheyare65 intheir40sthisisnormalitisnotexceptional.Andjustknowingthismighthelp." 61.
Peoplearoundtheglobehittheheightoftheirmiseryanddepressionin51ageanewinternationalstudysuggests. ThefindingbyBritishandAmericanresearcherswasbasedonananalysisofwell-beingamongapproximately2millionpeoplein80nations.Withfewexceptionstheobservationappearstoapplyacrosstheboardregardless{{U}}52{{/U}}genderculturegeographywealthjobhistoryeducationandmarriageorparentalstatus. "Thescientificfactseemstobethathappinessandpositivementalhealthfollowagiant’U’53 throughlife"saidstudyauthorAndrewJ.OswaldaprofessorofeconomicsatWarwickUniversityinWarwickshireEngland."Fortheaveragepersonit’shighwhenyou’re20andthenitslowlyfallsandbottomsout54 your40s.Butthegoodnewsisthatyour55 healthpicksupagainandeventuallygetsbacktothehighlevelsofouryouth." Thefindingwas56 onthepoolingofseveraldifferentsourcesofhappinessdataincluding:twomulti-decadehappiness/satisfactionsurveysfirstlaunchedinthe1970sinvolvingabout500000AmericanandWesternEuropeanmenandwomen;fourroundsofthe80-nation"WorldValuesSurvey"57 between1981and2004inNorthAmericaEasternandWesternEuropeAsiaAfricaAustraliaandCentralandSouthAmerica;anda2004—2007survey58 nearly1millionBritons. Thebottom-line:Formostpeoplethroughouttheworldthehighestprobabilityfordepressionstrikingisaround44yearsof59. IntheUnitedStateshoweversomeas-yetunexplained60 differenceswereobservedwithhappinessamongmendippingthemostintheirearly50swhereaswomenhittheirNadiraroundtheageof40. Theresearcherscautionedthatcheerfulpeopletendtolivelongerthanunhappy61—afactthatmighthaveskewedtheoverallfinding.Buttheyalsosuggestedthatevidenceofahappiness62 mightsimplyreflectamidlifechoicetogiveuplong-heldbutnolongertenableaspirationsfollowedbyasenior’ssenseofgratitudeforhavingsuccessfullyendured63 othersdidnot. "Thatsaidsomemightfindithelpfulsimplytounderstandthegeneral64ofmentalhealthastheygothroughtheirownlife"saidOswald."Itmightbeusefulforpeopletorealizethatiftheyare65 intheir40sthisisnormalitisnotexceptional.Andjustknowingthismighthelp." 53.
{{*HTML*}}? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题2第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项分别完成每个句子 {{B}}?????????? ??????????? ?PregnantWomenWarnedAboutACEInhibitor{{/B}}??Someofthe mostcommonlyusedmedicinesforhighbloodpressurearedrugscalledACE inhibitors.Doctorshavegiventhesedrugstopatientsfortwenty-fiveyears.A governmentstudyintheUnitedStatesfoundthattheusealmostdoubledbetween 1995and2000.??Doctorshaveknownforyearsthatwomenshould nottakeACEinhibitorsduringthelastsixmonthsofpregnancy.Themedicine caninjurethebaby.ACEinhibitorsthoughhavebeenconsideredsafewhen takenduringthefirstthreemonths.Butanewstudyhasfoundthatwomenwho takethesedrugsearlyintheirpregnancystillincreasetheriskofbirth disorders.Thestudyshowsthatcomparedtootherstheirbabieswerealmost threetimesaslikelytobebornwithmajorproblems.Theseincludedproblems withtheformationofthebrainandnervoussystemandholesinthe heart.??Theresearcherssaytheyfoundnoincreasedriskinwomen whotookotherbloodpressuremedicinesduringthefirstthreemonths. ResearchersatVanderbiltUniversityinTennesseeandBostonUniversitydidthe study.TheNewEnglandJournalofMedicine4publishedtheresults.The researchersstudiedtherecordsofalmostthirtythousandbirthsbetween1985 and2000.TwohundredninebabieswereborntowomenwhotookACEinhibitors duringthefirstthreemonthsoftheirpregnancies.Eighteenofthebabiesor almostninepercenthadmajordisorders.??ACEinhibitorsare oftengiventopatientswithdiabetes.Butdiabetesduringpregnancycanresult inbirthdefects.Sothestudydidnotincludeanywomenknowntobediabetic. ACEinhibitorssuppressaproteincalledangiotensin-convertingenzymeorACE. Thisenzymeproducesachemicalinthebodythatmakesbloodpassagesnarrow. Thedrugsincreasetheflowofbloodsopressureisreduced.??New drugsaretestedonpregnantanimalstoseeiftheymightcausebirthdefectsin humans.Butexpertssaythesetestsarenotalwaysdependable.TheUnitedStates FoodandDrugAdministration6helpedpayforthestudy.TheF.D.A.sayswomen whomightbecomepregnantshouldtalkwiththeirdoctoraboutotherwaysto treathighbloodpressure.ACEisariskfactortoourbody______.
{{*HTML*}}??阅读下面这篇短文短文后列出7个句子请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断 {{B}}??????? ??????????? ?PrivacyWorryMayKeepHIVPatientsfromTherapy{{/B}}? ?PatientsinfectedwithHIVareoftenconcernedabouttheconfidentiality oftheirHIV-positivestatus.Infactsomepatientsaresoworriedthatthey willactuallygiveuptreatmenttopreventthereleaseofthisinformation accordingtoareportpublishedintheAugustissueofAIDSCare.? ?Dr.KathrynWhetten-GoldsteinandcolleaguesfromDukeUniversityDurham NorthCarolinastudiedtheconfidentialityissuesof15HIV-infectedpatients fromruralNorthCarolinalocations.Theyweredividedintogroupsdesignedto exploretheirattitudestowardandexperienceswithbreachesin confidentiality.??Thefearofabreachinconfidentialityis definitelyaffectingthecarethatHIV-infectedpatientsreceive Whetten-Goldsteinsaid.?Moststudiedpatientshadexperiencedorknew someonewhohadexperiencedabreachinconfidentiality.??Two typesofbreachesoccurredWhetten-Goldsteinnoted.Thefirstwasamore obvioustypeofbreach.Oneexamplewasanursewhotoldherchildthather patientwasHIV-positiveoutofconcernthatherchildwouldplaywiththe patient’schild.??Theothertypeofbreachwasmoresubtleone thatprovidersmightnotconsiderbreachesWhetten-Goldsteinexplained.This typeofbreachinvolvesproviderstalkingaboutapatient’sHIVstatuswithout thepatient’sknowledgeoftheinteraction.??Thelawallowsthe sharingofinformationbetweenproviderswithinthesameinstitutionbut patient’sconsentmustbeobtainedbeforeprovidersatdifferentinstitutions canshareinformationshepointedout.??Patientsinthestudy wantedproviderstotellthemwhentheyaregoingtoshareinformationwith otherprovidersandwhyitisbeingdoneWhetten-Goldsteinsaid.Theyalso feltthatprovidersshouldbepunishedwhenabreachoccurs.? ?Howeverbecausepatientsareoftenreluctanttoseeklegalactionwhich mayfurtherexposetheirstatustheyfeltthatthesystemshouldregulate itselfsheadded.AllpatientsinthestudyrefusetoreceiveanytreatmentbecauseofthepossibilitytoexposetheirHIVstatus.
{{*HTML*}}??阅读下面这篇短文短文后列出7个句子请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断 {{B}}??????? ??????????? ?PrivacyWorryMayKeepHIVPatientsfromTherapy{{/B}}? ?PatientsinfectedwithHIVareoftenconcernedabouttheconfidentiality oftheirHIV-positivestatus.Infactsomepatientsaresoworriedthatthey willactuallygiveuptreatmenttopreventthereleaseofthisinformation accordingtoareportpublishedintheAugustissueofAIDSCare.? ?Dr.KathrynWhetten-GoldsteinandcolleaguesfromDukeUniversityDurham NorthCarolinastudiedtheconfidentialityissuesof15HIV-infectedpatients fromruralNorthCarolinalocations.Theyweredividedintogroupsdesignedto exploretheirattitudestowardandexperienceswithbreachesin confidentiality.??Thefearofabreachinconfidentialityis definitelyaffectingthecarethatHIV-infectedpatientsreceive Whetten-Goldsteinsaid.?Moststudiedpatientshadexperiencedorknew someonewhohadexperiencedabreachinconfidentiality.??Two typesofbreachesoccurredWhetten-Goldsteinnoted.Thefirstwasamore obvioustypeofbreach.Oneexamplewasanursewhotoldherchildthather patientwasHIV-positiveoutofconcernthatherchildwouldplaywiththe patient’schild.??Theothertypeofbreachwasmoresubtleone thatprovidersmightnotconsiderbreachesWhetten-Goldsteinexplained.This typeofbreachinvolvesproviderstalkingaboutapatient’sHIVstatuswithout thepatient’sknowledgeoftheinteraction.??Thelawallowsthe sharingofinformationbetweenproviderswithinthesameinstitutionbut patient’sconsentmustbeobtainedbeforeprovidersatdifferentinstitutions canshareinformationshepointedout.??Patientsinthestudy wantedproviderstotellthemwhentheyaregoingtoshareinformationwith otherprovidersandwhyitisbeingdoneWhetten-Goldsteinsaid.Theyalso feltthatprovidersshouldbepunishedwhenabreachoccurs.? ?Howeverbecausepatientsareoftenreluctanttoseeklegalactionwhich mayfurtherexposetheirstatustheyfeltthatthesystemshouldregulate itselfsheadded.MedicalworkersofaninstitutioncannotfreelyprovidetheirHIV-patients’informationtothoseofotherinstitutions.
Peoplearoundtheglobehittheheightoftheirmiseryanddepressionin51ageanewinternationalstudysuggests. ThefindingbyBritishandAmericanresearcherswasbasedonananalysisofwell-beingamongapproximately2millionpeoplein80nations.Withfewexceptionstheobservationappearstoapplyacrosstheboardregardless{{U}}52{{/U}}genderculturegeographywealthjobhistoryeducationandmarriageorparentalstatus. "Thescientificfactseemstobethathappinessandpositivementalhealthfollowagiant’U’53 throughlife"saidstudyauthorAndrewJ.OswaldaprofessorofeconomicsatWarwickUniversityinWarwickshireEngland."Fortheaveragepersonit’shighwhenyou’re20andthenitslowlyfallsandbottomsout54 your40s.Butthegoodnewsisthatyour55 healthpicksupagainandeventuallygetsbacktothehighlevelsofouryouth." Thefindingwas56 onthepoolingofseveraldifferentsourcesofhappinessdataincluding:twomulti-decadehappiness/satisfactionsurveysfirstlaunchedinthe1970sinvolvingabout500000AmericanandWesternEuropeanmenandwomen;fourroundsofthe80-nation"WorldValuesSurvey"57 between1981and2004inNorthAmericaEasternandWesternEuropeAsiaAfricaAustraliaandCentralandSouthAmerica;anda2004—2007survey58 nearly1millionBritons. Thebottom-line:Formostpeoplethroughouttheworldthehighestprobabilityfordepressionstrikingisaround44yearsof59. IntheUnitedStateshoweversomeas-yetunexplained60 differenceswereobservedwithhappinessamongmendippingthemostintheirearly50swhereaswomenhittheirNadiraroundtheageof40. Theresearcherscautionedthatcheerfulpeopletendtolivelongerthanunhappy61—afactthatmighthaveskewedtheoverallfinding.Buttheyalsosuggestedthatevidenceofahappiness62 mightsimplyreflectamidlifechoicetogiveuplong-heldbutnolongertenableaspirationsfollowedbyasenior’ssenseofgratitudeforhavingsuccessfullyendured63 othersdidnot. "Thatsaidsomemightfindithelpfulsimplytounderstandthegeneral64ofmentalhealthastheygothroughtheirownlife"saidOswald."Itmightbeusefulforpeopletorealizethatiftheyare65 intheir40sthisisnormalitisnotexceptional.Andjustknowingthismighthelp." 55.
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