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试述心肌梗死合并症及其后果如何
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Whenlabratssleeptheirbrainsrevisitthemazetheynavigatedduringthedayaccordingtoanewstudy1yesterdayofferingsomeofthestrongestevidence2thatanimalsdoindeeddream.Experimentswithsleepingratsfoundthatcellsintheanimals’brainsfireinadistinctivepattern3thepatternthatoccurswhentheyare4andtryingtolearntheirwayaroundamaze. Basedontheresultstheresearchersconcludedtheratsweredreamingaboutthemaze5reviewingwhattheyhadlearnedwhileawaketo6thememories. Researchershavelongknownthatanimalsgo7thesametypesofsleepphasesthatpeopledoincludingrapid-eye-movementREMsleepwhichiswhenpeopledream.But8theoccasionaltwitchinggrowlingorbarkingthatanydogownerhas9inhisorhersleepingpetthere’sbeen10directevidencethatanimals11.Ifanimalsdreamitsuggeststheymighthavemore12mentalfunctionsthanhadbeen13. "Wehaveashumansfeltthatthis14ofmemory—ourabilitytorecallsequencesofexperiences—wassomethingthatwas15human"Wilsonsaid."Thefactthatweseethisinrodents16suggesttheycanevaluatetheirexperienceinasignificantway.Animalsmaybe17aboutmorethanwehadpreviouslyconsidered." Thefindingsalsoprovidenewsupportforaleadingtheoryfor18humanssleep—tosolidifynewlearning."Peoplearenowreallynailingdownthefactthatthebrainduringsleepis19itsactivityatleastforthetimeimmediatelybeforesleepandalmostundoubtedlyusingthatreviewto20orintegratethosememoriesintomoreusableforms"saidanassistantprofessorofpsychiatryatHarvardMedicalSchool. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Researchiscommonlydividedinto"applied"and"pure".Thisclassificationisarbitraryandloosebutwhatisusuallymeantisthatappliedresearchisadeliberateinvestigationofaproblemofpracticalimportanceincontradistinctiontopureresearchdonetogainknowledgeforitsownsake.Thepurescientistmaybesaidtoacceptasanactoffaiththatanyscientificknowledgeisworthpursuingforitsownsakeandifpressedheusuallyclaimsthatinmostinstancesitiseventuallyfoundtobeuseful.MostofthegreatestdiscoveriessuchasthediscoveryofelectricityX-raysradiumandatomicenergyoriginatedfrompureresearchwhichallowstheworkertofollowunexpectedinterestingclueswithouttheintentionofachievingresultsofpracticalvalue.Inappliedresearchitistheprojectwhichisgivensupportwhereasinpureresearchitistheman.HoweveroftenthedistinctionbetweenpureandappliedresearchisasuperficialoneasitmaymerelydependonwhetherornotthesubjectinvestigatedisoneofpracticalimportanceForexampletheinvestigationofthelifecycleofaprotozooninapondispureresearchbutiftheprotozoonstudiedisaparasiteofmanordomesticanimaltheresearchwouldbetermedapplied.Amorefundamentaldifferentiationwhichcorrespondsonlyveryroughlywiththeappliedandpureclassificationisathatinwhichtheobjectiveisgivenandthemeansofobtainingitaresoughtandbthatinwhichthediscoveryisfirstmadeandthenauseforitissought. Thereexistsinsomecirclesacertainamountofintellectualsnobberyandtendencytolookcontemptuouslyonappliedinvestigation.Thisattitudeisbasedonthefollowingtwofalseideas:thatnewknowledgeisonlydiscoveredbypureresearchwhileappliedresearchmerelyseekstoapplyknowledgealreadyavailableandthatpureresearchisahigherintellectualactivitybecauseitrequiresgreaterscientificabilityandismoredifficult.Boththeseideasarequitewrong.Importantnewknowledgehasfrequentlyarisenfromappliedinvestigation;forinstancethescienceofbacteriologyoriginatedlargelyfromPasteur’sinvestigationsofpracticalprobleminthebeerwineandsilkwormindustries.Usuallyitismoredifficulttogetresultsinappliedresearchthaninpureresearchbecausetheworkerhastosticktoandsolveagivenprobleminsteadoffollowinganypromisingcluethatmayturnup.Alsoinappliedresearchmostfieldshavealreadybeenwellworkedoverandmanyoftheeasyandobviousthingshavebeendone.Appliedresearchshouldnotbeconfusedwiththeroutinepracticeofsomebranchofsciencewhereonlytheapplicationofexistingknowledgeisattempted.Thereisneedforbothpureandappliedresearchfortheytendtobecomplementary. Accordingtotheauthor
Directions: YouaregoingtoreadatextaboutthetipsonpreparinganewgardenfollowedbyalistofexamplesChoosethebestexamplefromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedsubheading41-45.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.W hetheryourecentlymovedintoanewhomeoryou’vejustgotthegardeningitchplanninganewgardencanbeagreatdealoffun.Theopportunitytoactascreatorcanbeveryappealing.Butanyonewhohasgardenedforlonghaslearnedthenecessityofaccommodatingnatureandhasdevelopedasenseofhumilityintheprocess. 41Weathermatters Thefirstthingtodetermineiswhatwillgrowinthespotavailableforyourgarden.Thisiswheremanygardenersmaketheirfirstmistake.Toooftenplantsarepurchasedbeforethoughthasbeengiventotheconditionsunderwhichtheywillhavetogrow.Oneofchieffactorsdeterminingwhatwillgrowinaparticularspotistheweatherconditionstheplantswillbesubjectedto. 42Layoftheland Nextyouwillneedtodeterminewhattypeofsoilyou’llbeworkingwith.ThethreemainconstituentsofsoilaresandsiltandclaySiltparticlesareofintermediatesize.Anidealgardensoilorloamwouldbeabout40%sand40%siltand20%clay. 43Amendyoursoil Thebestwaytoamendapoorsoilwhethersandyclayorsiltyistoaddorganicmatter.Addacombinationoftopsoilandpeatmossorcompostwilldoagreathelp. 44Keepawatchonmoisture Soilmoistureisobviouslytiedtotheclimateoftheareawhereyoulivebuteveninasmallyardtherecanbewidevariations.Ifyourgardenisatthebottomofahillthesoilmayremainwetforlongperiodsoftime.Inthissituationyoucantrycreatingaraisedbedbutitisbesttosticktoplantsthatenjoyhavingtheirfeetwet. 45Don’tfightmothernature Whilesomemeasurescanbetakentomakeyourgardenahospitableplaceforparticularplantsyourexperiencewillbemuchmorerewardingifyoulearntoworkwithnature.Youwillsaveyourselfalotoftimemoneyandgrief. Thehardestthingtoconvincenewgardenersofistheneedforpatience.Withthefirstwarmdayofspringtheyareeagertobeginplantingandnothingcanstopthem.Manyoftheseburstsofenthusiasmyieldill-conceivedgardensdoomedtofailure.Theplantswitherandthewould-begardenersbecomeconvincedthattheylacksomesecretknowledgeorinherentskill.Inmostofthesecaseshoweverafewhoursofplanningandpreparationwouldhavemadeallthedifference.Itisquiteeasytodigupaplotandthrowsomeplantsintheground.Itisanotherthingentirelytocreateahealthylivinggarden. [A]Azaleasinbloommightlookgreatwhenthesun’soutbutiftheywereplantedbeneathsomeprotectionfromtheglaretheymightnotbeconstantlyinfestedwithbugs.Ofcourseyoucanspraythemregularlywithinsecticidebutnowyourgardenisbecomingaboutasenvironmentallyfriendlyasanoilrefinery. [B]Acolleagueofminehadjustboughtanewhouseandwasbrimmingwithexcitementabouthisnewgarden.Heplantedasplendidgardenfilledwithplantsunsuitableforourcomparativelycoldclimateandinafewmonthsmostofhisplantshadeitherwitheredorbecomediseased.HethoughthelackedsomesecretknowledgebutIknewwhy! [C]Myneighborcomplainedthattheearthinhisgardenwaspooranddidn’tdraineasily.IadvisedhimtodoasIhaddoneandgodowntothebeachforhissolution. [D]Thewatertableisveryhighinmyarea.AtfirstItriedtofightthisinmygardenbuteventuallyIrealizedthatIcouldusethistomyadvantage—nowIhaveabeautifulpondfulloflilies. [E]Unfortunatelymyowngardendoesnothavethebestofsoil.MysolutiontothisproblemistokeepallthecuttingswhenImowthelawn.OncethesehaverotteddownIdigthemintothesoiltomakeitricherandmuchbetterforgrowing. [F]Myfriend’sgardenisverybeautifulbutunfortunatelyhishouselooksalittledrab.Myadvicetohimwastopurchasesomeclimbingplantsthathecouldencouragetogrowontrellisesfixedtohiswall—nowhishouselooksverynatural. 42
Whenlabratssleeptheirbrainsrevisitthemazetheynavigatedduringthedayaccordingtoanewstudy1yesterdayofferingsomeofthestrongestevidence2thatanimalsdoindeeddream.Experimentswithsleepingratsfoundthatcellsintheanimals’brainsfireinadistinctivepattern3thepatternthatoccurswhentheyare4andtryingtolearntheirwayaroundamaze. Basedontheresultstheresearchersconcludedtheratsweredreamingaboutthemaze5reviewingwhattheyhadlearnedwhileawaketo6thememories. Researchershavelongknownthatanimalsgo7thesametypesofsleepphasesthatpeopledoincludingrapid-eye-movementREMsleepwhichiswhenpeopledream.But8theoccasionaltwitchinggrowlingorbarkingthatanydogownerhas9inhisorhersleepingpetthere’sbeen10directevidencethatanimals11.Ifanimalsdreamitsuggeststheymighthavemore12mentalfunctionsthanhadbeen13. "Wehaveashumansfeltthatthis14ofmemory—ourabilitytorecallsequencesofexperiences—wassomethingthatwas15human"Wilsonsaid."Thefactthatweseethisinrodents16suggesttheycanevaluatetheirexperienceinasignificantway.Animalsmaybe17aboutmorethanwehadpreviouslyconsidered." Thefindingsalsoprovidenewsupportforaleadingtheoryfor18humanssleep—tosolidifynewlearning."Peoplearenowreallynailingdownthefactthatthebrainduringsleepis19itsactivityatleastforthetimeimmediatelybeforesleepandalmostundoubtedlyusingthatreviewto20orintegratethosememoriesintomoreusableforms"saidanassistantprofessorofpsychiatryatHarvardMedicalSchool. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyonANSWERSHEET2.E veryonemusthavehadatleastonepersonalexperiencewithacomputererrorbythistime.Bankbalancesaresuddenlyreportedtohavejumpedfrom379intothemillionsappealsforcharitablecontributionsaremailedoverandovertopeoplewithcrazy-soundingnamesatyouraddressdepartmentstoressendthewrongbillsutilitycompanieswritethatthey’returningeverythingoffthatsortofthing.46Ifyoumanagetogetintouchwithsomeoneandcomplainyouthengetinstantaneouslytypedguiltylettersfromthesamecomputersaying"Ourcomputerwasinerrorandanadjustmentisbeingmadeinyouraccount." Thesearesupposedtobethesheerestblindestaccidents.Mistakesarenotbelievedtobepartofthenormalbehaviorofagoodmachine.Ifthingsgowrongitmustbeapersonalhumanerrortheresultoffingeringtamperingabuttongettingstucksomeonehittingthewrongkey.Thecomputeratitsnormalbestisinfallible. Iwonderwhetherthiscanbetrue.47Afterallthewholepointofcomputersisthattheyrepresentanextensionofthehumanbrainvastlyimproveduponbutnonethelesshumansuperhumanmaybe.48Agoodcomputercanthinkclearlyandquicklyenoughtobeatyouatchessandsomeofthemhaveevenbeenprogrammedtowriteobscureverse.Theycandoanythingwecandoandmorebesides. Itisnotyetknownwhetheracomputerhasitsownconsciousnessanditwouldbehardtofindoutaboutthis.49Whenyouwalkintooneofthosegreathallsnowbuiltforthehugemachinesandstandlisteningitiseasytoimaginethatthefaintdistantnoisesarethesoundofthinking.Andtheturningofthespoolsgivesthemthelookofwildcreaturesrollingtheireyesintheefforttoconcentratechokingwithinformation.Butrealthinkinganddreamingareothermatters. Ontheotherhandtheevidencesofsomethinglikeanunconsciousequivalenttooursareallaroundineverymail.50Asextensionsofthehumanbraintheyhavebeenconstructedwiththesamepropertyoferrorspontaneousuncontrolledandrichinpossibilities.Mistakesareattheverybaseofhumanthoughtembeddedtherefeedingthestructurelikerootnodules.Ifwewerenotprovidedwiththeartofbeingwrongwecouldnevergetanythingusefuldone.Wethinkourwayalongbychoosingbetweenrightandwrongalternativesandthewrongchoiceshavetobemadeasfrequentlyastherightones.Wegetalonginlifethisway.Wearebuilttomakemistakescodedforerror. IfyoumanagetogetintouchwithsomeoneandcomplainyouthengetinstantaneouslytypedguiltylettersfromthesamecomputersayingOurcomputerwasinerrorandanadjustmentisbeingmadeinyouraccount.
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyonANSWERSHEET2.E veryonemusthavehadatleastonepersonalexperiencewithacomputererrorbythistime.Bankbalancesaresuddenlyreportedtohavejumpedfrom379intothemillionsappealsforcharitablecontributionsaremailedoverandovertopeoplewithcrazy-soundingnamesatyouraddressdepartmentstoressendthewrongbillsutilitycompanieswritethatthey’returningeverythingoffthatsortofthing.46Ifyoumanagetogetintouchwithsomeoneandcomplainyouthengetinstantaneouslytypedguiltylettersfromthesamecomputersaying"Ourcomputerwasinerrorandanadjustmentisbeingmadeinyouraccount." Thesearesupposedtobethesheerestblindestaccidents.Mistakesarenotbelievedtobepartofthenormalbehaviorofagoodmachine.Ifthingsgowrongitmustbeapersonalhumanerrortheresultoffingeringtamperingabuttongettingstucksomeonehittingthewrongkey.Thecomputeratitsnormalbestisinfallible. Iwonderwhetherthiscanbetrue.47Afterallthewholepointofcomputersisthattheyrepresentanextensionofthehumanbrainvastlyimproveduponbutnonethelesshumansuperhumanmaybe.48Agoodcomputercanthinkclearlyandquicklyenoughtobeatyouatchessandsomeofthemhaveevenbeenprogrammedtowriteobscureverse.Theycandoanythingwecandoandmorebesides. Itisnotyetknownwhetheracomputerhasitsownconsciousnessanditwouldbehardtofindoutaboutthis.49Whenyouwalkintooneofthosegreathallsnowbuiltforthehugemachinesandstandlisteningitiseasytoimaginethatthefaintdistantnoisesarethesoundofthinking.Andtheturningofthespoolsgivesthemthelookofwildcreaturesrollingtheireyesintheefforttoconcentratechokingwithinformation.Butrealthinkinganddreamingareothermatters. Ontheotherhandtheevidencesofsomethinglikeanunconsciousequivalenttooursareallaroundineverymail.50Asextensionsofthehumanbraintheyhavebeenconstructedwiththesamepropertyoferrorspontaneousuncontrolledandrichinpossibilities.Mistakesareattheverybaseofhumanthoughtembeddedtherefeedingthestructurelikerootnodules.Ifwewerenotprovidedwiththeartofbeingwrongwecouldnevergetanythingusefuldone.Wethinkourwayalongbychoosingbetweenrightandwrongalternativesandthewrongchoiceshavetobemadeasfrequentlyastherightones.Wegetalonginlifethisway.Wearebuilttomakemistakescodedforerror. Agoodcomputercanthinkclearlyandquicklyenoughtobeatyouatchessandsomeofthemhaveevenbeenprogrammedtowriteobscureverse.
Weknowtodaythatthetraditionsoftribalartaremorecomplexandless"primitive"thanitsdiscoverersbelieved;wehaveevenseenthattheimitationofnatureisbynomeansexcludedfromitsaims.Butthestyleoftheseritualisticobjectscouldstillserveasacommonfocusforthatsearchforexpressivenessstructureandsimplicitythatthenewmovementshadinheritedfromtheexperimentsofthethreelonelyrebels:VanGoghCezanneandGauguin. TheexperimentsofExpressionismareperhapstheeasiesttoexplaininwords.ThetermitselfmaynotbehappilychosenforweknowthatweareallexpressingourselvesineverythingwedoorleaveundonebutthewordbecameaconvenientlabelbecauseofitseasilyrememberedcontrasttoImpressionismandasalabelitisquiteuseful.InoneofhislettersVanGoghhadexplainedhowhesetaboutpaintingtheportraitofafriendwhowasverydeartohimTheconventionallikenesswasonlythefirststage.Havingpainteda"correct"portraitheproceededtochangethecolorsandthesetting. VanGoghwasrightinsayingthatthemethodhehadchosencouldbecomparedtothatofthecartoonist.Cartoonhadalwaysbeen"expressionist"forthecartoonistplayswiththelikenessofhisvictimanddistortsittoexpressjustwhathefeelsabouthisfellowman.Aslongasthesedistortionsofnaturesailedundertheflagofhumornobodyseemedtofindthemdifficulttounderstand.Humorousartwasafieldinwhicheverythingwaspermittedbecausepeopledidnotapproachitwithprejudices.Yetthereisnothinginconsistentaboutit.Itistruethatourfeelingsaboutthingsdocolorthewayinwhichweseethemandevenmoretheformswhichweremember.Everyonemusthaveexperiencedhowdifferentthesameplacemaylookwhenwearehappyandwhenwearesad. WhatupsetthepublicabouttheExpressionistartwasperhapsnotsomuchthefactthatnaturehadbeendistortedasthattheresultledawayfrombeauty.FortheExpressionistsfeltsostronglyabouthumansufferingpovertyviolenceandpassionthattheywereinclinedtothinkthattheinsistenceonharmonyandbeautywereonlybornoutofarefusaltobehonest.TheartoftheclassicalmastersofaRaphaelorCorreggioseemedtotheminsincereandhypocritical.Theywantedtofacethebarefactsofourexistenceandtoexpresstheircompassionfurthedisinheritedandtheugly. Expressionismisan
Weassumedethicsneededthesealofcertaintyelseitwasnon-rational.Andcertaintywastobeproducedbyadeductivemodel:thecorrectactionswerederivablefromclassicalfirstprinciplesorahierarchicalrankedpantheonofprinciples.Thismodelthoughisbankrupt. Isuggestwethinkofethicsasanalogoustolanguageusage.Therearenounivocalrulesofgrammarandstylewhichuniquelydeterminethebestsentenceforaparticularsituation.Norislanguageusageuniversalizable.Althoughasentenceorphraseiswarrantedinonecaseitdoesnotmeanitisautomaticallyappropriateinlikecircumstances.Nonethelesslanguageusageisnotsubjective. Thisshouldnotsurpriseusintheleast.Allintellectualpursuitsarerelativisticinjustthesesenses.Politicalsciencepsychologychemistryandphysicsarenotcertainbuttheyarenotsubjectiveeither.AsIseeitethicalinquiryproceedlikethis:wearetaughtmoralprinciplesbyparentsteachersandsocietyatlarge.Aswegrowolderwebecomeexposedtocompetingviews.Thesemayleadustoreevaluatepresentlyheldbeliefs.Orwemayfindourselvesinexplicablymakingcertainvaluationspossiblybecauseofinheritedaltruistictendencies.Wemay"learnthehardwaythatsomeactionsgenerateunacceptableconsequences.Orwemayreflectuponourownandothers’"theories"orpatternsofbehavioranddecidetheyareinconsistent.Theresultingviewsare"tested;"weactaswethinkweshouldandevaluatetheconsequencesofthoseactionsonourselvesandonothers.Wetherebycorrectourmistakesinlightofthetestoftime. Ofcoursepeoplemakedifferentmoraljudgments;ofcoursewecannotresolvethesedifferencesbyusingsomealgorithmwhichisitselfbeyondjudgment.Wehavenovantagepointoutsidehumanexperiencewherewecanjudgerightandwronggoodandbad.Butthenwedon’thaveavantagepointfromwherewecanbephilosophicalrelativistseither. Weareleftwithintherealworldtryingtocopewithourselveswitheachotherwiththeworldandwithourownmistakes.Wedonothaveallthemoralanswers;nordowehaveanalgorithmtodiscernthoseanswers.Neitherdowepossessanalgorithmfordeterminingcorrectlanguageusagebutthatdoesnotmakeusthrowupourhandsindespairbecausewecannolongercommunicate. IfweunderstandethicsinthiswaywecanseeIthinktherealvalueofethicaltheory.Somepeopletalkasifethicaltheoriesgiveusmoralprescriptions.Theythinkweshouldapplyethicalprinciplesaswewouldapoultice:afterdiagnosingtheillnessweapplytheappropriatedressing.Butthatisamistake.Notheoryprovidesasetofabstractsolutionstoapplystraightforwardly.Ethicaltheoriesareimportantnotbecausetheysolveallmoraldilemmasbutbecausetheyhelpusnoticesalientfeaturesofmoralproblemsandhelpusunderstandthoseproblemsincontext. Ethicswasgenerallyconsideredtobe
Directions: YouaregoingtoreadatextaboutthetipsonpreparinganewgardenfollowedbyalistofexamplesChoosethebestexamplefromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedsubheading41-45.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.W hetheryourecentlymovedintoanewhomeoryou’vejustgotthegardeningitchplanninganewgardencanbeagreatdealoffun.Theopportunitytoactascreatorcanbeveryappealing.Butanyonewhohasgardenedforlonghaslearnedthenecessityofaccommodatingnatureandhasdevelopedasenseofhumilityintheprocess. 41Weathermatters Thefirstthingtodetermineiswhatwillgrowinthespotavailableforyourgarden.Thisiswheremanygardenersmaketheirfirstmistake.Toooftenplantsarepurchasedbeforethoughthasbeengiventotheconditionsunderwhichtheywillhavetogrow.Oneofchieffactorsdeterminingwhatwillgrowinaparticularspotistheweatherconditionstheplantswillbesubjectedto. 42Layoftheland Nextyouwillneedtodeterminewhattypeofsoilyou’llbeworkingwith.ThethreemainconstituentsofsoilaresandsiltandclaySiltparticlesareofintermediatesize.Anidealgardensoilorloamwouldbeabout40%sand40%siltand20%clay. 43Amendyoursoil Thebestwaytoamendapoorsoilwhethersandyclayorsiltyistoaddorganicmatter.Addacombinationoftopsoilandpeatmossorcompostwilldoagreathelp. 44Keepawatchonmoisture Soilmoistureisobviouslytiedtotheclimateoftheareawhereyoulivebuteveninasmallyardtherecanbewidevariations.Ifyourgardenisatthebottomofahillthesoilmayremainwetforlongperiodsoftime.Inthissituationyoucantrycreatingaraisedbedbutitisbesttosticktoplantsthatenjoyhavingtheirfeetwet. 45Don’tfightmothernature Whilesomemeasurescanbetakentomakeyourgardenahospitableplaceforparticularplantsyourexperiencewillbemuchmorerewardingifyoulearntoworkwithnature.Youwillsaveyourselfalotoftimemoneyandgrief. Thehardestthingtoconvincenewgardenersofistheneedforpatience.Withthefirstwarmdayofspringtheyareeagertobeginplantingandnothingcanstopthem.Manyoftheseburstsofenthusiasmyieldill-conceivedgardensdoomedtofailure.Theplantswitherandthewould-begardenersbecomeconvincedthattheylacksomesecretknowledgeorinherentskill.Inmostofthesecaseshoweverafewhoursofplanningandpreparationwouldhavemadeallthedifference.Itisquiteeasytodigupaplotandthrowsomeplantsintheground.Itisanotherthingentirelytocreateahealthylivinggarden. [A]Azaleasinbloommightlookgreatwhenthesun’soutbutiftheywereplantedbeneathsomeprotectionfromtheglaretheymightnotbeconstantlyinfestedwithbugs.Ofcourseyoucanspraythemregularlywithinsecticidebutnowyourgardenisbecomingaboutasenvironmentallyfriendlyasanoilrefinery. [B]Acolleagueofminehadjustboughtanewhouseandwasbrimmingwithexcitementabouthisnewgarden.Heplantedasplendidgardenfilledwithplantsunsuitableforourcomparativelycoldclimateandinafewmonthsmostofhisplantshadeitherwitheredorbecomediseased.HethoughthelackedsomesecretknowledgebutIknewwhy! [C]Myneighborcomplainedthattheearthinhisgardenwaspooranddidn’tdraineasily.IadvisedhimtodoasIhaddoneandgodowntothebeachforhissolution. [D]Thewatertableisveryhighinmyarea.AtfirstItriedtofightthisinmygardenbuteventuallyIrealizedthatIcouldusethistomyadvantage—nowIhaveabeautifulpondfulloflilies. [E]Unfortunatelymyowngardendoesnothavethebestofsoil.MysolutiontothisproblemistokeepallthecuttingswhenImowthelawn.OncethesehaverotteddownIdigthemintothesoiltomakeitricherandmuchbetterforgrowing. [F]Myfriend’sgardenisverybeautifulbutunfortunatelyhishouselooksalittledrab.Myadvicetohimwastopurchasesomeclimbingplantsthathecouldencouragetogrowontrellisesfixedtohiswall—nowhishouselooksverynatural. 44
Carmakershavelongusedsextoselltheirproducts.RecentlyhoweverbothBMWandRenaulthavebasedtheirlatestEuropeanmarketingcampaignsaroundtheiconofmodernbiology. BMW’scampaignwhichlaunchesitsnew3-seriessportssalooninBritainandIrelandshowsthenewcreationandfourofitsearlierversionszigzaggingaroundalandscapemadeupofgiantDNAsequenceswithabriefexplanationthatDNAisthemoleculeresponsiblefortheinheritanceofsuchfeaturesasstrengthpowerandintelligence.TheRenaultofferingwhichpromotesitsexistingLagunamodelemploysevolutionarytheoryevenmoreexplicitly.Thecompany’stelevisioncommercialsintersperseclipsofthecarwithscenesfromalecturebySteveJonesaprofessorofgeneticsatUniversityofLondon. BMW’scampaignisintendedtoconveytheideaofdevelopmentalliedtoheritage.Thelatestproductinotherwordsshouldbeviewedasthenewandimprovedscionofalonglineofgoodcars.Renault’smessageismoresubtle.ItisthatevolutionworksbygradualimprovementsratherthansuddenleapsinthisRenaultisaligningitselfwithbiologicalorthodoxy.Soalthoughthenewcarintheadvertisementmaylookliketheoldonetheexternalformconcealsanumberofsignificantchangestotheengine.WhilethesealterationsarealmostinvisibletotheaveragedriverRenaulthopestheywillimprovethecar’sperformanceandultimatelyitssurvivalinthemarketplace. Whethertheyactuallydosowilldependinpartonwhethermarketershavereadthepublicmoodcorrectly.Forevenifgeneticsreallydoesofferausefulmetaphorforautomobilesemployingitinadvertisingisnotwithoutitsdangers.ThatisbecauseDNA’spublicimageisambiguous.Inonecontextpeoplemayseeitasthecornerstoneofmodernmedicalprogress.Inanotheritwillbringtomindsuchcontroversialissuesasabortiongeneticallymodifiedfoodstuffsandthesinistersubjectofeugenics. Carmakersareprobablystandingonsafergroundthanbiologists.Buteventheycallmakemistakes.ThoughitwouldnotbeobvioustothecasualobserversomeoftheDNAwhichfeaturesinBMW’sadsforitsnicenewcaroncebelongedtoawoollymammoth—abeastthathasbeenextinctfor10000years.Notpresumablyquitethemessagethatthemarketingdepartmentwastryingtoconvey. Accordingtotheauthorthesuccessofthecampaignsmaydependon
Researchiscommonlydividedinto"applied"and"pure".Thisclassificationisarbitraryandloosebutwhatisusuallymeantisthatappliedresearchisadeliberateinvestigationofaproblemofpracticalimportanceincontradistinctiontopureresearchdonetogainknowledgeforitsownsake.Thepurescientistmaybesaidtoacceptasanactoffaiththatanyscientificknowledgeisworthpursuingforitsownsakeandifpressedheusuallyclaimsthatinmostinstancesitiseventuallyfoundtobeuseful.MostofthegreatestdiscoveriessuchasthediscoveryofelectricityX-raysradiumandatomicenergyoriginatedfrompureresearchwhichallowstheworkertofollowunexpectedinterestingclueswithouttheintentionofachievingresultsofpracticalvalue.Inappliedresearchitistheprojectwhichisgivensupportwhereasinpureresearchitistheman.HoweveroftenthedistinctionbetweenpureandappliedresearchisasuperficialoneasitmaymerelydependonwhetherornotthesubjectinvestigatedisoneofpracticalimportanceForexampletheinvestigationofthelifecycleofaprotozooninapondispureresearchbutiftheprotozoonstudiedisaparasiteofmanordomesticanimaltheresearchwouldbetermedapplied.Amorefundamentaldifferentiationwhichcorrespondsonlyveryroughlywiththeappliedandpureclassificationisathatinwhichtheobjectiveisgivenandthemeansofobtainingitaresoughtandbthatinwhichthediscoveryisfirstmadeandthenauseforitissought. Thereexistsinsomecirclesacertainamountofintellectualsnobberyandtendencytolookcontemptuouslyonappliedinvestigation.Thisattitudeisbasedonthefollowingtwofalseideas:thatnewknowledgeisonlydiscoveredbypureresearchwhileappliedresearchmerelyseekstoapplyknowledgealreadyavailableandthatpureresearchisahigherintellectualactivitybecauseitrequiresgreaterscientificabilityandismoredifficult.Boththeseideasarequitewrong.Importantnewknowledgehasfrequentlyarisenfromappliedinvestigation;forinstancethescienceofbacteriologyoriginatedlargelyfromPasteur’sinvestigationsofpracticalprobleminthebeerwineandsilkwormindustries.Usuallyitismoredifficulttogetresultsinappliedresearchthaninpureresearchbecausetheworkerhastosticktoandsolveagivenprobleminsteadoffollowinganypromisingcluethatmayturnup.Alsoinappliedresearchmostfieldshavealreadybeenwellworkedoverandmanyoftheeasyandobviousthingshavebeendone.Appliedresearchshouldnotbeconfusedwiththeroutinepracticeofsomebranchofsciencewhereonlytheapplicationofexistingknowledgeisattempted.Thereisneedforbothpureandappliedresearchfortheytendtobecomplementary. Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat
Weassumedethicsneededthesealofcertaintyelseitwasnon-rational.Andcertaintywastobeproducedbyadeductivemodel:thecorrectactionswerederivablefromclassicalfirstprinciplesorahierarchicalrankedpantheonofprinciples.Thismodelthoughisbankrupt. Isuggestwethinkofethicsasanalogoustolanguageusage.Therearenounivocalrulesofgrammarandstylewhichuniquelydeterminethebestsentenceforaparticularsituation.Norislanguageusageuniversalizable.Althoughasentenceorphraseiswarrantedinonecaseitdoesnotmeanitisautomaticallyappropriateinlikecircumstances.Nonethelesslanguageusageisnotsubjective. Thisshouldnotsurpriseusintheleast.Allintellectualpursuitsarerelativisticinjustthesesenses.Politicalsciencepsychologychemistryandphysicsarenotcertainbuttheyarenotsubjectiveeither.AsIseeitethicalinquiryproceedlikethis:wearetaughtmoralprinciplesbyparentsteachersandsocietyatlarge.Aswegrowolderwebecomeexposedtocompetingviews.Thesemayleadustoreevaluatepresentlyheldbeliefs.Orwemayfindourselvesinexplicablymakingcertainvaluationspossiblybecauseofinheritedaltruistictendencies.Wemay"learnthehardwaythatsomeactionsgenerateunacceptableconsequences.Orwemayreflectuponourownandothers’"theories"orpatternsofbehavioranddecidetheyareinconsistent.Theresultingviewsare"tested;"weactaswethinkweshouldandevaluatetheconsequencesofthoseactionsonourselvesandonothers.Wetherebycorrectourmistakesinlightofthetestoftime. Ofcoursepeoplemakedifferentmoraljudgments;ofcoursewecannotresolvethesedifferencesbyusingsomealgorithmwhichisitselfbeyondjudgment.Wehavenovantagepointoutsidehumanexperiencewherewecanjudgerightandwronggoodandbad.Butthenwedon’thaveavantagepointfromwherewecanbephilosophicalrelativistseither. Weareleftwithintherealworldtryingtocopewithourselveswitheachotherwiththeworldandwithourownmistakes.Wedonothaveallthemoralanswers;nordowehaveanalgorithmtodiscernthoseanswers.Neitherdowepossessanalgorithmfordeterminingcorrectlanguageusagebutthatdoesnotmakeusthrowupourhandsindespairbecausewecannolongercommunicate. IfweunderstandethicsinthiswaywecanseeIthinktherealvalueofethicaltheory.Somepeopletalkasifethicaltheoriesgiveusmoralprescriptions.Theythinkweshouldapplyethicalprinciplesaswewouldapoultice:afterdiagnosingtheillnessweapplytheappropriatedressing.Butthatisamistake.Notheoryprovidesasetofabstractsolutionstoapplystraightforwardly.Ethicaltheoriesareimportantnotbecausetheysolveallmoraldilemmasbutbecausetheyhelpusnoticesalientfeaturesofmoralproblemsandhelpusunderstandthoseproblemsincontext. InLine6Para.3theauthorusetheexpressionoflearnthehardwaytomeanthat
Carmakershavelongusedsextoselltheirproducts.RecentlyhoweverbothBMWandRenaulthavebasedtheirlatestEuropeanmarketingcampaignsaroundtheiconofmodernbiology. BMW’scampaignwhichlaunchesitsnew3-seriessportssalooninBritainandIrelandshowsthenewcreationandfourofitsearlierversionszigzaggingaroundalandscapemadeupofgiantDNAsequenceswithabriefexplanationthatDNAisthemoleculeresponsiblefortheinheritanceofsuchfeaturesasstrengthpowerandintelligence.TheRenaultofferingwhichpromotesitsexistingLagunamodelemploysevolutionarytheoryevenmoreexplicitly.Thecompany’stelevisioncommercialsintersperseclipsofthecarwithscenesfromalecturebySteveJonesaprofessorofgeneticsatUniversityofLondon. BMW’scampaignisintendedtoconveytheideaofdevelopmentalliedtoheritage.Thelatestproductinotherwordsshouldbeviewedasthenewandimprovedscionofalonglineofgoodcars.Renault’smessageismoresubtle.ItisthatevolutionworksbygradualimprovementsratherthansuddenleapsinthisRenaultisaligningitselfwithbiologicalorthodoxy.Soalthoughthenewcarintheadvertisementmaylookliketheoldonetheexternalformconcealsanumberofsignificantchangestotheengine.WhilethesealterationsarealmostinvisibletotheaveragedriverRenaulthopestheywillimprovethecar’sperformanceandultimatelyitssurvivalinthemarketplace. Whethertheyactuallydosowilldependinpartonwhethermarketershavereadthepublicmoodcorrectly.Forevenifgeneticsreallydoesofferausefulmetaphorforautomobilesemployingitinadvertisingisnotwithoutitsdangers.ThatisbecauseDNA’spublicimageisambiguous.Inonecontextpeoplemayseeitasthecornerstoneofmodernmedicalprogress.Inanotheritwillbringtomindsuchcontroversialissuesasabortiongeneticallymodifiedfoodstuffsandthesinistersubjectofeugenics. Carmakersareprobablystandingonsafergroundthanbiologists.Buteventheycallmakemistakes.ThoughitwouldnotbeobvioustothecasualobserversomeoftheDNAwhichfeaturesinBMW’sadsforitsnicenewcaroncebelongedtoawoollymammoth—abeastthathasbeenextinctfor10000years.Notpresumablyquitethemessagethatthemarketingdepartmentwastryingtoconvey. ThedifferencebetweenBMW’sandRenault’scampaignisthat
Whenlabratssleeptheirbrainsrevisitthemazetheynavigatedduringthedayaccordingtoanewstudy1yesterdayofferingsomeofthestrongestevidence2thatanimalsdoindeeddream.Experimentswithsleepingratsfoundthatcellsintheanimals’brainsfireinadistinctivepattern3thepatternthatoccurswhentheyare4andtryingtolearntheirwayaroundamaze. Basedontheresultstheresearchersconcludedtheratsweredreamingaboutthemaze5reviewingwhattheyhadlearnedwhileawaketo6thememories. Researchershavelongknownthatanimalsgo7thesametypesofsleepphasesthatpeopledoincludingrapid-eye-movementREMsleepwhichiswhenpeopledream.But8theoccasionaltwitchinggrowlingorbarkingthatanydogownerhas9inhisorhersleepingpetthere’sbeen10directevidencethatanimals11.Ifanimalsdreamitsuggeststheymighthavemore12mentalfunctionsthanhadbeen13. "Wehaveashumansfeltthatthis14ofmemory—ourabilitytorecallsequencesofexperiences—wassomethingthatwas15human"Wilsonsaid."Thefactthatweseethisinrodents16suggesttheycanevaluatetheirexperienceinasignificantway.Animalsmaybe17aboutmorethanwehadpreviouslyconsidered." Thefindingsalsoprovidenewsupportforaleadingtheoryfor18humanssleep—tosolidifynewlearning."Peoplearenowreallynailingdownthefactthatthebrainduringsleepis19itsactivityatleastforthetimeimmediatelybeforesleepandalmostundoubtedlyusingthatreviewto20orintegratethosememoriesintomoreusableforms"saidanassistantprofessorofpsychiatryatHarvardMedicalSchool. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Weknowtodaythatthetraditionsoftribalartaremorecomplexandless"primitive"thanitsdiscoverersbelieved;wehaveevenseenthattheimitationofnatureisbynomeansexcludedfromitsaims.Butthestyleoftheseritualisticobjectscouldstillserveasacommonfocusforthatsearchforexpressivenessstructureandsimplicitythatthenewmovementshadinheritedfromtheexperimentsofthethreelonelyrebels:VanGoghCezanneandGauguin. TheexperimentsofExpressionismareperhapstheeasiesttoexplaininwords.ThetermitselfmaynotbehappilychosenforweknowthatweareallexpressingourselvesineverythingwedoorleaveundonebutthewordbecameaconvenientlabelbecauseofitseasilyrememberedcontrasttoImpressionismandasalabelitisquiteuseful.InoneofhislettersVanGoghhadexplainedhowhesetaboutpaintingtheportraitofafriendwhowasverydeartohimTheconventionallikenesswasonlythefirststage.Havingpainteda"correct"portraitheproceededtochangethecolorsandthesetting. VanGoghwasrightinsayingthatthemethodhehadchosencouldbecomparedtothatofthecartoonist.Cartoonhadalwaysbeen"expressionist"forthecartoonistplayswiththelikenessofhisvictimanddistortsittoexpressjustwhathefeelsabouthisfellowman.Aslongasthesedistortionsofnaturesailedundertheflagofhumornobodyseemedtofindthemdifficulttounderstand.Humorousartwasafieldinwhicheverythingwaspermittedbecausepeopledidnotapproachitwithprejudices.Yetthereisnothinginconsistentaboutit.Itistruethatourfeelingsaboutthingsdocolorthewayinwhichweseethemandevenmoretheformswhichweremember.Everyonemusthaveexperiencedhowdifferentthesameplacemaylookwhenwearehappyandwhenwearesad. WhatupsetthepublicabouttheExpressionistartwasperhapsnotsomuchthefactthatnaturehadbeendistortedasthattheresultledawayfrombeauty.FortheExpressionistsfeltsostronglyabouthumansufferingpovertyviolenceandpassionthattheywereinclinedtothinkthattheinsistenceonharmonyandbeautywereonlybornoutofarefusaltobehonest.TheartoftheclassicalmastersofaRaphaelorCorreggioseemedtotheminsincereandhypocritical.Theywantedtofacethebarefactsofourexistenceandtoexpresstheircompassionfurthedisinheritedandtheugly. ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheExpressionistswere
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyonANSWERSHEET2.E veryonemusthavehadatleastonepersonalexperiencewithacomputererrorbythistime.Bankbalancesaresuddenlyreportedtohavejumpedfrom379intothemillionsappealsforcharitablecontributionsaremailedoverandovertopeoplewithcrazy-soundingnamesatyouraddressdepartmentstoressendthewrongbillsutilitycompanieswritethatthey’returningeverythingoffthatsortofthing.46Ifyoumanagetogetintouchwithsomeoneandcomplainyouthengetinstantaneouslytypedguiltylettersfromthesamecomputersaying"Ourcomputerwasinerrorandanadjustmentisbeingmadeinyouraccount." Thesearesupposedtobethesheerestblindestaccidents.Mistakesarenotbelievedtobepartofthenormalbehaviorofagoodmachine.Ifthingsgowrongitmustbeapersonalhumanerrortheresultoffingeringtamperingabuttongettingstucksomeonehittingthewrongkey.Thecomputeratitsnormalbestisinfallible. Iwonderwhetherthiscanbetrue.47Afterallthewholepointofcomputersisthattheyrepresentanextensionofthehumanbrainvastlyimproveduponbutnonethelesshumansuperhumanmaybe.48Agoodcomputercanthinkclearlyandquicklyenoughtobeatyouatchessandsomeofthemhaveevenbeenprogrammedtowriteobscureverse.Theycandoanythingwecandoandmorebesides. Itisnotyetknownwhetheracomputerhasitsownconsciousnessanditwouldbehardtofindoutaboutthis.49Whenyouwalkintooneofthosegreathallsnowbuiltforthehugemachinesandstandlisteningitiseasytoimaginethatthefaintdistantnoisesarethesoundofthinking.Andtheturningofthespoolsgivesthemthelookofwildcreaturesrollingtheireyesintheefforttoconcentratechokingwithinformation.Butrealthinkinganddreamingareothermatters. Ontheotherhandtheevidencesofsomethinglikeanunconsciousequivalenttooursareallaroundineverymail.50Asextensionsofthehumanbraintheyhavebeenconstructedwiththesamepropertyoferrorspontaneousuncontrolledandrichinpossibilities.Mistakesareattheverybaseofhumanthoughtembeddedtherefeedingthestructurelikerootnodules.Ifwewerenotprovidedwiththeartofbeingwrongwecouldnevergetanythingusefuldone.Wethinkourwayalongbychoosingbetweenrightandwrongalternativesandthewrongchoiceshavetobemadeasfrequentlyastherightones.Wegetalonginlifethisway.Wearebuilttomakemistakescodedforerror. Asextensionsofthehumanbraintheyhavebeenconstructedwiththesamepropertyoferrorspontaneousuncontrolledandrichinpossibilities.
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturescarefullyandwriteanessayto 1describethepicture 2deducethepurposeofthepainterofthepicture 3giveyourcomments. Youshouldwriteabout160—200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Weassumedethicsneededthesealofcertaintyelseitwasnon-rational.Andcertaintywastobeproducedbyadeductivemodel:thecorrectactionswerederivablefromclassicalfirstprinciplesorahierarchicalrankedpantheonofprinciples.Thismodelthoughisbankrupt. Isuggestwethinkofethicsasanalogoustolanguageusage.Therearenounivocalrulesofgrammarandstylewhichuniquelydeterminethebestsentenceforaparticularsituation.Norislanguageusageuniversalizable.Althoughasentenceorphraseiswarrantedinonecaseitdoesnotmeanitisautomaticallyappropriateinlikecircumstances.Nonethelesslanguageusageisnotsubjective. Thisshouldnotsurpriseusintheleast.Allintellectualpursuitsarerelativisticinjustthesesenses.Politicalsciencepsychologychemistryandphysicsarenotcertainbuttheyarenotsubjectiveeither.AsIseeitethicalinquiryproceedlikethis:wearetaughtmoralprinciplesbyparentsteachersandsocietyatlarge.Aswegrowolderwebecomeexposedtocompetingviews.Thesemayleadustoreevaluatepresentlyheldbeliefs.Orwemayfindourselvesinexplicablymakingcertainvaluationspossiblybecauseofinheritedaltruistictendencies.Wemay"learnthehardwaythatsomeactionsgenerateunacceptableconsequences.Orwemayreflectuponourownandothers’"theories"orpatternsofbehavioranddecidetheyareinconsistent.Theresultingviewsare"tested;"weactaswethinkweshouldandevaluatetheconsequencesofthoseactionsonourselvesandonothers.Wetherebycorrectourmistakesinlightofthetestoftime. Ofcoursepeoplemakedifferentmoraljudgments;ofcoursewecannotresolvethesedifferencesbyusingsomealgorithmwhichisitselfbeyondjudgment.Wehavenovantagepointoutsidehumanexperiencewherewecanjudgerightandwronggoodandbad.Butthenwedon’thaveavantagepointfromwherewecanbephilosophicalrelativistseither. Weareleftwithintherealworldtryingtocopewithourselveswitheachotherwiththeworldandwithourownmistakes.Wedonothaveallthemoralanswers;nordowehaveanalgorithmtodiscernthoseanswers.Neitherdowepossessanalgorithmfordeterminingcorrectlanguageusagebutthatdoesnotmakeusthrowupourhandsindespairbecausewecannolongercommunicate. IfweunderstandethicsinthiswaywecanseeIthinktherealvalueofethicaltheory.Somepeopletalkasifethicaltheoriesgiveusmoralprescriptions.Theythinkweshouldapplyethicalprinciplesaswewouldapoultice:afterdiagnosingtheillnessweapplytheappropriatedressing.Butthatisamistake.Notheoryprovidesasetofabstractsolutionstoapplystraightforwardly.Ethicaltheoriesareimportantnotbecausetheysolveallmoraldilemmasbutbecausetheyhelpusnoticesalientfeaturesofmoralproblemsandhelpusunderstandthoseproblemsincontext. Themainfeatureoftheethicaltheoryadvancedbytheauthorliesinits
Whenlabratssleeptheirbrainsrevisitthemazetheynavigatedduringthedayaccordingtoanewstudy1yesterdayofferingsomeofthestrongestevidence2thatanimalsdoindeeddream.Experimentswithsleepingratsfoundthatcellsintheanimals’brainsfireinadistinctivepattern3thepatternthatoccurswhentheyare4andtryingtolearntheirwayaroundamaze. Basedontheresultstheresearchersconcludedtheratsweredreamingaboutthemaze5reviewingwhattheyhadlearnedwhileawaketo6thememories. Researchershavelongknownthatanimalsgo7thesametypesofsleepphasesthatpeopledoincludingrapid-eye-movementREMsleepwhichiswhenpeopledream.But8theoccasionaltwitchinggrowlingorbarkingthatanydogownerhas9inhisorhersleepingpetthere’sbeen10directevidencethatanimals11.Ifanimalsdreamitsuggeststheymighthavemore12mentalfunctionsthanhadbeen13. "Wehaveashumansfeltthatthis14ofmemory—ourabilitytorecallsequencesofexperiences—wassomethingthatwas15human"Wilsonsaid."Thefactthatweseethisinrodents16suggesttheycanevaluatetheirexperienceinasignificantway.Animalsmaybe17aboutmorethanwehadpreviouslyconsidered." Thefindingsalsoprovidenewsupportforaleadingtheoryfor18humanssleep—tosolidifynewlearning."Peoplearenowreallynailingdownthefactthatthebrainduringsleepis19itsactivityatleastforthetimeimmediatelybeforesleepandalmostundoubtedlyusingthatreviewto20orintegratethosememoriesintomoreusableforms"saidanassistantprofessorofpsychiatryatHarvardMedicalSchool. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Whenlabratssleeptheirbrainsrevisitthemazetheynavigatedduringthedayaccordingtoanewstudy1yesterdayofferingsomeofthestrongestevidence2thatanimalsdoindeeddream.Experimentswithsleepingratsfoundthatcellsintheanimals’brainsfireinadistinctivepattern3thepatternthatoccurswhentheyare4andtryingtolearntheirwayaroundamaze. Basedontheresultstheresearchersconcludedtheratsweredreamingaboutthemaze5reviewingwhattheyhadlearnedwhileawaketo6thememories. Researchershavelongknownthatanimalsgo7thesametypesofsleepphasesthatpeopledoincludingrapid-eye-movementREMsleepwhichiswhenpeopledream.But8theoccasionaltwitchinggrowlingorbarkingthatanydogownerhas9inhisorhersleepingpetthere’sbeen10directevidencethatanimals11.Ifanimalsdreamitsuggeststheymighthavemore12mentalfunctionsthanhadbeen13. "Wehaveashumansfeltthatthis14ofmemory—ourabilitytorecallsequencesofexperiences—wassomethingthatwas15human"Wilsonsaid."Thefactthatweseethisinrodents16suggesttheycanevaluatetheirexperienceinasignificantway.Animalsmaybe17aboutmorethanwehadpreviouslyconsidered." Thefindingsalsoprovidenewsupportforaleadingtheoryfor18humanssleep—tosolidifynewlearning."Peoplearenowreallynailingdownthefactthatthebrainduringsleepis19itsactivityatleastforthetimeimmediatelybeforesleepandalmostundoubtedlyusingthatreviewto20orintegratethosememoriesintomoreusableforms"saidanassistantprofessorofpsychiatryatHarvardMedicalSchool. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Weknowtodaythatthetraditionsoftribalartaremorecomplexandless"primitive"thanitsdiscoverersbelieved;wehaveevenseenthattheimitationofnatureisbynomeansexcludedfromitsaims.Butthestyleoftheseritualisticobjectscouldstillserveasacommonfocusforthatsearchforexpressivenessstructureandsimplicitythatthenewmovementshadinheritedfromtheexperimentsofthethreelonelyrebels:VanGoghCezanneandGauguin. TheexperimentsofExpressionismareperhapstheeasiesttoexplaininwords.ThetermitselfmaynotbehappilychosenforweknowthatweareallexpressingourselvesineverythingwedoorleaveundonebutthewordbecameaconvenientlabelbecauseofitseasilyrememberedcontrasttoImpressionismandasalabelitisquiteuseful.InoneofhislettersVanGoghhadexplainedhowhesetaboutpaintingtheportraitofafriendwhowasverydeartohimTheconventionallikenesswasonlythefirststage.Havingpainteda"correct"portraitheproceededtochangethecolorsandthesetting. VanGoghwasrightinsayingthatthemethodhehadchosencouldbecomparedtothatofthecartoonist.Cartoonhadalwaysbeen"expressionist"forthecartoonistplayswiththelikenessofhisvictimanddistortsittoexpressjustwhathefeelsabouthisfellowman.Aslongasthesedistortionsofnaturesailedundertheflagofhumornobodyseemedtofindthemdifficulttounderstand.Humorousartwasafieldinwhicheverythingwaspermittedbecausepeopledidnotapproachitwithprejudices.Yetthereisnothinginconsistentaboutit.Itistruethatourfeelingsaboutthingsdocolorthewayinwhichweseethemandevenmoretheformswhichweremember.Everyonemusthaveexperiencedhowdifferentthesameplacemaylookwhenwearehappyandwhenwearesad. WhatupsetthepublicabouttheExpressionistartwasperhapsnotsomuchthefactthatnaturehadbeendistortedasthattheresultledawayfrombeauty.FortheExpressionistsfeltsostronglyabouthumansufferingpovertyviolenceandpassionthattheywereinclinedtothinkthattheinsistenceonharmonyandbeautywereonlybornoutofarefusaltobehonest.TheartoftheclassicalmastersofaRaphaelorCorreggioseemedtotheminsincereandhypocritical.Theywantedtofacethebarefactsofourexistenceandtoexpresstheircompassionfurthedisinheritedandtheugly. WhichoneofthefollowingistheExpressionistpositionconcerningharmonyandbeautyinart
Whenlabratssleeptheirbrainsrevisitthemazetheynavigatedduringthedayaccordingtoanewstudy1yesterdayofferingsomeofthestrongestevidence2thatanimalsdoindeeddream.Experimentswithsleepingratsfoundthatcellsintheanimals’brainsfireinadistinctivepattern3thepatternthatoccurswhentheyare4andtryingtolearntheirwayaroundamaze. Basedontheresultstheresearchersconcludedtheratsweredreamingaboutthemaze5reviewingwhattheyhadlearnedwhileawaketo6thememories. Researchershavelongknownthatanimalsgo7thesametypesofsleepphasesthatpeopledoincludingrapid-eye-movementREMsleepwhichiswhenpeopledream.But8theoccasionaltwitchinggrowlingorbarkingthatanydogownerhas9inhisorhersleepingpetthere’sbeen10directevidencethatanimals11.Ifanimalsdreamitsuggeststheymighthavemore12mentalfunctionsthanhadbeen13. "Wehaveashumansfeltthatthis14ofmemory—ourabilitytorecallsequencesofexperiences—wassomethingthatwas15human"Wilsonsaid."Thefactthatweseethisinrodents16suggesttheycanevaluatetheirexperienceinasignificantway.Animalsmaybe17aboutmorethanwehadpreviouslyconsidered." Thefindingsalsoprovidenewsupportforaleadingtheoryfor18humanssleep—tosolidifynewlearning."Peoplearenowreallynailingdownthefactthatthebrainduringsleepis19itsactivityatleastforthetimeimmediatelybeforesleepandalmostundoubtedlyusingthatreviewto20orintegratethosememoriesintomoreusableforms"saidanassistantprofessorofpsychiatryatHarvardMedicalSchool. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Whenlabratssleeptheirbrainsrevisitthemazetheynavigatedduringthedayaccordingtoanewstudy1yesterdayofferingsomeofthestrongestevidence2thatanimalsdoindeeddream.Experimentswithsleepingratsfoundthatcellsintheanimals’brainsfireinadistinctivepattern3thepatternthatoccurswhentheyare4andtryingtolearntheirwayaroundamaze. Basedontheresultstheresearchersconcludedtheratsweredreamingaboutthemaze5reviewingwhattheyhadlearnedwhileawaketo6thememories. Researchershavelongknownthatanimalsgo7thesametypesofsleepphasesthatpeopledoincludingrapid-eye-movementREMsleepwhichiswhenpeopledream.But8theoccasionaltwitchinggrowlingorbarkingthatanydogownerhas9inhisorhersleepingpetthere’sbeen10directevidencethatanimals11.Ifanimalsdreamitsuggeststheymighthavemore12mentalfunctionsthanhadbeen13. "Wehaveashumansfeltthatthis14ofmemory—ourabilitytorecallsequencesofexperiences—wassomethingthatwas15human"Wilsonsaid."Thefactthatweseethisinrodents16suggesttheycanevaluatetheirexperienceinasignificantway.Animalsmaybe17aboutmorethanwehadpreviouslyconsidered." Thefindingsalsoprovidenewsupportforaleadingtheoryfor18humanssleep—tosolidifynewlearning."Peoplearenowreallynailingdownthefactthatthebrainduringsleepis19itsactivityatleastforthetimeimmediatelybeforesleepandalmostundoubtedlyusingthatreviewto20orintegratethosememoriesintomoreusableforms"saidanassistantprofessorofpsychiatryatHarvardMedicalSchool. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
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