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Let China sleep, for when she wakes, she will shake the world. Until recently, the world happil...
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Newspaperpublishersmakemoneymainlyfromsubscribersandadvertisers.It’sbeenthatwayforcenturies.Butinthelastfewyearsanimportantnewincomestreamhasopenedupfornewspapers.AmongthepioneersisTheGazetteCompanyinCedarRapidsIowawhichsince1993hasbeenprovidinginformationtoitsreadersdeliveredbybothpaperandincreasinglytheWeb."IfanewspaperviewsitselfasinkonpaperIdon’tthinkitwillsurvive"saysSteveHannahvicepresidentofinformationtechnology. 46Onlinenewspapersarealookintothefutureandjustponderingitraisesthequestionofwhetheritisn’tnicergettingyourdailynewscurledupinyourfavoritechairwithyourballpointpenhandytocircleitemsofinterestorscissorsreadytosnipoutarticlesyouwanttosave.TheGazetteCompanyisbettingitssubscriberswantbothelectronicandpaperoptionsandsofaritseemstoberight. TherestoftheworldismovingintocyberspacemoreslowlythantheUnitedStatesandinthedevelopingworldtheInternethashardlypenetratedatall.47UNSecretaryGeneralKofiAnnanisdeterminedtochangethisthroughtheUnitedNationsInformationTechnologyServicewhichwilltrainlargenumbersofpeopletotapintotheincome-enhancingpoweroftheInternet.AnnanisalsoproposinganInternethealthnetworkthatwillprovidestate-of-the-artmedicalknowledgeto10000clinicsandhospitalsinpoorcountries. TheonrushingCyberAgehasgivennewfoundpowertousallasseeninJodyWilliams’sone-womanorganizationusinge-mailtopromoteaglobalbanonlandmines.Yetthisisbutaglimpseofwhat’saheadinthemindsofthoseimmersedinthisgreatandacceleratingtransformation. 48AtMicrosoftBillGatespredictsthatby2018majornewspaperswill"publishtheirlastpapereditionsandmovesolelytoelectronicdistribution"andthatby2020dictionarieswillredefinebooksas"eBooktitlesreadonscreen". 49ComputershavemetamorphosedfromtheUniversityofPennsylvania’s1946ENIAC--whosemorethan17000vacuumtubeshadlessnumber-crunchingpowerthantoday’slaptop--intothumbnail-sizedcomputerchipscontaining42milliontransistors.WilliamVanDusenWishardpresidentofWorldTrendsResearchisconcerned.50InaspeechtotheIssueManagementCouncilinWashingtonD.C.henotedthat"researchersatCarnegieMellonUniversityciteatwo-yearstudyshowingdepressionandlonelinessappearingatgreaterlevelsinpeopleusingtheInternetthaninothersnotusingitornotusingitasmuch.<.u>ExtensiveexposuretothewiderworldviatheNetappearstomakepeoplelesssatisfiedwiththeirpersonallives". 46
Text1 ShortlyafterdawnonFebruary17th2003theworld’smostambitiousroad-pricingexperimentwillstartinLondon.ThoughcordontollschemeshavebeenoperatinginNor-wayforyearsandSingaporehasanelectronicsystemnoonehasevertriedtochargemotoristsinacityofthesizeandcomplexityofLondon. Fordecadestransportplannershavebeendemandingthatmotoristsshouldpaydirectlyfortheuseofroads.Accordingtotheprofessionalsitistheonlywayofcivilizingcitiesandrestrainingthegrowthofinter-urbantraffic.Politicianshavemostlyturnedadeafearfearingthatchargingforsomethingwhatwaspreviouslyfreewasaquickroutetoelectoralsuicide.ButLondon’sinitiativesuggeststhatthepointwhereroadpricinghe-comesgenerallyacceptedasthemostefficientwaytorestraintrafficismuchnearerthanmostdriversrealize. ThemayorofLondonKenLivingstonehaspinnedhispoliticalreputationonthescheme’ssuccess.Ifitworkscitiesaroundtheworldwillrushtocopyit.Ifitfailshewillbejeeredfromofficewhenheseeksreelectionin2004.ButhowwillsuccessbejudgedThemayorclaimsthatcongestionchargingwillproduce£130minnetannualrevenuesreducetrafficincentralLondonby15%andreducetrafficdelaysbyaboutaquarter.Unfortunatelytheseambitioustargetsareunlikelytobemet. Forastartthelowlevelatwhichthechargehasbeensetowesmoretopoliticsthantrafficplanning.Itsimpactmodestincomparisonwiththealreadyhigh£4anhouron-streetparkingchargesintheareamaybelessthananticipated.Butmosttransportexpertsarecautiouslyoptimisticthatitwillhelpimprovethecapital’schaotictransportsystem.Asforthemayorhispoliticalprospectslookgood.ThosewhodrivecarsinthecenterofLondonduringthedayareatinyfractionofthemillionswhowalkorusepublictransporttogettowork. London’swillingnesstotaketheplungehasmovedcongestionchargingfromtherealmoftransportplannersintomainstreampolitics.Yetthelow-techsolutionithasadoptedhasbeenovertakenbymodernmicrowaveradiosystemsallowingcarstocommunicatewithroadsidechargingunits.ThenextgenerationoftechnologywilluseglobalpositioningsatellitesGPStotrackthepositionofvehicleswherevertheyareonasecond-to-secondbasis. Thebravenewworldofpayingasyougoisnotfaraway.Forthosewhodriveinruralareasthecostwillcomedown.Butformotoristswhospendmostoftheirtimeincongestedurbanareastravelisrightlygoingtobecomemuchmoreexpensive. Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthatintheworldtheschemeoftollingsystemsis
Text2 PlansforbuildingsthatarenotjustbigbuttrulyhugeadornthewallsofKohnPedersenFoxKPFanarchitecturalfirminNewYork.Fewpeopleaspireto200storeys.IntheaftermathoftheWorldTradeCentre’scollapse18monthsagosuchtoweringschemesseemedtohavenochanceofbecomingreality.YetinAprilKPFwillcompleteworkonaTokyocomplexwithacentralskyscraperthatwillfeatureoneofthehighestfloorsinJapan.Submissionsarebeingreadiedforstillbiggerprojectsinseveraldifferentcountries. Whether"bigness"makesbusinesssenseisthesubjectofintensedebate.Europehaslargelystayedoutoftheskyscraperrace.Aproposed66-storeyLondonBridgeTowerwhichwouldbethecontinent’slargestbuildingmayeventuallygoup.ItwouldnotstandoutinManhattan. ExecutivesintheCityofLondonEurope’slargestfinancialmarketcontendthateveninanon-earthquake-proneareaonceabuildingrisesmuchabove50storeysthedemandforadditionalelevatorsstairwellsandstructuralsupportsmakesthemunacceptablyinefficient. TrueuptoapointsaysPaulKatzthearchitectatKPFbutthemostefficientbuildingisnotnecessarilythemostvaluable.Therearesomeexplicitbenefitsfromskyscrapersnotablyefficientenergyusagepluslesstangibleonessuchasthesavingsandbenefitsthatcomefromclusteringemployeesinoneplace.Typicallywherefirmsmostliketooperatesitesarescarce.Asaresultitoftenmakessensetoaddfloorsevenatevergreatercost. SkyscrapershaverisenslowlyinJapanduetoearthquakefearsbutnowtheyaregoingup.WithNewYork’seconomysufferingredundanciesmountingandcontinuingfearofterrorismitishardtoimagineanybodyfinancingnewconstructioninthecityletaloneavastnewskyscraperonasitethatmanybelieveshouldbeusedonlyasamemorial.ButevenbeforetheeventsofSeptember11thconstructiontechniqueswerechangingtoresolveshortcomingsthatexistedinthe1960swhenworkbeganontheWorldTradeCenter.Ratherthanbeingsupportedmerelybysteelcurtainwallsthenewskyscrapershaveconcretecoreslinkedtostrongcolumnsintheouterwalls. Nobodynowunderestimatesthedevastationthatwouldbecausedifanaircraftstrikesabuilding;butattheleastthenewcropoftallbuildingsaredesignedsothattheywouldnotcollapseifhitbyeventhelargestpassengerplane.Thatmaynotsoundparticularlyreassuringtoanyoneaskedtoworkonthe100thfloor.ButthebusinessofbuildingtotheskydatesbackatleasttothetowerofBabel--andnodisasterhasstoppeditforlong. WhenthewritersaysthattheLondonBridgeTowerwouldnotstandinManhattanhemeans
Cultureisthesumtotalofallthetraditionscustomsbeliefsandwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthis1everygrouphasaculturehoweverun-developedoruncivilizeditmayseemtous. Totheprofessionalanthropologistthereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofoneculture 2anotherjustastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsic3amongthedifferentlanguages. Peopleonce4thelanguagesofbackwardgroupsassavageundeveloped 5ofspeechconsistinglargelyofgruntsandgroans.6itispossiblethatlanguage7beganasaseriesofgruntsandgroansitisafactestablishedbythestudyof"backward"languages8nospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesof9groupsarebyourmostseverestandardsextremely 10delicateandingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.They11behindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructureswhichusuallyarefullyadequateforalllanguageneeds12onlyintheirvocabularieswhichreflecttheirspeakers’social13 Eveninthisdepartment14twothingsaretobenoted:1Alllanguagesseemto15themachineryforvocabularyexpansioneitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistence16byborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.2Theobjectsandactivitiesrequiringnamesand17in"backward"languageswhiledifferentfromoursareoften18numerousandcomplicated.AWesternlanguagesdistinguishesmerelybetweentwodegreesofremoteness"this"and"that";somelanguagesoftheAmericanIndiansdistinguishbetweenwhatisclosetothespeakerortotheperson19andwhatisremovedfrombothoroutofsightorinthepastorinthefuture. Thisstudyoflanguageinturn20anewlightupontheclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturesaretobeviewedindependentlyandwithoutideasofrank. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Cultureisthesumtotalofallthetraditionscustomsbeliefsandwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthis1everygrouphasaculturehoweverun-developedoruncivilizeditmayseemtous. Totheprofessionalanthropologistthereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofoneculture 2anotherjustastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsic3amongthedifferentlanguages. Peopleonce4thelanguagesofbackwardgroupsassavageundeveloped 5ofspeechconsistinglargelyofgruntsandgroans.6itispossiblethatlanguage7beganasaseriesofgruntsandgroansitisafactestablishedbythestudyof"backward"languages8nospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesof9groupsarebyourmostseverestandardsextremely 10delicateandingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.They11behindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructureswhichusuallyarefullyadequateforalllanguageneeds12onlyintheirvocabularieswhichreflecttheirspeakers’social13 Eveninthisdepartment14twothingsaretobenoted:1Alllanguagesseemto15themachineryforvocabularyexpansioneitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistence16byborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.2Theobjectsandactivitiesrequiringnamesand17in"backward"languageswhiledifferentfromoursareoften18numerousandcomplicated.AWesternlanguagesdistinguishesmerelybetweentwodegreesofremoteness"this"and"that";somelanguagesoftheAmericanIndiansdistinguishbetweenwhatisclosetothespeakerortotheperson19andwhatisremovedfrombothoroutofsightorinthepastorinthefuture. Thisstudyoflanguageinturn20anewlightupontheclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturesaretobeviewedindependentlyandwithoutideasofrank. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Text2 PlansforbuildingsthatarenotjustbigbuttrulyhugeadornthewallsofKohnPedersenFoxKPFanarchitecturalfirminNewYork.Fewpeopleaspireto200storeys.IntheaftermathoftheWorldTradeCentre’scollapse18monthsagosuchtoweringschemesseemedtohavenochanceofbecomingreality.YetinAprilKPFwillcompleteworkonaTokyocomplexwithacentralskyscraperthatwillfeatureoneofthehighestfloorsinJapan.Submissionsarebeingreadiedforstillbiggerprojectsinseveraldifferentcountries. Whether"bigness"makesbusinesssenseisthesubjectofintensedebate.Europehaslargelystayedoutoftheskyscraperrace.Aproposed66-storeyLondonBridgeTowerwhichwouldbethecontinent’slargestbuildingmayeventuallygoup.ItwouldnotstandoutinManhattan. ExecutivesintheCityofLondonEurope’slargestfinancialmarketcontendthateveninanon-earthquake-proneareaonceabuildingrisesmuchabove50storeysthedemandforadditionalelevatorsstairwellsandstructuralsupportsmakesthemunacceptablyinefficient. TrueuptoapointsaysPaulKatzthearchitectatKPFbutthemostefficientbuildingisnotnecessarilythemostvaluable.Therearesomeexplicitbenefitsfromskyscrapersnotablyefficientenergyusagepluslesstangibleonessuchasthesavingsandbenefitsthatcomefromclusteringemployeesinoneplace.Typicallywherefirmsmostliketooperatesitesarescarce.Asaresultitoftenmakessensetoaddfloorsevenatevergreatercost. SkyscrapershaverisenslowlyinJapanduetoearthquakefearsbutnowtheyaregoingup.WithNewYork’seconomysufferingredundanciesmountingandcontinuingfearofterrorismitishardtoimagineanybodyfinancingnewconstructioninthecityletaloneavastnewskyscraperonasitethatmanybelieveshouldbeusedonlyasamemorial.ButevenbeforetheeventsofSeptember11thconstructiontechniqueswerechangingtoresolveshortcomingsthatexistedinthe1960swhenworkbeganontheWorldTradeCenter.Ratherthanbeingsupportedmerelybysteelcurtainwallsthenewskyscrapershaveconcretecoreslinkedtostrongcolumnsintheouterwalls. Nobodynowunderestimatesthedevastationthatwouldbecausedifanaircraftstrikesabuilding;butattheleastthenewcropoftallbuildingsaredesignedsothattheywouldnotcollapseifhitbyeventhelargestpassengerplane.Thatmaynotsoundparticularlyreassuringtoanyoneaskedtoworkonthe100thfloor.ButthebusinessofbuildingtotheskydatesbackatleasttothetowerofBabel--andnodisasterhasstoppeditforlong. ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5thatinJapanskyscrapers
Cultureisthesumtotalofallthetraditionscustomsbeliefsandwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthis1everygrouphasaculturehoweverun-developedoruncivilizeditmayseemtous. Totheprofessionalanthropologistthereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofoneculture 2anotherjustastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsic3amongthedifferentlanguages. Peopleonce4thelanguagesofbackwardgroupsassavageundeveloped 5ofspeechconsistinglargelyofgruntsandgroans.6itispossiblethatlanguage7beganasaseriesofgruntsandgroansitisafactestablishedbythestudyof"backward"languages8nospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesof9groupsarebyourmostseverestandardsextremely 10delicateandingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.They11behindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructureswhichusuallyarefullyadequateforalllanguageneeds12onlyintheirvocabularieswhichreflecttheirspeakers’social13 Eveninthisdepartment14twothingsaretobenoted:1Alllanguagesseemto15themachineryforvocabularyexpansioneitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistence16byborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.2Theobjectsandactivitiesrequiringnamesand17in"backward"languageswhiledifferentfromoursareoften18numerousandcomplicated.AWesternlanguagesdistinguishesmerelybetweentwodegreesofremoteness"this"and"that";somelanguagesoftheAmericanIndiansdistinguishbetweenwhatisclosetothespeakerortotheperson19andwhatisremovedfrombothoroutofsightorinthepastorinthefuture. Thisstudyoflanguageinturn20anewlightupontheclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturesaretobeviewedindependentlyandwithoutideasofrank. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Cultureisthesumtotalofallthetraditionscustomsbeliefsandwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthis1everygrouphasaculturehoweverun-developedoruncivilizeditmayseemtous. Totheprofessionalanthropologistthereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofoneculture 2anotherjustastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsic3amongthedifferentlanguages. Peopleonce4thelanguagesofbackwardgroupsassavageundeveloped 5ofspeechconsistinglargelyofgruntsandgroans.6itispossiblethatlanguage7beganasaseriesofgruntsandgroansitisafactestablishedbythestudyof"backward"languages8nospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesof9groupsarebyourmostseverestandardsextremely 10delicateandingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.They11behindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructureswhichusuallyarefullyadequateforalllanguageneeds12onlyintheirvocabularieswhichreflecttheirspeakers’social13 Eveninthisdepartment14twothingsaretobenoted:1Alllanguagesseemto15themachineryforvocabularyexpansioneitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistence16byborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.2Theobjectsandactivitiesrequiringnamesand17in"backward"languageswhiledifferentfromoursareoften18numerousandcomplicated.AWesternlanguagesdistinguishesmerelybetweentwodegreesofremoteness"this"and"that";somelanguagesoftheAmericanIndiansdistinguishbetweenwhatisclosetothespeakerortotheperson19andwhatisremovedfrombothoroutofsightorinthepastorinthefuture. Thisstudyoflanguageinturn20anewlightupontheclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturesaretobeviewedindependentlyandwithoutideasofrank. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Cultureisthesumtotalofallthetraditionscustomsbeliefsandwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthis1everygrouphasaculturehoweverun-developedoruncivilizeditmayseemtous. Totheprofessionalanthropologistthereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofoneculture 2anotherjustastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsic3amongthedifferentlanguages. Peopleonce4thelanguagesofbackwardgroupsassavageundeveloped 5ofspeechconsistinglargelyofgruntsandgroans.6itispossiblethatlanguage7beganasaseriesofgruntsandgroansitisafactestablishedbythestudyof"backward"languages8nospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesof9groupsarebyourmostseverestandardsextremely 10delicateandingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.They11behindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructureswhichusuallyarefullyadequateforalllanguageneeds12onlyintheirvocabularieswhichreflecttheirspeakers’social13 Eveninthisdepartment14twothingsaretobenoted:1Alllanguagesseemto15themachineryforvocabularyexpansioneitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistence16byborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.2Theobjectsandactivitiesrequiringnamesand17in"backward"languageswhiledifferentfromoursareoften18numerousandcomplicated.AWesternlanguagesdistinguishesmerelybetweentwodegreesofremoteness"this"and"that";somelanguagesoftheAmericanIndiansdistinguishbetweenwhatisclosetothespeakerortotheperson19andwhatisremovedfrombothoroutofsightorinthepastorinthefuture. Thisstudyoflanguageinturn20anewlightupontheclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturesaretobeviewedindependentlyandwithoutideasofrank. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.18
In1959theaverageAmericanfamilypaid$989forayear’ssupplyoffood.In1972thefamilypaid$1311.Thatwasapriceincreaseofnearlyone-third.Everyfamilyhashadthissortofexperience.Everyoneagreesthatthecostoffeedingafamilyhasrisensharply.Butthereislessagreementwhenreasonsfortherisearebeingdiscussed.WhoisreallyresponsibleManyblamethefarmerswhoproducethevegetablesfruitmeateggsandcheesethatstoresofferforsale.AccordingtotheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculturethefarmer’sshareofthe$1311spentbythefamilyin1972was$521.Thiswas31percentmorethanthefarmerhadreceivedin1959. 41____________.Theyparticularlyblamethosewhoprocessthefarmproductsaftertheproductsleavethefarm.Theseincludetruckdriversmeatpackersmanufacturersofpackagesandotherfoodcontainersandtheownersofstoreswherefoodissold. 42____________. Ofthe$1311familyfoodbillin1972middlemenreceived$790whichwas33percentmorethantheyhadreceivedin1959.Itappearsthatthemiddlemen’sprofithasincreasedmorethanfarmer’s.Butsomeeconomistsclaimthatthemiddlemen’sactualprofitwasverylow.AccordingtoeconomistsattheFirstNationalCityBanktheprofitformeatpackersandfoodstoresamountedtolessthanonepercent.Duringthesameperiodallothermanufacturersweremakingaprofitofmorethan5percent.Bycomparisonwithothermembersoftheeconomicsystembothfarmersandmiddlemenhaveprofitedsurprisinglylittlefromtheriseinfoodprices. 43____________.Vegetablesandchickencostmorewhentheyhavebeencutintopiecesbysomeoneotherthantheonewhobuysit.Afamilyshouldexpecttopaymorewhenseveral"TVdinners"aretakenhomefromthestore.Thesearefullycookedmealsconsistingofmeatvegetablesandsometimesdesertallarrangedonametaldish.Thedishisputintotheovenandheatedwhilethehousewifeisdoingsomethingelse.Suchaconveniencecostsmoney.44____________. Economistsremindusthatmanymodernhousewiveshavejobsoutsidethehome.Theyearnmoneythathelpstopaythefamilyfoodbills.Thehousewifenaturallyhaslesstimeandenergyforcookingafteraday’swork.Shewantstobuymanykindsoffoodthatcanbeputonherfamily’stableeasilyandquickly.Itappearsthattheanswertothequestionofrisingpricesisnotasimpleone.Producersconsumersandmiddlemenallsharetheresponsibilityforthesharpriseinfoodcosts.45. [A]Economistsdonotagreeonsomeofthepredictions.Theyalsodonotagreeonthevalueofdifferentdecisions.Someeconomistssupportaparticulardecisionwhileotherscriticizelt. [B]Howeversomeeconomistsbelievethatcontrolscanhavenegativeeffectsoveralongperiodoftime.Incitieswithrentcontrolthecitygovernmentsetsthemaximumrentthatalandlordcanchargeforanapartment. [C]WhothenisactuallyresponsibleforthesizeofthebillahousewifemustpaybeforeshecarriesthefoodhomefromthestoreTheeconomistsatFirstNationalCityBankhaveananswertogivehousewivesbutmanypeoplewillnotlikeit.Theseeconomistsblamethehousewifeherselfforthejumpinfoodprices.Theysaythatfoodcostsmorenowbecausewomendon’twanttospendmuchtimeinthekitchen.Womenprefertobuyfoodwhichhasalreadybeenpreparedbeforeitreachesthemarket. [D]"Ifthehousewifewantsallofthese"theeconomistssay"thatisherprivilegebutshemustbepreparedtopayfortheservicesofthosewhomakeherworkeasier." [E]Theyareamongthe"middlemen"whostandbetweenthefarmerandthepeoplewhobuyandeatthefood.Aremiddlementheonestoblameforrisingfoodprices [F]Thusaseconomistspointout"Someofthebasicreasonsforwideningfoodpricespreadsareeasilytraceabletotheincreasinguseofconveniencefoodswhichtransfermuchofthetimeandworkofmealpreparationfromthekitchentothefoodprocessor’splant." [G]Butfarmersclaimthatthisincreasewasverysmallcomparedtotheincreaseintheircostofliving.Farmerstendtoblameothersforthesharpriseinfoodprices. 45
Newspaperpublishersmakemoneymainlyfromsubscribersandadvertisers.It’sbeenthatwayforcenturies.Butinthelastfewyearsanimportantnewincomestreamhasopenedupfornewspapers.AmongthepioneersisTheGazetteCompanyinCedarRapidsIowawhichsince1993hasbeenprovidinginformationtoitsreadersdeliveredbybothpaperandincreasinglytheWeb."IfanewspaperviewsitselfasinkonpaperIdon’tthinkitwillsurvive"saysSteveHannahvicepresidentofinformationtechnology. 46Onlinenewspapersarealookintothefutureandjustponderingitraisesthequestionofwhetheritisn’tnicergettingyourdailynewscurledupinyourfavoritechairwithyourballpointpenhandytocircleitemsofinterestorscissorsreadytosnipoutarticlesyouwanttosave.TheGazetteCompanyisbettingitssubscriberswantbothelectronicandpaperoptionsandsofaritseemstoberight. TherestoftheworldismovingintocyberspacemoreslowlythantheUnitedStatesandinthedevelopingworldtheInternethashardlypenetratedatall.47UNSecretaryGeneralKofiAnnanisdeterminedtochangethisthroughtheUnitedNationsInformationTechnologyServicewhichwilltrainlargenumbersofpeopletotapintotheincome-enhancingpoweroftheInternet.AnnanisalsoproposinganInternethealthnetworkthatwillprovidestate-of-the-artmedicalknowledgeto10000clinicsandhospitalsinpoorcountries. TheonrushingCyberAgehasgivennewfoundpowertousallasseeninJodyWilliams’sone-womanorganizationusinge-mailtopromoteaglobalbanonlandmines.Yetthisisbutaglimpseofwhat’saheadinthemindsofthoseimmersedinthisgreatandacceleratingtransformation. 48AtMicrosoftBillGatespredictsthatby2018majornewspaperswill"publishtheirlastpapereditionsandmovesolelytoelectronicdistribution"andthatby2020dictionarieswillredefinebooksas"eBooktitlesreadonscreen". 49ComputershavemetamorphosedfromtheUniversityofPennsylvania’s1946ENIAC--whosemorethan17000vacuumtubeshadlessnumber-crunchingpowerthantoday’slaptop--intothumbnail-sizedcomputerchipscontaining42milliontransistors.WilliamVanDusenWishardpresidentofWorldTrendsResearchisconcerned.50InaspeechtotheIssueManagementCouncilinWashingtonD.C.henotedthat"researchersatCarnegieMellonUniversityciteatwo-yearstudyshowingdepressionandlonelinessappearingatgreaterlevelsinpeopleusingtheInternetthaninothersnotusingitornotusingitasmuch.<.u>ExtensiveexposuretothewiderworldviatheNetappearstomakepeoplelesssatisfiedwiththeirpersonallives". 48
Text3 Couldmoneycuresickhealth-caresystemsinBritainwhichwillbetheplacetolookforproofin2003.TheNationalHealthServiceNHSwhichoffersfreehealthcarefinancedbytaxesisreceivinganemergencyno-expense-sparedinjectionofcash.By2007totalhealthspendinginBritainwillreachover9%ofGDP--thesameshareFrancehadwhenitwasratedtheworld’sbesthealthservicebytheWorldHealthOrganizationin2000. TheLaborgovernment’sresponsewasnottoconductafundamentalreviewabouthowbesttoreformhealthcareforthe21stcentury.Ratheritconcludedthatshortageofmoneynottheformoffinancingorprovisionwasthemainproblem.In2002GordonBrownthepowerfulchancelloroftheexchequerusedareviewoftheNHS’sfuturefinancingrequirementstorejectalternativefundingmodelsthatwouldallowpatientstosignupwithcompetinginsurersandsoexercisegreatercontrolovertheirownhealthcare. AlanMilburnthehealthministerhasmadesometentativestepsbacktowardstheinternalmarketintroducedbytheConservativegovernment.Itmeansthatadozentop-rankinghospitalswillalsohavebeengivengreaterfreedomtoruntheirownaffairs.Howeverthesereformswillnotdeliverrealconsumerpowertopatients. AsaresultthereturnonthemoneypouringintotheNHSlookssettobedisappointinglymeager.Alreadythereareworryingsignsthatmuchofthecashcascadewillbesoakedupinhigherpayandshorterhoursforstaffandbearlittlerelationtoextraeffortproductivityandquality.Someimprovementswilloccurbutfarlessthanmightbeexpectedfromsuchafinancialwindfall. Health-caresystemsinthedevelopedworldshareacommonhistoryarguesDavidCutleratHarvardUniversity.Firstgovernmentsfoundedgenerousuniversalsystemsafterthesecondworldwar.Withfewcontrolsoverthedemandformedicalcareoritssupplycoststhenspiraledup.Startinginthe1980stherewasadrivetocontainexpenditureoftenthroughcrudeconstraintsonmedicalbudgetswhichrancountertorisingpatientexpectationsNowthisstrategyhasrunitscourse:athirdwaveofreformsisunderwaytoincreaseefficiencyandrestraindemandthroughcost-sharingbetweeninsurersandpatients.Viewedfromthisperspectivethegovernment’splantoshowercashonalargelyunreformedNHSlooksanomalous.ButbeforemorefundamentalchangecanbecontemplatedinBritaintheoldsystemmustbeshowntobeincapableofcurethroughmoney.Thisharshlessonislikelytobelearntasearlyas2003. IncontrasttoBritainFranceisfundingtheirmedicalcare
Text4 Duringthe1990sboomDellComputer’scustomersgothookedonspeed.Mostwerewillingtopayapremiumtohavetheircomputersshippedbyovernightairexpress.Buttodaytheequationhasflipped.Customersprizecostsavingsoverspeed."NowmostofourcomputersintheU.S.areshippedontheground--andwecanstillreachjustabouteveryonewithintwodays"saysFredMontoyaDell’svice-presidentforworldwidelogistics. Expressairshippingisn’tinadeathspiral.Butrecession-spookedconsumersandmanufacturersarelesswillingtopayforovernightdeliverywhichisthreetofivetimesmoreexpensivethangroundshipping.Evenwhentheypaysatisfactionisnotguaranteed.AfterSeptember11thsecurityscrutinyofairfreightcanresultinlongdelays-whichmeansroadsmayactuallybefaster.That’sanotherreasonwhythenumberofpackagesshippedbyairdomesticallyfell7.6%in2001.Andevenwiththerecoveryunderwayair-expressvolumeisforecasttoreboundbyjust3%thisyear."There’samassmigrationfromairtotrucks"saysJerryLevymarketingdirectorforairshipperBaxGlobalInc. Theindustry’sgiantsarereadytorollwiththechange.InthepastseveralyearsFe-dExandUPShaverebuilttheirgroundnetworksasaseriesofregionalhubsabletodelivermostpackagesovernightwithina700-mileradius."Nowwecanmoveapackageinthemostexpedientway-groundorairoracombinationofboth"saysTomWeidemeyerUPS’chiefoperatingofficerandpresidentofitsairlineunit.Newtechnologies--includingbarcodingsatellitetrackingonlinebillingandstatus--areeasingthetransition.Evenimpatientcustomersarewillingtodowithoutovernightdelivery"iftheyknowwhenashipmentwillarrive"notesBrianClancyaprincipalatindustryconsultantMerge-GlobalInc. ThegroundingofsomuchfreightissolidifyingtheleadofUPSandFedEx."We’reabletokeepbusinessinthefamilythatwemighthavelost"saysWilliamMargaritisFedEx’scorporatevice-presidentforworldwidecommunications.Hiscompanyhasinvested$700millioninanewground-deliverynetworkwhiledeferringthedeliveryof123aircraft.AndstrictnewsecurityrequirementshaveforcedthepassengerairlinestostopcarryingpackagesfortheU.S.PostalServicenotesRichardLungdirectorofrevenuemanagementatUnitedAirlinesInc.’scargounit.Andsmallshipperswhetherairortrucklackthecapitaltobuildhybridnetworks."Wegotcaughtwithourpantsdown"saysLevyofBaxGlobalwhichaddedaground-deliveryunitin2000.Slowandsteadyreallydoeswintherace. Asusedinthetexthybridnetworksarebestrelatedto
Text1 ShortlyafterdawnonFebruary17th2003theworld’smostambitiousroad-pricingexperimentwillstartinLondon.ThoughcordontollschemeshavebeenoperatinginNor-wayforyearsandSingaporehasanelectronicsystemnoonehasevertriedtochargemotoristsinacityofthesizeandcomplexityofLondon. Fordecadestransportplannershavebeendemandingthatmotoristsshouldpaydirectlyfortheuseofroads.Accordingtotheprofessionalsitistheonlywayofcivilizingcitiesandrestrainingthegrowthofinter-urbantraffic.Politicianshavemostlyturnedadeafearfearingthatchargingforsomethingwhatwaspreviouslyfreewasaquickroutetoelectoralsuicide.ButLondon’sinitiativesuggeststhatthepointwhereroadpricinghe-comesgenerallyacceptedasthemostefficientwaytorestraintrafficismuchnearerthanmostdriversrealize. ThemayorofLondonKenLivingstonehaspinnedhispoliticalreputationonthescheme’ssuccess.Ifitworkscitiesaroundtheworldwillrushtocopyit.Ifitfailshewillbejeeredfromofficewhenheseeksreelectionin2004.ButhowwillsuccessbejudgedThemayorclaimsthatcongestionchargingwillproduce£130minnetannualrevenuesreducetrafficincentralLondonby15%andreducetrafficdelaysbyaboutaquarter.Unfortunatelytheseambitioustargetsareunlikelytobemet. Forastartthelowlevelatwhichthechargehasbeensetowesmoretopoliticsthantrafficplanning.Itsimpactmodestincomparisonwiththealreadyhigh£4anhouron-streetparkingchargesintheareamaybelessthananticipated.Butmosttransportexpertsarecautiouslyoptimisticthatitwillhelpimprovethecapital’schaotictransportsystem.Asforthemayorhispoliticalprospectslookgood.ThosewhodrivecarsinthecenterofLondonduringthedayareatinyfractionofthemillionswhowalkorusepublictransporttogettowork. London’swillingnesstotaketheplungehasmovedcongestionchargingfromtherealmoftransportplannersintomainstreampolitics.Yetthelow-techsolutionithasadoptedhasbeenovertakenbymodernmicrowaveradiosystemsallowingcarstocommunicatewithroadsidechargingunits.ThenextgenerationoftechnologywilluseglobalpositioningsatellitesGPStotrackthepositionofvehicleswherevertheyareonasecond-to-secondbasis. Thebravenewworldofpayingasyougoisnotfaraway.Forthosewhodriveinruralareasthecostwillcomedown.Butformotoristswhospendmostoftheirtimeincongestedurbanareastravelisrightlygoingtobecomemuchmoreexpensive. Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthatintheworldtheschemeoftollingsystemsis
Text1 ShortlyafterdawnonFebruary17th2003theworld’smostambitiousroad-pricingexperimentwillstartinLondon.ThoughcordontollschemeshavebeenoperatinginNor-wayforyearsandSingaporehasanelectronicsystemnoonehasevertriedtochargemotoristsinacityofthesizeandcomplexityofLondon. Fordecadestransportplannershavebeendemandingthatmotoristsshouldpaydirectlyfortheuseofroads.Accordingtotheprofessionalsitistheonlywayofcivilizingcitiesandrestrainingthegrowthofinter-urbantraffic.Politicianshavemostlyturnedadeafearfearingthatchargingforsomethingwhatwaspreviouslyfreewasaquickroutetoelectoralsuicide.ButLondon’sinitiativesuggeststhatthepointwhereroadpricinghe-comesgenerallyacceptedasthemostefficientwaytorestraintrafficismuchnearerthanmostdriversrealize. ThemayorofLondonKenLivingstonehaspinnedhispoliticalreputationonthescheme’ssuccess.Ifitworkscitiesaroundtheworldwillrushtocopyit.Ifitfailshewillbejeeredfromofficewhenheseeksreelectionin2004.ButhowwillsuccessbejudgedThemayorclaimsthatcongestionchargingwillproduce£130minnetannualrevenuesreducetrafficincentralLondonby15%andreducetrafficdelaysbyaboutaquarter.Unfortunatelytheseambitioustargetsareunlikelytobemet. Forastartthelowlevelatwhichthechargehasbeensetowesmoretopoliticsthantrafficplanning.Itsimpactmodestincomparisonwiththealreadyhigh£4anhouron-streetparkingchargesintheareamaybelessthananticipated.Butmosttransportexpertsarecautiouslyoptimisticthatitwillhelpimprovethecapital’schaotictransportsystem.Asforthemayorhispoliticalprospectslookgood.ThosewhodrivecarsinthecenterofLondonduringthedayareatinyfractionofthemillionswhowalkorusepublictransporttogettowork. London’swillingnesstotaketheplungehasmovedcongestionchargingfromtherealmoftransportplannersintomainstreampolitics.Yetthelow-techsolutionithasadoptedhasbeenovertakenbymodernmicrowaveradiosystemsallowingcarstocommunicatewithroadsidechargingunits.ThenextgenerationoftechnologywilluseglobalpositioningsatellitesGPStotrackthepositionofvehicleswherevertheyareonasecond-to-secondbasis. Thebravenewworldofpayingasyougoisnotfaraway.Forthosewhodriveinruralareasthecostwillcomedown.Butformotoristswhospendmostoftheirtimeincongestedurbanareastravelisrightlygoingtobecomemuchmoreexpensive. ThebesttitleforSispassagemaybe
Cultureisthesumtotalofallthetraditionscustomsbeliefsandwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthis1everygrouphasaculturehoweverun-developedoruncivilizeditmayseemtous. Totheprofessionalanthropologistthereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofoneculture 2anotherjustastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsic3amongthedifferentlanguages. Peopleonce4thelanguagesofbackwardgroupsassavageundeveloped 5ofspeechconsistinglargelyofgruntsandgroans.6itispossiblethatlanguage7beganasaseriesofgruntsandgroansitisafactestablishedbythestudyof"backward"languages8nospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesof9groupsarebyourmostseverestandardsextremely 10delicateandingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.They11behindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructureswhichusuallyarefullyadequateforalllanguageneeds12onlyintheirvocabularieswhichreflecttheirspeakers’social13 Eveninthisdepartment14twothingsaretobenoted:1Alllanguagesseemto15themachineryforvocabularyexpansioneitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistence16byborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.2Theobjectsandactivitiesrequiringnamesand17in"backward"languageswhiledifferentfromoursareoften18numerousandcomplicated.AWesternlanguagesdistinguishesmerelybetweentwodegreesofremoteness"this"and"that";somelanguagesoftheAmericanIndiansdistinguishbetweenwhatisclosetothespeakerortotheperson19andwhatisremovedfrombothoroutofsightorinthepastorinthefuture. Thisstudyoflanguageinturn20anewlightupontheclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturesaretobeviewedindependentlyandwithoutideasofrank. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Cultureisthesumtotalofallthetraditionscustomsbeliefsandwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthis1everygrouphasaculturehoweverun-developedoruncivilizeditmayseemtous. Totheprofessionalanthropologistthereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofoneculture 2anotherjustastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsic3amongthedifferentlanguages. Peopleonce4thelanguagesofbackwardgroupsassavageundeveloped 5ofspeechconsistinglargelyofgruntsandgroans.6itispossiblethatlanguage7beganasaseriesofgruntsandgroansitisafactestablishedbythestudyof"backward"languages8nospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesof9groupsarebyourmostseverestandardsextremely 10delicateandingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.They11behindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructureswhichusuallyarefullyadequateforalllanguageneeds12onlyintheirvocabularieswhichreflecttheirspeakers’social13 Eveninthisdepartment14twothingsaretobenoted:1Alllanguagesseemto15themachineryforvocabularyexpansioneitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistence16byborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.2Theobjectsandactivitiesrequiringnamesand17in"backward"languageswhiledifferentfromoursareoften18numerousandcomplicated.AWesternlanguagesdistinguishesmerelybetweentwodegreesofremoteness"this"and"that";somelanguagesoftheAmericanIndiansdistinguishbetweenwhatisclosetothespeakerortotheperson19andwhatisremovedfrombothoroutofsightorinthepastorinthefuture. Thisstudyoflanguageinturn20anewlightupontheclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturesaretobeviewedindependentlyandwithoutideasofrank. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Newspaperpublishersmakemoneymainlyfromsubscribersandadvertisers.It’sbeenthatwayforcenturies.Butinthelastfewyearsanimportantnewincomestreamhasopenedupfornewspapers.AmongthepioneersisTheGazetteCompanyinCedarRapidsIowawhichsince1993hasbeenprovidinginformationtoitsreadersdeliveredbybothpaperandincreasinglytheWeb."IfanewspaperviewsitselfasinkonpaperIdon’tthinkitwillsurvive"saysSteveHannahvicepresidentofinformationtechnology. 46Onlinenewspapersarealookintothefutureandjustponderingitraisesthequestionofwhetheritisn’tnicergettingyourdailynewscurledupinyourfavoritechairwithyourballpointpenhandytocircleitemsofinterestorscissorsreadytosnipoutarticlesyouwanttosave.TheGazetteCompanyisbettingitssubscriberswantbothelectronicandpaperoptionsandsofaritseemstoberight. TherestoftheworldismovingintocyberspacemoreslowlythantheUnitedStatesandinthedevelopingworldtheInternethashardlypenetratedatall.47UNSecretaryGeneralKofiAnnanisdeterminedtochangethisthroughtheUnitedNationsInformationTechnologyServicewhichwilltrainlargenumbersofpeopletotapintotheincome-enhancingpoweroftheInternet.AnnanisalsoproposinganInternethealthnetworkthatwillprovidestate-of-the-artmedicalknowledgeto10000clinicsandhospitalsinpoorcountries. TheonrushingCyberAgehasgivennewfoundpowertousallasseeninJodyWilliams’sone-womanorganizationusinge-mailtopromoteaglobalbanonlandmines.Yetthisisbutaglimpseofwhat’saheadinthemindsofthoseimmersedinthisgreatandacceleratingtransformation. 48AtMicrosoftBillGatespredictsthatby2018majornewspaperswill"publishtheirlastpapereditionsandmovesolelytoelectronicdistribution"andthatby2020dictionarieswillredefinebooksas"eBooktitlesreadonscreen". 49ComputershavemetamorphosedfromtheUniversityofPennsylvania’s1946ENIAC--whosemorethan17000vacuumtubeshadlessnumber-crunchingpowerthantoday’slaptop--intothumbnail-sizedcomputerchipscontaining42milliontransistors.WilliamVanDusenWishardpresidentofWorldTrendsResearchisconcerned.50InaspeechtotheIssueManagementCouncilinWashingtonD.C.henotedthat"researchersatCarnegieMellonUniversityciteatwo-yearstudyshowingdepressionandlonelinessappearingatgreaterlevelsinpeopleusingtheInternetthaninothersnotusingitornotusingitasmuch.<.u>ExtensiveexposuretothewiderworldviatheNetappearstomakepeoplelesssatisfiedwiththeirpersonallives". 50
Cultureisthesumtotalofallthetraditionscustomsbeliefsandwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthis1everygrouphasaculturehoweverun-developedoruncivilizeditmayseemtous. Totheprofessionalanthropologistthereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofoneculture 2anotherjustastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsic3amongthedifferentlanguages. Peopleonce4thelanguagesofbackwardgroupsassavageundeveloped 5ofspeechconsistinglargelyofgruntsandgroans.6itispossiblethatlanguage7beganasaseriesofgruntsandgroansitisafactestablishedbythestudyof"backward"languages8nospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesof9groupsarebyourmostseverestandardsextremely 10delicateandingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.They11behindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructureswhichusuallyarefullyadequateforalllanguageneeds12onlyintheirvocabularieswhichreflecttheirspeakers’social13 Eveninthisdepartment14twothingsaretobenoted:1Alllanguagesseemto15themachineryforvocabularyexpansioneitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistence16byborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.2Theobjectsandactivitiesrequiringnamesand17in"backward"languageswhiledifferentfromoursareoften18numerousandcomplicated.AWesternlanguagesdistinguishesmerelybetweentwodegreesofremoteness"this"and"that";somelanguagesoftheAmericanIndiansdistinguishbetweenwhatisclosetothespeakerortotheperson19andwhatisremovedfrombothoroutofsightorinthepastorinthefuture. Thisstudyoflanguageinturn20anewlightupontheclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturesaretobeviewedindependentlyandwithoutideasofrank. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Cultureisthesumtotalofallthetraditionscustomsbeliefsandwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthis1everygrouphasaculturehoweverun-developedoruncivilizeditmayseemtous. Totheprofessionalanthropologistthereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofoneculture 2anotherjustastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsic3amongthedifferentlanguages. Peopleonce4thelanguagesofbackwardgroupsassavageundeveloped 5ofspeechconsistinglargelyofgruntsandgroans.6itispossiblethatlanguage7beganasaseriesofgruntsandgroansitisafactestablishedbythestudyof"backward"languages8nospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesof9groupsarebyourmostseverestandardsextremely 10delicateandingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.They11behindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructureswhichusuallyarefullyadequateforalllanguageneeds12onlyintheirvocabularieswhichreflecttheirspeakers’social13 Eveninthisdepartment14twothingsaretobenoted:1Alllanguagesseemto15themachineryforvocabularyexpansioneitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistence16byborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.2Theobjectsandactivitiesrequiringnamesand17in"backward"languageswhiledifferentfromoursareoften18numerousandcomplicated.AWesternlanguagesdistinguishesmerelybetweentwodegreesofremoteness"this"and"that";somelanguagesoftheAmericanIndiansdistinguishbetweenwhatisclosetothespeakerortotheperson19andwhatisremovedfrombothoroutofsightorinthepastorinthefuture. Thisstudyoflanguageinturn20anewlightupontheclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturesaretobeviewedindependentlyandwithoutideasofrank. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Languagetheprincipalmeansusedbyhumanbeingstocommunicatewithoneanother.Languageisprimarilyspokenalthoughitcanbetransferredtoothermediasuchaswriting.Ifthespokenmeansofcommunicationisunavailableasmaybethecaseamongthedeafvisualmeanssuchassignlanguagecanbeused.Aprominentcharacteristicoflanguageisthattherelationbetweenalinguisticsignanditsmeaningisarbitrary. 41LanguageandLanguageAbilities Languagecanbeusedtodiscussawiderangeoftopicsacharacteristicthatdistinguishesitfromanimalcommunication.Thedancesofhoneybeesforexamplecanbeusedonlytocommunicatethelocationoffoodsources. 42TheSoundsofLanguage Becausemostlanguagesareprimarilyspokenanimportantpartoftheoverallunderstandingoflanguageinvolvesthestudyofthesoundsoflanguage. Mostsoundsintheworld’slanguages--andallsoundsinsomelanguagessuchasEnglish--areproducedbyexpellingairfromthelungsandmodifyingthevocaltractbetweenthelarynxandthelips. 43UnitsofMeaning Whilemanypeopleinfluencedbywritingtendtothinkofwordsasthebasicunitsofgrammaticalstructurelinguistsrecognizeasmallerunitthemorpheme.Thewordcatsforinstanceconsistsoftwoelementsormorphemes:catthemeaningofwhichcanberoughlycharacterizedas"felineanimal"and-sthemeaningofwhichcanberoughlycharacterizedas"morethanone". 44WordOrderandSentenceStructure Syntaxisthestudyofhowwordscombinetomakesentences.Theorderofwordsinsentencesvariesfromlanguagetolanguage.English-languagesyntaxforinstancegenerallyfollowsasubject-verb-objectorderasinthesentence"Thedogsubjectbitverbthemanobject".Thesentence"Thedogthemanbit"isnotacorrectconstructioninEnglishandthesentence"Themanbitthedog"hasaverydifferentmeaning.IncontrastJapanesehasabasicwordorderofsubject-objectverbasin"watakushi-wahon-okau"whichliterallytranslatesto"Ibookbuy". 45MeaninginLanguage Whilethefieldsoflanguagestudymentionedabovedealprimarilywiththeformoflinguisticelementssemanticsisthefieldofstudythatdealswiththemeaningoftheseelements.Aprominentpartofsemanticsdealswiththemeaningofindividualmorphemes. [A]Forinstancethesoundprequirescompleteclosureofthelipssothataircomingfromthelungsbuildsuppressureinthemouthgivingrisetothecharacteristicpoppingsoundwhenthelipclosureisreleased.ThesoundusedbyEnglishspeakerstoexpressannoyanceoftenspelledtskortutusesairtrappedinthespacebetweenthefrontofthetonguethebackofthetongueandthepalate. [B]Semanticsalsoinvolvesstudyingthemeaningoftheconstructionsthatlinkmorphemestoformphrasesandsentences.Forinstancethesentences"Thedogbittheman"and"Themanbitthedog"containexactlythesamemorphemesbuttheyhavedifferentmeanings.Thisisbecausethemorphemesenterintodifferentconstructionsineachsentencereflectedinthedifferentwordordersofthetwosentences. [C]Whilethelanguage-learningabilitiesofapeshavesurprisedmanyandtherecontinuestobecontroversyoverthepreciselimitsoftheseabilities--scientistsandscholarsgenerallyagreethatapesdonotprogressbeyondthelinguisticabilitiesofatwoyear-oldchild. [D]First-languageacquisitionisacomplexprocessthatlinguistsonlypartiallyunderstand.Youngchildrenhavecertaininnatecharacteristicsthatpredisposethemtolearnlanguage.Thesecharacteristicsincludethestructureofthevocaltractwhichenableschildrentomakethesoundsusedinlanguageandtheabilitytounderstandanumberofgeneralgrammaticalprinciplessuchasthehierarchicalnatureofsyntax. [E]Hixkaryanaspokenbyabout400peopleonatributaryoftheAmazonRiverinBrazilhasabasicwordorderofobject-verb-subject.Thesentence"toroyahosyekamara"whichliterallytranslatesto"Mangrabbedjaguar"actuallymeansthatthejaguargrabbedthemannotthatthemangrabbedthejaguar. [F]Thestudyofthesesmallestgrammaticalunitsandthewaysinwhichtheycombineintowordsiscalledmorphology. 44
Text3 Couldmoneycuresickhealth-caresystemsinBritainwhichwillbetheplacetolookforproofin2003.TheNationalHealthServiceNHSwhichoffersfreehealthcarefinancedbytaxesisreceivinganemergencyno-expense-sparedinjectionofcash.By2007totalhealthspendinginBritainwillreachover9%ofGDP--thesameshareFrancehadwhenitwasratedtheworld’sbesthealthservicebytheWorldHealthOrganizationin2000. TheLaborgovernment’sresponsewasnottoconductafundamentalreviewabouthowbesttoreformhealthcareforthe21stcentury.Ratheritconcludedthatshortageofmoneynottheformoffinancingorprovisionwasthemainproblem.In2002GordonBrownthepowerfulchancelloroftheexchequerusedareviewoftheNHS’sfuturefinancingrequirementstorejectalternativefundingmodelsthatwouldallowpatientstosignupwithcompetinginsurersandsoexercisegreatercontrolovertheirownhealthcare. AlanMilburnthehealthministerhasmadesometentativestepsbacktowardstheinternalmarketintroducedbytheConservativegovernment.Itmeansthatadozentop-rankinghospitalswillalsohavebeengivengreaterfreedomtoruntheirownaffairs.Howeverthesereformswillnotdeliverrealconsumerpowertopatients. AsaresultthereturnonthemoneypouringintotheNHSlookssettobedisappointinglymeager.Alreadythereareworryingsignsthatmuchofthecashcascadewillbesoakedupinhigherpayandshorterhoursforstaffandbearlittlerelationtoextraeffortproductivityandquality.Someimprovementswilloccurbutfarlessthanmightbeexpectedfromsuchafinancialwindfall. Health-caresystemsinthedevelopedworldshareacommonhistoryarguesDavidCutleratHarvardUniversity.Firstgovernmentsfoundedgenerousuniversalsystemsafterthesecondworldwar.Withfewcontrolsoverthedemandformedicalcareoritssupplycoststhenspiraledup.Startinginthe1980stherewasadrivetocontainexpenditureoftenthroughcrudeconstraintsonmedicalbudgetswhichrancountertorisingpatientexpectationsNowthisstrategyhasrunitscourse:athirdwaveofreformsisunderwaytoincreaseefficiencyandrestraindemandthroughcost-sharingbetweeninsurersandpatients.Viewedfromthisperspectivethegovernment’splantoshowercashonalargelyunreformedNHSlooksanomalous.ButbeforemorefundamentalchangecanbecontemplatedinBritaintheoldsystemmustbeshowntobeincapableofcurethroughmoney.Thisharshlessonislikelytobelearntasearlyas2003. Thebasicproblemofhealth-caresystemsinBritainaspointedoutbythewriterseemstoliein
In1959theaverageAmericanfamilypaid$989forayear’ssupplyoffood.In1972thefamilypaid$1311.Thatwasapriceincreaseofnearlyone-third.Everyfamilyhashadthissortofexperience.Everyoneagreesthatthecostoffeedingafamilyhasrisensharply.Butthereislessagreementwhenreasonsfortherisearebeingdiscussed.WhoisreallyresponsibleManyblamethefarmerswhoproducethevegetablesfruitmeateggsandcheesethatstoresofferforsale.AccordingtotheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculturethefarmer’sshareofthe$1311spentbythefamilyin1972was$521.Thiswas31percentmorethanthefarmerhadreceivedin1959. 41____________.Theyparticularlyblamethosewhoprocessthefarmproductsaftertheproductsleavethefarm.Theseincludetruckdriversmeatpackersmanufacturersofpackagesandotherfoodcontainersandtheownersofstoreswherefoodissold. 42____________. Ofthe$1311familyfoodbillin1972middlemenreceived$790whichwas33percentmorethantheyhadreceivedin1959.Itappearsthatthemiddlemen’sprofithasincreasedmorethanfarmer’s.Butsomeeconomistsclaimthatthemiddlemen’sactualprofitwasverylow.AccordingtoeconomistsattheFirstNationalCityBanktheprofitformeatpackersandfoodstoresamountedtolessthanonepercent.Duringthesameperiodallothermanufacturersweremakingaprofitofmorethan5percent.Bycomparisonwithothermembersoftheeconomicsystembothfarmersandmiddlemenhaveprofitedsurprisinglylittlefromtheriseinfoodprices. 43____________.Vegetablesandchickencostmorewhentheyhavebeencutintopiecesbysomeoneotherthantheonewhobuysit.Afamilyshouldexpecttopaymorewhenseveral"TVdinners"aretakenhomefromthestore.Thesearefullycookedmealsconsistingofmeatvegetablesandsometimesdesertallarrangedonametaldish.Thedishisputintotheovenandheatedwhilethehousewifeisdoingsomethingelse.Suchaconveniencecostsmoney.44____________. Economistsremindusthatmanymodernhousewiveshavejobsoutsidethehome.Theyearnmoneythathelpstopaythefamilyfoodbills.Thehousewifenaturallyhaslesstimeandenergyforcookingafteraday’swork.Shewantstobuymanykindsoffoodthatcanbeputonherfamily’stableeasilyandquickly.Itappearsthattheanswertothequestionofrisingpricesisnotasimpleone.Producersconsumersandmiddlemenallsharetheresponsibilityforthesharpriseinfoodcosts.45. [A]Economistsdonotagreeonsomeofthepredictions.Theyalsodonotagreeonthevalueofdifferentdecisions.Someeconomistssupportaparticulardecisionwhileotherscriticizelt. [B]Howeversomeeconomistsbelievethatcontrolscanhavenegativeeffectsoveralongperiodoftime.Incitieswithrentcontrolthecitygovernmentsetsthemaximumrentthatalandlordcanchargeforanapartment. [C]WhothenisactuallyresponsibleforthesizeofthebillahousewifemustpaybeforeshecarriesthefoodhomefromthestoreTheeconomistsatFirstNationalCityBankhaveananswertogivehousewivesbutmanypeoplewillnotlikeit.Theseeconomistsblamethehousewifeherselfforthejumpinfoodprices.Theysaythatfoodcostsmorenowbecausewomendon’twanttospendmuchtimeinthekitchen.Womenprefertobuyfoodwhichhasalreadybeenpreparedbeforeitreachesthemarket. [D]"Ifthehousewifewantsallofthese"theeconomistssay"thatisherprivilegebutshemustbepreparedtopayfortheservicesofthosewhomakeherworkeasier." [E]Theyareamongthe"middlemen"whostandbetweenthefarmerandthepeoplewhobuyandeatthefood.Aremiddlementheonestoblameforrisingfoodprices [F]Thusaseconomistspointout"Someofthebasicreasonsforwideningfoodpricespreadsareeasilytraceabletotheincreasinguseofconveniencefoodswhichtransfermuchofthetimeandworkofmealpreparationfromthekitchentothefoodprocessor’splant." [G]Butfarmersclaimthatthisincreasewasverysmallcomparedtotheincreaseintheircostofliving.Farmerstendtoblameothersforthesharpriseinfoodprices. 43
In1959theaverageAmericanfamilypaid$989forayear’ssupplyoffood.In1972thefamilypaid$1311.Thatwasapriceincreaseofnearlyone-third.Everyfamilyhashadthissortofexperience.Everyoneagreesthatthecostoffeedingafamilyhasrisensharply.Butthereislessagreementwhenreasonsfortherisearebeingdiscussed.WhoisreallyresponsibleManyblamethefarmerswhoproducethevegetablesfruitmeateggsandcheesethatstoresofferforsale.AccordingtotheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculturethefarmer’sshareofthe$1311spentbythefamilyin1972was$521.Thiswas31percentmorethanthefarmerhadreceivedin1959. 41____________.Theyparticularlyblamethosewhoprocessthefarmproductsaftertheproductsleavethefarm.Theseincludetruckdriversmeatpackersmanufacturersofpackagesandotherfoodcontainersandtheownersofstoreswherefoodissold. 42____________. Ofthe$1311familyfoodbillin1972middlemenreceived$790whichwas33percentmorethantheyhadreceivedin1959.Itappearsthatthemiddlemen’sprofithasincreasedmorethanfarmer’s.Butsomeeconomistsclaimthatthemiddlemen’sactualprofitwasverylow.AccordingtoeconomistsattheFirstNationalCityBanktheprofitformeatpackersandfoodstoresamountedtolessthanonepercent.Duringthesameperiodallothermanufacturersweremakingaprofitofmorethan5percent.Bycomparisonwithothermembersoftheeconomicsystembothfarmersandmiddlemenhaveprofitedsurprisinglylittlefromtheriseinfoodprices. 43____________.Vegetablesandchickencostmorewhentheyhavebeencutintopiecesbysomeoneotherthantheonewhobuysit.Afamilyshouldexpecttopaymorewhenseveral"TVdinners"aretakenhomefromthestore.Thesearefullycookedmealsconsistingofmeatvegetablesandsometimesdesertallarrangedonametaldish.Thedishisputintotheovenandheatedwhilethehousewifeisdoingsomethingelse.Suchaconveniencecostsmoney.44____________. Economistsremindusthatmanymodernhousewiveshavejobsoutsidethehome.Theyearnmoneythathelpstopaythefamilyfoodbills.Thehousewifenaturallyhaslesstimeandenergyforcookingafteraday’swork.Shewantstobuymanykindsoffoodthatcanbeputonherfamily’stableeasilyandquickly.Itappearsthattheanswertothequestionofrisingpricesisnotasimpleone.Producersconsumersandmiddlemenallsharetheresponsibilityforthesharpriseinfoodcosts.45. [A]Economistsdonotagreeonsomeofthepredictions.Theyalsodonotagreeonthevalueofdifferentdecisions.Someeconomistssupportaparticulardecisionwhileotherscriticizelt. [B]Howeversomeeconomistsbelievethatcontrolscanhavenegativeeffectsoveralongperiodoftime.Incitieswithrentcontrolthecitygovernmentsetsthemaximumrentthatalandlordcanchargeforanapartment. [C]WhothenisactuallyresponsibleforthesizeofthebillahousewifemustpaybeforeshecarriesthefoodhomefromthestoreTheeconomistsatFirstNationalCityBankhaveananswertogivehousewivesbutmanypeoplewillnotlikeit.Theseeconomistsblamethehousewifeherselfforthejumpinfoodprices.Theysaythatfoodcostsmorenowbecausewomendon’twanttospendmuchtimeinthekitchen.Womenprefertobuyfoodwhichhasalreadybeenpreparedbeforeitreachesthemarket. [D]"Ifthehousewifewantsallofthese"theeconomistssay"thatisherprivilegebutshemustbepreparedtopayfortheservicesofthosewhomakeherworkeasier." [E]Theyareamongthe"middlemen"whostandbetweenthefarmerandthepeoplewhobuyandeatthefood.Aremiddlementheonestoblameforrisingfoodprices [F]Thusaseconomistspointout"Someofthebasicreasonsforwideningfoodpricespreadsareeasilytraceabletotheincreasinguseofconveniencefoodswhichtransfermuchofthetimeandworkofmealpreparationfromthekitchentothefoodprocessor’splant." [G]Butfarmersclaimthatthisincreasewasverysmallcomparedtotheincreaseintheircostofliving.Farmerstendtoblameothersforthesharpriseinfoodprices. 41
Cultureisthesumtotalofallthetraditionscustomsbeliefsandwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthis1everygrouphasaculturehoweverun-developedoruncivilizeditmayseemtous. Totheprofessionalanthropologistthereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofoneculture 2anotherjustastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsic3amongthedifferentlanguages. Peopleonce4thelanguagesofbackwardgroupsassavageundeveloped 5ofspeechconsistinglargelyofgruntsandgroans.6itispossiblethatlanguage7beganasaseriesofgruntsandgroansitisafactestablishedbythestudyof"backward"languages8nospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesof9groupsarebyourmostseverestandardsextremely 10delicateandingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.They11behindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructureswhichusuallyarefullyadequateforalllanguageneeds12onlyintheirvocabularieswhichreflecttheirspeakers’social13 Eveninthisdepartment14twothingsaretobenoted:1Alllanguagesseemto15themachineryforvocabularyexpansioneitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistence16byborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.2Theobjectsandactivitiesrequiringnamesand17in"backward"languageswhiledifferentfromoursareoften18numerousandcomplicated.AWesternlanguagesdistinguishesmerelybetweentwodegreesofremoteness"this"and"that";somelanguagesoftheAmericanIndiansdistinguishbetweenwhatisclosetothespeakerortotheperson19andwhatisremovedfrombothoroutofsightorinthepastorinthefuture. Thisstudyoflanguageinturn20anewlightupontheclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturesaretobeviewedindependentlyandwithoutideasofrank. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Text4 Duringthe1990sboomDellComputer’scustomersgothookedonspeed.Mostwerewillingtopayapremiumtohavetheircomputersshippedbyovernightairexpress.Buttodaytheequationhasflipped.Customersprizecostsavingsoverspeed."NowmostofourcomputersintheU.S.areshippedontheground--andwecanstillreachjustabouteveryonewithintwodays"saysFredMontoyaDell’svice-presidentforworldwidelogistics. Expressairshippingisn’tinadeathspiral.Butrecession-spookedconsumersandmanufacturersarelesswillingtopayforovernightdeliverywhichisthreetofivetimesmoreexpensivethangroundshipping.Evenwhentheypaysatisfactionisnotguaranteed.AfterSeptember11thsecurityscrutinyofairfreightcanresultinlongdelays-whichmeansroadsmayactuallybefaster.That’sanotherreasonwhythenumberofpackagesshippedbyairdomesticallyfell7.6%in2001.Andevenwiththerecoveryunderwayair-expressvolumeisforecasttoreboundbyjust3%thisyear."There’samassmigrationfromairtotrucks"saysJerryLevymarketingdirectorforairshipperBaxGlobalInc. Theindustry’sgiantsarereadytorollwiththechange.InthepastseveralyearsFe-dExandUPShaverebuilttheirgroundnetworksasaseriesofregionalhubsabletodelivermostpackagesovernightwithina700-mileradius."Nowwecanmoveapackageinthemostexpedientway-groundorairoracombinationofboth"saysTomWeidemeyerUPS’chiefoperatingofficerandpresidentofitsairlineunit.Newtechnologies--includingbarcodingsatellitetrackingonlinebillingandstatus--areeasingthetransition.Evenimpatientcustomersarewillingtodowithoutovernightdelivery"iftheyknowwhenashipmentwillarrive"notesBrianClancyaprincipalatindustryconsultantMerge-GlobalInc. ThegroundingofsomuchfreightissolidifyingtheleadofUPSandFedEx."We’reabletokeepbusinessinthefamilythatwemighthavelost"saysWilliamMargaritisFedEx’scorporatevice-presidentforworldwidecommunications.Hiscompanyhasinvested$700millioninanewground-deliverynetworkwhiledeferringthedeliveryof123aircraft.AndstrictnewsecurityrequirementshaveforcedthepassengerairlinestostopcarryingpackagesfortheU.S.PostalServicenotesRichardLungdirectorofrevenuemanagementatUnitedAirlinesInc.’scargounit.Andsmallshipperswhetherairortrucklackthecapitaltobuildhybridnetworks."Wegotcaughtwithourpantsdown"saysLevyofBaxGlobalwhichaddedaground-deliveryunitin2000.Slowandsteadyreallydoeswintherace. Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage
Text3 Couldmoneycuresickhealth-caresystemsinBritainwhichwillbetheplacetolookforproofin2003.TheNationalHealthServiceNHSwhichoffersfreehealthcarefinancedbytaxesisreceivinganemergencyno-expense-sparedinjectionofcash.By2007totalhealthspendinginBritainwillreachover9%ofGDP--thesameshareFrancehadwhenitwasratedtheworld’sbesthealthservicebytheWorldHealthOrganizationin2000. TheLaborgovernment’sresponsewasnottoconductafundamentalreviewabouthowbesttoreformhealthcareforthe21stcentury.Ratheritconcludedthatshortageofmoneynottheformoffinancingorprovisionwasthemainproblem.In2002GordonBrownthepowerfulchancelloroftheexchequerusedareviewoftheNHS’sfuturefinancingrequirementstorejectalternativefundingmodelsthatwouldallowpatientstosignupwithcompetinginsurersandsoexercisegreatercontrolovertheirownhealthcare. AlanMilburnthehealthministerhasmadesometentativestepsbacktowardstheinternalmarketintroducedbytheConservativegovernment.Itmeansthatadozentop-rankinghospitalswillalsohavebeengivengreaterfreedomtoruntheirownaffairs.Howeverthesereformswillnotdeliverrealconsumerpowertopatients. AsaresultthereturnonthemoneypouringintotheNHSlookssettobedisappointinglymeager.Alreadythereareworryingsignsthatmuchofthecashcascadewillbesoakedupinhigherpayandshorterhoursforstaffandbearlittlerelationtoextraeffortproductivityandquality.Someimprovementswilloccurbutfarlessthanmightbeexpectedfromsuchafinancialwindfall. Health-caresystemsinthedevelopedworldshareacommonhistoryarguesDavidCutleratHarvardUniversity.Firstgovernmentsfoundedgenerousuniversalsystemsafterthesecondworldwar.Withfewcontrolsoverthedemandformedicalcareoritssupplycoststhenspiraledup.Startinginthe1980stherewasadrivetocontainexpenditureoftenthroughcrudeconstraintsonmedicalbudgetswhichrancountertorisingpatientexpectationsNowthisstrategyhasrunitscourse:athirdwaveofreformsisunderwaytoincreaseefficiencyandrestraindemandthroughcost-sharingbetweeninsurersandpatients.Viewedfromthisperspectivethegovernment’splantoshowercashonalargelyunreformedNHSlooksanomalous.ButbeforemorefundamentalchangecanbecontemplatedinBritaintheoldsystemmustbeshowntobeincapableofcurethroughmoney.Thisharshlessonislikelytobelearntasearlyas2003. TheproposedalternativefundingmodelsParagraph2mightbemoreclearlybasedon
Text1 ShortlyafterdawnonFebruary17th2003theworld’smostambitiousroad-pricingexperimentwillstartinLondon.ThoughcordontollschemeshavebeenoperatinginNor-wayforyearsandSingaporehasanelectronicsystemnoonehasevertriedtochargemotoristsinacityofthesizeandcomplexityofLondon. Fordecadestransportplannershavebeendemandingthatmotoristsshouldpaydirectlyfortheuseofroads.Accordingtotheprofessionalsitistheonlywayofcivilizingcitiesandrestrainingthegrowthofinter-urbantraffic.Politicianshavemostlyturnedadeafearfearingthatchargingforsomethingwhatwaspreviouslyfreewasaquickroutetoelectoralsuicide.ButLondon’sinitiativesuggeststhatthepointwhereroadpricinghe-comesgenerallyacceptedasthemostefficientwaytorestraintrafficismuchnearerthanmostdriversrealize. ThemayorofLondonKenLivingstonehaspinnedhispoliticalreputationonthescheme’ssuccess.Ifitworkscitiesaroundtheworldwillrushtocopyit.Ifitfailshewillbejeeredfromofficewhenheseeksreelectionin2004.ButhowwillsuccessbejudgedThemayorclaimsthatcongestionchargingwillproduce£130minnetannualrevenuesreducetrafficincentralLondonby15%andreducetrafficdelaysbyaboutaquarter.Unfortunatelytheseambitioustargetsareunlikelytobemet. Forastartthelowlevelatwhichthechargehasbeensetowesmoretopoliticsthantrafficplanning.Itsimpactmodestincomparisonwiththealreadyhigh£4anhouron-streetparkingchargesintheareamaybelessthananticipated.Butmosttransportexpertsarecautiouslyoptimisticthatitwillhelpimprovethecapital’schaotictransportsystem.Asforthemayorhispoliticalprospectslookgood.ThosewhodrivecarsinthecenterofLondonduringthedayareatinyfractionofthemillionswhowalkorusepublictransporttogettowork. London’swillingnesstotaketheplungehasmovedcongestionchargingfromtherealmoftransportplannersintomainstreampolitics.Yetthelow-techsolutionithasadoptedhasbeenovertakenbymodernmicrowaveradiosystemsallowingcarstocommunicatewithroadsidechargingunits.ThenextgenerationoftechnologywilluseglobalpositioningsatellitesGPStotrackthepositionofvehicleswherevertheyareonasecond-to-secondbasis. Thebravenewworldofpayingasyougoisnotfaraway.Forthosewhodriveinruralareasthecostwillcomedown.Butformotoristswhospendmostoftheirtimeincongestedurbanareastravelisrightlygoingtobecomemuchmoreexpensive. ThebesttitleforSispassagemaybe
Text1 ShortlyafterdawnonFebruary17th2003theworld’smostambitiousroad-pricingexperimentwillstartinLondon.ThoughcordontollschemeshavebeenoperatinginNor-wayforyearsandSingaporehasanelectronicsystemnoonehasevertriedtochargemotoristsinacityofthesizeandcomplexityofLondon. Fordecadestransportplannershavebeendemandingthatmotoristsshouldpaydirectlyfortheuseofroads.Accordingtotheprofessionalsitistheonlywayofcivilizingcitiesandrestrainingthegrowthofinter-urbantraffic.Politicianshavemostlyturnedadeafearfearingthatchargingforsomethingwhatwaspreviouslyfreewasaquickroutetoelectoralsuicide.ButLondon’sinitiativesuggeststhatthepointwhereroadpricinghe-comesgenerallyacceptedasthemostefficientwaytorestraintrafficismuchnearerthanmostdriversrealize. ThemayorofLondonKenLivingstonehaspinnedhispoliticalreputationonthescheme’ssuccess.Ifitworkscitiesaroundtheworldwillrushtocopyit.Ifitfailshewillbejeeredfromofficewhenheseeksreelectionin2004.ButhowwillsuccessbejudgedThemayorclaimsthatcongestionchargingwillproduce£130minnetannualrevenuesreducetrafficincentralLondonby15%andreducetrafficdelaysbyaboutaquarter.Unfortunatelytheseambitioustargetsareunlikelytobemet. Forastartthelowlevelatwhichthechargehasbeensetowesmoretopoliticsthantrafficplanning.Itsimpactmodestincomparisonwiththealreadyhigh£4anhouron-streetparkingchargesintheareamaybelessthananticipated.Butmosttransportexpertsarecautiouslyoptimisticthatitwillhelpimprovethecapital’schaotictransportsystem.Asforthemayorhispoliticalprospectslookgood.ThosewhodrivecarsinthecenterofLondonduringthedayareatinyfractionofthemillionswhowalkorusepublictransporttogettowork. London’swillingnesstotaketheplungehasmovedcongestionchargingfromtherealmoftransportplannersintomainstreampolitics.Yetthelow-techsolutionithasadoptedhasbeenovertakenbymodernmicrowaveradiosystemsallowingcarstocommunicatewithroadsidechargingunits.ThenextgenerationoftechnologywilluseglobalpositioningsatellitesGPStotrackthepositionofvehicleswherevertheyareonasecond-to-secondbasis. Thebravenewworldofpayingasyougoisnotfaraway.Forthosewhodriveinruralareasthecostwillcomedown.Butformotoristswhospendmostoftheirtimeincongestedurbanareastravelisrightlygoingtobecomemuchmoreexpensive. Welearnfromthetextthattrafficplannersaremoreconcernedabout
Directions: InthispartyouarerequiredtowriteanessayonSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY--ABLESSINGORACURSE Youressayshouldbebasedontheinformationgivenbelow: 科学技术的发展使我们的生活发生了巨大的变化请具体说明这些积极变化另一方面科技的发展也引起了许多麻烦请举例说明最后请你谈谈为解决这问题人类所面临的任务 Youshouldwriteabout160--200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
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