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Text 1 Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in rece...
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OnschoolnightsIeitherdomyhomeworkreadbooks.Inever
﹣﹣﹣Hashefinishedhishomework? ﹣﹣﹣.Justhalfofit.
Text1 Homeworkhasneverbeenterriblypopularwithstud
Wrong Interpretation of an Educational Policy
A Welcomed Policy for Poor Students
Thorny Questions about Homework
A Faulty Approach to Homework
Heneverdohishomeworkatschool.
Text1 Homeworkhasneverbeenterriblypopularwithstud
discourage students from doing homework
result in students’ indifference to their report cards
undermine the authority of state tests
restrict teachers’ power in education
Tomisaboy.Heneverdoeshishomeworkandmakeshisbed.
Jackhasfinishedhishomework.
XiaoMingneverdohishomeworkatschool.
Text1 Homeworkhasneverbeenterriblypopularwithstud
is receiving more criticism
is no longer an educational ritual
is not required for advanced courses
is gaining more preferences
LiYingalwaysdoesherhomeworkbyshe.Sheneverneedshel
IneverfeelborethoughIhavetoomuchhomeworkeveryday.
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whether had the work been finished
if the work had been finished
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OnschoolnightsIeitherdomyhomeworkreadbooks.Inever
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Text1 Homeworkhasneverbeenterriblypopularwithstud
it should be eliminated
it counts much in schooling
it places extra burdens on teachers
it is important for grades
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Text2 Adealisadeal-exceptapparentlywhenEntergyisinvolved.ThecompanyamajorenergysupplierinNewEnglandprovokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenitannounceditwasrenegingonalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestrictnuclearregulations. InsteadthecompanyhasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnotchallengetheconstitutionalityofVermont’srulesinthefederalcourtaspartofadesperateefforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerplantrunning.It’sastunningmove. Theconflicthasbeensurfacingsince2002whenthecorporationboughtVermont’sonlynuclearpowerplantanagingreactorinVernon.Asaconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesalethecompanyagreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast2012.In2006thestatewentastepfurtherrequiringthatanyextensionoftheplant’slicensebesubjecttoVermontlegislature’sapproval.Thentoothecompanywentalong. EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitmentsoritsimplydidn’tforeseewhatwouldhappennext.Astringofaccidentsincludingthepartialcollapseofacoolingtowerin207andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakageraisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee’ssafetyandEntergy’smanagement–especiallyafterthecompanymademisleadingstatementsaboutthepipe.EnragedbyEntergy’sbehaviortheVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowinganextension. Nowthecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisinvalidbecauseofthe2006legislationandthatonlythefederalgovernmenthasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.Thelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure:whereastheSupremeCourthasruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpowerlegalscholarssaythatVermontcasewillofferaprecedent-settingtestofhowfarthosepowersextend.Certainlytherearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcouldresultifeverystatesetsitsownrules.ButhadEntergykeptitswordthatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint. ThecompanyseemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadysodamagedthatithasnotinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.Butthereshouldbeconsequences.Permissiontorunanuclearplantisapoblictrust.Entergyruns11otherreactorsintheUnitedStatesincludingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.PledgingtorunPilgrimsafelythecompanyhasappliedforfederalpermissiontokeepitopenforanother20years.ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommissionNRCreviewsthecompany’sapplicationitshouldkeepitmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth. Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat
已知函数fx满足方程f"x+f'x-2fx=0及f"x+fx=2ex 1求fx的表达式 2求曲线的拐点
Text1 Comeon–Everybody’sdoingit.Thatwhisperedmessagehalfinvitationandhalfforcingiswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadstonogood-drinkingdrugsandcasualsex.ButinhernewbookJointheClubTinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcureinwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheword. RosenbergtherecipientofaPulitzerPrizeoffersahostofexampleofthesocialcureinaction:InSouthCarolinaastate-sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfricaanHIV-preventioninitiativeknownasLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafesexamongtheirpeers. TheideaseemspromisingandRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypubic-healthcampaignsisspot-on:theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabitsandtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.Daretobedifferentpleasedon’tsmoke!pleadsonebillboardcampaignaimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers-teenagerswhodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertiserssoskilledatapplyingpeerpressure. ButonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcureRosenbergislesspersuasive.JointheClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureasit’spresentedhereisthatitdoesn’tworkverywellforverylong.RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut.EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed. There’snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits-aswellasnegativeones-spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday. Farlesscertainhoweverishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.It’sliketheteacherwhobreaksupthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.Thetacticneverreallyworks.Andthat’stheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside:intherealworldasinschoolweinsistonchoosingourownfriends. Paragraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviors
设随机变量X与P相互独立且都服从区间0.1上的均匀分布则=
Text1 Comeon–Everybody’sdoingit.Thatwhisperedmessagehalfinvitationandhalfforcingiswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadstonogood-drinkingdrugsandcasualsex.ButinhernewbookJointheClubTinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcureinwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheword. RosenbergtherecipientofaPulitzerPrizeoffersahostofexampleofthesocialcureinaction:InSouthCarolinaastate-sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfricaanHIV-preventioninitiativeknownasLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafesexamongtheirpeers. TheideaseemspromisingandRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypubic-healthcampaignsisspot-on:theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabitsandtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.Daretobedifferentpleasedon’tsmoke!pleadsonebillboardcampaignaimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers-teenagerswhodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertiserssoskilledatapplyingpeerpressure. ButonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcureRosenbergislesspersuasive.JointheClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureasit’spresentedhereisthatitdoesn’tworkverywellforverylong.RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut.EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed. There’snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits-aswellasnegativeones-spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday. Farlesscertainhoweverishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.It’sliketheteacherwhobreaksupthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.Thetacticneverreallyworks.Andthat’stheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside:intherealworldasinschoolweinsistonchoosingourownfriends. Rosenbergholdsthatpublicadvocatesshould
求极限.
Text3 Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdonefactsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofsciencediscoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjectivebutwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperience.Priorknowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatweexperiencewhatwethinkourexperiencesmeanandthesubsequentactionswetake.Opportunitiesformisinterpretationerrorandself-deceptionabound. Consequentlydiscoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.Similartonewlystakedminingclaimstheyarefullofpotential.Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.Thisisthecredibilityprocessthroughwhichtheindividualresearcher’smeherenowbecomesthecommunity’sanyoneanywhereanytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoalnotthestartingpoint. Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublicthediscovererreceivesintellectualcredit.Butunlikewithminingclaimsthecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunityresearchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinallythepublicincludingotherscientistsreceivesthenewdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanyingtechnology.Asadiscoveryclaimworksitthroughthecommunitytheinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery. Twoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.FirstscientificworktendstofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingKnowledgethatisviewedasincompleteorincorrect.Littlerewardaccompaniesduplicationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.Thegoalisnew-searchnotre-search.Notsurprisinglynewlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers.Secondnoveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryasseeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandtellingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated. Intheendcredibilityhappenstoadiscoveryclaim–aprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind.Wereasontogetherchallengereviseandcompleteeachother’sreasoningandeachother’sconceptionsofreason. AlbertSzent-Gyrgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethat
Text2 Adealisadeal-exceptapparentlywhenEntergyisinvolved.ThecompanyamajorenergysupplierinNewEnglandprovokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenitannounceditwasrenegingonalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestrictnuclearregulations. InsteadthecompanyhasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnotchallengetheconstitutionalityofVermont’srulesinthefederalcourtaspartofadesperateefforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerplantrunning.It’sastunningmove. Theconflicthasbeensurfacingsince2002whenthecorporationboughtVermont’sonlynuclearpowerplantanagingreactorinVernon.Asaconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesalethecompanyagreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast2012.In2006thestatewentastepfurtherrequiringthatanyextensionoftheplant’slicensebesubjecttoVermontlegislature’sapproval.Thentoothecompanywentalong. EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitmentsoritsimplydidn’tforeseewhatwouldhappennext.Astringofaccidentsincludingthepartialcollapseofacoolingtowerin207andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakageraisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee’ssafetyandEntergy’smanagement–especiallyafterthecompanymademisleadingstatementsaboutthepipe.EnragedbyEntergy’sbehaviortheVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowinganextension. Nowthecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisinvalidbecauseofthe2006legislationandthatonlythefederalgovernmenthasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.Thelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure:whereastheSupremeCourthasruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpowerlegalscholarssaythatVermontcasewillofferaprecedent-settingtestofhowfarthosepowersextend.Certainlytherearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcouldresultifeverystatesetsitsownrules.ButhadEntergykeptitswordthatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint. ThecompanyseemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadysodamagedthatithasnotinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.Butthereshouldbeconsequences.Permissiontorunanuclearplantisapoblictrust.Entergyruns11otherreactorsintheUnitedStatesincludingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.PledgingtorunPilgrimsafelythecompanyhasappliedforfederalpermissiontokeepitopenforanother20years.ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommissionNRCreviewsthecompany’sapplicationitshouldkeepitmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth. AccordingtoParagraph4Entergyseemstohaveproblemswithits
TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomeanimportantissuerecently.Thecourtcannot_1_itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw_2_justicesbehavelikepoliticians.Yetinseveralinstancesjusticesactedinwaysthat_3_thecourt’sreputationforbeingindependentandimpartial. JusticeAntoninScaliaforexampleappearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt’sdecisionswillbe_4_asimpartialjudgments.Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot_5_byanethicscode.Attheveryleastthecourtshouldmakeitself_6_tothecodeofconductthat_7_totherestofthefederaljudiciary. Thisandothersimilarcases_8_thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla_9_betweenthecourtandpolitics. TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw_10_havingauthorityapartfrompolitics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions_11_theywouldbefreeto_12_thoseinpowerandhavenoneedto_13_politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely_14_. Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial_15_likelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisionsthelawit_16_isinescapablypolitical-whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily_17_asunjust. Thejusticesmust_18_doubtsaboutthecourt’slegitimacybymakingthemselves_19_tothecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmakerulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand_20_convincingaslaw.
Text4 IfthetradeunionistJimmyHoffawerealivetodayhewouldprobablyrepresentcivilservant.WhenHoffa’sTeamsterswereintheirprimein1960onlyoneintenAmericangovernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.In2009thenumberofunionistsinAmerica’spublicsectorpassedthatoftheirfellowmembersintheprivatesector.InBritainmorethanhalfofpublic-sectorworkersbutonlyabout15%ofprivate-sectoronesareunionized. Therearethreereasonsforthepublic-sectorunions’thriving.Firsttheycanshutthingsdownwithoutsufferingmuchinthewayofconsequences.Secondtheyaremostlybrightandwell-educated.AquarterofAmerica’spublic-sectorworkershaveauniversitydegree.Thirdtheynowdominateleft-of-centrepolitics.Someoftheirtiesgobackalongway.Britain’sLaborPartyasitsnameimplieshaslongbeenassociatedwithtradeunionism.ItscurrentleaderEdMilibandoweshispositiontovotesfrompublic-sectorunions. Atthestateleveltheirinfluencecanbeevenmorefearsome.MarkBaldassareofthePublicPolicyInstituteofCaliforniapointsoutthatmuchofthestate’sbudgetispatrolledbyunions.Theteachers’unionskeepaneyeonschoolstheCCPOAonprisonsandavarietyoflaborgroupsonhealthcare. Inmanyrichcountriesaveragewagesinthestatesectorarehigherthanintheprivateone.Buttherealgainscomeinbenefitsandworkpractices.Politicianshaverepeatedlybackloadedpublic-sectorpaydealskeepingthepayincreasesmodestbutaddingtoholidaysandespeciallypensionsthatarealreadygenerous. Reformhasbeenvigorouslyopposedperhapsmostegregiouslyineducationwherecharterschoolsacademiesandmeritpayallfaceddrawn-outbattles.Eventhoughthereisplentyofevidencethatthequalityoftheteachersisthemostimportantvariableteachers’unionshavefoughtagainstgettingridofbadonesandpromotinggoodones. Asthecosttoeveryoneelsehasbecomeclearerpoliticianshavebeguntoclampdown.InWisconsintheunionshaveralliedthousandsofsupportersagainstScottWalkerthehardlineRepublicangovernor.Butmanywithinthepublicsectorsufferunderthecurrentsystemtoo. JohnDonahueatHarvard’sKennedySchoolpointsoutthatthenormsofcultureinWesterncivilservicessuitthosewhowanttostayputbutisbadforhighachievers.TheonlyAmericanpublic-sectorworkerswhoearnwellabove$250000ayearareuniversitysportscoachesandthepresidentoftheUnitedStates.Bankers’fatpaypacketshaveattractedmuchcriticismbutapublic-sectorsystemthatdoesnotrewardhighachieversmaybeamuchbiggerproblemforAmerica. ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph4thattheincomeinthestatesectoris
TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomeanimportantissuerecently.Thecourtcannot_1_itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw_2_justicesbehavelikepoliticians.Yetinseveralinstancesjusticesactedinwaysthat_3_thecourt’sreputationforbeingindependentandimpartial. JusticeAntoninScaliaforexampleappearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt’sdecisionswillbe_4_asimpartialjudgments.Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot_5_byanethicscode.Attheveryleastthecourtshouldmakeitself_6_tothecodeofconductthat_7_totherestofthefederaljudiciary. Thisandothersimilarcases_8_thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla_9_betweenthecourtandpolitics. TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw_10_havingauthorityapartfrompolitics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions_11_theywouldbefreeto_12_thoseinpowerandhavenoneedto_13_politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely_14_. Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial_15_likelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisionsthelawit_16_isinescapablypolitical-whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily_17_asunjust. Thejusticesmust_18_doubtsaboutthecourt’slegitimacybymakingthemselves_19_tothecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmakerulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand_20_convincingaslaw.
TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomeanimportantissuerecently.Thecourtcannot_1_itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw_2_justicesbehavelikepoliticians.Yetinseveralinstancesjusticesactedinwaysthat_3_thecourt’sreputationforbeingindependentandimpartial. JusticeAntoninScaliaforexampleappearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt’sdecisionswillbe_4_asimpartialjudgments.Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot_5_byanethicscode.Attheveryleastthecourtshouldmakeitself_6_tothecodeofconductthat_7_totherestofthefederaljudiciary. Thisandothersimilarcases_8_thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla_9_betweenthecourtandpolitics. TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw_10_havingauthorityapartfrompolitics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions_11_theywouldbefreeto_12_thoseinpowerandhavenoneedto_13_politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely_14_. Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial_15_likelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisionsthelawit_16_isinescapablypolitical-whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily_17_asunjust. Thejusticesmust_18_doubtsaboutthecourt’slegitimacybymakingthemselves_19_tothecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmakerulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand_20_convincingaslaw.
TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomeanimportantissuerecently.Thecourtcannot_1_itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw_2_justicesbehavelikepoliticians.Yetinseveralinstancesjusticesactedinwaysthat_3_thecourt’sreputationforbeingindependentandimpartial. JusticeAntoninScaliaforexampleappearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt’sdecisionswillbe_4_asimpartialjudgments.Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot_5_byanethicscode.Attheveryleastthecourtshouldmakeitself_6_tothecodeofconductthat_7_totherestofthefederaljudiciary. Thisandothersimilarcases_8_thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla_9_betweenthecourtandpolitics. TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw_10_havingauthorityapartfrompolitics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions_11_theywouldbefreeto_12_thoseinpowerandhavenoneedto_13_politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely_14_. Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial_15_likelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisionsthelawit_16_isinescapablypolitical-whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily_17_asunjust. Thejusticesmust_18_doubtsaboutthecourt’slegitimacybymakingthemselves_19_tothecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmakerulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand_20_convincingaslaw.
TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomeanimportantissuerecently.Thecourtcannot_1_itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw_2_justicesbehavelikepoliticians.Yetinseveralinstancesjusticesactedinwaysthat_3_thecourt’sreputationforbeingindependentandimpartial. JusticeAntoninScaliaforexampleappearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt’sdecisionswillbe_4_asimpartialjudgments.Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot_5_byanethicscode.Attheveryleastthecourtshouldmakeitself_6_tothecodeofconductthat_7_totherestofthefederaljudiciary. Thisandothersimilarcases_8_thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla_9_betweenthecourtandpolitics. TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw_10_havingauthorityapartfrompolitics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions_11_theywouldbefreeto_12_thoseinpowerandhavenoneedto_13_politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely_14_. Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial_15_likelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisionsthelawit_16_isinescapablypolitical-whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily_17_asunjust. Thejusticesmust_18_doubtsaboutthecourt’slegitimacybymakingthemselves_19_tothecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmakerulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand_20_convincingaslaw.
TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomeanimportantissuerecently.Thecourtcannot_1_itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw_2_justicesbehavelikepoliticians.Yetinseveralinstancesjusticesactedinwaysthat_3_thecourt’sreputationforbeingindependentandimpartial. JusticeAntoninScaliaforexampleappearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt’sdecisionswillbe_4_asimpartialjudgments.Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot_5_byanethicscode.Attheveryleastthecourtshouldmakeitself_6_tothecodeofconductthat_7_totherestofthefederaljudiciary. Thisandothersimilarcases_8_thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla_9_betweenthecourtandpolitics. TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw_10_havingauthorityapartfrompolitics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions_11_theywouldbefreeto_12_thoseinpowerandhavenoneedto_13_politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely_14_. Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial_15_likelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisionsthelawit_16_isinescapablypolitical-whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily_17_asunjust. Thejusticesmust_18_doubtsaboutthecourt’slegitimacybymakingthemselves_19_tothecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmakerulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand_20_convincingaslaw.
某企业为生产甲乙两种型号的产品投入的固定成本为10000万元设该企业生产甲乙两种产品的产量分别为x件和y件且定两种产品的边际成本分别为万元/件与6+y万元/件 1求生产甲乙两种产品的总成本函数Cxy万元 2当总产量为50件时甲乙两种的产量各为多少时可使总成本最小求最小成本 3求总产量为50件时且总成本最小时甲产品的边际成本并接受其经济意义
TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomeanimportantissuerecently.Thecourtcannot_1_itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw_2_justicesbehavelikepoliticians.Yetinseveralinstancesjusticesactedinwaysthat_3_thecourt’sreputationforbeingindependentandimpartial. JusticeAntoninScaliaforexampleappearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt’sdecisionswillbe_4_asimpartialjudgments.Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot_5_byanethicscode.Attheveryleastthecourtshouldmakeitself_6_tothecodeofconductthat_7_totherestofthefederaljudiciary. Thisandothersimilarcases_8_thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla_9_betweenthecourtandpolitics. TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw_10_havingauthorityapartfrompolitics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions_11_theywouldbefreeto_12_thoseinpowerandhavenoneedto_13_politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely_14_. Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial_15_likelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisionsthelawit_16_isinescapablypolitical-whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily_17_asunjust. Thejusticesmust_18_doubtsaboutthecourt’slegitimacybymakingthemselves_19_tothecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmakerulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand_20_convincingaslaw.
设函数ft连续则二次积分=
TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomeanimportantissuerecently.Thecourtcannot_1_itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw_2_justicesbehavelikepoliticians.Yetinseveralinstancesjusticesactedinwaysthat_3_thecourt’sreputationforbeingindependentandimpartial. JusticeAntoninScaliaforexampleappearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt’sdecisionswillbe_4_asimpartialjudgments.Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot_5_byanethicscode.Attheveryleastthecourtshouldmakeitself_6_tothecodeofconductthat_7_totherestofthefederaljudiciary. Thisandothersimilarcases_8_thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla_9_betweenthecourtandpolitics. TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw_10_havingauthorityapartfrompolitics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions_11_theywouldbefreeto_12_thoseinpowerandhavenoneedto_13_politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely_14_. Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial_15_likelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisionsthelawit_16_isinescapablypolitical-whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily_17_asunjust. Thejusticesmust_18_doubtsaboutthecourt’slegitimacybymakingthemselves_19_tothecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmakerulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand_20_convincingaslaw.
=
已知二次型fx1x2x3=xTATAx的秩为2 1求实数a的值 2求正交变换x=Qy将f化为标准形
设随机变量X与Y相互独立且服从参数为1的指数分布记U=max{XY}V=min{XY} Ⅰ求V的概率密度fVv Ⅱ求EU+V.
TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomeanimportantissuerecently.Thecourtcannot_1_itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw_2_justicesbehavelikepoliticians.Yetinseveralinstancesjusticesactedinwaysthat_3_thecourt’sreputationforbeingindependentandimpartial. JusticeAntoninScaliaforexampleappearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt’sdecisionswillbe_4_asimpartialjudgments.Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot_5_byanethicscode.Attheveryleastthecourtshouldmakeitself_6_tothecodeofconductthat_7_totherestofthefederaljudiciary. Thisandothersimilarcases_8_thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla_9_betweenthecourtandpolitics. TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw_10_havingauthorityapartfrompolitics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions_11_theywouldbefreeto_12_thoseinpowerandhavenoneedto_13_politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely_14_. Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial_15_likelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisionsthelawit_16_isinescapablypolitical-whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily_17_asunjust. Thejusticesmust_18_doubtsaboutthecourt’slegitimacybymakingthemselves_19_tothecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmakerulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand_20_convincingaslaw.
设其中c1c2c3c4为任意常数则下列向量组线性相关的为
Text2 Adealisadeal-exceptapparentlywhenEntergyisinvolved.ThecompanyamajorenergysupplierinNewEnglandprovokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenitannounceditwasrenegingonalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestrictnuclearregulations. InsteadthecompanyhasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnotchallengetheconstitutionalityofVermont’srulesinthefederalcourtaspartofadesperateefforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerplantrunning.It’sastunningmove. Theconflicthasbeensurfacingsince2002whenthecorporationboughtVermont’sonlynuclearpowerplantanagingreactorinVernon.Asaconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesalethecompanyagreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast2012.In2006thestatewentastepfurtherrequiringthatanyextensionoftheplant’slicensebesubjecttoVermontlegislature’sapproval.Thentoothecompanywentalong. EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitmentsoritsimplydidn’tforeseewhatwouldhappennext.Astringofaccidentsincludingthepartialcollapseofacoolingtowerin207andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakageraisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee’ssafetyandEntergy’smanagement–especiallyafterthecompanymademisleadingstatementsaboutthepipe.EnragedbyEntergy’sbehaviortheVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowinganextension. Nowthecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisinvalidbecauseofthe2006legislationandthatonlythefederalgovernmenthasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.Thelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure:whereastheSupremeCourthasruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpowerlegalscholarssaythatVermontcasewillofferaprecedent-settingtestofhowfarthosepowersextend.Certainlytherearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcouldresultifeverystatesetsitsownrules.ButhadEntergykeptitswordthatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint. ThecompanyseemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadysodamagedthatithasnotinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.Butthereshouldbeconsequences.Permissiontorunanuclearplantisapoblictrust.Entergyruns11otherreactorsintheUnitedStatesincludingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.PledgingtorunPilgrimsafelythecompanyhasappliedforfederalpermissiontokeepitopenforanother20years.ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommissionNRCreviewsthecompany’sapplicationitshouldkeepitmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth. ThephraserenegingonLine3.para.1isclosestinmeaningto
Text4 IfthetradeunionistJimmyHoffawerealivetodayhewouldprobablyrepresentcivilservant.WhenHoffa’sTeamsterswereintheirprimein1960onlyoneintenAmericangovernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.In2009thenumberofunionistsinAmerica’spublicsectorpassedthatoftheirfellowmembersintheprivatesector.InBritainmorethanhalfofpublic-sectorworkersbutonlyabout15%ofprivate-sectoronesareunionized. Therearethreereasonsforthepublic-sectorunions’thriving.Firsttheycanshutthingsdownwithoutsufferingmuchinthewayofconsequences.Secondtheyaremostlybrightandwell-educated.AquarterofAmerica’spublic-sectorworkershaveauniversitydegree.Thirdtheynowdominateleft-of-centrepolitics.Someoftheirtiesgobackalongway.Britain’sLaborPartyasitsnameimplieshaslongbeenassociatedwithtradeunionism.ItscurrentleaderEdMilibandoweshispositiontovotesfrompublic-sectorunions. Atthestateleveltheirinfluencecanbeevenmorefearsome.MarkBaldassareofthePublicPolicyInstituteofCaliforniapointsoutthatmuchofthestate’sbudgetispatrolledbyunions.Theteachers’unionskeepaneyeonschoolstheCCPOAonprisonsandavarietyoflaborgroupsonhealthcare. Inmanyrichcountriesaveragewagesinthestatesectorarehigherthanintheprivateone.Buttherealgainscomeinbenefitsandworkpractices.Politicianshaverepeatedlybackloadedpublic-sectorpaydealskeepingthepayincreasesmodestbutaddingtoholidaysandespeciallypensionsthatarealreadygenerous. Reformhasbeenvigorouslyopposedperhapsmostegregiouslyineducationwherecharterschoolsacademiesandmeritpayallfaceddrawn-outbattles.Eventhoughthereisplentyofevidencethatthequalityoftheteachersisthemostimportantvariableteachers’unionshavefoughtagainstgettingridofbadonesandpromotinggoodones. Asthecosttoeveryoneelsehasbecomeclearerpoliticianshavebeguntoclampdown.InWisconsintheunionshaveralliedthousandsofsupportersagainstScottWalkerthehardlineRepublicangovernor.Butmanywithinthepublicsectorsufferunderthecurrentsystemtoo. JohnDonahueatHarvard’sKennedySchoolpointsoutthatthenormsofcultureinWesterncivilservicessuitthosewhowanttostayputbutisbadforhighachievers.TheonlyAmericanpublic-sectorworkerswhoearnwellabove$250000ayearareuniversitysportscoachesandthepresidentoftheUnitedStates.Bankers’fatpaypacketshaveattractedmuchcriticismbutapublic-sectorsystemthatdoesnotrewardhighachieversmaybeamuchbiggerproblemforAmerica. Itcanbelearnedfromthefirstparagraphthat
TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomeanimportantissuerecently.Thecourtcannot_1_itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw_2_justicesbehavelikepoliticians.Yetinseveralinstancesjusticesactedinwaysthat_3_thecourt’sreputationforbeingindependentandimpartial. JusticeAntoninScaliaforexampleappearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt’sdecisionswillbe_4_asimpartialjudgments.Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot_5_byanethicscode.Attheveryleastthecourtshouldmakeitself_6_tothecodeofconductthat_7_totherestofthefederaljudiciary. Thisandothersimilarcases_8_thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla_9_betweenthecourtandpolitics. TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw_10_havingauthorityapartfrompolitics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions_11_theywouldbefreeto_12_thoseinpowerandhavenoneedto_13_politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely_14_. Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial_15_likelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisionsthelawit_16_isinescapablypolitical-whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily_17_asunjust. Thejusticesmust_18_doubtsaboutthecourt’slegitimacybymakingthemselves_19_tothecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmakerulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand_20_convincingaslaw.
设A为3阶矩阵∣A∣=3A*为A的伴随矩阵若交换A的第1行与第2行得矩阵B则∣BA*∣=
Text3 Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdonefactsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofsciencediscoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjectivebutwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperience.Priorknowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatweexperiencewhatwethinkourexperiencesmeanandthesubsequentactionswetake.Opportunitiesformisinterpretationerrorandself-deceptionabound. Consequentlydiscoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.Similartonewlystakedminingclaimstheyarefullofpotential.Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.Thisisthecredibilityprocessthroughwhichtheindividualresearcher’smeherenowbecomesthecommunity’sanyoneanywhereanytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoalnotthestartingpoint. Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublicthediscovererreceivesintellectualcredit.Butunlikewithminingclaimsthecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunityresearchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinallythepublicincludingotherscientistsreceivesthenewdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanyingtechnology.Asadiscoveryclaimworksitthroughthecommunitytheinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery. Twoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.FirstscientificworktendstofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingKnowledgethatisviewedasincompleteorincorrect.Littlerewardaccompaniesduplicationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.Thegoalisnew-searchnotre-search.Notsurprisinglynewlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers.Secondnoveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryasseeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandtellingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated. Intheendcredibilityhappenstoadiscoveryclaim–aprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind.Wereasontogetherchallengereviseandcompleteeachother’sreasoningandeachother’sconceptionsofreason. ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessrequires
设连续函数z=fxy满足则=
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