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AstronautJimVosshasenjoyedmanymemorablemomentsinhiscareerincludingthreespaceflightsandonespacewalk.Butherecallswithspecialfondnessadecidedlyearthboundexperienceinthesummerof1980whenheparticipatedintheNASA-AS-EESummerFacultyFellowshipProgram.VossthenascienceteacheratWestPointwasassignedtotheMarshallSpaceFlightCenter’spropulsionlabinAlabamatoanalyzewhyahydraulicfuelpumpsealonthespaceshuttlewasworkingsowellwhenprevioussealshadfailed.Itwasaseeminglytinyproblemamongthevastcomplexitiesofrunningthespaceprogram.YetitwasimportanttoNASAbecauseanycrackinthesealscouldhaveledtodestructiveresultsfortheastronautswhoreliedonthem.IworkedabitwithNASAengineerssaysVossbutIdiditmostlybyanalysis.Iusedahandheldcalculatornotacomputertodoathermodynamicanalysis.AttheendofthesummerheliketheotherNASA-ASEEfellowsworkingatMarshallsummarizedhisfindingsinaformalpresentationanddetailedpaper.ItwasavaluablemomentforVossbecausetheASEEprogramgavehimaddedunderstandingofNASAdeepenedhisdesiretoflyinspaceandintensifiedhisapplicationforastronautstatus.Itwasnotaneasyprocess.Vosswasactuallypassedoverwhenhefirstappliedfortheastronautprogramin1978.Overthenextnineyearshereappliedrepeatedlyandwasfinallyacceptedin1987.Sincethenhehasparticipatedinthreespacemissions.The50-year-oldArmyofficerwholivesinHoustonisnowintrainingforafour-monthmissionasacrewmemberontheInternationalSpaceStationstartinginJuly2000.VosssaystheASEEprogramiswonderfulforallinvolved.ItbringsinpeoplefromtheacademicworldandgivesNASAaspecialpropertyforaparticularperiodoftime.ItbringssomefresheyesandfreshideastoNASAandestablisheslinkwithourcollegesanduniversitiesVossexplains.There’sanexchangeofinformationandanexchangeofperspectivesthatisveryimportant.FortheacademicsideVosssaystheASEEprogramalsobringsinstitutionsofhigherlearningmoreinsightintonewtechnology.Wegivethemanopportunitytoworkonreal-worldproblemsandtakeitbacktotheclassroom./WhatdoesVosswanttostressinthelastparagraph
It’sallannualback-to-schoolroutine.Onemorningyouwavegoodbyeandthat1eveningyou’reburningthelate-nightoilinsympathy.Intheracetoimproveeducationalstandards2arethrowingthebooksatkids.3elementaryschoolstudentsarecomplainingofhomework4What’sawell-meaningparenttodo Ashardas5mayhesitbackandchillexpertsadvise.Thoughyou’vegottogetthemtodoit6helpingtoomuchorevenexamining7toocarefullyyoumaykeepthem8doingitbythemselves."Iwouldn’tadviseaparenttocheckevery9assignment"sayspsychologistJohnRosemondauthorofEndingtheToughHomework."There’sa10ofappreciationfortrialanderror.Letyourchildren11thegradetheydeserve."Manyexpertsbelieveparentsshouldgentlylookovertheworkofyoungerchildrenandaskthemtorethinktheir12.But"youdon’twantthemtofeelithastobe13"shesays. That’snottosayparentsshould14homework-firsttheyshouldmonitorhowmuchhomeworktheirkids15.Thirtyminutesadayintheearlyelementaryyearsandanhourin16fourfiveandsixisstandardsaysRosemond.Forjunior-highstudentsitshouldbe"17morethananhourandahalf"andtwoforhighschoolstudents.Ifyourchild18hasmorehomeworkthanthisyoumaywanttocheck19otherparentsandthentalktotheteacherabout20assignments. 12
AstronautJimVosshasenjoyedmanymemorablemomentsinhiscareerincludingthreespaceflightsandonespacewalk.Butherecallswithspecialfondnessadecidedlyearthboundexperienceinthesummerof1980whenheparticipatedintheNASA-AS-EESummerFacultyFellowshipProgram.VossthenascienceteacheratWestPointwasassignedtotheMarshallSpaceFlightCenter’spropulsionlabinAlabamatoanalyzewhyahydraulicfuelpumpsealonthespaceshuttlewasworkingsowellwhenprevioussealshadfailed.Itwasaseeminglytinyproblemamongthevastcomplexitiesofrunningthespaceprogram.YetitwasimportanttoNASAbecauseanycrackinthesealscouldhaveledtodestructiveresultsfortheastronautswhoreliedonthem.IworkedabitwithNASAengineerssaysVossbutIdiditmostlybyanalysis.Iusedahandheldcalculatornotacomputertodoathermodynamicanalysis.AttheendofthesummerheliketheotherNASA-ASEEfellowsworkingatMarshallsummarizedhisfindingsinaformalpresentationanddetailedpaper.ItwasavaluablemomentforVossbecausetheASEEprogramgavehimaddedunderstandingofNASAdeepenedhisdesiretoflyinspaceandintensifiedhisapplicationforastronautstatus.Itwasnotaneasyprocess.Vosswasactuallypassedoverwhenhefirstappliedfortheastronautprogramin1978.Overthenextnineyearshereappliedrepeatedlyandwasfinallyacceptedin1987.Sincethenhehasparticipatedinthreespacemissions.The50-year-oldArmyofficerwholivesinHoustonisnowintrainingforafour-monthmissionasacrewmemberontheInternationalSpaceStationstartinginJuly2000.VosssaystheASEEprogramiswonderfulforallinvolved.ItbringsinpeoplefromtheacademicworldandgivesNASAaspecialpropertyforaparticularperiodoftime.ItbringssomefresheyesandfreshideastoNASAandestablisheslinkwithourcollegesanduniversitiesVossexplains.There’sanexchangeofinformationandanexchangeofperspectivesthatisveryimportant.FortheacademicsideVosssaystheASEEprogramalsobringsinstitutionsofhigherlearningmoreinsightintonewtechnology.Wegivethemanopportunitytoworkonreal-worldproblemsandtakeitbacktotheclassroom./Whywasthehydraulicfuelpumpsealimportantforthespaceshuttle
It’sallannualback-to-schoolroutine.Onemorningyouwavegoodbyeandthat1eveningyou’reburningthelate-nightoilinsympathy.Intheracetoimproveeducationalstandards2arethrowingthebooksatkids.3elementaryschoolstudentsarecomplainingofhomework4What’sawell-meaningparenttodo Ashardas5mayhesitbackandchillexpertsadvise.Thoughyou’vegottogetthemtodoit6helpingtoomuchorevenexamining7toocarefullyyoumaykeepthem8doingitbythemselves."Iwouldn’tadviseaparenttocheckevery9assignment"sayspsychologistJohnRosemondauthorofEndingtheToughHomework."There’sa10ofappreciationfortrialanderror.Letyourchildren11thegradetheydeserve."Manyexpertsbelieveparentsshouldgentlylookovertheworkofyoungerchildrenandaskthemtorethinktheir12.But"youdon’twantthemtofeelithastobe13"shesays. That’snottosayparentsshould14homework-firsttheyshouldmonitorhowmuchhomeworktheirkids15.Thirtyminutesadayintheearlyelementaryyearsandanhourin16fourfiveandsixisstandardsaysRosemond.Forjunior-highstudentsitshouldbe"17morethananhourandahalf"andtwoforhighschoolstudents.Ifyourchild18hasmorehomeworkthanthisyoumaywanttocheck19otherparentsandthentalktotheteacherabout20assignments. 6
[A]Theimportantroleofimageisparticularlyevidentinthebusinessworld. [B]Inthelongrunimagekeepthesamewavelengthwiththesubstanceandfact. [C]Inthelongtermthesingnificanceofimagewanesconsiderably. [D]ThegrowingsingnificanceofimageisalsoevidentinthepoliticalrealmwhenitcomestopresidentialPolitics. [E]Badimagehowevercanmakethesituationfrombadtoworse.[ F]Imageisbecomingincreasinglythecentreofattention. 41.______ HascreatinganimagebecomemoreimportantinoursocietythantherealityortruthbehindtheimageIagreethatimagehasbecomeamorecentralconcernatleastwhereshort-termbusinessorpoliticalsuccessisatstake.NeverthelessIthinkthatinthelongertermimageultimatelyyieldstosubstanceandfact. 42.______ Considerforexampletoday’sautomobileindustry.AmericancarsarebecomingessentiallyidenticaltocompetingJapanesecarsinnearlyeverymechanicalandstructuralrespectaswellasinprice.Thustocompeteeffectivelyautocompaniesmustnowdifferentiatetheirproductslargelythroughimageadvertisingbyconjuringupcertainillusorybenefitssuchasmachismostatussensibilityorfun.Theincreasingfocusonimageisalsoevidentinthebook-publishingbusiness.Publishersarerelyingmoreandmoreonthepoweroftheirbrandsratherthanthecontentoftheirbooks.Todaymassmarketbooksaresupplantedwithinayearwithproductsthatareessentiallythesame-exceptwithfreshfacestitlesandotherpromotionalangles.Ifindquitetellingthefactthattodaymoreandmorebookpublishersarebeingacquiredbylargemediacompanies.Andtheincreasingimportanceofimageisespeciallyevidentinthemusicindustrywhereoriginalityartisticinterpretationandtechnicalproficiencyhaveyieldedalmostentirelytosexappeal. 43.______ Admittedlybyitsverynaturepolitickinghasalwaysemphasizedrhetoricandappearancesabovesubstanceandfact.Yetsincetheinventionofthecamerapresidentialpoliticianshavebecomeincreasinglyconcernedabouttheirimage.ForexampleTeddyRooseveltwasverycarefulnevertobephotographedwearingatennisoutfitforfearthatsuchphotographswouldservetounderminehisrough-riderimagethatwonhimhisonlyterminoffice.Withtheadventoftelevisionimagebecameevenmorecentralinpresidentialpolitics.AfterallitwastelevisionthatelectedJ.EK.overNixon.Andouronlytwo-termpresidentsinthetelevisionagewereelectedbasedlargelyontheirimage.QuerywhetherPresidentsLincolnTaftorevenED.R.wouldbeelectedtodayifpittedagainstthehandsomeleadingmanReaganorthesuaveandpoliticallycorrectClinton.AfterallLincolnwashomelyTaftwasobeseandED.R.wascrippled. 44.______ TheimageoftheMarlboromanultimatelygavewaytothetruthaboutthehealthhazardsofcigarettesmoking.Popularmusicalactswithnothingtrulyinnovativetooffermusicallyeventuallydisappearfromthemusicscene.Andanyonewhofrequentsyardsalesknowsthattoday’sbest-sellingbooksoftenbecometomorrow’spulp.EveninpoliticsIthinkhistoryhasaknackforpeelingawayimagetofocusonrealaccomplishments.IthinkhistorywillrememberTeddyRooseveltforexampleprimarilyforbuildingthePanamaCanalandforestablishingourNationalParkSystem-andnotforhisrough-and-readywardrobe. 45.______ Inthefinalanalysisitseemsthatineveryendeavorwheresuccessdependstosomedegreeonpersuasionmarketingorsalesmanshipimagehasindeedbecomethecentralconcernofthosewhoseektopersuade.AndasourlivesbecomebusierourattentionspansbrieferandourchoicesamongproductsandservicesgreaterIexpectthistrendtocontinueunabated—forbetterorworse. 44
AprovenmethodforeffectivetextbookreadingistheSQ3RmethoddevelopedbyFrancisRobinson.ThefirststepistosurveytheSstepthechapterbyreadingthetitleintroductionsectionheadingssummaryandbystudyinganygraphstablesillustrationsorcharts.Thepurposeofthisstepistogetanoverviewofthechaptersothatyouwillknowbeforeyoureadwhatitwillbeabout.InthesecondsteptheQstepforeachsectionyouaskyourselfquestionssuchasWhatdoIalreadyknowaboutthistopicandWhatdoIwanttoknowInthisstepyoualsotakethesectionheadingandturnitintoaquestion.Thisstepgivesyouapurposeforreadingthesection.Thethirdstepthefirstofthe3R’sistoreadtofindtheanswertoyourquestions.Thenattheendofeachsectionbeforegoingontothenextsectionyourecitethesecondofthe3R’stheanswerstothequestionsthatyouformedinthequestionstep.Whenyoureciteyoushouldsaytheinformationyouwanttolearnoutloudinyourownwords.Thefifthstepisdoneafteryouhavecompletedsteps23and4foreachsection.Youreviewthelastofthe3R’stheentirechapter.Thereviewisdonemuchasthesurveywasinthefirststep.Asyoureviewholdamentalconversationwithyourselfasyourecitetheinformationyouselectedasimportanttolearn.Thementalconversationcouldtaketheformofaskingandansweringthequestionsfromedfromtheheadingsorreadingthesummarywhichliststhemainideasinthechapterandtryingtofillinthedetailsforeachmainidea.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue
It’sallannualback-to-schoolroutine.Onemorningyouwavegoodbyeandthat1eveningyou’reburningthelate-nightoilinsympathy.Intheracetoimproveeducationalstandards2arethrowingthebooksatkids.3elementaryschoolstudentsarecomplainingofhomework4What’sawell-meaningparenttodo Ashardas5mayhesitbackandchillexpertsadvise.Thoughyou’vegottogetthemtodoit6helpingtoomuchorevenexamining7toocarefullyyoumaykeepthem8doingitbythemselves."Iwouldn’tadviseaparenttocheckevery9assignment"sayspsychologistJohnRosemondauthorofEndingtheToughHomework."There’sa10ofappreciationfortrialanderror.Letyourchildren11thegradetheydeserve."Manyexpertsbelieveparentsshouldgentlylookovertheworkofyoungerchildrenandaskthemtorethinktheir12.But"youdon’twantthemtofeelithastobe13"shesays. That’snottosayparentsshould14homework-firsttheyshouldmonitorhowmuchhomeworktheirkids15.Thirtyminutesadayintheearlyelementaryyearsandanhourin16fourfiveandsixisstandardsaysRosemond.Forjunior-highstudentsitshouldbe"17morethananhourandahalf"andtwoforhighschoolstudents.Ifyourchild18hasmorehomeworkthanthisyoumaywanttocheck19otherparentsandthentalktotheteacherabout20assignments. 16
It’sallannualback-to-schoolroutine.Onemorningyouwavegoodbyeandthat1eveningyou’reburningthelate-nightoilinsympathy.Intheracetoimproveeducationalstandards2arethrowingthebooksatkids.3elementaryschoolstudentsarecomplainingofhomework4What’sawell-meaningparenttodo Ashardas5mayhesitbackandchillexpertsadvise.Thoughyou’vegottogetthemtodoit6helpingtoomuchorevenexamining7toocarefullyyoumaykeepthem8doingitbythemselves."Iwouldn’tadviseaparenttocheckevery9assignment"sayspsychologistJohnRosemondauthorofEndingtheToughHomework."There’sa10ofappreciationfortrialanderror.Letyourchildren11thegradetheydeserve."Manyexpertsbelieveparentsshouldgentlylookovertheworkofyoungerchildrenandaskthemtorethinktheir12.But"youdon’twantthemtofeelithastobe13"shesays. That’snottosayparentsshould14homework-firsttheyshouldmonitorhowmuchhomeworktheirkids15.Thirtyminutesadayintheearlyelementaryyearsandanhourin16fourfiveandsixisstandardsaysRosemond.Forjunior-highstudentsitshouldbe"17morethananhourandahalf"andtwoforhighschoolstudents.Ifyourchild18hasmorehomeworkthanthisyoumaywanttocheck19otherparentsandthentalktotheteacherabout20assignments. 10
Fromthehealthpointofviewwearelivinginamarvelousage.Weareimmunizedfrombirthagainstmanyofthemostdangerousdisease.Alargenumberofoncefatalillnesscannowbefoundforthemoststubbornremainingdisease.Theexpectationoflifehasincreasedenormously.ButthoughthepossibilityoflivingalongandhappylifeisgreaterthaneverbeforeeverydaywewitnesstheincredibleslaughterofthemwomenandchildrenontheroadsManversusthemotor-car!Itisanever-endingbattlewhichmanislosingThousandofpeopletheworldoverarekilledorhorriblykilledeachyearandwearequietlysittingbackandlettingithappen.Ithasbeenrightlysaidthatwhenamanissittingbehindasteeringwheelhisearbecomestheextensionofhispersonality.Thereisnodoubtthatthemotor-caroftenbringsoutaman’sveryworstqualities.Peoplewhoarenormallyquietandpleasantmaybecomeunrecognizablewhentheyarebehindsteeringwheel.Theysweartheyareill-manneredandaggressivewillfulastwo-year-oldsandutterlyselfish.Alltheirhiddenfrustrationsdisappointmentsandjealousiesseemtobebroughttothesurfacebytheactofdriving.Thesurprisingthingisthatthesocietysmilessogentlyonthemotoristandseemstoforgivehisconvenience.Citiesareallowedtobecomealmostuninhabitablebecauseofheavytraffic;townsaremadeuglybyhugecarparks;thecountrysideisdesecratedbyroadnetworks;andthemassannualslaughterbecomesnothingmorethanastatistictobeconvenientlyforgottenItishightimeaworldcodewerecreatedtoreducethissenselesswasteofhumanlife.Withregardtodrivingthelawsofsomecountriesarenotoriouslylaxandeventhestrictestarenotstrictenough.Acodewhichwasuniversallyacceptedcouldonlyhaveadramaticallybeneficialeffectontheaccidentrate.Hereareafewexamplesofsomeofthethingsthatmightbedone.Thedrivingtestshouldbestandardizedandmadeformoredifficultthanitis;allthedriversshouldbemadetotakeatesteverythreeyearsorso;theageatwhichyoungpeopleareallowedtodriveanyvehicleshouldberaisedtoatleast21;allvehiclesshouldbeputthroughstrictannualtestsforsafety.Eventhesmallestamountofalcoholinthebloodcanimpairaperson’sdrivingability.Presentdrinkinganddrivinglawswheretheyexistshouldbemademuchstricter.Maximumandminimumspeedlimitsshouldbeimposedonallroads.GovernmentsshouldlaydownsafetyspecificationsformanufacturersashasbeendoneintheUSA.Alladvertisingstressingpowerandperformanceshouldhebanned.Thesemeasuresmaysoundinordinatelyharsh.Butsurelynothingshouldbeconsideredastoosevereifitresultsinreducingtheannualtollofhumanlife.Afteralltheworldisforhumanbeingsnotformotor-cars.WhichofthefollowingsisNOTmentionedasawayagainsttrafficaccidents
AstronautJimVosshasenjoyedmanymemorablemomentsinhiscareerincludingthreespaceflightsandonespacewalk.Butherecallswithspecialfondnessadecidedlyearthboundexperienceinthesummerof1980whenheparticipatedintheNASA-AS-EESummerFacultyFellowshipProgram.VossthenascienceteacheratWestPointwasassignedtotheMarshallSpaceFlightCenter’spropulsionlabinAlabamatoanalyzewhyahydraulicfuelpumpsealonthespaceshuttlewasworkingsowellwhenprevioussealshadfailed.Itwasaseeminglytinyproblemamongthevastcomplexitiesofrunningthespaceprogram.YetitwasimportanttoNASAbecauseanycrackinthesealscouldhaveledtodestructiveresultsfortheastronautswhoreliedonthem.IworkedabitwithNASAengineerssaysVossbutIdiditmostlybyanalysis.Iusedahandheldcalculatornotacomputertodoathermodynamicanalysis.AttheendofthesummerheliketheotherNASA-ASEEfellowsworkingatMarshallsummarizedhisfindingsinaformalpresentationanddetailedpaper.ItwasavaluablemomentforVossbecausetheASEEprogramgavehimaddedunderstandingofNASAdeepenedhisdesiretoflyinspaceandintensifiedhisapplicationforastronautstatus.Itwasnotaneasyprocess.Vosswasactuallypassedoverwhenhefirstappliedfortheastronautprogramin1978.Overthenextnineyearshereappliedrepeatedlyandwasfinallyacceptedin1987.Sincethenhehasparticipatedinthreespacemissions.The50-year-oldArmyofficerwholivesinHoustonisnowintrainingforafour-monthmissionasacrewmemberontheInternationalSpaceStationstartinginJuly2000.VosssaystheASEEprogramiswonderfulforallinvolved.ItbringsinpeoplefromtheacademicworldandgivesNASAaspecialpropertyforaparticularperiodoftime.ItbringssomefresheyesandfreshideastoNASAandestablisheslinkwithourcollegesanduniversitiesVossexplains.There’sanexchangeofinformationandanexchangeofperspectivesthatisveryimportant.FortheacademicsideVosssaystheASEEprogramalsobringsinstitutionsofhigherlearningmoreinsightintonewtechnology.Wegivethemanopportunitytoworkonreal-worldproblemsandtakeitbacktotheclassroom./HowmanyflightswillVosshavefinishedifhisfour-monthmissionstartinginJuly2000endsupsuccessfully
It’sallannualback-to-schoolroutine.Onemorningyouwavegoodbyeandthat1eveningyou’reburningthelate-nightoilinsympathy.Intheracetoimproveeducationalstandards2arethrowingthebooksatkids.3elementaryschoolstudentsarecomplainingofhomework4What’sawell-meaningparenttodo Ashardas5mayhesitbackandchillexpertsadvise.Thoughyou’vegottogetthemtodoit6helpingtoomuchorevenexamining7toocarefullyyoumaykeepthem8doingitbythemselves."Iwouldn’tadviseaparenttocheckevery9assignment"sayspsychologistJohnRosemondauthorofEndingtheToughHomework."There’sa10ofappreciationfortrialanderror.Letyourchildren11thegradetheydeserve."Manyexpertsbelieveparentsshouldgentlylookovertheworkofyoungerchildrenandaskthemtorethinktheir12.But"youdon’twantthemtofeelithastobe13"shesays. That’snottosayparentsshould14homework-firsttheyshouldmonitorhowmuchhomeworktheirkids15.Thirtyminutesadayintheearlyelementaryyearsandanhourin16fourfiveandsixisstandardsaysRosemond.Forjunior-highstudentsitshouldbe"17morethananhourandahalf"andtwoforhighschoolstudents.Ifyourchild18hasmorehomeworkthanthisyoumaywanttocheck19otherparentsandthentalktotheteacherabout20assignments. 14
AprovenmethodforeffectivetextbookreadingistheSQ3RmethoddevelopedbyFrancisRobinson.ThefirststepistosurveytheSstepthechapterbyreadingthetitleintroductionsectionheadingssummaryandbystudyinganygraphstablesillustrationsorcharts.Thepurposeofthisstepistogetanoverviewofthechaptersothatyouwillknowbeforeyoureadwhatitwillbeabout.InthesecondsteptheQstepforeachsectionyouaskyourselfquestionssuchasWhatdoIalreadyknowaboutthistopicandWhatdoIwanttoknowInthisstepyoualsotakethesectionheadingandturnitintoaquestion.Thisstepgivesyouapurposeforreadingthesection.Thethirdstepthefirstofthe3R’sistoreadtofindtheanswertoyourquestions.Thenattheendofeachsectionbeforegoingontothenextsectionyourecitethesecondofthe3R’stheanswerstothequestionsthatyouformedinthequestionstep.Whenyoureciteyoushouldsaytheinformationyouwanttolearnoutloudinyourownwords.Thefifthstepisdoneafteryouhavecompletedsteps23and4foreachsection.Youreviewthelastofthe3R’stheentirechapter.Thereviewisdonemuchasthesurveywasinthefirststep.Asyoureviewholdamentalconversationwithyourselfasyourecitetheinformationyouselectedasimportanttolearn.Thementalconversationcouldtaketheformofaskingandansweringthequestionsfromedfromtheheadingsorreadingthesummarywhichliststhemainideasinthechapterandtryingtofillinthedetailsforeachmainidea.ThepassageimpliesthattheSQ3Rmethod______.
[A]Theimportantroleofimageisparticularlyevidentinthebusinessworld. [B]Inthelongrunimagekeepthesamewavelengthwiththesubstanceandfact. [C]Inthelongtermthesingnificanceofimagewanesconsiderably. [D]ThegrowingsingnificanceofimageisalsoevidentinthepoliticalrealmwhenitcomestopresidentialPolitics. [E]Badimagehowevercanmakethesituationfrombadtoworse.[ F]Imageisbecomingincreasinglythecentreofattention. 41.______ HascreatinganimagebecomemoreimportantinoursocietythantherealityortruthbehindtheimageIagreethatimagehasbecomeamorecentralconcernatleastwhereshort-termbusinessorpoliticalsuccessisatstake.NeverthelessIthinkthatinthelongertermimageultimatelyyieldstosubstanceandfact. 42.______ Considerforexampletoday’sautomobileindustry.AmericancarsarebecomingessentiallyidenticaltocompetingJapanesecarsinnearlyeverymechanicalandstructuralrespectaswellasinprice.Thustocompeteeffectivelyautocompaniesmustnowdifferentiatetheirproductslargelythroughimageadvertisingbyconjuringupcertainillusorybenefitssuchasmachismostatussensibilityorfun.Theincreasingfocusonimageisalsoevidentinthebook-publishingbusiness.Publishersarerelyingmoreandmoreonthepoweroftheirbrandsratherthanthecontentoftheirbooks.Todaymassmarketbooksaresupplantedwithinayearwithproductsthatareessentiallythesame-exceptwithfreshfacestitlesandotherpromotionalangles.Ifindquitetellingthefactthattodaymoreandmorebookpublishersarebeingacquiredbylargemediacompanies.Andtheincreasingimportanceofimageisespeciallyevidentinthemusicindustrywhereoriginalityartisticinterpretationandtechnicalproficiencyhaveyieldedalmostentirelytosexappeal. 43.______ Admittedlybyitsverynaturepolitickinghasalwaysemphasizedrhetoricandappearancesabovesubstanceandfact.Yetsincetheinventionofthecamerapresidentialpoliticianshavebecomeincreasinglyconcernedabouttheirimage.ForexampleTeddyRooseveltwasverycarefulnevertobephotographedwearingatennisoutfitforfearthatsuchphotographswouldservetounderminehisrough-riderimagethatwonhimhisonlyterminoffice.Withtheadventoftelevisionimagebecameevenmorecentralinpresidentialpolitics.AfterallitwastelevisionthatelectedJ.EK.overNixon.Andouronlytwo-termpresidentsinthetelevisionagewereelectedbasedlargelyontheirimage.QuerywhetherPresidentsLincolnTaftorevenED.R.wouldbeelectedtodayifpittedagainstthehandsomeleadingmanReaganorthesuaveandpoliticallycorrectClinton.AfterallLincolnwashomelyTaftwasobeseandED.R.wascrippled. 44.______ TheimageoftheMarlboromanultimatelygavewaytothetruthaboutthehealthhazardsofcigarettesmoking.Popularmusicalactswithnothingtrulyinnovativetooffermusicallyeventuallydisappearfromthemusicscene.Andanyonewhofrequentsyardsalesknowsthattoday’sbest-sellingbooksoftenbecometomorrow’spulp.EveninpoliticsIthinkhistoryhasaknackforpeelingawayimagetofocusonrealaccomplishments.IthinkhistorywillrememberTeddyRooseveltforexampleprimarilyforbuildingthePanamaCanalandforestablishingourNationalParkSystem-andnotforhisrough-and-readywardrobe. 45.______ Inthefinalanalysisitseemsthatineveryendeavorwheresuccessdependstosomedegreeonpersuasionmarketingorsalesmanshipimagehasindeedbecomethecentralconcernofthosewhoseektopersuade.AndasourlivesbecomebusierourattentionspansbrieferandourchoicesamongproductsandservicesgreaterIexpectthistrendtocontinueunabated—forbetterorworse. 50
[A]Theimportantroleofimageisparticularlyevidentinthebusinessworld. [B]Inthelongrunimagekeepthesamewavelengthwiththesubstanceandfact. [C]Inthelongtermthesingnificanceofimagewanesconsiderably. [D]ThegrowingsingnificanceofimageisalsoevidentinthepoliticalrealmwhenitcomestopresidentialPolitics. [E]Badimagehowevercanmakethesituationfrombadtoworse.[ F]Imageisbecomingincreasinglythecentreofattention. 41.______ HascreatinganimagebecomemoreimportantinoursocietythantherealityortruthbehindtheimageIagreethatimagehasbecomeamorecentralconcernatleastwhereshort-termbusinessorpoliticalsuccessisatstake.NeverthelessIthinkthatinthelongertermimageultimatelyyieldstosubstanceandfact. 42.______ Considerforexampletoday’sautomobileindustry.AmericancarsarebecomingessentiallyidenticaltocompetingJapanesecarsinnearlyeverymechanicalandstructuralrespectaswellasinprice.Thustocompeteeffectivelyautocompaniesmustnowdifferentiatetheirproductslargelythroughimageadvertisingbyconjuringupcertainillusorybenefitssuchasmachismostatussensibilityorfun.Theincreasingfocusonimageisalsoevidentinthebook-publishingbusiness.Publishersarerelyingmoreandmoreonthepoweroftheirbrandsratherthanthecontentoftheirbooks.Todaymassmarketbooksaresupplantedwithinayearwithproductsthatareessentiallythesame-exceptwithfreshfacestitlesandotherpromotionalangles.Ifindquitetellingthefactthattodaymoreandmorebookpublishersarebeingacquiredbylargemediacompanies.Andtheincreasingimportanceofimageisespeciallyevidentinthemusicindustrywhereoriginalityartisticinterpretationandtechnicalproficiencyhaveyieldedalmostentirelytosexappeal. 43.______ Admittedlybyitsverynaturepolitickinghasalwaysemphasizedrhetoricandappearancesabovesubstanceandfact.Yetsincetheinventionofthecamerapresidentialpoliticianshavebecomeincreasinglyconcernedabouttheirimage.ForexampleTeddyRooseveltwasverycarefulnevertobephotographedwearingatennisoutfitforfearthatsuchphotographswouldservetounderminehisrough-riderimagethatwonhimhisonlyterminoffice.Withtheadventoftelevisionimagebecameevenmorecentralinpresidentialpolitics.AfterallitwastelevisionthatelectedJ.EK.overNixon.Andouronlytwo-termpresidentsinthetelevisionagewereelectedbasedlargelyontheirimage.QuerywhetherPresidentsLincolnTaftorevenED.R.wouldbeelectedtodayifpittedagainstthehandsomeleadingmanReaganorthesuaveandpoliticallycorrectClinton.AfterallLincolnwashomelyTaftwasobeseandED.R.wascrippled. 44.______ TheimageoftheMarlboromanultimatelygavewaytothetruthaboutthehealthhazardsofcigarettesmoking.Popularmusicalactswithnothingtrulyinnovativetooffermusicallyeventuallydisappearfromthemusicscene.Andanyonewhofrequentsyardsalesknowsthattoday’sbest-sellingbooksoftenbecometomorrow’spulp.EveninpoliticsIthinkhistoryhasaknackforpeelingawayimagetofocusonrealaccomplishments.IthinkhistorywillrememberTeddyRooseveltforexampleprimarilyforbuildingthePanamaCanalandforestablishingourNationalParkSystem-andnotforhisrough-and-readywardrobe. 45.______ Inthefinalanalysisitseemsthatineveryendeavorwheresuccessdependstosomedegreeonpersuasionmarketingorsalesmanshipimagehasindeedbecomethecentralconcernofthosewhoseektopersuade.AndasourlivesbecomebusierourattentionspansbrieferandourchoicesamongproductsandservicesgreaterIexpectthistrendtocontinueunabated—forbetterorworse. 48
AllanimalsmustrestbutdotheyreallysleepasweknowitTheanswertothisquestionseemsobvious.Ifananimalregularlystopsitsactivitiesandstaysquietandunmoving—ifitlooksasthoughitissleeping—thenwhynotsimplyassumethatitisinfactsleepingButhowcanobserversbesurethatananimalissleepingTheycanwatchtheanimalandnoticewhetheritseyesareopenorclosedwhetheritisactiveorlyingquietlyandwhetheritrespondstolightorsound.Thesefactorsareimportantcluesbuttheyoftenarenotenough.Horsesandcowsforexamplerarelyclosetheireyesandfishandsnakescannotclosethem.Yetthisdoesnotnecessarilymeanthattheydonotsleep.HaveyoueverseenacatdozingwithaneyepartlyopenEvenhumanshaveoccasionallybeenobservedtosleepwithoneorbotheyespartiallyopen.Animalsdonotnecessarilyliedowntosleepeither.Elephantsforexampleoftensleepstandingupwiththeirtusksrestingintheforkofatree.Finallywhilesleepinganimalsoftenseemunawareofchangesinthesoundsandlightandotherstimuliaroundthemthatdoesnotreallyprovetheyaresleepingeither.Observationsofanimalbehavioralonecannotfullyanswerthequestionofwhetherornotanimalssleep.TheanswerscomefromdoingexperimentsinsleeplaboratoriesusingamachinecalledtheelectroencephalographEEC.Themachineisconnectedtoanimalsandmeasurestheirbrainsignalsbreathingheartbeatandmuscleactivity.Themeasurementsaredifferentwhentheanimalsappeartobesleepingthanwhentheyappeartobeawake.UsingtheEECscientistshaveconfirmedthatallbirdsandmammalsstudiedinlaboratoriesdosleep.Thereissomeevidencethatreptilessuchassnakesandturtlesdonottrulysleepalthoughtheydohaveperiodsofresteachdayinwhichtheyarequietandunmoving.Theyalsohavediscoveredthatsomeanimalslikechimpanzeescatsandmoleswholiveundergroundaregoodsleeperswhileotherslikesheepgoatsanddonkeysarepoorsleepers.Interestinglythegoodsleepersarenearlyallhunterswithrestingplacesthataresafefromtheirenemies.Nearlyallthepoorsleepersareanimalshuntedbyotheranimals:theymustalwaysbewatchingforenemiesevenwhentheyareresting.Accordingtotheresearchfindingsmentionedinthepassagereptiles______.
It’sallannualback-to-schoolroutine.Onemorningyouwavegoodbyeandthat1eveningyou’reburningthelate-nightoilinsympathy.Intheracetoimproveeducationalstandards2arethrowingthebooksatkids.3elementaryschoolstudentsarecomplainingofhomework4What’sawell-meaningparenttodo Ashardas5mayhesitbackandchillexpertsadvise.Thoughyou’vegottogetthemtodoit6helpingtoomuchorevenexamining7toocarefullyyoumaykeepthem8doingitbythemselves."Iwouldn’tadviseaparenttocheckevery9assignment"sayspsychologistJohnRosemondauthorofEndingtheToughHomework."There’sa10ofappreciationfortrialanderror.Letyourchildren11thegradetheydeserve."Manyexpertsbelieveparentsshouldgentlylookovertheworkofyoungerchildrenandaskthemtorethinktheir12.But"youdon’twantthemtofeelithastobe13"shesays. That’snottosayparentsshould14homework-firsttheyshouldmonitorhowmuchhomeworktheirkids15.Thirtyminutesadayintheearlyelementaryyearsandanhourin16fourfiveandsixisstandardsaysRosemond.Forjunior-highstudentsitshouldbe"17morethananhourandahalf"andtwoforhighschoolstudents.Ifyourchild18hasmorehomeworkthanthisyoumaywanttocheck19otherparentsandthentalktotheteacherabout20assignments. 4
Fromthehealthpointofviewwearelivinginamarvelousage.Weareimmunizedfrombirthagainstmanyofthemostdangerousdisease.Alargenumberofoncefatalillnesscannowbefoundforthemoststubbornremainingdisease.Theexpectationoflifehasincreasedenormously.ButthoughthepossibilityoflivingalongandhappylifeisgreaterthaneverbeforeeverydaywewitnesstheincredibleslaughterofthemwomenandchildrenontheroadsManversusthemotor-car!Itisanever-endingbattlewhichmanislosingThousandofpeopletheworldoverarekilledorhorriblykilledeachyearandwearequietlysittingbackandlettingithappen.Ithasbeenrightlysaidthatwhenamanissittingbehindasteeringwheelhisearbecomestheextensionofhispersonality.Thereisnodoubtthatthemotor-caroftenbringsoutaman’sveryworstqualities.Peoplewhoarenormallyquietandpleasantmaybecomeunrecognizablewhentheyarebehindsteeringwheel.Theysweartheyareill-manneredandaggressivewillfulastwo-year-oldsandutterlyselfish.Alltheirhiddenfrustrationsdisappointmentsandjealousiesseemtobebroughttothesurfacebytheactofdriving.Thesurprisingthingisthatthesocietysmilessogentlyonthemotoristandseemstoforgivehisconvenience.Citiesareallowedtobecomealmostuninhabitablebecauseofheavytraffic;townsaremadeuglybyhugecarparks;thecountrysideisdesecratedbyroadnetworks;andthemassannualslaughterbecomesnothingmorethanastatistictobeconvenientlyforgottenItishightimeaworldcodewerecreatedtoreducethissenselesswasteofhumanlife.Withregardtodrivingthelawsofsomecountriesarenotoriouslylaxandeventhestrictestarenotstrictenough.Acodewhichwasuniversallyacceptedcouldonlyhaveadramaticallybeneficialeffectontheaccidentrate.Hereareafewexamplesofsomeofthethingsthatmightbedone.Thedrivingtestshouldbestandardizedandmadeformoredifficultthanitis;allthedriversshouldbemadetotakeatesteverythreeyearsorso;theageatwhichyoungpeopleareallowedtodriveanyvehicleshouldberaisedtoatleast21;allvehiclesshouldbeputthroughstrictannualtestsforsafety.Eventhesmallestamountofalcoholinthebloodcanimpairaperson’sdrivingability.Presentdrinkinganddrivinglawswheretheyexistshouldbemademuchstricter.Maximumandminimumspeedlimitsshouldbeimposedonallroads.GovernmentsshouldlaydownsafetyspecificationsformanufacturersashasbeendoneintheUSA.Alladvertisingstressingpowerandperformanceshouldhebanned.Thesemeasuresmaysoundinordinatelyharsh.Butsurelynothingshouldbeconsideredastoosevereifitresultsinreducingtheannualtollofhumanlife.Afteralltheworldisforhumanbeingsnotformotor-cars.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofsocietytowardmotorists
[A]Theimportantroleofimageisparticularlyevidentinthebusinessworld. [B]Inthelongrunimagekeepthesamewavelengthwiththesubstanceandfact. [C]Inthelongtermthesingnificanceofimagewanesconsiderably. [D]ThegrowingsingnificanceofimageisalsoevidentinthepoliticalrealmwhenitcomestopresidentialPolitics. [E]Badimagehowevercanmakethesituationfrombadtoworse.[ F]Imageisbecomingincreasinglythecentreofattention. 41.______ HascreatinganimagebecomemoreimportantinoursocietythantherealityortruthbehindtheimageIagreethatimagehasbecomeamorecentralconcernatleastwhereshort-termbusinessorpoliticalsuccessisatstake.NeverthelessIthinkthatinthelongertermimageultimatelyyieldstosubstanceandfact. 42.______ Considerforexampletoday’sautomobileindustry.AmericancarsarebecomingessentiallyidenticaltocompetingJapanesecarsinnearlyeverymechanicalandstructuralrespectaswellasinprice.Thustocompeteeffectivelyautocompaniesmustnowdifferentiatetheirproductslargelythroughimageadvertisingbyconjuringupcertainillusorybenefitssuchasmachismostatussensibilityorfun.Theincreasingfocusonimageisalsoevidentinthebook-publishingbusiness.Publishersarerelyingmoreandmoreonthepoweroftheirbrandsratherthanthecontentoftheirbooks.Todaymassmarketbooksaresupplantedwithinayearwithproductsthatareessentiallythesame-exceptwithfreshfacestitlesandotherpromotionalangles.Ifindquitetellingthefactthattodaymoreandmorebookpublishersarebeingacquiredbylargemediacompanies.Andtheincreasingimportanceofimageisespeciallyevidentinthemusicindustrywhereoriginalityartisticinterpretationandtechnicalproficiencyhaveyieldedalmostentirelytosexappeal. 43.______ Admittedlybyitsverynaturepolitickinghasalwaysemphasizedrhetoricandappearancesabovesubstanceandfact.Yetsincetheinventionofthecamerapresidentialpoliticianshavebecomeincreasinglyconcernedabouttheirimage.ForexampleTeddyRooseveltwasverycarefulnevertobephotographedwearingatennisoutfitforfearthatsuchphotographswouldservetounderminehisrough-riderimagethatwonhimhisonlyterminoffice.Withtheadventoftelevisionimagebecameevenmorecentralinpresidentialpolitics.AfterallitwastelevisionthatelectedJ.EK.overNixon.Andouronlytwo-termpresidentsinthetelevisionagewereelectedbasedlargelyontheirimage.QuerywhetherPresidentsLincolnTaftorevenED.R.wouldbeelectedtodayifpittedagainstthehandsomeleadingmanReaganorthesuaveandpoliticallycorrectClinton.AfterallLincolnwashomelyTaftwasobeseandED.R.wascrippled. 44.______ TheimageoftheMarlboromanultimatelygavewaytothetruthaboutthehealthhazardsofcigarettesmoking.Popularmusicalactswithnothingtrulyinnovativetooffermusicallyeventuallydisappearfromthemusicscene.Andanyonewhofrequentsyardsalesknowsthattoday’sbest-sellingbooksoftenbecometomorrow’spulp.EveninpoliticsIthinkhistoryhasaknackforpeelingawayimagetofocusonrealaccomplishments.IthinkhistorywillrememberTeddyRooseveltforexampleprimarilyforbuildingthePanamaCanalandforestablishingourNationalParkSystem-andnotforhisrough-and-readywardrobe. 45.______ Inthefinalanalysisitseemsthatineveryendeavorwheresuccessdependstosomedegreeonpersuasionmarketingorsalesmanshipimagehasindeedbecomethecentralconcernofthosewhoseektopersuade.AndasourlivesbecomebusierourattentionspansbrieferandourchoicesamongproductsandservicesgreaterIexpectthistrendtocontinueunabated—forbetterorworse. 46
AllanimalsmustrestbutdotheyreallysleepasweknowitTheanswertothisquestionseemsobvious.Ifananimalregularlystopsitsactivitiesandstaysquietandunmoving—ifitlooksasthoughitissleeping—thenwhynotsimplyassumethatitisinfactsleepingButhowcanobserversbesurethatananimalissleepingTheycanwatchtheanimalandnoticewhetheritseyesareopenorclosedwhetheritisactiveorlyingquietlyandwhetheritrespondstolightorsound.Thesefactorsareimportantcluesbuttheyoftenarenotenough.Horsesandcowsforexamplerarelyclosetheireyesandfishandsnakescannotclosethem.Yetthisdoesnotnecessarilymeanthattheydonotsleep.HaveyoueverseenacatdozingwithaneyepartlyopenEvenhumanshaveoccasionallybeenobservedtosleepwithoneorbotheyespartiallyopen.Animalsdonotnecessarilyliedowntosleepeither.Elephantsforexampleoftensleepstandingupwiththeirtusksrestingintheforkofatree.Finallywhilesleepinganimalsoftenseemunawareofchangesinthesoundsandlightandotherstimuliaroundthemthatdoesnotreallyprovetheyaresleepingeither.Observationsofanimalbehavioralonecannotfullyanswerthequestionofwhetherornotanimalssleep.TheanswerscomefromdoingexperimentsinsleeplaboratoriesusingamachinecalledtheelectroencephalographEEC.Themachineisconnectedtoanimalsandmeasurestheirbrainsignalsbreathingheartbeatandmuscleactivity.Themeasurementsaredifferentwhentheanimalsappeartobesleepingthanwhentheyappeartobeawake.UsingtheEECscientistshaveconfirmedthatallbirdsandmammalsstudiedinlaboratoriesdosleep.Thereissomeevidencethatreptilessuchassnakesandturtlesdonottrulysleepalthoughtheydohaveperiodsofresteachdayinwhichtheyarequietandunmoving.Theyalsohavediscoveredthatsomeanimalslikechimpanzeescatsandmoleswholiveundergroundaregoodsleeperswhileotherslikesheepgoatsanddonkeysarepoorsleepers.Interestinglythegoodsleepersarenearlyallhunterswithrestingplacesthataresafefromtheirenemies.Nearlyallthepoorsleepersareanimalshuntedbyotheranimals:theymustalwaysbewatchingforenemiesevenwhentheyareresting.ThestatementHorsesandcowsforexamplerarelyclosetheireyesaimstoshowthat______.
It’sallannualback-to-schoolroutine.Onemorningyouwavegoodbyeandthat1eveningyou’reburningthelate-nightoilinsympathy.Intheracetoimproveeducationalstandards2arethrowingthebooksatkids.3elementaryschoolstudentsarecomplainingofhomework4What’sawell-meaningparenttodo Ashardas5mayhesitbackandchillexpertsadvise.Thoughyou’vegottogetthemtodoit6helpingtoomuchorevenexamining7toocarefullyyoumaykeepthem8doingitbythemselves."Iwouldn’tadviseaparenttocheckevery9assignment"sayspsychologistJohnRosemondauthorofEndingtheToughHomework."There’sa10ofappreciationfortrialanderror.Letyourchildren11thegradetheydeserve."Manyexpertsbelieveparentsshouldgentlylookovertheworkofyoungerchildrenandaskthemtorethinktheir12.But"youdon’twantthemtofeelithastobe13"shesays. That’snottosayparentsshould14homework-firsttheyshouldmonitorhowmuchhomeworktheirkids15.Thirtyminutesadayintheearlyelementaryyearsandanhourin16fourfiveandsixisstandardsaysRosemond.Forjunior-highstudentsitshouldbe"17morethananhourandahalf"andtwoforhighschoolstudents.Ifyourchild18hasmorehomeworkthanthisyoumaywanttocheck19otherparentsandthentalktotheteacherabout20assignments. 8
Directions: Thefigureshowsthepercentageofemployeesineachoccupationabsentfromworkforatleastonedayinareferenceweekin1999duetoinjuryorillness. Writeareportforauniversitylecturedescribingtheinformationshownbelow. Youshouldwriteabout160—200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Percentageofemployeesabsent Figuresinbracketsequalnumberofemployeescouted
WhentheVikingsinvadedGreatBritaintheydidmorethanslaughterthepopulationransackthecitiesandscorchtheearth.TheyalsoleftsubstantialinfluenceontheEnglishlanguagewordslikeslaughterransackandscorch. 46NowasinglewordinanancientmanuscripthasledaU.S.linguisttoconcludethattheinfluenceoftheNorseontheEnglishlanguagemayhavecomeasmuchasacenturyearlierthanmostscholarshadthought.ThefindcamewhenEnglishprofessorJonathanEvansoftheUniversityofGeorgiawasreadingapassagetohisOldEnglishclassfromtheAnglo-SaxonChronicleandaNorsewordtheorajumpedoutathim. The1122textaccordingtogenerationsofscholarswassupposedtobetooearlytocontainevidenceofDanishinfluenceonOldEnglish.47ButthefactthatthetextusedtheNordicformof"their"ratherthantheOldEnglishhieraorheorasuggestedthatNorsemenandtheirEnglishhostswerenotonlylivingside-by-sideinEngland’sEastMidlandsbutalsowerein"frequentpeacefulcommunication"Evanscontends. "IthoughtIhadmadeamistake"whenhefirstsawthewordhesaid."Thereitwassittingthereinplainsight.NobodysawthisDanishwordsittingthere.IkeptitquietbecauseIthoughtImadeamistake.’ ButhewasurgedtoinvestigatebyavisitingDanishscholarHansNielsen.48SoEvansspentseveralyearspursuingahunchthataRomanCatholicmonkslippedintothelocaldialectwhilecopyingouttheancienthistoricalworkforhismonastery.IfsothatsuggeststoEvansthatNorseandWest-SaxondialectsofOldEnglishhadmingledsignificantlybythe12thcenturyifnotearlier. TheresultofEvans’researchisapaperrecentlypublishedinthejournalNorth-WesternEuropeanLanguageEvolution.49Hisparerputsforththetheorythatthemonk’suseoftheNorsewordisthefirstdatableexampleinEnglishofScandinavian-derivedpluralpronounsantecedentsofthemodernEnglishwords"theythem"and"their". 50"Thisisafootnoteinamuchmorewell-knownstory--thestoryofScandinavianborrowingsintheEnglishlanguage.’saidEvanswhocanreadtextsinDanishFrenchOldEnglishandOldIcelandic."It’sgoingtobeinterestingtoseehowotherscholarsviewthisdiscoverybutIthinkI’vemademycaseforit./ 48
AprovenmethodforeffectivetextbookreadingistheSQ3RmethoddevelopedbyFrancisRobinson.ThefirststepistosurveytheSstepthechapterbyreadingthetitleintroductionsectionheadingssummaryandbystudyinganygraphstablesillustrationsorcharts.Thepurposeofthisstepistogetanoverviewofthechaptersothatyouwillknowbeforeyoureadwhatitwillbeabout.InthesecondsteptheQstepforeachsectionyouaskyourselfquestionssuchasWhatdoIalreadyknowaboutthistopicandWhatdoIwanttoknowInthisstepyoualsotakethesectionheadingandturnitintoaquestion.Thisstepgivesyouapurposeforreadingthesection.Thethirdstepthefirstofthe3R’sistoreadtofindtheanswertoyourquestions.Thenattheendofeachsectionbeforegoingontothenextsectionyourecitethesecondofthe3R’stheanswerstothequestionsthatyouformedinthequestionstep.Whenyoureciteyoushouldsaytheinformationyouwanttolearnoutloudinyourownwords.Thefifthstepisdoneafteryouhavecompletedsteps23and4foreachsection.Youreviewthelastofthe3R’stheentirechapter.Thereviewisdonemuchasthesurveywasinthefirststep.Asyoureviewholdamentalconversationwithyourselfasyourecitetheinformationyouselectedasimportanttolearn.Thementalconversationcouldtaketheformofaskingandansweringthequestionsfromedfromtheheadingsorreadingthesummarywhichliststhemainideasinthechapterandtryingtofillinthedetailsforeachmainidea.Accordingtothepassagethefirststephelpsthereaders______.
WhentheVikingsinvadedGreatBritaintheydidmorethanslaughterthepopulationransackthecitiesandscorchtheearth.TheyalsoleftsubstantialinfluenceontheEnglishlanguagewordslikeslaughterransackandscorch. 46NowasinglewordinanancientmanuscripthasledaU.S.linguisttoconcludethattheinfluenceoftheNorseontheEnglishlanguagemayhavecomeasmuchasacenturyearlierthanmostscholarshadthought.ThefindcamewhenEnglishprofessorJonathanEvansoftheUniversityofGeorgiawasreadingapassagetohisOldEnglishclassfromtheAnglo-SaxonChronicleandaNorsewordtheorajumpedoutathim. The1122textaccordingtogenerationsofscholarswassupposedtobetooearlytocontainevidenceofDanishinfluenceonOldEnglish.47ButthefactthatthetextusedtheNordicformof"their"ratherthantheOldEnglishhieraorheorasuggestedthatNorsemenandtheirEnglishhostswerenotonlylivingside-by-sideinEngland’sEastMidlandsbutalsowerein"frequentpeacefulcommunication"Evanscontends. "IthoughtIhadmadeamistake"whenhefirstsawthewordhesaid."Thereitwassittingthereinplainsight.NobodysawthisDanishwordsittingthere.IkeptitquietbecauseIthoughtImadeamistake.’ ButhewasurgedtoinvestigatebyavisitingDanishscholarHansNielsen.48SoEvansspentseveralyearspursuingahunchthataRomanCatholicmonkslippedintothelocaldialectwhilecopyingouttheancienthistoricalworkforhismonastery.IfsothatsuggeststoEvansthatNorseandWest-SaxondialectsofOldEnglishhadmingledsignificantlybythe12thcenturyifnotearlier. TheresultofEvans’researchisapaperrecentlypublishedinthejournalNorth-WesternEuropeanLanguageEvolution.49Hisparerputsforththetheorythatthemonk’suseoftheNorsewordisthefirstdatableexampleinEnglishofScandinavian-derivedpluralpronounsantecedentsofthemodernEnglishwords"theythem"and"their". 50"Thisisafootnoteinamuchmorewell-knownstory--thestoryofScandinavianborrowingsintheEnglishlanguage.’saidEvanswhocanreadtextsinDanishFrenchOldEnglishandOldIcelandic."It’sgoingtobeinterestingtoseehowotherscholarsviewthisdiscoverybutIthinkI’vemademycaseforit./ 50
It’sallannualback-to-schoolroutine.Onemorningyouwavegoodbyeandthat1eveningyou’reburningthelate-nightoilinsympathy.Intheracetoimproveeducationalstandards2arethrowingthebooksatkids.3elementaryschoolstudentsarecomplainingofhomework4What’sawell-meaningparenttodo Ashardas5mayhesitbackandchillexpertsadvise.Thoughyou’vegottogetthemtodoit6helpingtoomuchorevenexamining7toocarefullyyoumaykeepthem8doingitbythemselves."Iwouldn’tadviseaparenttocheckevery9assignment"sayspsychologistJohnRosemondauthorofEndingtheToughHomework."There’sa10ofappreciationfortrialanderror.Letyourchildren11thegradetheydeserve."Manyexpertsbelieveparentsshouldgentlylookovertheworkofyoungerchildrenandaskthemtorethinktheir12.But"youdon’twantthemtofeelithastobe13"shesays. That’snottosayparentsshould14homework-firsttheyshouldmonitorhowmuchhomeworktheirkids15.Thirtyminutesadayintheearlyelementaryyearsandanhourin16fourfiveandsixisstandardsaysRosemond.Forjunior-highstudentsitshouldbe"17morethananhourandahalf"andtwoforhighschoolstudents.Ifyourchild18hasmorehomeworkthanthisyoumaywanttocheck19otherparentsandthentalktotheteacherabout20assignments. 18
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomo--andLinne’shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3hair. Modern4arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan’slofty5andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7thatchimpsarehumans’nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9itisherethatthe10mustoriginate. Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek’sNature12thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13answerstoage-oldquestions14thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15.Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes-presentinonebutnottheother-thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCarDonANSWERSHEET1.2
It’sallannualback-to-schoolroutine.Onemorningyouwavegoodbyeandthat1eveningyou’reburningthelate-nightoilinsympathy.Intheracetoimproveeducationalstandards2arethrowingthebooksatkids.3elementaryschoolstudentsarecomplainingofhomework4What’sawell-meaningparenttodo Ashardas5mayhesitbackandchillexpertsadvise.Thoughyou’vegottogetthemtodoit6helpingtoomuchorevenexamining7toocarefullyyoumaykeepthem8doingitbythemselves."Iwouldn’tadviseaparenttocheckevery9assignment"sayspsychologistJohnRosemondauthorofEndingtheToughHomework."There’sa10ofappreciationfortrialanderror.Letyourchildren11thegradetheydeserve."Manyexpertsbelieveparentsshouldgentlylookovertheworkofyoungerchildrenandaskthemtorethinktheir12.But"youdon’twantthemtofeelithastobe13"shesays. That’snottosayparentsshould14homework-firsttheyshouldmonitorhowmuchhomeworktheirkids15.Thirtyminutesadayintheearlyelementaryyearsandanhourin16fourfiveandsixisstandardsaysRosemond.Forjunior-highstudentsitshouldbe"17morethananhourandahalf"andtwoforhighschoolstudents.Ifyourchild18hasmorehomeworkthanthisyoumaywanttocheck19otherparentsandthentalktotheteacherabout20assignments. 2
It’sallannualback-to-schoolroutine.Onemorningyouwavegoodbyeandthat1eveningyou’reburningthelate-nightoilinsympathy.Intheracetoimproveeducationalstandards2arethrowingthebooksatkids.3elementaryschoolstudentsarecomplainingofhomework4What’sawell-meaningparenttodo Ashardas5mayhesitbackandchillexpertsadvise.Thoughyou’vegottogetthemtodoit6helpingtoomuchorevenexamining7toocarefullyyoumaykeepthem8doingitbythemselves."Iwouldn’tadviseaparenttocheckevery9assignment"sayspsychologistJohnRosemondauthorofEndingtheToughHomework."There’sa10ofappreciationfortrialanderror.Letyourchildren11thegradetheydeserve."Manyexpertsbelieveparentsshouldgentlylookovertheworkofyoungerchildrenandaskthemtorethinktheir12.But"youdon’twantthemtofeelithastobe13"shesays. That’snottosayparentsshould14homework-firsttheyshouldmonitorhowmuchhomeworktheirkids15.Thirtyminutesadayintheearlyelementaryyearsandanhourin16fourfiveandsixisstandardsaysRosemond.Forjunior-highstudentsitshouldbe"17morethananhourandahalf"andtwoforhighschoolstudents.Ifyourchild18hasmorehomeworkthanthisyoumaywanttocheck19otherparentsandthentalktotheteacherabout20assignments. 20
[A]Theimportantroleofimageisparticularlyevidentinthebusinessworld. [B]Inthelongrunimagekeepthesamewavelengthwiththesubstanceandfact. [C]Inthelongtermthesingnificanceofimagewanesconsiderably. [D]ThegrowingsingnificanceofimageisalsoevidentinthepoliticalrealmwhenitcomestopresidentialPolitics. [E]Badimagehowevercanmakethesituationfrombadtoworse.[ F]Imageisbecomingincreasinglythecentreofattention. 41.______ HascreatinganimagebecomemoreimportantinoursocietythantherealityortruthbehindtheimageIagreethatimagehasbecomeamorecentralconcernatleastwhereshort-termbusinessorpoliticalsuccessisatstake.NeverthelessIthinkthatinthelongertermimageultimatelyyieldstosubstanceandfact. 42.______ Considerforexampletoday’sautomobileindustry.AmericancarsarebecomingessentiallyidenticaltocompetingJapanesecarsinnearlyeverymechanicalandstructuralrespectaswellasinprice.Thustocompeteeffectivelyautocompaniesmustnowdifferentiatetheirproductslargelythroughimageadvertisingbyconjuringupcertainillusorybenefitssuchasmachismostatussensibilityorfun.Theincreasingfocusonimageisalsoevidentinthebook-publishingbusiness.Publishersarerelyingmoreandmoreonthepoweroftheirbrandsratherthanthecontentoftheirbooks.Todaymassmarketbooksaresupplantedwithinayearwithproductsthatareessentiallythesame-exceptwithfreshfacestitlesandotherpromotionalangles.Ifindquitetellingthefactthattodaymoreandmorebookpublishersarebeingacquiredbylargemediacompanies.Andtheincreasingimportanceofimageisespeciallyevidentinthemusicindustrywhereoriginalityartisticinterpretationandtechnicalproficiencyhaveyieldedalmostentirelytosexappeal. 43.______ Admittedlybyitsverynaturepolitickinghasalwaysemphasizedrhetoricandappearancesabovesubstanceandfact.Yetsincetheinventionofthecamerapresidentialpoliticianshavebecomeincreasinglyconcernedabouttheirimage.ForexampleTeddyRooseveltwasverycarefulnevertobephotographedwearingatennisoutfitforfearthatsuchphotographswouldservetounderminehisrough-riderimagethatwonhimhisonlyterminoffice.Withtheadventoftelevisionimagebecameevenmorecentralinpresidentialpolitics.AfterallitwastelevisionthatelectedJ.EK.overNixon.Andouronlytwo-termpresidentsinthetelevisionagewereelectedbasedlargelyontheirimage.QuerywhetherPresidentsLincolnTaftorevenED.R.wouldbeelectedtodayifpittedagainstthehandsomeleadingmanReaganorthesuaveandpoliticallycorrectClinton.AfterallLincolnwashomelyTaftwasobeseandED.R.wascrippled. 44.______ TheimageoftheMarlboromanultimatelygavewaytothetruthaboutthehealthhazardsofcigarettesmoking.Popularmusicalactswithnothingtrulyinnovativetooffermusicallyeventuallydisappearfromthemusicscene.Andanyonewhofrequentsyardsalesknowsthattoday’sbest-sellingbooksoftenbecometomorrow’spulp.EveninpoliticsIthinkhistoryhasaknackforpeelingawayimagetofocusonrealaccomplishments.IthinkhistorywillrememberTeddyRooseveltforexampleprimarilyforbuildingthePanamaCanalandforestablishingourNationalParkSystem-andnotforhisrough-and-readywardrobe. 45.______ Inthefinalanalysisitseemsthatineveryendeavorwheresuccessdependstosomedegreeonpersuasionmarketingorsalesmanshipimagehasindeedbecomethecentralconcernofthosewhoseektopersuade.AndasourlivesbecomebusierourattentionspansbrieferandourchoicesamongproductsandservicesgreaterIexpectthistrendtocontinueunabated—forbetterorworse. 42
A.Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayinnolessthan160-200words. B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow: 1Describethefollowingdrawings 2interpretitsmeaningand 3giveyourcomments.
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