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Winston Churchill, who fought on the Afghan border in 1897. warned of the dangers of peacekeeping...
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Whatimpactcanmobilephoneshaveontheirusers’healthManypeopleworryaboutthesupposedilleffectscausedbyradiationfromhandsetsandbasestations1thelackofcredibleevidenceofanyharm.Butevidenceforthebeneficialeffectsofmobilephonesonhealthisrathermore2Indeedasystematicreview3outbyRifatAtunandhiscolleaguesatImperialCollegeroundsup1504oftheuseoftext-messaginginthe5ofhealthcare.Theseuses6threecategories:efficiencygains;public-healthgains;anddirectbenefitstopatientsby7text-messagingintotreatmentregimes. Usingtextingto8efficiencyisnotprofoundsciencebutbigsavingscanbeachieved.Several9carriedoutinEnglandhavefoundthattheuseoftext-messagingreminders10thenumberofmissedappointmentswithfamilydoctorsby26-39%andthenumberofmissedhospitalappointmentsby33-50%.Ifsuchschemeswere11nationallythiswouldtranslate12annualsavingsof￡256-364million. Textmessagescanalsobeagoodwaytodeliverpublic-healthinformationparticularlytogroups13arehardtoreachbyothermeans.TextmessageshavebeenusedinIndiato14peopleabouttheWorldHealthOrganization’sstrategytocontrollungdisease.InIraqtextmessageswereusedtosupporta15toimmunizenearly5millionchildren16paralysis. 17therearetheusesoftext-messagingaspartofatreatmentregime.Theseinvolvesendingreminderstopatientsto18theirmedicineortoencourageaccordancewithexerciseregimes.HoweverDr.Rifatnotesthattheevidencefortheeffectivenessofsuchschemesisgenerally19andmorequantitativeresearchis20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
What’sthedifferencebetweenGodandLarryEllisonasksanoldsoftwareindustryjoke.Answer:Goddoesn’tthinkhe’sLarryEllison.ThebossofOracleishardlyaloneamongcorporatechiefsinhavingareputationforbeingratherkeenonhimself.Indeeduntilthebubbleburstandthepublicturnednastyatthestartofthedecadethecultofthecelebritychiefexecutiveseemedtodemandbosslynarcissismasevidencethatafirmwasbeingledbyanall-conqueringhero.NarcissusinGreekmythmetanastyendofcourse.Andinrecentyearsboss-worshiphascometobeseenasbadforbusiness.InhismanagementbestellerGoodtoGreatJimCollinsarguedthatthetrulysuccessfulbosseswerenottheself-proclaimedstarswhoadornthecoversofForbesandFortunebutinsteadself-effacingthoughtfulmonkishsortswholeadbyinspiringexample.Astatisticalanswermaybeathand.ForthefirsttimeanewstudyIt’sAllAboutMetobepresentednextweekattheannualgatheringoftheAmericanAcademyofManagementoffersasystematicempiricalanalysisofwhateffectnarcissisticbosseshaveonthefirmstheyrun.TheauthorsArijitChatterjeeandDonaldHambriekofPennsylvaniaStateUniversityexaminednarcissismintheupperechelonsof105firmsinthecomputerandsoftwareindustries.Todothistheyhadtosolveapracticalproblem:studiesofnarcissismhavehithertoreliedonsurveyingindividualspersonallysomethingforwhichfewchiefexecutivesarelikelytohavetimeorinclination.Sotheauthorsdevisedanindexofnarcissismusingsixpubliclyavailableindicatorsobtainablewithouttheco-operationoftheboss.Theseare:theprominenceoftheboss’sphotointheannualreport;hisprominenceincompanypressreleases;thelengthofhisWho’sWhoentry;thefrequencyofhisuseofthefirstpersonsingularininterviews;andtheratiosofhiscashandnon-cashcompensationtothoseofthefirm’ssecond-highestpaidexecutive.Narcissismnaturallydrivespeopletoseekpositionsofpowerandinfluenceandbecausegreatself-esteemhelpsyourprofessionaladvancesaytheauthorschiefexecutiveswilltendonaveragetobemorenarcissisticthanthegeneralpopulation.HowdoesthataffectafirmMessrsChatterjeeandHambrickfoundthathighlynarcissisticbossestendedtomakebiggerchangesintheuseofimportantresourcessuchasresearchanddevelopmentorinspendingandleverage;theycarriedoutmoreandbiggermergersandacquisitions;andtheirresultswerebothmoreextrememorebigwinsorbiglossesandmorevolatilethanthoseoffirmsrunbytheirhumblerpeers.Forshareholdersthatcouldbegoodorbad.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5that______.
Whatimpactcanmobilephoneshaveontheirusers’healthManypeopleworryaboutthesupposedilleffectscausedbyradiationfromhandsetsandbasestations1thelackofcredibleevidenceofanyharm.Butevidenceforthebeneficialeffectsofmobilephonesonhealthisrathermore2Indeedasystematicreview3outbyRifatAtunandhiscolleaguesatImperialCollegeroundsup1504oftheuseoftext-messaginginthe5ofhealthcare.Theseuses6threecategories:efficiencygains;public-healthgains;anddirectbenefitstopatientsby7text-messagingintotreatmentregimes. Usingtextingto8efficiencyisnotprofoundsciencebutbigsavingscanbeachieved.Several9carriedoutinEnglandhavefoundthattheuseoftext-messagingreminders10thenumberofmissedappointmentswithfamilydoctorsby26-39%andthenumberofmissedhospitalappointmentsby33-50%.Ifsuchschemeswere11nationallythiswouldtranslate12annualsavingsof￡256-364million. Textmessagescanalsobeagoodwaytodeliverpublic-healthinformationparticularlytogroups13arehardtoreachbyothermeans.TextmessageshavebeenusedinIndiato14peopleabouttheWorldHealthOrganization’sstrategytocontrollungdisease.InIraqtextmessageswereusedtosupporta15toimmunizenearly5millionchildren16paralysis. 17therearetheusesoftext-messagingaspartofatreatmentregime.Theseinvolvesendingreminderstopatientsto18theirmedicineortoencourageaccordancewithexerciseregimes.HoweverDr.Rifatnotesthattheevidencefortheeffectivenessofsuchschemesisgenerally19andmorequantitativeresearchis20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
What’sthedifferencebetweenGodandLarryEllisonasksanoldsoftwareindustryjoke.Answer:Goddoesn’tthinkhe’sLarryEllison.ThebossofOracleishardlyaloneamongcorporatechiefsinhavingareputationforbeingratherkeenonhimself.Indeeduntilthebubbleburstandthepublicturnednastyatthestartofthedecadethecultofthecelebritychiefexecutiveseemedtodemandbosslynarcissismasevidencethatafirmwasbeingledbyanall-conqueringhero.NarcissusinGreekmythmetanastyendofcourse.Andinrecentyearsboss-worshiphascometobeseenasbadforbusiness.InhismanagementbestellerGoodtoGreatJimCollinsarguedthatthetrulysuccessfulbosseswerenottheself-proclaimedstarswhoadornthecoversofForbesandFortunebutinsteadself-effacingthoughtfulmonkishsortswholeadbyinspiringexample.Astatisticalanswermaybeathand.ForthefirsttimeanewstudyIt’sAllAboutMetobepresentednextweekattheannualgatheringoftheAmericanAcademyofManagementoffersasystematicempiricalanalysisofwhateffectnarcissisticbosseshaveonthefirmstheyrun.TheauthorsArijitChatterjeeandDonaldHambriekofPennsylvaniaStateUniversityexaminednarcissismintheupperechelonsof105firmsinthecomputerandsoftwareindustries.Todothistheyhadtosolveapracticalproblem:studiesofnarcissismhavehithertoreliedonsurveyingindividualspersonallysomethingforwhichfewchiefexecutivesarelikelytohavetimeorinclination.Sotheauthorsdevisedanindexofnarcissismusingsixpubliclyavailableindicatorsobtainablewithouttheco-operationoftheboss.Theseare:theprominenceoftheboss’sphotointheannualreport;hisprominenceincompanypressreleases;thelengthofhisWho’sWhoentry;thefrequencyofhisuseofthefirstpersonsingularininterviews;andtheratiosofhiscashandnon-cashcompensationtothoseofthefirm’ssecond-highestpaidexecutive.Narcissismnaturallydrivespeopletoseekpositionsofpowerandinfluenceandbecausegreatself-esteemhelpsyourprofessionaladvancesaytheauthorschiefexecutiveswilltendonaveragetobemorenarcissisticthanthegeneralpopulation.HowdoesthataffectafirmMessrsChatterjeeandHambrickfoundthathighlynarcissisticbossestendedtomakebiggerchangesintheuseofimportantresourcessuchasresearchanddevelopmentorinspendingandleverage;theycarriedoutmoreandbiggermergersandacquisitions;andtheirresultswerebothmoreextrememorebigwinsorbiglossesandmorevolatilethanthoseoffirmsrunbytheirhumblerpeers.Forshareholdersthatcouldbegoodorbad.Thewordself-effacinginthelastsentenceofParagraph2mostprobablymeans______.
KevinHinesamanic-depressivewas19andinoneofhisweeklydownswingsonanovercastMondaymorningin2000.HewenttothenearbyGoldenGateBridgetokillhimselfmostlybecausewithonlyafour-foot1.2-metrerailingtoleapIfigureditwastheeasiestway.Hedivedoverbutflippedandhitthewaterat75mphwithhisfeetfirst.HislegswerecrushedbuthesomehowstayedconsciousandstartedpaddlingwithhisupperbodyuntiltheCoastGuardfishedhimout.Mr.Hinesisoneof26peoplewhohavesurvivedsuicideattemptsatthebridgebut1223areknowntohavesucceededi.e.wereseenjumpingorfoundfloating.Peoplearethrowingthemselvesoffthebridgeattherateoftwoamonthwhichmakesitthemostpopularplaceintheworldforsuicides.OnebookonthesubjectsaysthattheGoldenGateistosuicidewhatNiagaraFallsistohoneymooners.ManySanFranciscansthinkthatthesolutionistoemulatetheEmpireStateBuildingtheSydneyHarbourBridgetheEiffelTowerSt.Peter’sbasilicaandothersuchplacesandputupasimplebarrier.Thishoweverisadecisionforthe19boardmembersoftheGoldenGateBridgeHighwayandTransportationDistrictanentitythatoverseesthebridgeitselfandthebusesandferriesthatoperateinthearea.Mostofitsrevenues’comefromtollsandfaresandthedistrictlosesmoney.Abarrierwouldcostbetween$15millionand$25million.SothePsychiatricFoundationofNorthernCaliforniawhichhasadoptedthebarrierasitscauseconsidersitasuccessthattheboardhasmerelyallowedafeasibilitystudyforwhichvariousprivateandpublicdonorshaveraised$2million.MelBlausteinadirectoratthefoundationhasheardseveralargumentsagainstabarrierovertheyears-toouglytooexpensiveandsoforth--butthemostpersistenthasbeenthatpeoplewouldsimplykillthemselvessomewhereelsesowhybother.’ThisisnonsensehesaysMostsuicidesareimpulsiveandpreventable.AbridgewithoutabarrieraddsPatHinesKevin’sfatherislikeleavingaloadedguninthepsychiatricward./Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsthefoundationofbarriersoverthebridge
Whatimpactcanmobilephoneshaveontheirusers’healthManypeopleworryaboutthesupposedilleffectscausedbyradiationfromhandsetsandbasestations1thelackofcredibleevidenceofanyharm.Butevidenceforthebeneficialeffectsofmobilephonesonhealthisrathermore2Indeedasystematicreview3outbyRifatAtunandhiscolleaguesatImperialCollegeroundsup1504oftheuseoftext-messaginginthe5ofhealthcare.Theseuses6threecategories:efficiencygains;public-healthgains;anddirectbenefitstopatientsby7text-messagingintotreatmentregimes. Usingtextingto8efficiencyisnotprofoundsciencebutbigsavingscanbeachieved.Several9carriedoutinEnglandhavefoundthattheuseoftext-messagingreminders10thenumberofmissedappointmentswithfamilydoctorsby26-39%andthenumberofmissedhospitalappointmentsby33-50%.Ifsuchschemeswere11nationallythiswouldtranslate12annualsavingsof￡256-364million. Textmessagescanalsobeagoodwaytodeliverpublic-healthinformationparticularlytogroups13arehardtoreachbyothermeans.TextmessageshavebeenusedinIndiato14peopleabouttheWorldHealthOrganization’sstrategytocontrollungdisease.InIraqtextmessageswereusedtosupporta15toimmunizenearly5millionchildren16paralysis. 17therearetheusesoftext-messagingaspartofatreatmentregime.Theseinvolvesendingreminderstopatientsto18theirmedicineortoencourageaccordancewithexerciseregimes.HoweverDr.Rifatnotesthattheevidencefortheeffectivenessofsuchschemesisgenerally19andmorequantitativeresearchis20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Whatimpactcanmobilephoneshaveontheirusers’healthManypeopleworryaboutthesupposedilleffectscausedbyradiationfromhandsetsandbasestations1thelackofcredibleevidenceofanyharm.Butevidenceforthebeneficialeffectsofmobilephonesonhealthisrathermore2Indeedasystematicreview3outbyRifatAtunandhiscolleaguesatImperialCollegeroundsup1504oftheuseoftext-messaginginthe5ofhealthcare.Theseuses6threecategories:efficiencygains;public-healthgains;anddirectbenefitstopatientsby7text-messagingintotreatmentregimes. Usingtextingto8efficiencyisnotprofoundsciencebutbigsavingscanbeachieved.Several9carriedoutinEnglandhavefoundthattheuseoftext-messagingreminders10thenumberofmissedappointmentswithfamilydoctorsby26-39%andthenumberofmissedhospitalappointmentsby33-50%.Ifsuchschemeswere11nationallythiswouldtranslate12annualsavingsof￡256-364million. Textmessagescanalsobeagoodwaytodeliverpublic-healthinformationparticularlytogroups13arehardtoreachbyothermeans.TextmessageshavebeenusedinIndiato14peopleabouttheWorldHealthOrganization’sstrategytocontrollungdisease.InIraqtextmessageswereusedtosupporta15toimmunizenearly5millionchildren16paralysis. 17therearetheusesoftext-messagingaspartofatreatmentregime.Theseinvolvesendingreminderstopatientsto18theirmedicineortoencourageaccordancewithexerciseregimes.HoweverDr.Rifatnotesthattheevidencefortheeffectivenessofsuchschemesisgenerally19andmorequantitativeresearchis20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Euthanasiacanbeeitheractiveorpassive:46Activeeuthanasiameansthataphysicianorothermedicalpersonneltakeadeliberateactionthatwillinducedeathsuchasadministeringanoverdoseofmorphineinsulinorbarbituratesfollowedbyaninjectionofcurare.Passiveeuthanasiameanslettingapatientdieforlackoftreatmentorsuspendingtreatmentthathasbegun.Examplesofpassiveeuthanasiaincludetakingpatientoffarespiratorabreathingapparatusorremovingotherlife-supportsystems.Stoppingthefoodsupply--usuallyintravenousfeedingtocomatosepatients--hasalsobeenused. Agooddealofthecontroversyaboutmercykillingstemsfromthedecision-makingprocess.WhodecidesifapatientistodieThisissuehasnotbeenestablishedlegally.47IntheUnitedStatesthematterislefttostatelawwhichusuallyallowsthephysicianinchargetosuggesttheoptionofdeathtoapatient’srelativesespeciallyifthepatientisbrain-dead.Inanattempttomakedecisionsaboutwhentheirownlivesshouldendseveralterminallyiiipatientsintheearly1990susedacontroversialsuicidedevicedevelopedbyDr.JackKevorkiantoendtheirlives. InpartsofEuropethedecision-makingprocesshasbecomeveryflexible.48Evenincasesthatarenotterminalpatientshavebeenputtodeathwithouttheirconsentattherequestofrelativesorattheinsistenceofphysicians.Manycapesofinvoluntaryeuthanasiainvalveolderpeople.Newborninfantssufferingfromincurableconditionsarealsoroutinelyallowedtodie.Theprincipleunderlyingthispracticeisthatsuchindividualshaveaconceptthat"lifenotworthyoflife".ThisconceptwasdevisedinGermanyduringtheNaziregime1933-45whennumerouskillingsoftheagedmentallyiiihandicappedandotherswereauthorizedbythestate. Incountrieswhereinvoluntaryeuthanasiaisnot.legalthecourtsystemshaveprovedverylenientindealingwithmedicalpersonnelwhopracticeit.49Courtshavealsobeensomewhatlenientwithfriendsorrelativeswhohaveassistedterminallyiiipatientstodieorwhohaveinsomecaseskilledthemdirectly. Medicaladvancesinrecentdecadeshavemadeitpossibletokeepterminallyillpeoplealivefarbeyondanyhopeofrecoveryorimprovement.Forthisreasonthe"livingwill"hascomeintocommonuseintheUnitedStatesaspartoftheright-to-dieprinciple.50Moststatesnowlegallyallowthemakingofsuchwillsthatinstructhospitalsandphysicianstosuspendtreatmentinhopelesscasesortorefusefutilelife-supportmeasureswhenchancesofrecoveryarenonexistent. The20th-centuryeuthanasiamovementbeganinEnglandin1935withthefoundingoftheVoluntaryEuthanasiaLegislationSociety.IntheUnitedStatestheSocietyfortheRighttoDiewasfoundedin1938. 48Evenincasesthatarenotterminalpatientshavebeenputtodeathwithouttheirconsentattherequestofrelativesorattheinsistenceofphysicians.
KevinHinesamanic-depressivewas19andinoneofhisweeklydownswingsonanovercastMondaymorningin2000.HewenttothenearbyGoldenGateBridgetokillhimselfmostlybecausewithonlyafour-foot1.2-metrerailingtoleapIfigureditwastheeasiestway.Hedivedoverbutflippedandhitthewaterat75mphwithhisfeetfirst.HislegswerecrushedbuthesomehowstayedconsciousandstartedpaddlingwithhisupperbodyuntiltheCoastGuardfishedhimout.Mr.Hinesisoneof26peoplewhohavesurvivedsuicideattemptsatthebridgebut1223areknowntohavesucceededi.e.wereseenjumpingorfoundfloating.Peoplearethrowingthemselvesoffthebridgeattherateoftwoamonthwhichmakesitthemostpopularplaceintheworldforsuicides.OnebookonthesubjectsaysthattheGoldenGateistosuicidewhatNiagaraFallsistohoneymooners.ManySanFranciscansthinkthatthesolutionistoemulatetheEmpireStateBuildingtheSydneyHarbourBridgetheEiffelTowerSt.Peter’sbasilicaandothersuchplacesandputupasimplebarrier.Thishoweverisadecisionforthe19boardmembersoftheGoldenGateBridgeHighwayandTransportationDistrictanentitythatoverseesthebridgeitselfandthebusesandferriesthatoperateinthearea.Mostofitsrevenues’comefromtollsandfaresandthedistrictlosesmoney.Abarrierwouldcostbetween$15millionand$25million.SothePsychiatricFoundationofNorthernCaliforniawhichhasadoptedthebarrierasitscauseconsidersitasuccessthattheboardhasmerelyallowedafeasibilitystudyforwhichvariousprivateandpublicdonorshaveraised$2million.MelBlausteinadirectoratthefoundationhasheardseveralargumentsagainstabarrierovertheyears-toouglytooexpensiveandsoforth--butthemostpersistenthasbeenthatpeoplewouldsimplykillthemselvessomewhereelsesowhybother.’ThisisnonsensehesaysMostsuicidesareimpulsiveandpreventable.AbridgewithoutabarrieraddsPatHinesKevin’sfatherislikeleavingaloadedguninthepsychiatricward./ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheboardoftheGoldenGateBridgewill______.
Euthanasiacanbeeitheractiveorpassive:46Activeeuthanasiameansthataphysicianorothermedicalpersonneltakeadeliberateactionthatwillinducedeathsuchasadministeringanoverdoseofmorphineinsulinorbarbituratesfollowedbyaninjectionofcurare.Passiveeuthanasiameanslettingapatientdieforlackoftreatmentorsuspendingtreatmentthathasbegun.Examplesofpassiveeuthanasiaincludetakingpatientoffarespiratorabreathingapparatusorremovingotherlife-supportsystems.Stoppingthefoodsupply--usuallyintravenousfeedingtocomatosepatients--hasalsobeenused. Agooddealofthecontroversyaboutmercykillingstemsfromthedecision-makingprocess.WhodecidesifapatientistodieThisissuehasnotbeenestablishedlegally.47IntheUnitedStatesthematterislefttostatelawwhichusuallyallowsthephysicianinchargetosuggesttheoptionofdeathtoapatient’srelativesespeciallyifthepatientisbrain-dead.Inanattempttomakedecisionsaboutwhentheirownlivesshouldendseveralterminallyiiipatientsintheearly1990susedacontroversialsuicidedevicedevelopedbyDr.JackKevorkiantoendtheirlives. InpartsofEuropethedecision-makingprocesshasbecomeveryflexible.48Evenincasesthatarenotterminalpatientshavebeenputtodeathwithouttheirconsentattherequestofrelativesorattheinsistenceofphysicians.Manycapesofinvoluntaryeuthanasiainvalveolderpeople.Newborninfantssufferingfromincurableconditionsarealsoroutinelyallowedtodie.Theprincipleunderlyingthispracticeisthatsuchindividualshaveaconceptthat"lifenotworthyoflife".ThisconceptwasdevisedinGermanyduringtheNaziregime1933-45whennumerouskillingsoftheagedmentallyiiihandicappedandotherswereauthorizedbythestate. Incountrieswhereinvoluntaryeuthanasiaisnot.legalthecourtsystemshaveprovedverylenientindealingwithmedicalpersonnelwhopracticeit.49Courtshavealsobeensomewhatlenientwithfriendsorrelativeswhohaveassistedterminallyiiipatientstodieorwhohaveinsomecaseskilledthemdirectly. Medicaladvancesinrecentdecadeshavemadeitpossibletokeepterminallyillpeoplealivefarbeyondanyhopeofrecoveryorimprovement.Forthisreasonthe"livingwill"hascomeintocommonuseintheUnitedStatesaspartoftheright-to-dieprinciple.50Moststatesnowlegallyallowthemakingofsuchwillsthatinstructhospitalsandphysicianstosuspendtreatmentinhopelesscasesortorefusefutilelife-supportmeasureswhenchancesofrecoveryarenonexistent. The20th-centuryeuthanasiamovementbeganinEnglandin1935withthefoundingoftheVoluntaryEuthanasiaLegislationSociety.IntheUnitedStatestheSocietyfortheRighttoDiewasfoundedin1938. 50Moststatesnowlegallyallowthemakingofsuchwillsthatinstructhospitalsandphysicianstosuspendtreatmentinhopelesscasesortorefusefutilelife-supportmeasureswhenchancesofrecoveryarenonexistent.
ToJournaliststhreeofanythingmakesatrend.SoafterthreeschoolshootingsinsixdaysspeculationaboutanepidemicofviolenceinAmericanclassroomswasinevitableandwrong.Violenceinschoolshasfallenbyhalfsincethemid-1990s;childrenaremorethan100timesmorelikelytobemurderedoutsidetheschoolwallsthanwithinthem.OnSeptember27tha53-year-oldpettycriminalDuaneMorrisonwalkedintoaschoolinBaileyColoradowithtwoguns.Hetooksixgirlshostagemolestedsomeofthemandkilledonebeforecommittingsuicideaspolicestormedtheroom.AndonSeptember29thaboybroughttwogunsintohisschoolinCazenoviaWisconsin.Prosecutorssaythat15-year-oldEricHainstockmayhaveplannedtokillseveralpeople.Butstaffactedquicklywhentheysawhimwithashotguncallingthepoliceandputtingtheschoolintolock-down.Theheadteacherwhoconfrontedhiminacorridorwastheonlyonekilled.October2nda32-year-oldmilk-truckdriverCharlesRobertsenteredaone-roomAmishschoolinNickelMinesPennsylvania.Helinedthegirlsuptiedtheirfeetandafteranhourshotthemkillingatleastfive.Hekilledhimselfaspolicebrokeintotheclassroom.WhattomakeofsuchhorrorsSomeexpertsseetheColoradoandPennsylvaniacasesasanextrememanifestationofacultureofviolenceagainstwomen.Bothkillersappearedtohaveasexualmotiveandbothletalltheboysintheclassroomgofree.Butitishardtoinferfromsuchunusualexamplesandonemustnotethatviolenceagainstwomenislessthanhalfwhatitwasin1995.Otherexpertsseeallthreecasesassymptomaticofachangeinthewaymencommitsuicide.HelenSmithaforensicpsychologisttoldaradioaudiencemenaredecidingtotaketheirlivesandthey’renotgoingaloneanymore.They’retakingpeopledownwiththem.Truebutnotveryoften.Gun-controlenthusiaststhinkschoolmassacresshowtheneedfortighterrestrictions.ItistooeasytheysayforcriminalssuchasMr.MorrisonandjuvenilessuchasMr.Hainstocktoobtainguns.Gunenthusiastsdrawtheoppositeconclusion:thatifmoreteacherscarriedconcealedhandgunstheycouldshootpotentialchild-killersbeforetheykill.GeorgeBushhasnowcalledforaconferenceonschoolviolence.WillitunearthanythingneworvaluableAftertheColumbinemassacrein1999theFBIproducedareportonschoolshooters.Itconcludedthatitwasimpossibletodrawupausefulprofileofapotentialshooterbecauseagreatmanyadolescentswhowillnevercommitviolentactswillshowsomeofthebehavioursonanychecklistofwarningsigns./AccordingtoHelenSmithwhydidthemenkillothersbeforetheycommitsuicide
41.Weallknowthatnormalhumandailycycleofactivityisofsome7-8hours’sleepalternatingwithsome16-17hours’wakefulnessandthatbroadlyspeakingthesleepnormallycoincideswiththehoursofdarkness. Ourpresentconcerniswithhoweasilyandtowhatextentthisnormalitycanbemodified. 42.Thequestionisnomoreanacademicone.Thecaseforexamplewithwhichpeoplecanchangefromworkinginthedaytoworkingatnightisaquestionofgrowingimportanceinindustrywhereautomationcallsinsistentlyforround-the-clockworking.ofmachine.Itnormallytakesfromfivedaystooneweekforapersontoadapttoareversedroutineofsleepandwakefulnesssleepingduringthedayandworkingatnight.Unfortunatelyitisoftenthecaseinindustrythatshiftsarechangedeveryweekapersonmayworkfrom12midnightto8a.m.oneweek8a.m.to4p.m.thenextand4p.m.to12midnightthethirdandsoon.Thismeansthatnosoonerhashegotusedtooneroutinethanhewastochangetoanothersothatmuchofhistimeisspentneitherworkingorsleepingefficiently. 43.Oneanswerwouldseemtobelongerperiodsoneachshiftamonthoreventhreemonths.Recentresearchhoweverhasshownthatpeopleonsuchsystemswillgetbackintotheirnormalhabitsofsleepandwakefulnessduringtheweekendandthatthisisquiteenoughtoharmanyadaptationtonightworkbuiltupduringtheweek. 44.Theonlyrealsolution’appearstobetohandoverthenightshifttoagangofpermanentnightworkerswhoseadaptationtonightworkmaypersistthroughallweekendsandholidays.AninterestingstudyofthedomesticlifeandhealthofnightshiftworkerswascarriedoutbyBrownin1967.Shefoundahighincidenceofdisturbedsleepdigestivedisorderanddomesticdisruptionamongthoseonalternatingdayandnightshiftsbutnoabnormaloccurrenceofthesesymptomsamongthoseonpermanentnightwork. 45.Thislattersystemthenappearstobethebestlongtermpolicybutforthetimebeingsomethingmaybedonetorelievethestrainsofalternatedayandnightworkbyselectingthosepeoplewhocanadaptmostquicklytothechangesofroutine. [A]Normalityisdifficulttobemodifiedespeciallyinindustry [B]Theonlyrealsolution [C]Thenormalhumandailycycle [D]Weekendsaddthedifficultytoadaptationtosleepandwakefulness [E]Thepresentworktobedone [F]Toworkonweekendscanhelptheadaptation 42
Whatimpactcanmobilephoneshaveontheirusers’healthManypeopleworryaboutthesupposedilleffectscausedbyradiationfromhandsetsandbasestations1thelackofcredibleevidenceofanyharm.Butevidenceforthebeneficialeffectsofmobilephonesonhealthisrathermore2Indeedasystematicreview3outbyRifatAtunandhiscolleaguesatImperialCollegeroundsup1504oftheuseoftext-messaginginthe5ofhealthcare.Theseuses6threecategories:efficiencygains;public-healthgains;anddirectbenefitstopatientsby7text-messagingintotreatmentregimes. Usingtextingto8efficiencyisnotprofoundsciencebutbigsavingscanbeachieved.Several9carriedoutinEnglandhavefoundthattheuseoftext-messagingreminders10thenumberofmissedappointmentswithfamilydoctorsby26-39%andthenumberofmissedhospitalappointmentsby33-50%.Ifsuchschemeswere11nationallythiswouldtranslate12annualsavingsof￡256-364million. Textmessagescanalsobeagoodwaytodeliverpublic-healthinformationparticularlytogroups13arehardtoreachbyothermeans.TextmessageshavebeenusedinIndiato14peopleabouttheWorldHealthOrganization’sstrategytocontrollungdisease.InIraqtextmessageswereusedtosupporta15toimmunizenearly5millionchildren16paralysis. 17therearetheusesoftext-messagingaspartofatreatmentregime.Theseinvolvesendingreminderstopatientsto18theirmedicineortoencourageaccordancewithexerciseregimes.HoweverDr.Rifatnotesthattheevidencefortheeffectivenessofsuchschemesisgenerally19andmorequantitativeresearchis20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Whatimpactcanmobilephoneshaveontheirusers’healthManypeopleworryaboutthesupposedilleffectscausedbyradiationfromhandsetsandbasestations1thelackofcredibleevidenceofanyharm.Butevidenceforthebeneficialeffectsofmobilephonesonhealthisrathermore2Indeedasystematicreview3outbyRifatAtunandhiscolleaguesatImperialCollegeroundsup1504oftheuseoftext-messaginginthe5ofhealthcare.Theseuses6threecategories:efficiencygains;public-healthgains;anddirectbenefitstopatientsby7text-messagingintotreatmentregimes. Usingtextingto8efficiencyisnotprofoundsciencebutbigsavingscanbeachieved.Several9carriedoutinEnglandhavefoundthattheuseoftext-messagingreminders10thenumberofmissedappointmentswithfamilydoctorsby26-39%andthenumberofmissedhospitalappointmentsby33-50%.Ifsuchschemeswere11nationallythiswouldtranslate12annualsavingsof￡256-364million. Textmessagescanalsobeagoodwaytodeliverpublic-healthinformationparticularlytogroups13arehardtoreachbyothermeans.TextmessageshavebeenusedinIndiato14peopleabouttheWorldHealthOrganization’sstrategytocontrollungdisease.InIraqtextmessageswereusedtosupporta15toimmunizenearly5millionchildren16paralysis. 17therearetheusesoftext-messagingaspartofatreatmentregime.Theseinvolvesendingreminderstopatientsto18theirmedicineortoencourageaccordancewithexerciseregimes.HoweverDr.Rifatnotesthattheevidencefortheeffectivenessofsuchschemesisgenerally19andmorequantitativeresearchis20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Directions:Writeonacompositionaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthegraphbelowonthefollowingtopic: A.Studythefollowinggraphscarefullyandwriteanessayinatleast150words. B.YouressaymustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEETⅡ. C.Youressayshouldcoverthesethreepoints: 1.effectofthecountry’sgrowinghumanpopulationonitswildlife 2.possiblereasonfortheeffect 3.yoursuggestionforwildlifeprotection THEUPSANDDOWNSOFPOPULATIONGROWTH
Whatimpactcanmobilephoneshaveontheirusers’healthManypeopleworryaboutthesupposedilleffectscausedbyradiationfromhandsetsandbasestations1thelackofcredibleevidenceofanyharm.Butevidenceforthebeneficialeffectsofmobilephonesonhealthisrathermore2Indeedasystematicreview3outbyRifatAtunandhiscolleaguesatImperialCollegeroundsup1504oftheuseoftext-messaginginthe5ofhealthcare.Theseuses6threecategories:efficiencygains;public-healthgains;anddirectbenefitstopatientsby7text-messagingintotreatmentregimes. Usingtextingto8efficiencyisnotprofoundsciencebutbigsavingscanbeachieved.Several9carriedoutinEnglandhavefoundthattheuseoftext-messagingreminders10thenumberofmissedappointmentswithfamilydoctorsby26-39%andthenumberofmissedhospitalappointmentsby33-50%.Ifsuchschemeswere11nationallythiswouldtranslate12annualsavingsof￡256-364million. Textmessagescanalsobeagoodwaytodeliverpublic-healthinformationparticularlytogroups13arehardtoreachbyothermeans.TextmessageshavebeenusedinIndiato14peopleabouttheWorldHealthOrganization’sstrategytocontrollungdisease.InIraqtextmessageswereusedtosupporta15toimmunizenearly5millionchildren16paralysis. 17therearetheusesoftext-messagingaspartofatreatmentregime.Theseinvolvesendingreminderstopatientsto18theirmedicineortoencourageaccordancewithexerciseregimes.HoweverDr.Rifatnotesthattheevidencefortheeffectivenessofsuchschemesisgenerally19andmorequantitativeresearchis20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
[A]Energisingmoney [B]Thedilemmaofsmart-cardsystems [C]Thefutureofmoney [D]Sendingmoneyhome [E]Flashingtheplastic [F]Acashcall[ G]HowtopayinTokyo Smartcardsandmobilephonesarequicklyemergingaswaystopaywithelectroniccash. 41.______. NowadayssomeofthehottestnightclubshaveanewtrickforcheckingtheidentityoftheirVIPguests:theysendanentrypassintheformofasuperbarcodetotheirmobilephones.Mobilephonesarebecominganincreasinglypopularwaytomakeallsortsofpayments.InAmericafansoftheAtlantaHawkshavebeentestingspeciallyadaptedNokiahandsetslinkedtotheirVisacardstoentertheirlocalstadiumandtobuyrefreshments.Itreckonsworldwidepaymentsusingmobilephoneswillclimbfromjust$3.2billionin2003tomorethan$37billionby2008. 42.______. Morebankingservicesarealsobeingofferedonmobiles.OnFebruary12th19telephoneoperatorswithnetworksinover100countriessaidthatpeoplewouldbeabletousetheirhandsetstosendmoneyabroad.MasterCardwilloperatethesysteminwhichremittanceswillbesentastextmessages.SirJohnBondformerlychairmanoftheHSBCbankinggroupandnowchairmanofVodafonehas10rigbeenconvincedthatpaymentsandmobileswouldsomehowconverge."MobilephoneshavetheabilitytomakeadramaticchangetovillagelifeinAfrica"hesays. 43.______. Thevarious"contactless"paymentsystemsrelyonatechnologycalled"near-fieldcommunication"NFC.Butmobilephonescanbemuchsmarter.Theycanbede-activatedremotely;theyhaveascreenwhichcanshowinformationlikeacreditbalanceandproductinformation;theyhaveakeyboardtoenterinformationandtheycancommunicate.Thismeanstheycanalsobeusedtoauth0riselargerpaymentsbyenteringPINcodesdirectlyonthehandsetortoppedupwithstoredcreditfromanonlinebankaccountwithouthavingtogotoanATM. 44.______. Toseethepotentialofmobile-phonemoneystartinJapan.MostJapanesehaveatleastonecreditcardbuttheytendtostayintheirowners’pockets.HousewivesroutinelypeeloffcrispYI0000$82notestopayfortheirshopping.Utilitybillsandotherinvoicesaredutifullytakentothebankandpaidincashormorelikelythesedaysatthelocalconveniencestore.YetdespitethepopularityofcashthemobilephoneisstartingtochangeevenJapan’straditionalhabits." Howevermanysmart-cardsystemsdonotworkwitheachotherbutthatwillchangeonMarch18thwhen26railwaysand75buscompaniesinthegreaterTokyoareawillbeginsharinganewstored-valuesystemcalledPasmo.Thistoowillbeavailablebothasaplasticsmart-cardorbuiltintomobilephones. 45.______. UnliketheJapaneseAmericansprefertouseplasticfortheirpurchases.Cardsaccountformorethanhalfofalltransactionsupfrom29%adecadeagoaccordingtoNilsonReportatradepublication.Morethan1.5billioncreditcardsarestuffedintoAmericans’wallets.Theaveragehouseholdhasmorethanten.Banksandcredit-cardfirmshopetoconvertmorecashandchequepaymentstoplasticwithnewsmartcards.Someversionsarealreadyverysuccessful.ManyAmericansuseEasyPassinwhichdriverspayforhighwaytollswirelessly. Adecadeagosomeobserverspredictedthatinternetbankingwouldrenderretailbankingfromhigh-streetbranchesobsolete.ButJPMorganBankofAmericaandothersareadamantthatpeoplearenowadaysusingbankbranchesmorethanever.Evenifthephoneandthesmartcardreplacecashwhogetstocollectthefeesremainsopentocontention. 42
41.Weallknowthatnormalhumandailycycleofactivityisofsome7-8hours’sleepalternatingwithsome16-17hours’wakefulnessandthatbroadlyspeakingthesleepnormallycoincideswiththehoursofdarkness. Ourpresentconcerniswithhoweasilyandtowhatextentthisnormalitycanbemodified. 42.Thequestionisnomoreanacademicone.Thecaseforexamplewithwhichpeoplecanchangefromworkinginthedaytoworkingatnightisaquestionofgrowingimportanceinindustrywhereautomationcallsinsistentlyforround-the-clockworking.ofmachine.Itnormallytakesfromfivedaystooneweekforapersontoadapttoareversedroutineofsleepandwakefulnesssleepingduringthedayandworkingatnight.Unfortunatelyitisoftenthecaseinindustrythatshiftsarechangedeveryweekapersonmayworkfrom12midnightto8a.m.oneweek8a.m.to4p.m.thenextand4p.m.to12midnightthethirdandsoon.Thismeansthatnosoonerhashegotusedtooneroutinethanhewastochangetoanothersothatmuchofhistimeisspentneitherworkingorsleepingefficiently. 43.Oneanswerwouldseemtobelongerperiodsoneachshiftamonthoreventhreemonths.Recentresearchhoweverhasshownthatpeopleonsuchsystemswillgetbackintotheirnormalhabitsofsleepandwakefulnessduringtheweekendandthatthisisquiteenoughtoharmanyadaptationtonightworkbuiltupduringtheweek. 44.Theonlyrealsolution’appearstobetohandoverthenightshifttoagangofpermanentnightworkerswhoseadaptationtonightworkmaypersistthroughallweekendsandholidays.AninterestingstudyofthedomesticlifeandhealthofnightshiftworkerswascarriedoutbyBrownin1967.Shefoundahighincidenceofdisturbedsleepdigestivedisorderanddomesticdisruptionamongthoseonalternatingdayandnightshiftsbutnoabnormaloccurrenceofthesesymptomsamongthoseonpermanentnightwork. 45.Thislattersystemthenappearstobethebestlongtermpolicybutforthetimebeingsomethingmaybedonetorelievethestrainsofalternatedayandnightworkbyselectingthosepeoplewhocanadaptmostquicklytothechangesofroutine. [A]Normalityisdifficulttobemodifiedespeciallyinindustry [B]Theonlyrealsolution [C]Thenormalhumandailycycle [D]Weekendsaddthedifficultytoadaptationtosleepandwakefulness [E]Thepresentworktobedone [F]Toworkonweekendscanhelptheadaptation 44
Internetadvertisingisbooming.Theindustryhasgonefrom$9.6billioninrevenuein2001to$27billionthisyearaccordingtoPiperJaffrayaninvestmentbank.Anditisstillearlydays.Theinternetaccountsforonly5%oftotalspendingonadvertisingbutthatfigureisexpectedtoreachatleast20%inthenextfewyears.Thesinglelargestcategorywithinthisflourishingindustryaccountingfornearlyhalfofallspendingispay-per-clickadvertisingwhichisusedbyfirmsbothlargeandsmalltopromotetheirwares.Thebenefitsofthepay-per-clickapproachovertraditionaladvertisingtelevisionradioprintandbillboardsareobvious.Sinceadvertiserspayonlytoreachthesmallsubsetwhoactuallyrespondtoanadvertisementthequalityoftheleadsgeneratedisveryhighandadvertisersarepreparedtopayaccordingly.Theprice:perclickvariesfrom$0.10toasmuchas$30dependingonthekeywordthoughtheaverageisaround$0.50.Googlemademostofits$6.1billioninrevenuelastyearfrompay-per-clickadvertising.Butaspay-per-clickadvertisinghasgrownintoahugeindustryconcernhasmountedoverso-calledclickfraud--bogusclicksthatdonotcomefromgenuinelyinterestedcustomers.Ittakestwomainforms.Ifyouclickrepeatedlyontheadvertisementsonyourownwebsiteorgetotherpeopleormachinestodosoonyourbehalfyoucangenerateastreamofboguscommissions.Clickfraudcanalsobeusedbyonecompanyagainstanother:clickingonarivalfirm’sadvertisementscansaddleitwithahugebill.Bogusclicksarethoughttoaccountforaround10%ofallclicktrafficthoughnobodyknowsforsure.AfewmonthsagoMr.Grosspioneeredanalternativetothepay-per-clickmodel.InFebruarySnapasearchenginebackedbyMr.Grosslaunchedpay-per-actionPPAanewmodelinwhichadvertiserspayonlyifaclickonanadisfollowedbyanactionsuchasapurchaseoradownload.MightthisputanendtoclickfraudDon’tbetonitsaysMikeZemanatStarcomanadvertisingagency.Payper-actionwillbeanichehepredictssinceconvertingaclickintoanactiondependsonavarietyoffactorssuchastheeaseofuseoftheadvertiser’swebsite.Googleanditspeerswillbereluctanttobesodependentonfactorsoutsidetheircontrol.ButMr.Tobaccowalathinkspay-per-actioncouldbecomearealalternativetopay-per-click.Asbiggercompaniesspendmoreoninternetadvertising;theywilldemandmoreaccountabilityandawiderrangeofoptionshesays.Attheveryleastthatmeansclampingdownonclickfraud;butitalsopresentsanopportunityforentrepreneurstoinventnewmodelsthatarelessvulnerabletoabuse.ThePPAwillbecomemorepopulardueto______.
ToJournaliststhreeofanythingmakesatrend.SoafterthreeschoolshootingsinsixdaysspeculationaboutanepidemicofviolenceinAmericanclassroomswasinevitableandwrong.Violenceinschoolshasfallenbyhalfsincethemid-1990s;childrenaremorethan100timesmorelikelytobemurderedoutsidetheschoolwallsthanwithinthem.OnSeptember27tha53-year-oldpettycriminalDuaneMorrisonwalkedintoaschoolinBaileyColoradowithtwoguns.Hetooksixgirlshostagemolestedsomeofthemandkilledonebeforecommittingsuicideaspolicestormedtheroom.AndonSeptember29thaboybroughttwogunsintohisschoolinCazenoviaWisconsin.Prosecutorssaythat15-year-oldEricHainstockmayhaveplannedtokillseveralpeople.Butstaffactedquicklywhentheysawhimwithashotguncallingthepoliceandputtingtheschoolintolock-down.Theheadteacherwhoconfrontedhiminacorridorwastheonlyonekilled.October2nda32-year-oldmilk-truckdriverCharlesRobertsenteredaone-roomAmishschoolinNickelMinesPennsylvania.Helinedthegirlsuptiedtheirfeetandafteranhourshotthemkillingatleastfive.Hekilledhimselfaspolicebrokeintotheclassroom.WhattomakeofsuchhorrorsSomeexpertsseetheColoradoandPennsylvaniacasesasanextrememanifestationofacultureofviolenceagainstwomen.Bothkillersappearedtohaveasexualmotiveandbothletalltheboysintheclassroomgofree.Butitishardtoinferfromsuchunusualexamplesandonemustnotethatviolenceagainstwomenislessthanhalfwhatitwasin1995.Otherexpertsseeallthreecasesassymptomaticofachangeinthewaymencommitsuicide.HelenSmithaforensicpsychologisttoldaradioaudiencemenaredecidingtotaketheirlivesandthey’renotgoingaloneanymore.They’retakingpeopledownwiththem.Truebutnotveryoften.Gun-controlenthusiaststhinkschoolmassacresshowtheneedfortighterrestrictions.ItistooeasytheysayforcriminalssuchasMr.MorrisonandjuvenilessuchasMr.Hainstocktoobtainguns.Gunenthusiastsdrawtheoppositeconclusion:thatifmoreteacherscarriedconcealedhandgunstheycouldshootpotentialchild-killersbeforetheykill.GeorgeBushhasnowcalledforaconferenceonschoolviolence.WillitunearthanythingneworvaluableAftertheColumbinemassacrein1999theFBIproducedareportonschoolshooters.Itconcludedthatitwasimpossibletodrawupausefulprofileofapotentialshooterbecauseagreatmanyadolescentswhowillnevercommitviolentactswillshowsomeofthebehavioursonanychecklistofwarningsigns./WhydidFBIdeemitimpossibletoproduceausefulprofileofapossibleshooter
Internetadvertisingisbooming.Theindustryhasgonefrom$9.6billioninrevenuein2001to$27billionthisyearaccordingtoPiperJaffrayaninvestmentbank.Anditisstillearlydays.Theinternetaccountsforonly5%oftotalspendingonadvertisingbutthatfigureisexpectedtoreachatleast20%inthenextfewyears.Thesinglelargestcategorywithinthisflourishingindustryaccountingfornearlyhalfofallspendingispay-per-clickadvertisingwhichisusedbyfirmsbothlargeandsmalltopromotetheirwares.Thebenefitsofthepay-per-clickapproachovertraditionaladvertisingtelevisionradioprintandbillboardsareobvious.Sinceadvertiserspayonlytoreachthesmallsubsetwhoactuallyrespondtoanadvertisementthequalityoftheleadsgeneratedisveryhighandadvertisersarepreparedtopayaccordingly.Theprice:perclickvariesfrom$0.10toasmuchas$30dependingonthekeywordthoughtheaverageisaround$0.50.Googlemademostofits$6.1billioninrevenuelastyearfrompay-per-clickadvertising.Butaspay-per-clickadvertisinghasgrownintoahugeindustryconcernhasmountedoverso-calledclickfraud--bogusclicksthatdonotcomefromgenuinelyinterestedcustomers.Ittakestwomainforms.Ifyouclickrepeatedlyontheadvertisementsonyourownwebsiteorgetotherpeopleormachinestodosoonyourbehalfyoucangenerateastreamofboguscommissions.Clickfraudcanalsobeusedbyonecompanyagainstanother:clickingonarivalfirm’sadvertisementscansaddleitwithahugebill.Bogusclicksarethoughttoaccountforaround10%ofallclicktrafficthoughnobodyknowsforsure.AfewmonthsagoMr.Grosspioneeredanalternativetothepay-per-clickmodel.InFebruarySnapasearchenginebackedbyMr.Grosslaunchedpay-per-actionPPAanewmodelinwhichadvertiserspayonlyifaclickonanadisfollowedbyanactionsuchasapurchaseoradownload.MightthisputanendtoclickfraudDon’tbetonitsaysMikeZemanatStarcomanadvertisingagency.Payper-actionwillbeanichehepredictssinceconvertingaclickintoanactiondependsonavarietyoffactorssuchastheeaseofuseoftheadvertiser’swebsite.Googleanditspeerswillbereluctanttobesodependentonfactorsoutsidetheircontrol.ButMr.Tobaccowalathinkspay-per-actioncouldbecomearealalternativetopay-per-click.Asbiggercompaniesspendmoreoninternetadvertising;theywilldemandmoreaccountabilityandawiderrangeofoptionshesays.Attheveryleastthatmeansclampingdownonclickfraud;butitalsopresentsanopportunityforentrepreneurstoinventnewmodelsthatarelessvulnerabletoabuse.Thepriceperclickdependsonthekeywordbecause______.
TheenlightenmentneedsrescuingorsothinksJonathanIsraelthepre-eminenthistorianof17th-centuryHolland.In2001hepublishedRadicalEnlightenment.HenowoffersasecondVolumewithathirdtocome.46ThethreevolumeswillbethefirstcomprehensivehistoryoftheEnlightenmentfordecades--andMr.Israel’sgroundbreakinginterpretationlookssettoestablishitselfastheonetobeat. Theperiodwasoncethoughtofasagloriouschapterinthehistoryofmankindatimewhentheforcesoflightscienceprogressandtolerancetriumphedovertheforcesofdarknesssuperstitionandprejudice.TodaytheEnlightenmenttendstobedismissed.47Post-modernistsattackitforbeingbiasedself-deceivedandultimatelyresponsiblefortheworstinWesterncivilization.Post-colonialistsaccuseitofbeingEurocentricanapologyforimperialism.NationalisthistoriansrejecttheideaofacoherentuniversalmovementpreferringtotalkabouttheEnglishFrenchevenIcelandicEnlightenments. Mr.Israelhassethimselfthetaskoilrepellingthesecriticsandre-establishingtheperiodasthedefiningepisodeintheliberationofman.Hisargumentsareconvincing.HecontendsthatthereweretwoEnlightenmentsoneRadicalandtheotherModerate.TheRadicalsinspiredbySpinozawerematerialistsatheistsandequalities.48TheModerateswhofollowedLockeandNewtonwereconservativeandmoreathomethantheRadicalsinthehierarchicalanddeeplyreligiousworldof18th-centuryEurope.TheyadvocatedonlyapartialEnlightenment. InMr.Israel’sopiniontheRadicalsofferedtheonlytrueEnlightenmentgivingusdemocracyequalityindividuallibertyandsecularmorality.TheModeratesontheotherhandhaveleftanambiguousandintheendharmfullegacy.Whilepromotingtolerancetheyremaineduncomfortablewiththeideaofuniversalequality.Whileadvancingreasontheyfailedtodivorcemoralityfromreligionandtriedtorationalizefaith.49Mr.IsraelarguesthatforaslongashistorianstreatthetwowingsoftheEnlightenmentasasinglemovementtheyhavemisunderstoodthephenomenon.Worststilltheysupplytoday’scriticswiththeevidencetheyneedtoblackenthemovement. Thisre-evaluationmakesforanunfamiliarpictureoftheEnlightenmentanditstorchbearers.AccordingtoMr.Israel"enlightenedvalues"werebornnotinEnglandbutinHollandandhere-castsmensuchasLockeVoltaireandevenHumeoncethoughtofaschampionsofthepartyoflightasapologistsforcolonialismandenemiesofequality.InadditionMr.Israelwouldlikehisbooktobestudiedbeyondacademia.Inanidealworldeveryonewouldbereadingit.50HisstupendousresearchandgraspofthesourcesaresuchthatfewwillcontesthiscoreargumentthattheEnlightenmentwasacoherentEurope-widephenomenonintellectualinoriginwhichrepresentedaprofoundshiftinthewaythatmenthoughtaboutthemselvesandtheworldaroundthem. ThethreevolumeswillbethefirstcomprehensivehistoryoftheEnlightenmentfordecades--andMr.Israel’sgroundbreakinginterpretationlookssettoestablishitselfastheonetobeat.
Whatimpactcanmobilephoneshaveontheirusers’healthManypeopleworryaboutthesupposedilleffectscausedbyradiationfromhandsetsandbasestations1thelackofcredibleevidenceofanyharm.Butevidenceforthebeneficialeffectsofmobilephonesonhealthisrathermore2Indeedasystematicreview3outbyRifatAtunandhiscolleaguesatImperialCollegeroundsup1504oftheuseoftext-messaginginthe5ofhealthcare.Theseuses6threecategories:efficiencygains;public-healthgains;anddirectbenefitstopatientsby7text-messagingintotreatmentregimes. Usingtextingto8efficiencyisnotprofoundsciencebutbigsavingscanbeachieved.Several9carriedoutinEnglandhavefoundthattheuseoftext-messagingreminders10thenumberofmissedappointmentswithfamilydoctorsby26-39%andthenumberofmissedhospitalappointmentsby33-50%.Ifsuchschemeswere11nationallythiswouldtranslate12annualsavingsof￡256-364million. Textmessagescanalsobeagoodwaytodeliverpublic-healthinformationparticularlytogroups13arehardtoreachbyothermeans.TextmessageshavebeenusedinIndiato14peopleabouttheWorldHealthOrganization’sstrategytocontrollungdisease.InIraqtextmessageswereusedtosupporta15toimmunizenearly5millionchildren16paralysis. 17therearetheusesoftext-messagingaspartofatreatmentregime.Theseinvolvesendingreminderstopatientsto18theirmedicineortoencourageaccordancewithexerciseregimes.HoweverDr.Rifatnotesthattheevidencefortheeffectivenessofsuchschemesisgenerally19andmorequantitativeresearchis20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Euthanasiacanbeeitheractiveorpassive:46Activeeuthanasiameansthataphysicianorothermedicalpersonneltakeadeliberateactionthatwillinducedeathsuchasadministeringanoverdoseofmorphineinsulinorbarbituratesfollowedbyaninjectionofcurare.Passiveeuthanasiameanslettingapatientdieforlackoftreatmentorsuspendingtreatmentthathasbegun.Examplesofpassiveeuthanasiaincludetakingpatientoffarespiratorabreathingapparatusorremovingotherlife-supportsystems.Stoppingthefoodsupply--usuallyintravenousfeedingtocomatosepatients--hasalsobeenused. Agooddealofthecontroversyaboutmercykillingstemsfromthedecision-makingprocess.WhodecidesifapatientistodieThisissuehasnotbeenestablishedlegally.47IntheUnitedStatesthematterislefttostatelawwhichusuallyallowsthephysicianinchargetosuggesttheoptionofdeathtoapatient’srelativesespeciallyifthepatientisbrain-dead.Inanattempttomakedecisionsaboutwhentheirownlivesshouldendseveralterminallyiiipatientsintheearly1990susedacontroversialsuicidedevicedevelopedbyDr.JackKevorkiantoendtheirlives. InpartsofEuropethedecision-makingprocesshasbecomeveryflexible.48Evenincasesthatarenotterminalpatientshavebeenputtodeathwithouttheirconsentattherequestofrelativesorattheinsistenceofphysicians.Manycapesofinvoluntaryeuthanasiainvalveolderpeople.Newborninfantssufferingfromincurableconditionsarealsoroutinelyallowedtodie.Theprincipleunderlyingthispracticeisthatsuchindividualshaveaconceptthat"lifenotworthyoflife".ThisconceptwasdevisedinGermanyduringtheNaziregime1933-45whennumerouskillingsoftheagedmentallyiiihandicappedandotherswereauthorizedbythestate. Incountrieswhereinvoluntaryeuthanasiaisnot.legalthecourtsystemshaveprovedverylenientindealingwithmedicalpersonnelwhopracticeit.49Courtshavealsobeensomewhatlenientwithfriendsorrelativeswhohaveassistedterminallyiiipatientstodieorwhohaveinsomecaseskilledthemdirectly. Medicaladvancesinrecentdecadeshavemadeitpossibletokeepterminallyillpeoplealivefarbeyondanyhopeofrecoveryorimprovement.Forthisreasonthe"livingwill"hascomeintocommonuseintheUnitedStatesaspartoftheright-to-dieprinciple.50Moststatesnowlegallyallowthemakingofsuchwillsthatinstructhospitalsandphysicianstosuspendtreatmentinhopelesscasesortorefusefutilelife-supportmeasureswhenchancesofrecoveryarenonexistent. The20th-centuryeuthanasiamovementbeganinEnglandin1935withthefoundingoftheVoluntaryEuthanasiaLegislationSociety.IntheUnitedStatestheSocietyfortheRighttoDiewasfoundedin1938. 46Activeeuthanasiameansthataphysicianorothermedicalpersonneltakeadeliberateactionthatwillinducedeathsuchasadministeringanoverdoseofmorphineinsulinorbarbituratesfollowedbyaninjectionofcurare.
TheenlightenmentneedsrescuingorsothinksJonathanIsraelthepre-eminenthistorianof17th-centuryHolland.In2001hepublishedRadicalEnlightenment.HenowoffersasecondVolumewithathirdtocome.46ThethreevolumeswillbethefirstcomprehensivehistoryoftheEnlightenmentfordecades--andMr.Israel’sgroundbreakinginterpretationlookssettoestablishitselfastheonetobeat. Theperiodwasoncethoughtofasagloriouschapterinthehistoryofmankindatimewhentheforcesoflightscienceprogressandtolerancetriumphedovertheforcesofdarknesssuperstitionandprejudice.TodaytheEnlightenmenttendstobedismissed.47Post-modernistsattackitforbeingbiasedself-deceivedandultimatelyresponsiblefortheworstinWesterncivilization.Post-colonialistsaccuseitofbeingEurocentricanapologyforimperialism.NationalisthistoriansrejecttheideaofacoherentuniversalmovementpreferringtotalkabouttheEnglishFrenchevenIcelandicEnlightenments. Mr.Israelhassethimselfthetaskoilrepellingthesecriticsandre-establishingtheperiodasthedefiningepisodeintheliberationofman.Hisargumentsareconvincing.HecontendsthatthereweretwoEnlightenmentsoneRadicalandtheotherModerate.TheRadicalsinspiredbySpinozawerematerialistsatheistsandequalities.48TheModerateswhofollowedLockeandNewtonwereconservativeandmoreathomethantheRadicalsinthehierarchicalanddeeplyreligiousworldof18th-centuryEurope.TheyadvocatedonlyapartialEnlightenment. InMr.Israel’sopiniontheRadicalsofferedtheonlytrueEnlightenmentgivingusdemocracyequalityindividuallibertyandsecularmorality.TheModeratesontheotherhandhaveleftanambiguousandintheendharmfullegacy.Whilepromotingtolerancetheyremaineduncomfortablewiththeideaofuniversalequality.Whileadvancingreasontheyfailedtodivorcemoralityfromreligionandtriedtorationalizefaith.49Mr.IsraelarguesthatforaslongashistorianstreatthetwowingsoftheEnlightenmentasasinglemovementtheyhavemisunderstoodthephenomenon.Worststilltheysupplytoday’scriticswiththeevidencetheyneedtoblackenthemovement. Thisre-evaluationmakesforanunfamiliarpictureoftheEnlightenmentanditstorchbearers.AccordingtoMr.Israel"enlightenedvalues"werebornnotinEnglandbutinHollandandhere-castsmensuchasLockeVoltaireandevenHumeoncethoughtofaschampionsofthepartyoflightasapologistsforcolonialismandenemiesofequality.InadditionMr.Israelwouldlikehisbooktobestudiedbeyondacademia.Inanidealworldeveryonewouldbereadingit.50HisstupendousresearchandgraspofthesourcesaresuchthatfewwillcontesthiscoreargumentthattheEnlightenmentwasacoherentEurope-widephenomenonintellectualinoriginwhichrepresentedaprofoundshiftinthewaythatmenthoughtaboutthemselvesandtheworldaroundthem. TheModerateswhofollowedLockeandNewtonwereconservativeandmoreathomethantheRadicalsinthehierarchicalanddeeplyreligiousworldof18th-centuryEurope.
ToJournaliststhreeofanythingmakesatrend.SoafterthreeschoolshootingsinsixdaysspeculationaboutanepidemicofviolenceinAmericanclassroomswasinevitableandwrong.Violenceinschoolshasfallenbyhalfsincethemid-1990s;childrenaremorethan100timesmorelikelytobemurderedoutsidetheschoolwallsthanwithinthem.OnSeptember27tha53-year-oldpettycriminalDuaneMorrisonwalkedintoaschoolinBaileyColoradowithtwoguns.Hetooksixgirlshostagemolestedsomeofthemandkilledonebeforecommittingsuicideaspolicestormedtheroom.AndonSeptember29thaboybroughttwogunsintohisschoolinCazenoviaWisconsin.Prosecutorssaythat15-year-oldEricHainstockmayhaveplannedtokillseveralpeople.Butstaffactedquicklywhentheysawhimwithashotguncallingthepoliceandputtingtheschoolintolock-down.Theheadteacherwhoconfrontedhiminacorridorwastheonlyonekilled.October2nda32-year-oldmilk-truckdriverCharlesRobertsenteredaone-roomAmishschoolinNickelMinesPennsylvania.Helinedthegirlsuptiedtheirfeetandafteranhourshotthemkillingatleastfive.Hekilledhimselfaspolicebrokeintotheclassroom.WhattomakeofsuchhorrorsSomeexpertsseetheColoradoandPennsylvaniacasesasanextrememanifestationofacultureofviolenceagainstwomen.Bothkillersappearedtohaveasexualmotiveandbothletalltheboysintheclassroomgofree.Butitishardtoinferfromsuchunusualexamplesandonemustnotethatviolenceagainstwomenislessthanhalfwhatitwasin1995.Otherexpertsseeallthreecasesassymptomaticofachangeinthewaymencommitsuicide.HelenSmithaforensicpsychologisttoldaradioaudiencemenaredecidingtotaketheirlivesandthey’renotgoingaloneanymore.They’retakingpeopledownwiththem.Truebutnotveryoften.Gun-controlenthusiaststhinkschoolmassacresshowtheneedfortighterrestrictions.ItistooeasytheysayforcriminalssuchasMr.MorrisonandjuvenilessuchasMr.Hainstocktoobtainguns.Gunenthusiastsdrawtheoppositeconclusion:thatifmoreteacherscarriedconcealedhandgunstheycouldshootpotentialchild-killersbeforetheykill.GeorgeBushhasnowcalledforaconferenceonschoolviolence.WillitunearthanythingneworvaluableAftertheColumbinemassacrein1999theFBIproducedareportonschoolshooters.Itconcludedthatitwasimpossibletodrawupausefulprofileofapotentialshooterbecauseagreatmanyadolescentswhowillnevercommitviolentactswillshowsomeofthebehavioursonanychecklistofwarningsigns./AccordingtothepassageanepidemicofviolenceinAmericanclassroomswasinevitableinthat______.
Whatimpactcanmobilephoneshaveontheirusers’healthManypeopleworryaboutthesupposedilleffectscausedbyradiationfromhandsetsandbasestations1thelackofcredibleevidenceofanyharm.Butevidenceforthebeneficialeffectsofmobilephonesonhealthisrathermore2Indeedasystematicreview3outbyRifatAtunandhiscolleaguesatImperialCollegeroundsup1504oftheuseoftext-messaginginthe5ofhealthcare.Theseuses6threecategories:efficiencygains;public-healthgains;anddirectbenefitstopatientsby7text-messagingintotreatmentregimes. Usingtextingto8efficiencyisnotprofoundsciencebutbigsavingscanbeachieved.Several9carriedoutinEnglandhavefoundthattheuseoftext-messagingreminders10thenumberofmissedappointmentswithfamilydoctorsby26-39%andthenumberofmissedhospitalappointmentsby33-50%.Ifsuchschemeswere11nationallythiswouldtranslate12annualsavingsof￡256-364million. Textmessagescanalsobeagoodwaytodeliverpublic-healthinformationparticularlytogroups13arehardtoreachbyothermeans.TextmessageshavebeenusedinIndiato14peopleabouttheWorldHealthOrganization’sstrategytocontrollungdisease.InIraqtextmessageswereusedtosupporta15toimmunizenearly5millionchildren16paralysis. 17therearetheusesoftext-messagingaspartofatreatmentregime.Theseinvolvesendingreminderstopatientsto18theirmedicineortoencourageaccordancewithexerciseregimes.HoweverDr.Rifatnotesthattheevidencefortheeffectivenessofsuchschemesisgenerally19andmorequantitativeresearchis20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Whatimpactcanmobilephoneshaveontheirusers’healthManypeopleworryaboutthesupposedilleffectscausedbyradiationfromhandsetsandbasestations1thelackofcredibleevidenceofanyharm.Butevidenceforthebeneficialeffectsofmobilephonesonhealthisrathermore2Indeedasystematicreview3outbyRifatAtunandhiscolleaguesatImperialCollegeroundsup1504oftheuseoftext-messaginginthe5ofhealthcare.Theseuses6threecategories:efficiencygains;public-healthgains;anddirectbenefitstopatientsby7text-messagingintotreatmentregimes. Usingtextingto8efficiencyisnotprofoundsciencebutbigsavingscanbeachieved.Several9carriedoutinEnglandhavefoundthattheuseoftext-messagingreminders10thenumberofmissedappointmentswithfamilydoctorsby26-39%andthenumberofmissedhospitalappointmentsby33-50%.Ifsuchschemeswere11nationallythiswouldtranslate12annualsavingsof￡256-364million. Textmessagescanalsobeagoodwaytodeliverpublic-healthinformationparticularlytogroups13arehardtoreachbyothermeans.TextmessageshavebeenusedinIndiato14peopleabouttheWorldHealthOrganization’sstrategytocontrollungdisease.InIraqtextmessageswereusedtosupporta15toimmunizenearly5millionchildren16paralysis. 17therearetheusesoftext-messagingaspartofatreatmentregime.Theseinvolvesendingreminderstopatientsto18theirmedicineortoencourageaccordancewithexerciseregimes.HoweverDr.Rifatnotesthattheevidencefortheeffectivenessofsuchschemesisgenerally19andmorequantitativeresearchis20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
[A]Energisingmoney [B]Thedilemmaofsmart-cardsystems [C]Thefutureofmoney [D]Sendingmoneyhome [E]Flashingtheplastic [F]Acashcall[ G]HowtopayinTokyo Smartcardsandmobilephonesarequicklyemergingaswaystopaywithelectroniccash. 41.______. NowadayssomeofthehottestnightclubshaveanewtrickforcheckingtheidentityoftheirVIPguests:theysendanentrypassintheformofasuperbarcodetotheirmobilephones.Mobilephonesarebecominganincreasinglypopularwaytomakeallsortsofpayments.InAmericafansoftheAtlantaHawkshavebeentestingspeciallyadaptedNokiahandsetslinkedtotheirVisacardstoentertheirlocalstadiumandtobuyrefreshments.Itreckonsworldwidepaymentsusingmobilephoneswillclimbfromjust$3.2billionin2003tomorethan$37billionby2008. 42.______. Morebankingservicesarealsobeingofferedonmobiles.OnFebruary12th19telephoneoperatorswithnetworksinover100countriessaidthatpeoplewouldbeabletousetheirhandsetstosendmoneyabroad.MasterCardwilloperatethesysteminwhichremittanceswillbesentastextmessages.SirJohnBondformerlychairmanoftheHSBCbankinggroupandnowchairmanofVodafonehas10rigbeenconvincedthatpaymentsandmobileswouldsomehowconverge."MobilephoneshavetheabilitytomakeadramaticchangetovillagelifeinAfrica"hesays. 43.______. Thevarious"contactless"paymentsystemsrelyonatechnologycalled"near-fieldcommunication"NFC.Butmobilephonescanbemuchsmarter.Theycanbede-activatedremotely;theyhaveascreenwhichcanshowinformationlikeacreditbalanceandproductinformation;theyhaveakeyboardtoenterinformationandtheycancommunicate.Thismeanstheycanalsobeusedtoauth0riselargerpaymentsbyenteringPINcodesdirectlyonthehandsetortoppedupwithstoredcreditfromanonlinebankaccountwithouthavingtogotoanATM. 44.______. Toseethepotentialofmobile-phonemoneystartinJapan.MostJapanesehaveatleastonecreditcardbuttheytendtostayintheirowners’pockets.HousewivesroutinelypeeloffcrispYI0000$82notestopayfortheirshopping.Utilitybillsandotherinvoicesaredutifullytakentothebankandpaidincashormorelikelythesedaysatthelocalconveniencestore.YetdespitethepopularityofcashthemobilephoneisstartingtochangeevenJapan’straditionalhabits." Howevermanysmart-cardsystemsdonotworkwitheachotherbutthatwillchangeonMarch18thwhen26railwaysand75buscompaniesinthegreaterTokyoareawillbeginsharinganewstored-valuesystemcalledPasmo.Thistoowillbeavailablebothasaplasticsmart-cardorbuiltintomobilephones. 45.______. UnliketheJapaneseAmericansprefertouseplasticfortheirpurchases.Cardsaccountformorethanhalfofalltransactionsupfrom29%adecadeagoaccordingtoNilsonReportatradepublication.Morethan1.5billioncreditcardsarestuffedintoAmericans’wallets.Theaveragehouseholdhasmorethanten.Banksandcredit-cardfirmshopetoconvertmorecashandchequepaymentstoplasticwithnewsmartcards.Someversionsarealreadyverysuccessful.ManyAmericansuseEasyPassinwhichdriverspayforhighwaytollswirelessly. Adecadeagosomeobserverspredictedthatinternetbankingwouldrenderretailbankingfromhigh-streetbranchesobsolete.ButJPMorganBankofAmericaandothersareadamantthatpeoplearenowadaysusingbankbranchesmorethanever.Evenifthephoneandthesmartcardreplacecashwhogetstocollectthefeesremainsopentocontention. 44
KevinHinesamanic-depressivewas19andinoneofhisweeklydownswingsonanovercastMondaymorningin2000.HewenttothenearbyGoldenGateBridgetokillhimselfmostlybecausewithonlyafour-foot1.2-metrerailingtoleapIfigureditwastheeasiestway.Hedivedoverbutflippedandhitthewaterat75mphwithhisfeetfirst.HislegswerecrushedbuthesomehowstayedconsciousandstartedpaddlingwithhisupperbodyuntiltheCoastGuardfishedhimout.Mr.Hinesisoneof26peoplewhohavesurvivedsuicideattemptsatthebridgebut1223areknowntohavesucceededi.e.wereseenjumpingorfoundfloating.Peoplearethrowingthemselvesoffthebridgeattherateoftwoamonthwhichmakesitthemostpopularplaceintheworldforsuicides.OnebookonthesubjectsaysthattheGoldenGateistosuicidewhatNiagaraFallsistohoneymooners.ManySanFranciscansthinkthatthesolutionistoemulatetheEmpireStateBuildingtheSydneyHarbourBridgetheEiffelTowerSt.Peter’sbasilicaandothersuchplacesandputupasimplebarrier.Thishoweverisadecisionforthe19boardmembersoftheGoldenGateBridgeHighwayandTransportationDistrictanentitythatoverseesthebridgeitselfandthebusesandferriesthatoperateinthearea.Mostofitsrevenues’comefromtollsandfaresandthedistrictlosesmoney.Abarrierwouldcostbetween$15millionand$25million.SothePsychiatricFoundationofNorthernCaliforniawhichhasadoptedthebarrierasitscauseconsidersitasuccessthattheboardhasmerelyallowedafeasibilitystudyforwhichvariousprivateandpublicdonorshaveraised$2million.MelBlausteinadirectoratthefoundationhasheardseveralargumentsagainstabarrierovertheyears-toouglytooexpensiveandsoforth--butthemostpersistenthasbeenthatpeoplewouldsimplykillthemselvessomewhereelsesowhybother.’ThisisnonsensehesaysMostsuicidesareimpulsiveandpreventable.AbridgewithoutabarrieraddsPatHinesKevin’sfatherislikeleavingaloadedguninthepsychiatricward./KevinHineschoosetocommitsuicideatsuchanearlyageinthat______.
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