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SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsMoreandmoreresidencesbusinessesandevengovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestotakemessagesorgiveinformationorinstructions.Sometimesthesemachinesgive1instructionsorplaymessagesthataredifficulttounderstand.Ifyou2telephonecallsyouneedtobereadytorespondwhenyougeta3Themostcommonmachineisthe4usedinresidence.Ifyoucallahome5thereisatelephoneansweringmachine6youwillhearseveralringsandthenarecordedmessagethat7sayssomethinglikethis:"Hello.Wecan’tcometothe8rightnow.Ifyouwantustocallyoubackpleaseleaveyournameandnumberafterthebeep."Thenyouwillheara"beep"9isabriefhigh-pitched10.Afterthebeepyoucansaywhoyouarewhomyouwanttospeaktoandwhatnumberthepersonshouldcallto11youoryoucanleavea12.Sometelephoneansweringmachinesrecordforonly20or30secondsafterthebeep13youmustrespondquickly.Somelargebusinessesandgovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestoprovideinformationon14aboutwhichtheyreceivealargevolumeof15.Generallyspeakingusingthesesystems16youtohaveatouch-tonephoneaphonewithbuttonsratherthanarotarydial.Thevoiceonthemachinewilltellyouto17acertainbuttononyourtelephoneifyouwantinformationonTopicAanotherbuttonforTopicBandsoon.Youlisten18youhearthetopicyouwanttolearnaboutandthenyoupushthe19button.Immediatelyaftermakingyour20youwillheararecordedmessageonthetopic. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsMoreandmoreresidencesbusinessesandevengovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestotakemessagesorgiveinformationorinstructions.Sometimesthesemachinesgive1instructionsorplaymessagesthataredifficulttounderstand.Ifyou2telephonecallsyouneedtobereadytorespondwhenyougeta3Themostcommonmachineisthe4usedinresidence.Ifyoucallahome5thereisatelephoneansweringmachine6youwillhearseveralringsandthenarecordedmessagethat7sayssomethinglikethis:"Hello.Wecan’tcometothe8rightnow.Ifyouwantustocallyoubackpleaseleaveyournameandnumberafterthebeep."Thenyouwillheara"beep"9isabriefhigh-pitched10.Afterthebeepyoucansaywhoyouarewhomyouwanttospeaktoandwhatnumberthepersonshouldcallto11youoryoucanleavea12.Sometelephoneansweringmachinesrecordforonly20or30secondsafterthebeep13youmustrespondquickly.Somelargebusinessesandgovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestoprovideinformationon14aboutwhichtheyreceivealargevolumeof15.Generallyspeakingusingthesesystems16youtohaveatouch-tonephoneaphonewithbuttonsratherthanarotarydial.Thevoiceonthemachinewilltellyouto17acertainbuttononyourtelephoneifyouwantinformationonTopicAanotherbuttonforTopicBandsoon.Youlisten18youhearthetopicyouwanttolearnaboutandthenyoupushthe19button.Immediatelyaftermakingyour20youwillheararecordedmessageonthetopic. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshaveremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsTheacronymDINK--doubleincomenokids--originatedintheUSinthe1960s.41._______________________________Thischoicewasnotirrational.Afterallnowadaysretiredpeoplecanliveontheirpensionsandsavingssotheyarenolongercompelledtodependontheiroffspringinoldage.Andachildisundeniablyanexpensiveproposition:somuchtimeandmoneyarerequired.WhybotherhavingoneItishardtocondemnthosewhooptoutofparenthood.42._______________________________.Ababyenterstheworldwithamindlikeblankpaperandgraduallyheorsheacquirestheabilitytothinktotalkandfinallytocommunicateeasily.Isn’ttheresomethingmagicalaboutitWhenyouseetheprocesshappeningbeforeyourveryeyesyoufeelahappinesslikenoother.AChineseDINKsaidtomerecently"Ifyoudidn’thavethreechildrenyoucouldgotoabarorthecinemawithyourwifeonweekends--howunrestrainedandromanticthatwouldbe!"ButIwouldsaythatnomatterhowwonderfulHollywoodfilmsorBroadwayperformancesarewatchingthemisfarlessinterestingthanseeingmyextrovertofadaughtersinganddance.Ifit’struethattherearerewardstobegottenfromhavingchildrenthensurelythehappinessofseeingthemgrowupisthegreatest.43._______________________________.Butthisisahappinessthatcanbefeltonlyafteryoubecomeaparent;there’snoappreciatingitotherwise.HoweverwhobegetsachildoutofcuriositytoseehimorhergrowupNoneofmyfriendshadthisinmindwhentheyortheirwifegotpregnant.Forsomethepregnancywasunexpected.44._______________________________Andsomesaidthathavingachildcanbringstabilitytoatroubledmarriage--butisthatreallytrueImyselfdidn’tgiveitmuchthought.Ijustassumeditwasthenaturalthingtodoandsincemywifeenjoyedbigcheerfullivelyfamilieswewentaheadandhadthreekids.Noregrets.Iknowmywordswon’tchangeanyminds.45._______________________________Noraisingachildisnoteasy.Thehappinessofseeingachildgrowincontrastislargelyinthemindoftheparentsandotherpeoplecannotsoreadilyperceiveit.Littlewonderthenthatsomanypeoplewithoutchildrenbelieveparenthoodisallworkandnofun. [A]WhatDINKssayisobviouslytrue:childrenreallydorequirelotsofparentalenergyandmoney.Justwatchamotherbringasickchildtoahospital;youcanseethetensiontheworryandalltheself-controlittakestoseemcalmandreassuring. [B]AnotherChinesefriendofminecomplained:"IprovidedthefundsformychildtogotocollegeandthenofftoAmericaforamaster’sdegreebutsofarIhaven’tgottenanyrewardsoutofplayingparent."TohimIwouldsaythattherewardswerethereallalong--foranyparentopentothewonderofseeingachildbegintospeakorsurpriseuswithanewwordusedforthefirsttime. [C]Fearingthatchildrenmightconstraintheirfreedommarriedworkingwomenbegantoavoidpregnancy;theresultwasmanybusyprosperousyoungDINKcouples. [D]Eachindividualhashisorherownreasonsforwantingornotwantingchildrenandhisorherownhappinesstobuild.Thesaddestpeoplearethosewhohavechildrenbutcometoregretitforwhateverreason.Regretfulparentsareusuallyclosedtofamilyhappiness.Andwithoutthehappinessallthatremainaretheburdens. [E]Yetfewcoupleswithchildrenwouldagreethattheywerestupidtobecomeparents.Mostareveryhappythattheyhavehadtheexperienceofwitnessingachildgrowtomaturity. [F]MywifeandIhavethreesmallchildren.Chinesefriendsoftenaskwhythreechildrennotoneornone:Doesn’traisingthreechildrenlimitmycareerinbusinessandinmywife’scaseteaching [G]Othershadparentseagertohavegrandchildren.Afewsaidtheyhadchildrenbecauseaperson’slifewouldbeincompletewithoutone.Somesaidthatthereweremillionsandmillionsofchildrenintheworldandtheyjustwantedtoseewhattheirswouldbelike. 45
PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshaveremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsTheacronymDINK--doubleincomenokids--originatedintheUSinthe1960s.41._______________________________Thischoicewasnotirrational.Afterallnowadaysretiredpeoplecanliveontheirpensionsandsavingssotheyarenolongercompelledtodependontheiroffspringinoldage.Andachildisundeniablyanexpensiveproposition:somuchtimeandmoneyarerequired.WhybotherhavingoneItishardtocondemnthosewhooptoutofparenthood.42._______________________________.Ababyenterstheworldwithamindlikeblankpaperandgraduallyheorsheacquirestheabilitytothinktotalkandfinallytocommunicateeasily.Isn’ttheresomethingmagicalaboutitWhenyouseetheprocesshappeningbeforeyourveryeyesyoufeelahappinesslikenoother.AChineseDINKsaidtomerecently"Ifyoudidn’thavethreechildrenyoucouldgotoabarorthecinemawithyourwifeonweekends--howunrestrainedandromanticthatwouldbe!"ButIwouldsaythatnomatterhowwonderfulHollywoodfilmsorBroadwayperformancesarewatchingthemisfarlessinterestingthanseeingmyextrovertofadaughtersinganddance.Ifit’struethattherearerewardstobegottenfromhavingchildrenthensurelythehappinessofseeingthemgrowupisthegreatest.43._______________________________.Butthisisahappinessthatcanbefeltonlyafteryoubecomeaparent;there’snoappreciatingitotherwise.HoweverwhobegetsachildoutofcuriositytoseehimorhergrowupNoneofmyfriendshadthisinmindwhentheyortheirwifegotpregnant.Forsomethepregnancywasunexpected.44._______________________________Andsomesaidthathavingachildcanbringstabilitytoatroubledmarriage--butisthatreallytrueImyselfdidn’tgiveitmuchthought.Ijustassumeditwasthenaturalthingtodoandsincemywifeenjoyedbigcheerfullivelyfamilieswewentaheadandhadthreekids.Noregrets.Iknowmywordswon’tchangeanyminds.45._______________________________Noraisingachildisnoteasy.Thehappinessofseeingachildgrowincontrastislargelyinthemindoftheparentsandotherpeoplecannotsoreadilyperceiveit.Littlewonderthenthatsomanypeoplewithoutchildrenbelieveparenthoodisallworkandnofun. [A]WhatDINKssayisobviouslytrue:childrenreallydorequirelotsofparentalenergyandmoney.Justwatchamotherbringasickchildtoahospital;youcanseethetensiontheworryandalltheself-controlittakestoseemcalmandreassuring. [B]AnotherChinesefriendofminecomplained:"IprovidedthefundsformychildtogotocollegeandthenofftoAmericaforamaster’sdegreebutsofarIhaven’tgottenanyrewardsoutofplayingparent."TohimIwouldsaythattherewardswerethereallalong--foranyparentopentothewonderofseeingachildbegintospeakorsurpriseuswithanewwordusedforthefirsttime. [C]Fearingthatchildrenmightconstraintheirfreedommarriedworkingwomenbegantoavoidpregnancy;theresultwasmanybusyprosperousyoungDINKcouples. [D]Eachindividualhashisorherownreasonsforwantingornotwantingchildrenandhisorherownhappinesstobuild.Thesaddestpeoplearethosewhohavechildrenbutcometoregretitforwhateverreason.Regretfulparentsareusuallyclosedtofamilyhappiness.Andwithoutthehappinessallthatremainaretheburdens. [E]Yetfewcoupleswithchildrenwouldagreethattheywerestupidtobecomeparents.Mostareveryhappythattheyhavehadtheexperienceofwitnessingachildgrowtomaturity. [F]MywifeandIhavethreesmallchildren.Chinesefriendsoftenaskwhythreechildrennotoneornone:Doesn’traisingthreechildrenlimitmycareerinbusinessandinmywife’scaseteaching [G]Othershadparentseagertohavegrandchildren.Afewsaidtheyhadchildrenbecauseaperson’slifewouldbeincompletewithoutone.Somesaidthatthereweremillionsandmillionsofchildrenintheworldandtheyjustwantedtoseewhattheirswouldbelike. 43
Text2Theenergycrisiswhichisbeingfeltaroundtheworldhasdramatizedhowthecarelessuseoftheearth’sresourceshasbroughtthewholeworldtothebrinkofdisaster.Theover-developmentofmotortransportwithitsincreaseofmorecarsmorehighwaysmorepollutionmoresuburbsmorecommutinghascontributedtothenear-destructionofourcitiesthebreakupofthefamilyandthepollutionnotonlyoflocalairbutalsooftheearth’satmosphere.Thedisasterhasarrivedintheformoftheenergycrisis.Ourpresentsituationisunlikewarrevolutionordepression.Itisalsounlikethegreatnaturaldisastersofthepast.Worldwideresourcesexploitationandenergyusehavebroughtustoastatewherelong-rangeplanningisessential.Whatweneedisnotacontinuationofourpresentseriousstatewhichendangersthefutureofourcountryourchildrenandourearthbutamovementforwardtoanewnorminordertoworkrapidlyandeffectivelyonplanetaryproblems.Thiscountryhasbeenfallingbackunderthecontinuingexposuresoflossmoralityandtherevelationthatlawbreakinghasreachedintothehighestplacesintheland.Thereisastrongdemandformoralrevivalandforsomedevotionthatisvastenoughandyetpersonalenoughtoenlistthedevotionofall.Inthepastithasbeenonlyinawayindefenseoftheirowncountryandtheirownidealsthatpeoplehavebeenabletodevotethemselveswholeheartedly.Thisisthefirsttimethatwehavebeenaskedtodefendourselvesandwhatweholddearincooperationwithalltheotherinhabitantsofthisplanetwhosharewithusthesameendangeredairandthesameendangeredoceans.Thereisacommonneedtoreassessourpresentcoursetochangethatcourseandtodevisenewmethodsthroughwhichtheworldcansurvive.Thisisapricelessopportunity.Tograspitweneedawidespreadunderstandingofnatureifthecrisisconfrontingusandtheworldisnopassinginconveniencenobyproductoftheambitionsoftheoil-producingcountriesnoenvironmentalists’merefearsnobyproductofanypresentsystemofgovernment.Whatwefaceistheoutcomeoftheinventionofthelastfourhundredyears.Whatweneedisatransformedlifestyle.Thisnewlifestylecanflowdirectlyfromscienceandtechnologybutitsacceptancedependsonasinceredevotiontofindingahigherqualityoflifefortheworld’schildrenandfuturegeneration. Whichconditiondoestheauthorfeelhasnearlydestroyedourcities
Directions: Threeweeksagoyoubookedatwo-weekholidaytoSanyawithFly-by-NightTravel.Youarenothappywiththeholiday--theflightwasdelayedthehotelwasundesirableandsoon.WritealettertoFly-by-NightTraveltocomplainabouttheholidaygivingdetailsabouttheproblems. Writeyourletterwithnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
Text2Theenergycrisiswhichisbeingfeltaroundtheworldhasdramatizedhowthecarelessuseoftheearth’sresourceshasbroughtthewholeworldtothebrinkofdisaster.Theover-developmentofmotortransportwithitsincreaseofmorecarsmorehighwaysmorepollutionmoresuburbsmorecommutinghascontributedtothenear-destructionofourcitiesthebreakupofthefamilyandthepollutionnotonlyoflocalairbutalsooftheearth’satmosphere.Thedisasterhasarrivedintheformoftheenergycrisis.Ourpresentsituationisunlikewarrevolutionordepression.Itisalsounlikethegreatnaturaldisastersofthepast.Worldwideresourcesexploitationandenergyusehavebroughtustoastatewherelong-rangeplanningisessential.Whatweneedisnotacontinuationofourpresentseriousstatewhichendangersthefutureofourcountryourchildrenandourearthbutamovementforwardtoanewnorminordertoworkrapidlyandeffectivelyonplanetaryproblems.Thiscountryhasbeenfallingbackunderthecontinuingexposuresoflossmoralityandtherevelationthatlawbreakinghasreachedintothehighestplacesintheland.Thereisastrongdemandformoralrevivalandforsomedevotionthatisvastenoughandyetpersonalenoughtoenlistthedevotionofall.Inthepastithasbeenonlyinawayindefenseoftheirowncountryandtheirownidealsthatpeoplehavebeenabletodevotethemselveswholeheartedly.Thisisthefirsttimethatwehavebeenaskedtodefendourselvesandwhatweholddearincooperationwithalltheotherinhabitantsofthisplanetwhosharewithusthesameendangeredairandthesameendangeredoceans.Thereisacommonneedtoreassessourpresentcoursetochangethatcourseandtodevisenewmethodsthroughwhichtheworldcansurvive.Thisisapricelessopportunity.Tograspitweneedawidespreadunderstandingofnatureifthecrisisconfrontingusandtheworldisnopassinginconveniencenobyproductoftheambitionsoftheoil-producingcountriesnoenvironmentalists’merefearsnobyproductofanypresentsystemofgovernment.Whatwefaceistheoutcomeoftheinventionofthelastfourhundredyears.Whatweneedisatransformedlifestyle.Thisnewlifestylecanflowdirectlyfromscienceandtechnologybutitsacceptancedependsonasinceredevotiontofindingahigherqualityoflifefortheworld’schildrenandfuturegeneration. Whatcontributiondoestheauthorfeelpeoplemustmakenow
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.40PointsText1Onekeyanswertotheproblemoffindingandkeepingcustomers--andturningtheirgoodwillintosales--ishavinggoodcustomerrelationshipmanagementCRM.CRM’sgoalistocreateacooperationamongsalesmarketingandcustomer-serviceactivitieswithinanorganizationinordertoobtainandretaincustomers.CRMontheInternet--e-CRM--usesWebtechnologytocreatesuchacooperation.E-CRMmeansdifferentthingstodifferentcompanies.Someentere-CRMthroughtraditionalcontact-managementandsales-forceautomationsoftwarefromsuchvendorsasGoldMineSoftwareCorp.orInteractCommerceCorp.Manycompaniesseee-CRMasanaturalextensionoftheircallcenters.Inanidealsystemhistoricalinformationsuchascustomers’buyingpreferencesorcircumstantialinformationsuchascustomer-contractvolumescanlaunchactionsanddatascreens.FinallycompanieswithcorporateenterpriseresourceplanningERPsystemsseee-CRMasanaturalpartofcomputer-facilitatedmanagement.Youdon’tneedtobeginonagrandscale;youcantakesmallstepstowardacomprehensivee-CRMsystemwithexperiencedcontactmanagementcompaniessuchasCommenceCorp.GoldMineSoftwareCorp.InteractCommerceCorp.andMultiactiveSoftware.GoldMine5.0isaimedatteamsof1to50userswhowanttotrackreferandactontelephoneande-mailcontactsfromcustomers.Theusersneedn’tresideonalocalnetworktocoordinateanaction.AlleachuserneedsisanIPaddress.GoldMineFrontOfficeofferstemplatesforspecificindustries;thesedefinerolesandrelationshipsandincluderulesforworkflowprocesses.SimilarlyInteractCommerceCorp.hasamulti-layerproductfamilyincludingACT2000andSalesLogix2000.Eachcanintegratetheactivitiesofsalesmarketingandsupportteams.Smallerorganizationscanalsotakeadvantageoftheservicesofdot-comcompaniessuchassalesforcecomandUpShot.comwhichfocusprimarilyonsales-forceautomation.Thesecompanieswillputyourbasice-CRMservicesonlineforunder$50peruserpermonth.Onthedownsideyoudon’tgetmuchcustomizationorintegration.Somee-CRMcompanieshavefeweroptionsandoftenconcentrateonverticalmarkets.JannaSystemsforexamplespecializesine-CRMsolutionsforthefinancialservicesindustry.SomecompaniessuchaseGainCommunicationsCorp.andTalismaCorp.specializeine-mailbasedCRMandofferbothhostedandonlineservices.SocratesTechnologiesCorp.takestheonlineASPapproachandofferstheSalesLogix2000suiteontheWebalongwithothere-businessapplications. Towhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthormostlikelyagree
Text4Theageatwhichyoungchildrenbegintomakemoraldiscriminationsaboutharmfulactionscommittedagainstthemselvesorothershasbeenthefocusofrecentresearchintothemoraldevelopmentofchildren.UntilrecentlychildpsychologistssupportedpioneerdevelopmentalistJeanPiagetinhishypothesisthatbecauseoftheirimmaturitychildrenunderagesevendonottakeintoaccounttheintentionsofapersoncommittingaccidentalordeliberateharmbutrathersimplyassignpunishmentforoffencesonthebasisofthemagnitudeofthenegativeconsequencescause.AccordingtoPiagetchildrenunderagesevenoccupythefirststageofmoraldevelopmentwhichischaracterizedbymoralabsolutismrulesmadebyauthoritiesmustbeobeyedandimminentjusticeifrulesarebrokenpunishmentwillbemetedout.Untilyoungchildrenmaturetheirmoraljudgmentsarebasedentirelyontheeffectratherthanthecauseofanoffence.HoweverinrecentresearchKeaseyfoundthatsix-year-oldchildrennotonlydistinguishbetweenaccidentalandintentionalharmbutalsojudgeintentionalharmasnaughtierregardlessoftheamountofdamageproduced.BothofthesefindingsseemtoindicatethatchildrenatanearlieragethanPiagetclaimedadvanceintothesecondstageofmoraldevelopmentmoralautonomyinwhichtheyacceptsocialrulesbutviewthemasmorearbitrarythandochildreninthefirststage.Kensey’sresearchraisestwokeyquestionsfordevelopmentalpsychologistsaboutchildrenunderageseven:dotheyrecognizejustificationsforharmfulactionsanddotheymakedistinctionsbetweenharmfulactsthatarepreventableandthoseactsthathaveunforeseenharmfulconsequences.’Studiesindicatethatjustificationsexcusingharmfulactionsmightincludepublicdutyself-defenseandprovocation.ForexampleNesdaleandRuleconcludedthatchildrenwerecapableofconsideringwhetherornotanaggressor’sactionswasjustifiedbypublicduty:fiveyearoldsreactedverydifferentlyto"BonniewrecksAnn’spretendhouse"dependingonwhetherBonniedidit"sosomebodywon’tfalloverit"orbecauseBonniewanted"tomakeAnnefeelbad."Thusachildoffivebeginstounderstandthatcertainharmfulactionsthoughintentionalcanbejustified:theconstraintsofmoralabsolutismnolongersolelyguidetheirjudgements.Psychologistshavedeterminedthatduringkindergartenchildrenlearntomakesubtledistinctionsinvolvingharm.Darleyobservedthatamongactsinvolvingunintentionalharmsix-year-oldchildrenjustenteringkindergartencouldnotdifferentiatebetweenforeseeableandthuspreventableharmandunforeseeableharmforwhichtheoffendercannotbeblamed.SevenmonthslaterhoweverDarleyfoundthatthesesamechildrencouldmakebothdistinctionsthusdemonstratingthattheyhadbecomemorallyautonomous. Itcanbeinferredthatthetermpublicdutydenotes
Text4Theageatwhichyoungchildrenbegintomakemoraldiscriminationsaboutharmfulactionscommittedagainstthemselvesorothershasbeenthefocusofrecentresearchintothemoraldevelopmentofchildren.UntilrecentlychildpsychologistssupportedpioneerdevelopmentalistJeanPiagetinhishypothesisthatbecauseoftheirimmaturitychildrenunderagesevendonottakeintoaccounttheintentionsofapersoncommittingaccidentalordeliberateharmbutrathersimplyassignpunishmentforoffencesonthebasisofthemagnitudeofthenegativeconsequencescause.AccordingtoPiagetchildrenunderagesevenoccupythefirststageofmoraldevelopmentwhichischaracterizedbymoralabsolutismrulesmadebyauthoritiesmustbeobeyedandimminentjusticeifrulesarebrokenpunishmentwillbemetedout.Untilyoungchildrenmaturetheirmoraljudgmentsarebasedentirelyontheeffectratherthanthecauseofanoffence.HoweverinrecentresearchKeaseyfoundthatsix-year-oldchildrennotonlydistinguishbetweenaccidentalandintentionalharmbutalsojudgeintentionalharmasnaughtierregardlessoftheamountofdamageproduced.BothofthesefindingsseemtoindicatethatchildrenatanearlieragethanPiagetclaimedadvanceintothesecondstageofmoraldevelopmentmoralautonomyinwhichtheyacceptsocialrulesbutviewthemasmorearbitrarythandochildreninthefirststage.Kensey’sresearchraisestwokeyquestionsfordevelopmentalpsychologistsaboutchildrenunderageseven:dotheyrecognizejustificationsforharmfulactionsanddotheymakedistinctionsbetweenharmfulactsthatarepreventableandthoseactsthathaveunforeseenharmfulconsequences.’Studiesindicatethatjustificationsexcusingharmfulactionsmightincludepublicdutyself-defenseandprovocation.ForexampleNesdaleandRuleconcludedthatchildrenwerecapableofconsideringwhetherornotanaggressor’sactionswasjustifiedbypublicduty:fiveyearoldsreactedverydifferentlyto"BonniewrecksAnn’spretendhouse"dependingonwhetherBonniedidit"sosomebodywon’tfalloverit"orbecauseBonniewanted"tomakeAnnefeelbad."Thusachildoffivebeginstounderstandthatcertainharmfulactionsthoughintentionalcanbejustified:theconstraintsofmoralabsolutismnolongersolelyguidetheirjudgements.Psychologistshavedeterminedthatduringkindergartenchildrenlearntomakesubtledistinctionsinvolvingharm.Darleyobservedthatamongactsinvolvingunintentionalharmsix-year-oldchildrenjustenteringkindergartencouldnotdifferentiatebetweenforeseeableandthuspreventableharmandunforeseeableharmforwhichtheoffendercannotbeblamed.SevenmonthslaterhoweverDarleyfoundthatthesesamechildrencouldmakebothdistinctionsthusdemonstratingthattheyhadbecomemorallyautonomous. Keasey'sfindingssupporttheconclusionaboutsix-year-oldchildrenthat
Text3Scienceisthenever-endingstruggletofindtruth.Youmaydismissthisstatementastheramblingofanamateurphilosopherbutitholdssomepracticalvalue.Truthisatemporaryphenomenon.Itislimitedbyhumancommunicationsystemstechnologyandskills.ForexampleduringtheDarkAgesinEuropetheworldwasperceivedasflat.Thisflatnesswasacceptableas"truth"becausetravelandhumanknowledgeofcelestialphenomenaweresolimitedthatnootherconceptwasneeded.Afamilylivedinasmallareaandconfineditsactivitytoasmallregion.Thisregionappearedtobeflatsoforallpracticalpurposestheearthwasflattoo.WhentravelandexplorationbecamewidespreadandespeciallywhenshipswereabletosailfaroutontheAtlanticthevisionofaflatearthhadtochange.Manyobservationsofstarsandplanetsandofships’movementsatsealedtonewprinciplesandtoanewtruth.Thosewhowereinthepositiontodosocouldexploitthenewtruthabouttheearth’sshapeandturnitintoriches.TheSpanishknowingtheywouldnotfallofftheedgeofaflatearthfoundtheNewWorldandbroughtgoldandsilverbacktoSpain.ThesituationhasnotchangedmuchsincetheDarkAges.Truthisstillsoughtbecauseithasvalueandthescientificmethodremainsthemostsystematicwayofpursuingit.Themethodstartswithaproblem.Oncetheproblemiswelldefinedinformationthatmighthaveaneffectonitisgathered.Theinformationissortedandanalyzedandthatwhichisusefuliskept--tobeusedasabasisforgeneralprinciples.Inthesocialsciencestheprinciplesareoftenusedtohelpformulatepolicies.Thepoliciesultimatelyareaimedatremovingtheproblemandimprovingpeople’slives.Ineconomicsandinothersocialsciencesthepursuitoftruthisslowedbecausehumanbehaviorcannotbesubjectedtothekindsofcontrolledexperimentsthatarepossiblewithwhiteratsandguineapigs.Theeconomistmustfollowthestepsinasearchfornewtruthsabouteconomicbehaviorbutfollowingthemisfrustratingandoftenleadsupblindalleys.Neverthelessproblemsfactsprinciplesandpoliciesmustbeconsideredinasystematicway. Accordingtothepassagetruth
Text3Scienceisthenever-endingstruggletofindtruth.Youmaydismissthisstatementastheramblingofanamateurphilosopherbutitholdssomepracticalvalue.Truthisatemporaryphenomenon.Itislimitedbyhumancommunicationsystemstechnologyandskills.ForexampleduringtheDarkAgesinEuropetheworldwasperceivedasflat.Thisflatnesswasacceptableas"truth"becausetravelandhumanknowledgeofcelestialphenomenaweresolimitedthatnootherconceptwasneeded.Afamilylivedinasmallareaandconfineditsactivitytoasmallregion.Thisregionappearedtobeflatsoforallpracticalpurposestheearthwasflattoo.WhentravelandexplorationbecamewidespreadandespeciallywhenshipswereabletosailfaroutontheAtlanticthevisionofaflatearthhadtochange.Manyobservationsofstarsandplanetsandofships’movementsatsealedtonewprinciplesandtoanewtruth.Thosewhowereinthepositiontodosocouldexploitthenewtruthabouttheearth’sshapeandturnitintoriches.TheSpanishknowingtheywouldnotfallofftheedgeofaflatearthfoundtheNewWorldandbroughtgoldandsilverbacktoSpain.ThesituationhasnotchangedmuchsincetheDarkAges.Truthisstillsoughtbecauseithasvalueandthescientificmethodremainsthemostsystematicwayofpursuingit.Themethodstartswithaproblem.Oncetheproblemiswelldefinedinformationthatmighthaveaneffectonitisgathered.Theinformationissortedandanalyzedandthatwhichisusefuliskept--tobeusedasabasisforgeneralprinciples.Inthesocialsciencestheprinciplesareoftenusedtohelpformulatepolicies.Thepoliciesultimatelyareaimedatremovingtheproblemandimprovingpeople’slives.Ineconomicsandinothersocialsciencesthepursuitoftruthisslowedbecausehumanbehaviorcannotbesubjectedtothekindsofcontrolledexperimentsthatarepossiblewithwhiteratsandguineapigs.Theeconomistmustfollowthestepsinasearchfornewtruthsabouteconomicbehaviorbutfollowingthemisfrustratingandoftenleadsupblindalleys.Neverthelessproblemsfactsprinciplesandpoliciesmustbeconsideredinasystematicway. Whatcanweinferfromthefactthattheworldwasperceivedasflat
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10PointsBritain’sgardenershaverevealedoneoftheirgreatestpethates--otherpeople’scats.Okaythey’resadisticmurderers--butisitfairthatcatshavebeenratedasbeingasdetestableasratsinapollofBritishgardenersAnewsurveyintheUKindicatesthatcatscomesecondonlytoratsastheleastfavou77ritemammaltovisitourgardens.46TheUK’s10millioncatshavehaditsroughoflatedrawingharshcriticismbecauseoftheirbloodlustandhabitofviewingthenation’sgardensastheirownpersonaltoilets.47ThoughtheanimalsaretheUK’sfavoritepetsBritishgardenershavestruckbackbycrowningthecatasoneofthemostunwelcomevisitors--votingthemonlyslightlymorepopularthanratsinthenewpoll.TheMammalSociety--whichconductedthesurvey--sayscatscutaswathethroughthenation’swildlifekillingaround300millionanimalseveryyear."Catsaresolitarypredatoryhunters.48Peopleaskwhytheykillwhentheyareclearlywell-fedbutacat’smotivationtohuntisquiteseparatefromitsdesiretosatisfyhunger."EvenwithafullstomachacatcannotresistthestimuliofpreypassingnearbysaysMs.HeathauthorofWhyDoesMyCat"Itdoesn’tmakesenseforacattowaituntilit’shungrytocatchfood--theremaybenonearoundthen.Bettertohuntwhenthere’stheopportunityandhidethefoodaway."ABBCtelevisionserieshasraisedthequestionofwhethercatsshouldbekeptindoorsatnight.49Wildlifeexpertssaykeepingcatslockedupfromdusktodawnwillpreventmuchofthekillingtheycreateandwillalsomeantheyarelesslikelytoberunover.MammalexpertProfessorSteveHarrisfromBristolUniversitysaid:"Themessageisclearmostpeopleareheartilysickofhavingtheirneighbors’catsintheirgarden".Ownerswhohaveresortedtocollarbellstowarnpreymayhaveunderestimatedfelineguile."Somecatshavelearnedtoholdtheirheadstominimizenoisecomingfromthebellsaroundtheirnecks.Perhapsweneedtoadmirethisskillratherthangetparanoidaboutit."Eventodaysomeviewtheblackcatasanomenofmisfortune.Spitefulpeoplearedubbedasbeing"catty".Araucouscryisa"caterwaul".Atworkagreedylazybossisa"fatcat".ButtobefairtheBritishcan’thatecatsthatmuch.50ArecentreportfoundthatthegenerosityoftheBritishtowardsthecathascausedoneinfourofthecreaturestobecomeclinicallyobese. Wildlifeexpertssaykeepingcatslockedupfromdusktodawnwillpreventmuchofthekillingtheycreateandwillalsomeantheyarelesslikelytoberunover.
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.40PointsText1Onekeyanswertotheproblemoffindingandkeepingcustomers--andturningtheirgoodwillintosales--ishavinggoodcustomerrelationshipmanagementCRM.CRM’sgoalistocreateacooperationamongsalesmarketingandcustomer-serviceactivitieswithinanorganizationinordertoobtainandretaincustomers.CRMontheInternet--e-CRM--usesWebtechnologytocreatesuchacooperation.E-CRMmeansdifferentthingstodifferentcompanies.Someentere-CRMthroughtraditionalcontact-managementandsales-forceautomationsoftwarefromsuchvendorsasGoldMineSoftwareCorp.orInteractCommerceCorp.Manycompaniesseee-CRMasanaturalextensionoftheircallcenters.Inanidealsystemhistoricalinformationsuchascustomers’buyingpreferencesorcircumstantialinformationsuchascustomer-contractvolumescanlaunchactionsanddatascreens.FinallycompanieswithcorporateenterpriseresourceplanningERPsystemsseee-CRMasanaturalpartofcomputer-facilitatedmanagement.Youdon’tneedtobeginonagrandscale;youcantakesmallstepstowardacomprehensivee-CRMsystemwithexperiencedcontactmanagementcompaniessuchasCommenceCorp.GoldMineSoftwareCorp.InteractCommerceCorp.andMultiactiveSoftware.GoldMine5.0isaimedatteamsof1to50userswhowanttotrackreferandactontelephoneande-mailcontactsfromcustomers.Theusersneedn’tresideonalocalnetworktocoordinateanaction.AlleachuserneedsisanIPaddress.GoldMineFrontOfficeofferstemplatesforspecificindustries;thesedefinerolesandrelationshipsandincluderulesforworkflowprocesses.SimilarlyInteractCommerceCorp.hasamulti-layerproductfamilyincludingACT2000andSalesLogix2000.Eachcanintegratetheactivitiesofsalesmarketingandsupportteams.Smallerorganizationscanalsotakeadvantageoftheservicesofdot-comcompaniessuchassalesforcecomandUpShot.comwhichfocusprimarilyonsales-forceautomation.Thesecompanieswillputyourbasice-CRMservicesonlineforunder$50peruserpermonth.Onthedownsideyoudon’tgetmuchcustomizationorintegration.Somee-CRMcompanieshavefeweroptionsandoftenconcentrateonverticalmarkets.JannaSystemsforexamplespecializesine-CRMsolutionsforthefinancialservicesindustry.SomecompaniessuchaseGainCommunicationsCorp.andTalismaCorp.specializeine-mailbasedCRMandofferbothhostedandonlineservices.SocratesTechnologiesCorp.takestheonlineASPapproachandofferstheSalesLogix2000suiteontheWebalongwithothere-businessapplications. Welearnfromthepassagethatdot-comcompanies
PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshaveremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10PointsTheacronymDINK--doubleincomenokids--originatedintheUSinthe1960s.41._______________________________Thischoicewasnotirrational.Afterallnowadaysretiredpeoplecanliveontheirpensionsandsavingssotheyarenolongercompelledtodependontheiroffspringinoldage.Andachildisundeniablyanexpensiveproposition:somuchtimeandmoneyarerequired.WhybotherhavingoneItishardtocondemnthosewhooptoutofparenthood.42._______________________________.Ababyenterstheworldwithamindlikeblankpaperandgraduallyheorsheacquirestheabilitytothinktotalkandfinallytocommunicateeasily.Isn’ttheresomethingmagicalaboutitWhenyouseetheprocesshappeningbeforeyourveryeyesyoufeelahappinesslikenoother.AChineseDINKsaidtomerecently"Ifyoudidn’thavethreechildrenyoucouldgotoabarorthecinemawithyourwifeonweekends--howunrestrainedandromanticthatwouldbe!"ButIwouldsaythatnomatterhowwonderfulHollywoodfilmsorBroadwayperformancesarewatchingthemisfarlessinterestingthanseeingmyextrovertofadaughtersinganddance.Ifit’struethattherearerewardstobegottenfromhavingchildrenthensurelythehappinessofseeingthemgrowupisthegreatest.43._______________________________.Butthisisahappinessthatcanbefeltonlyafteryoubecomeaparent;there’snoappreciatingitotherwise.HoweverwhobegetsachildoutofcuriositytoseehimorhergrowupNoneofmyfriendshadthisinmindwhentheyortheirwifegotpregnant.Forsomethepregnancywasunexpected.44._______________________________Andsomesaidthathavingachildcanbringstabilitytoatroubledmarriage--butisthatreallytrueImyselfdidn’tgiveitmuchthought.Ijustassumeditwasthenaturalthingtodoandsincemywifeenjoyedbigcheerfullivelyfamilieswewentaheadandhadthreekids.Noregrets.Iknowmywordswon’tchangeanyminds.45._______________________________Noraisingachildisnoteasy.Thehappinessofseeingachildgrowincontrastislargelyinthemindoftheparentsandotherpeoplecannotsoreadilyperceiveit.Littlewonderthenthatsomanypeoplewithoutchildrenbelieveparenthoodisallworkandnofun. [A]WhatDINKssayisobviouslytrue:childrenreallydorequirelotsofparentalenergyandmoney.Justwatchamotherbringasickchildtoahospital;youcanseethetensiontheworryandalltheself-controlittakestoseemcalmandreassuring. [B]AnotherChinesefriendofminecomplained:"IprovidedthefundsformychildtogotocollegeandthenofftoAmericaforamaster’sdegreebutsofarIhaven’tgottenanyrewardsoutofplayingparent."TohimIwouldsaythattherewardswerethereallalong--foranyparentopentothewonderofseeingachildbegintospeakorsurpriseuswithanewwordusedforthefirsttime. [C]Fearingthatchildrenmightconstraintheirfreedommarriedworkingwomenbegantoavoidpregnancy;theresultwasmanybusyprosperousyoungDINKcouples. [D]Eachindividualhashisorherownreasonsforwantingornotwantingchildrenandhisorherownhappinesstobuild.Thesaddestpeoplearethosewhohavechildrenbutcometoregretitforwhateverreason.Regretfulparentsareusuallyclosedtofamilyhappiness.Andwithoutthehappinessallthatremainaretheburdens. [E]Yetfewcoupleswithchildrenwouldagreethattheywerestupidtobecomeparents.Mostareveryhappythattheyhavehadtheexperienceofwitnessingachildgrowtomaturity. [F]MywifeandIhavethreesmallchildren.Chinesefriendsoftenaskwhythreechildrennotoneornone:Doesn’traisingthreechildrenlimitmycareerinbusinessandinmywife’scaseteaching [G]Othershadparentseagertohavegrandchildren.Afewsaidtheyhadchildrenbecauseaperson’slifewouldbeincompletewithoutone.Somesaidthatthereweremillionsandmillionsofchildrenintheworldandtheyjustwantedtoseewhattheirswouldbelike. 41
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10PointsBritain’sgardenershaverevealedoneoftheirgreatestpethates--otherpeople’scats.Okaythey’resadisticmurderers--butisitfairthatcatshavebeenratedasbeingasdetestableasratsinapollofBritishgardenersAnewsurveyintheUKindicatesthatcatscomesecondonlytoratsastheleastfavou77ritemammaltovisitourgardens.46TheUK’s10millioncatshavehaditsroughoflatedrawingharshcriticismbecauseoftheirbloodlustandhabitofviewingthenation’sgardensastheirownpersonaltoilets.47ThoughtheanimalsaretheUK’sfavoritepetsBritishgardenershavestruckbackbycrowningthecatasoneofthemostunwelcomevisitors--votingthemonlyslightlymorepopularthanratsinthenewpoll.TheMammalSociety--whichconductedthesurvey--sayscatscutaswathethroughthenation’swildlifekillingaround300millionanimalseveryyear."Catsaresolitarypredatoryhunters.48Peopleaskwhytheykillwhentheyareclearlywell-fedbutacat’smotivationtohuntisquiteseparatefromitsdesiretosatisfyhunger."EvenwithafullstomachacatcannotresistthestimuliofpreypassingnearbysaysMs.HeathauthorofWhyDoesMyCat"Itdoesn’tmakesenseforacattowaituntilit’shungrytocatchfood--theremaybenonearoundthen.Bettertohuntwhenthere’stheopportunityandhidethefoodaway."ABBCtelevisionserieshasraisedthequestionofwhethercatsshouldbekeptindoorsatnight.49Wildlifeexpertssaykeepingcatslockedupfromdusktodawnwillpreventmuchofthekillingtheycreateandwillalsomeantheyarelesslikelytoberunover.MammalexpertProfessorSteveHarrisfromBristolUniversitysaid:"Themessageisclearmostpeopleareheartilysickofhavingtheirneighbors’catsintheirgarden".Ownerswhohaveresortedtocollarbellstowarnpreymayhaveunderestimatedfelineguile."Somecatshavelearnedtoholdtheirheadstominimizenoisecomingfromthebellsaroundtheirnecks.Perhapsweneedtoadmirethisskillratherthangetparanoidaboutit."Eventodaysomeviewtheblackcatasanomenofmisfortune.Spitefulpeoplearedubbedasbeing"catty".Araucouscryisa"caterwaul".Atworkagreedylazybossisa"fatcat".ButtobefairtheBritishcan’thatecatsthatmuch.50ArecentreportfoundthatthegenerosityoftheBritishtowardsthecathascausedoneinfourofthecreaturestobecomeclinicallyobese. ThoughtheanimalsaretheUK’sfavoritepetsBritishgardenershavestruckbackbycrowningthecatasoneofthemostunwelcomevisitors--votingthemonlyslightlymorepopularthanratsinthenewpoll
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.40PointsText1Onekeyanswertotheproblemoffindingandkeepingcustomers--andturningtheirgoodwillintosales--ishavinggoodcustomerrelationshipmanagementCRM.CRM’sgoalistocreateacooperationamongsalesmarketingandcustomer-serviceactivitieswithinanorganizationinordertoobtainandretaincustomers.CRMontheInternet--e-CRM--usesWebtechnologytocreatesuchacooperation.E-CRMmeansdifferentthingstodifferentcompanies.Someentere-CRMthroughtraditionalcontact-managementandsales-forceautomationsoftwarefromsuchvendorsasGoldMineSoftwareCorp.orInteractCommerceCorp.Manycompaniesseee-CRMasanaturalextensionoftheircallcenters.Inanidealsystemhistoricalinformationsuchascustomers’buyingpreferencesorcircumstantialinformationsuchascustomer-contractvolumescanlaunchactionsanddatascreens.FinallycompanieswithcorporateenterpriseresourceplanningERPsystemsseee-CRMasanaturalpartofcomputer-facilitatedmanagement.Youdon’tneedtobeginonagrandscale;youcantakesmallstepstowardacomprehensivee-CRMsystemwithexperiencedcontactmanagementcompaniessuchasCommenceCorp.GoldMineSoftwareCorp.InteractCommerceCorp.andMultiactiveSoftware.GoldMine5.0isaimedatteamsof1to50userswhowanttotrackreferandactontelephoneande-mailcontactsfromcustomers.Theusersneedn’tresideonalocalnetworktocoordinateanaction.AlleachuserneedsisanIPaddress.GoldMineFrontOfficeofferstemplatesforspecificindustries;thesedefinerolesandrelationshipsandincluderulesforworkflowprocesses.SimilarlyInteractCommerceCorp.hasamulti-layerproductfamilyincludingACT2000andSalesLogix2000.Eachcanintegratetheactivitiesofsalesmarketingandsupportteams.Smallerorganizationscanalsotakeadvantageoftheservicesofdot-comcompaniessuchassalesforcecomandUpShot.comwhichfocusprimarilyonsales-forceautomation.Thesecompanieswillputyourbasice-CRMservicesonlineforunder$50peruserpermonth.Onthedownsideyoudon’tgetmuchcustomizationorintegration.Somee-CRMcompanieshavefeweroptionsandoftenconcentrateonverticalmarkets.JannaSystemsforexamplespecializesine-CRMsolutionsforthefinancialservicesindustry.SomecompaniessuchaseGainCommunicationsCorp.andTalismaCorp.specializeine-mailbasedCRMandofferbothhostedandonlineservices.SocratesTechnologiesCorp.takestheonlineASPapproachandofferstheSalesLogix2000suiteontheWebalongwithothere-businessapplications. Intheopeningparagraphtheauthorintroduceshistopicby
Text3Scienceisthenever-endingstruggletofindtruth.Youmaydismissthisstatementastheramblingofanamateurphilosopherbutitholdssomepracticalvalue.Truthisatemporaryphenomenon.Itislimitedbyhumancommunicationsystemstechnologyandskills.ForexampleduringtheDarkAgesinEuropetheworldwasperceivedasflat.Thisflatnesswasacceptableas"truth"becausetravelandhumanknowledgeofcelestialphenomenaweresolimitedthatnootherconceptwasneeded.Afamilylivedinasmallareaandconfineditsactivitytoasmallregion.Thisregionappearedtobeflatsoforallpracticalpurposestheearthwasflattoo.WhentravelandexplorationbecamewidespreadandespeciallywhenshipswereabletosailfaroutontheAtlanticthevisionofaflatearthhadtochange.Manyobservationsofstarsandplanetsandofships’movementsatsealedtonewprinciplesandtoanewtruth.Thosewhowereinthepositiontodosocouldexploitthenewtruthabouttheearth’sshapeandturnitintoriches.TheSpanishknowingtheywouldnotfallofftheedgeofaflatearthfoundtheNewWorldandbroughtgoldandsilverbacktoSpain.ThesituationhasnotchangedmuchsincetheDarkAges.Truthisstillsoughtbecauseithasvalueandthescientificmethodremainsthemostsystematicwayofpursuingit.Themethodstartswithaproblem.Oncetheproblemiswelldefinedinformationthatmighthaveaneffectonitisgathered.Theinformationissortedandanalyzedandthatwhichisusefuliskept--tobeusedasabasisforgeneralprinciples.Inthesocialsciencestheprinciplesareoftenusedtohelpformulatepolicies.Thepoliciesultimatelyareaimedatremovingtheproblemandimprovingpeople’slives.Ineconomicsandinothersocialsciencesthepursuitoftruthisslowedbecausehumanbehaviorcannotbesubjectedtothekindsofcontrolledexperimentsthatarepossiblewithwhiteratsandguineapigs.Theeconomistmustfollowthestepsinasearchfornewtruthsabouteconomicbehaviorbutfollowingthemisfrustratingandoftenleadsupblindalleys.Neverthelessproblemsfactsprinciplesandpoliciesmustbeconsideredinasystematicway. WhatdoestheauthormeanbyturnitintorichesLineI1Paragraph1
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