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当燃用烟煤时一般控制CO2值在14％－15％体积分数和O2值在4％－5％体积分数比较经济
对于积分调节器当输出量为稳态值时其输入量必然是值
零
不为零
为正值
为负值
关于平均粒子径描述错误的是
D表示的是中位径，不是中值径
中位径是指累积分布图中累积值正好为50%所对应的粒子径
筛分法测定累积分布时，小于筛孔直径的累积分布是筛下分布
某一粒径的筛上、筛下分布函数之和为100%
1为数据库my中的表积分增加字段地址类型和宽度为字符型502为表积分的字段积分设置完整性约束要求积分
降水粒子对雷达回波的散射存在着相位随机起伏的现象造成雷达回波的视频涨落回波 功率的瞬时值变化较大测值
视频积分
方位积分
距离积分
傅利叶变换
在比例积分微分控制规律中将可以实现比例微分控制规律
积分时间设置为非常大的值
微分时间设置为大于零的值
积分时间设置为零
微分时间设置为零
对于积分调节器当输入量为稳态值时其输入量必然
为正值
为负值
为零
不为零
在运算指令中形式为#i＝ABS[#j]代表的意义是
四次方值
绝对值
积分
倒数
设比例积分调节器的控制点偏移为0则当给定和测量相等时输出稳定在
50％以上
最大值上
最小值上
任意值上
定积分的值为
e＋2
e＋1
e
e－1
设
(A) 为反常积分，且发散．
(B) 为反常积分，且收敛．
(C) 不是反常积分，且其值为10．
(D) 不是反常积分，且其值为．
为数据库my中的表积分增加字段地址类型和宽度为字符型502为表积分的字段积分设置完整性约束要求积分值
1为数据库my中的表积分增加字段地址类型和宽度为字符型50 2为表积分的字段积分设置完整性约束要求
如果是积分帐户投注扣费动感地带每注扣积分M值
在运算指令中形式为#i=ABS[#j]代表的意义是
四次方值
绝对值
积分
倒数
根据定积分的几何意义求下列定积分的值ʃ|x|dx.
计算下列反常积分广义积分的值．[*]
采用优点积分法评标的主要环节有
对各项评分标准分配权重
计算每份标书的总积分
计算"报价除以总积分"的商值
选出商值最低的标书
积分环节输出信号的变化速度即积分速度Ki关于积分速度Ki的叙述下面正确的是
积分速度Ki与输入偏差幅值A的大小成正比
积分速度Ki与积分时间Ti成反比
积分速度Ki是积分输出直线的斜率
积分速度Ki是积分输出直线的夹角
根据定积分的几何意义求下列定积分的值ʃxdx
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Text4 Virtuallyeverythingastronomersknowaboutobjectsoutsidethesolarsystemisbasedonthedetectionofphotons-quantaofelectromagneticradiation.Yetthereisanotherformofradiationthatpermeatestheuniverse:neutrinos.Withasitsnameimpliesnoelectricchargeandnegligiblemasstheneutrinointeractswithotherparticlessorarelythataneutrinocancrosstheentireuniverseeventraversingsubstantialaggregationsofmatterwithoutbeingabsorbedorevendeflected.Neutrinoscanthusescapefromregionsofspacewherelightandotherkindsofelectromagneticradiationareblockedbymatter.Notasinglevalidatedobservationofanextraterrestrialneutrinohas.sofarbeenproduceddespitetheconstructionofastringofelaborateobservatoriesmountedontheearthfromSouthernIndiatoUtahtoSouthAfrica.Howeverthedetectionofextraterrestrialneutrinosareofgreatsignificanceinthestudyofastronomy.Neutrinoscarrywiththeirinformationaboutthesiteandcircumstancesoftheirproduction;thereforethedetectionofcosmicneutrinoscouldprovidenewinformationaboutawidevarietyofcosmicphenomenaandaboutthehistoryoftheuniverse. Howcanscientistsdetectaparticlethatinteracts.soinfrequentlywithothermatterTwenty-fiveyearspassedbetweenPauli’shypothesisthattheneutrinoexistedanditsactualdetection;sincethenvirtuallyallresearchwithneutrinoshasbeenwithneutrinoscreatedartificiallyinlargeparticleacceleratorsandstudiedunderneutrinomicroscopes.Butaneutrinotelescopecapableofdetectingcosmicneutrinosisdifficulttoconstruct.Noapparatuscandetectneutrinosunlessitisextremelymassivebecausegreatmassissynonymouswithhugenumbersofnucleonsneutronsandprotonsandthemoremassivethedetectorthegreatertheprobabilityofoneofitsnucleon’sreactingwithaneutrino.Inadditiontheapparatusmustbesufficientlyshieldedfromtheinterferingeffectsofotherparticles. Fortunatelyagroupofastrophysicistshasproposedameansofdetectingcosmicneutrinosbyharnessingthemassoftheocean.NamedDUMANDforDeepUnderwaterMuonandNeutrinoDetectortheprojectcallsforplacinganarrayoflightsensorsatadepthoffivekilometersundertheoceansurface.Thedetectingmediumistheseawateritself:whenaneutrinointeractswithaparticleinanatomofseawatertheresultisacascadeofelectricallychargedparticlesandaflashoflightthatcanbedetectedbythesensors.Thefivekilometersofseawaterabovethesensorswillshieldthemfromtheinterferingeffectsofotherhigh-energyparticlesrainingdownthroughtheatmosphere. ThestrongestmotivationfortheDUMANDprojectisthatitwillexploitanimportantsourceofinformationabouttheuniverse.Theextensionofastronomyfromvisiblelighttoradiowavestox-raysandgammaraysneverfailedtoleadtothediscoveryofunusualobjectssuchasradiogalaxiesquasarsandpulsars.Eachofthesediscoveriescameasasurprise.Neutrinoastronomywilldoubtlesslybringitsownshareofsurprises. escapefromLine6Para.1canbesubstitutedfor
Text3 TheuniquenessoftheJapanesecharacteristheresultoftwoseeminglycontradictoryforces:thestrengthoftraditionsandtheselectivereceptivitytoforeignachievementsandinventions.Asearlyas1860stherewerecountermovementtotraditionalorientation.OneofthefanusspokesmenofJapan’s"Enlightenment"claimed"theConfuciancivilizationoftheEastseemstometolacktwothingspossessedbyWesterncivilization:scienceinthematerialsphereandasenseofindependenceinthespiritualsphere."AnotherbreakofrelativeliberalismfollowedWorldWarIwhenthedemocraticidealismofPresidentWoodrowWilsonhadanimportantimpactonJapaneseintellectualsandespeciallystudents;butmoreimportantwastheLeninistideologyofthe1917BolshevikRevolution.Againintheearly1930snationalismandmilitarismbecamedominant. FollowingtheendofWorldWarⅡsubstantialchangeswereundertakeninJapantoliberatetheindividualfromauthoritarianrestraints.Thenewdemocraticvaluesystemwasacceptedbymanyteachersstudentsintellectualsandoldliberalsbutitwasnotimmediatelyembracedbythesocietyasawhole.Japanesetraditionsweredominatedbygroupvaluesandnotionsofpersonalfreedomandindividualrightswereunfamiliar. TodaydemocraticprocessesareclearlyevidentinthewidespreadparticipationoftheJapanesepeopleinsocialandpoliticallife.Schooltextbooksemphasizeequalityoverhierarchyandrationalismovertradition;butinpracticethesevaluesareoftenmisinterpretedanddistortedparticularlybytheyouthwhotranslatetheindividualisticandhumanisticgoalsofdemocracyintoegoisticandmaterialisticones. MostJapanesepeoplehaveconsciouslyrejectedConfucianismbutleftoversoftheoldorderremain.Animportantfeatureofrelationshipinmanyinstitutionsincludingpoliticalpartiesanduniversitiesisthe"oyabun-kobun"orparent-childrelation.Thecorrespondingloyaltyoftheindividualtohispatronreinforceshisallegiancetothegrouptowhichtheybothbelong.Awillingnesstocooperatewithothermembersofthegroupandtosupportwithoutqualificationtheinterestsofthegroupinallitsexternalrelationsisstillawidelyrespectedvirtue.The"oyabun-kobun"createsladdersofmobilitywhichanindividualcanascendrisingasfarasabilitiespermitsolongashemaintainssuccessfulpersonaltieswithasuperiorintheverticalchannelthelatterrequirementusuallytakingprecedenceoveraneedforexceptionalcompetence.Asaconsequencethereislittlehorizontalrelationshipbetweenpeopleevenwiththesameprofession. ThespokesmanofJapan'sEnlightenmentthinksthat
马克思认为商品形式的奥秘不过在于商品形式在人们面前把人们本身劳动的社会性质反映成劳动产品本身的物的性质反映成这些物的天然的社会属性从而把生产者同劳动的社会关系反映成存在于生产者之外的物与物之间的社会关系由于这种转换劳动产品成了商品成了可感觉而又超感觉的物或社会的物这表明
我国市场经济体制改革的重点和中心环节是
In1942AllanRHolmbergadoctoralstudentinanthropologyfromYaleUniversityUSAventureddeepintothejungleofBolivianAmazoniaandsearchedoutanisolatedbandofSirionoIndians.TheresearcherdescribedtheprimitivesocietyasadesperatestraggleforsurvivalaviewofAmazoniabeingfundamentallyreconsideredtoday. 41._______________ TheSirionoHolmbergwroteleda"strikinglybackward"existence.Theirvillageswerelittlemorethanclustersofthatchedhuts.Lifeitselfwasaperpetualandpunishingsearchforfood:somefamiliesgrewmaniocandotherstarchycropsinsmallgardenplotsclearedfromtheforestwhileothermembersofthetribescouredthecountryforsmallgameandpromisingfishholes.Whenlocalresourcesbecamedepletedthetribemovedon.AsfortechnologyHolmbergnotedtheSiriono"maybeclassifiedamongthemosthandicappedpeoplesoftheworld".OtherthanbowsarrowsandcrudediggingstickstheonlytoolstheSiriono.seemedtopossesswere"twomachetesworntothesizeofpocket-knives". 42._______________ AlthoughthelivesoftheSirionohavechangedintheinterveningdecadestheimageofthemasStoneAgerelicshasendured.TocasualobserversaswellastoinfluentialnaturalscientistsandregionalplannerstheluxuriantforestsofAmazoniaseemagelessunconquerableahabitattotallyhostiletohumancivilization.TheapparentsimplicityofIndianwaysoflifehasbeenjudgedanevolutionaryadaptationtoforestecologylivingproofthatAmazoniacouldnot—andcannot—sustainamorecomplexsociety.Archaeologicaltracesoffarmoreelaboratecultureshavebeendismissedastheruinsofinvadersfromoutsidetheregionabandonedtodecayintheuncompromisingtropicalenvironment. 43._______________ ThepopularconceptionofAmazoniaanditsnativeresidentswouldbeenormouslyconsequentialifitweretrue.ButthehumanhistoryofAmazoniainthepast11000yearsbetraysthatviewasmyth.Evidencegatheredinrecentyearsfromanthropologyandarchaeologyindicatesthattheregionhassupportedaseriesofindigenousculturesforeleventhousandyears;anextensivenetworkofcomplexsocieties—somewithpopulationsperhapsaslargeas100000—thrivedthereformorethan1000yearsbeforethearrivalofEuropeans.FarfrombeingevolutionarilyretardedprehistoricAmazonianpeopledevelopedtechnologiesandculturesthatwereadvancedfortheirtime.IfthelivesofIndianstodayseem"primitive"theappearanceisnottheresultofsomeenvironmentaladaptationorecologicalbarrier;ratheritisacomparativelyrecentadaptationtocenturiesofeconomicandpoliticalpressure. 44._______________ TheevidenceforarevisedviewofAmazoniawilltakemanypeoplebysurprise.Ecologistshaveassumedthattropicalecosystemswereshapedentirelybynaturalforcesandtheyhavefocusedtheirresearchonhabitatstheybelievehaveescapedhumaninfluence.ButastheUniversityofFloridaecologistPeterFeinsingerhasnotedanapproachthatleavespeopleoutoftheequationisnolongertenable.ThearchaeologicalevidenceshowsthatthenaturalhistoryofAmazoniaistoasurprisingextenttiedtotheactivitiesofitsprehistoricinhabitants. 45._______________ Therealizationcomesnonetoosoon.InJune1992politicalandenvironmentalleadersfromacrosstheworldmetinRiodeJaneirotodiscusshowdevelopingcountriescanadvancetheireconomieswithoutdestroyingtheirnaturalresources.ThechallengeisespeciallydifficultinAmazonia.Becausethetropicalforesthasbeendepictedasecologicallyunfitforlarge-scalehumanoccupationsomeenvironmentalistshaveopposeddevelopmentofanykind.Ironicallyonemajorcasualtyofthatextremepositionhasbeentheenvironmentitself.Whilepolicymakersstruggletodefineandimplementappropriatelegislationdevelopmentofthemostdestructivekindhascontinuedapaceovervastareas. Theothermajorcasualtyofthe"naturalism"ofenvironmentalscientistshasbeentheindigenousAmazonianswhosehabitsofhuntingfishingandslash-and-burncultivationoftenhavebeenrepresentedasharmfultothehabitat.IntheclashbetweenenvironmentalistsanddeveloperstheIndianshavesufferedthemost.Thenewunderstandingofthepre-historyofAmazoniahoweverpointstowardamiddleground.Archaeologymakesclearthatwithjudiciousmanagementselectedpartsoftheregioncouldsupportmorepeoplethananyonethoughtbefore.Thelong-buriedpastitseemsoffershopeforthefuture. [A]Assumedinhospitablenessto.socialdevelopment [B]Pricepaidformisconceptions [C]Evolutionaryadaptationtoforestecology [D]Falsebelievesrevised [E]Extremeimpoverishmentandbackwardness [F]Ignoranceofearlyhumanimpact 44
早在民主革命时期__就强调跳出中国历史上历代封建王朝兴衰周期律的新路是用
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Text4 Virtuallyeverythingastronomersknowaboutobjectsoutsidethesolarsystemisbasedonthedetectionofphotons-quantaofelectromagneticradiation.Yetthereisanotherformofradiationthatpermeatestheuniverse:neutrinos.Withasitsnameimpliesnoelectricchargeandnegligiblemasstheneutrinointeractswithotherparticlessorarelythataneutrinocancrosstheentireuniverseeventraversingsubstantialaggregationsofmatterwithoutbeingabsorbedorevendeflected.Neutrinoscanthusescapefromregionsofspacewherelightandotherkindsofelectromagneticradiationareblockedbymatter.Notasinglevalidatedobservationofanextraterrestrialneutrinohas.sofarbeenproduceddespitetheconstructionofastringofelaborateobservatoriesmountedontheearthfromSouthernIndiatoUtahtoSouthAfrica.Howeverthedetectionofextraterrestrialneutrinosareofgreatsignificanceinthestudyofastronomy.Neutrinoscarrywiththeirinformationaboutthesiteandcircumstancesoftheirproduction;thereforethedetectionofcosmicneutrinoscouldprovidenewinformationaboutawidevarietyofcosmicphenomenaandaboutthehistoryoftheuniverse. Howcanscientistsdetectaparticlethatinteracts.soinfrequentlywithothermatterTwenty-fiveyearspassedbetweenPauli’shypothesisthattheneutrinoexistedanditsactualdetection;sincethenvirtuallyallresearchwithneutrinoshasbeenwithneutrinoscreatedartificiallyinlargeparticleacceleratorsandstudiedunderneutrinomicroscopes.Butaneutrinotelescopecapableofdetectingcosmicneutrinosisdifficulttoconstruct.Noapparatuscandetectneutrinosunlessitisextremelymassivebecausegreatmassissynonymouswithhugenumbersofnucleonsneutronsandprotonsandthemoremassivethedetectorthegreatertheprobabilityofoneofitsnucleon’sreactingwithaneutrino.Inadditiontheapparatusmustbesufficientlyshieldedfromtheinterferingeffectsofotherparticles. Fortunatelyagroupofastrophysicistshasproposedameansofdetectingcosmicneutrinosbyharnessingthemassoftheocean.NamedDUMANDforDeepUnderwaterMuonandNeutrinoDetectortheprojectcallsforplacinganarrayoflightsensorsatadepthoffivekilometersundertheoceansurface.Thedetectingmediumistheseawateritself:whenaneutrinointeractswithaparticleinanatomofseawatertheresultisacascadeofelectricallychargedparticlesandaflashoflightthatcanbedetectedbythesensors.Thefivekilometersofseawaterabovethesensorswillshieldthemfromtheinterferingeffectsofotherhigh-energyparticlesrainingdownthroughtheatmosphere. ThestrongestmotivationfortheDUMANDprojectisthatitwillexploitanimportantsourceofinformationabouttheuniverse.Theextensionofastronomyfromvisiblelighttoradiowavestox-raysandgammaraysneverfailedtoleadtothediscoveryofunusualobjectssuchasradiogalaxiesquasarsandpulsars.Eachofthesediscoveriescameasasurprise.Neutrinoastronomywilldoubtlesslybringitsownshareofsurprises. Fromthethirdparagraphbesidessheltertheseawaterisusedas
针对非公有制经济发展中的突出问题国务院颁布了关于鼓励支持和引导个体私营等非公有制经济发展的若干意见提出了一系列措施包括
Text3 TheuniquenessoftheJapanesecharacteristheresultoftwoseeminglycontradictoryforces:thestrengthoftraditionsandtheselectivereceptivitytoforeignachievementsandinventions.Asearlyas1860stherewerecountermovementtotraditionalorientation.OneofthefanusspokesmenofJapan’s"Enlightenment"claimed"theConfuciancivilizationoftheEastseemstometolacktwothingspossessedbyWesterncivilization:scienceinthematerialsphereandasenseofindependenceinthespiritualsphere."AnotherbreakofrelativeliberalismfollowedWorldWarIwhenthedemocraticidealismofPresidentWoodrowWilsonhadanimportantimpactonJapaneseintellectualsandespeciallystudents;butmoreimportantwastheLeninistideologyofthe1917BolshevikRevolution.Againintheearly1930snationalismandmilitarismbecamedominant. FollowingtheendofWorldWarⅡsubstantialchangeswereundertakeninJapantoliberatetheindividualfromauthoritarianrestraints.Thenewdemocraticvaluesystemwasacceptedbymanyteachersstudentsintellectualsandoldliberalsbutitwasnotimmediatelyembracedbythesocietyasawhole.Japanesetraditionsweredominatedbygroupvaluesandnotionsofpersonalfreedomandindividualrightswereunfamiliar. TodaydemocraticprocessesareclearlyevidentinthewidespreadparticipationoftheJapanesepeopleinsocialandpoliticallife.Schooltextbooksemphasizeequalityoverhierarchyandrationalismovertradition;butinpracticethesevaluesareoftenmisinterpretedanddistortedparticularlybytheyouthwhotranslatetheindividualisticandhumanisticgoalsofdemocracyintoegoisticandmaterialisticones. MostJapanesepeoplehaveconsciouslyrejectedConfucianismbutleftoversoftheoldorderremain.Animportantfeatureofrelationshipinmanyinstitutionsincludingpoliticalpartiesanduniversitiesisthe"oyabun-kobun"orparent-childrelation.Thecorrespondingloyaltyoftheindividualtohispatronreinforceshisallegiancetothegrouptowhichtheybothbelong.Awillingnesstocooperatewithothermembersofthegroupandtosupportwithoutqualificationtheinterestsofthegroupinallitsexternalrelationsisstillawidelyrespectedvirtue.The"oyabun-kobun"createsladdersofmobilitywhichanindividualcanascendrisingasfarasabilitiespermitsolongashemaintainssuccessfulpersonaltieswithasuperiorintheverticalchannelthelatterrequirementusuallytakingprecedenceoveraneedforexceptionalcompetence.Asaconsequencethereislittlehorizontalrelationshipbetweenpeopleevenwiththesameprofession. TodayinJapandemocraticvalues
我国社会主义初级阶段的时间跨度是指
ToliveintheUnitedStatestodayistogainanappreciationforDahrendorfsassertionthatsocialchangeexistseverywhere.Technologytheapplicationofknowledgeforpracticalendsisamajorsourceofsocialchange. Yetwewoulddowelltoremindourselvesthattechnologyisahumancreation;itdoesnotexistnaturally.Aspearorarobotisasmuchaculturalasaphysicalobject.46Untilhumansuseaspeartohuntgameorarobottoproducemachinepartsneitherismuchmorethanasolidmassofmatter.Forabirdlookingforanobjectonwhichtorestaspearorrobotservesthepurposeequallywell.TheexplosionoftheChallengerspaceshuttleandtheRussiannuclearaccidentatChernobyldrivehomethehumanqualityoftechnology:theyprovidecasesinwhichwell-plannedsystemssuddenlygotintoamessandtherewasnoreadyhandtosetthemright.Sincetechnologyisahumancreationweareresponsibleforwhatisdonewithit.Pessimistsworrythatwewilluseourtechnologyeventuallytoblowourworldandourselvestopieces.Buttheyhavebeensayingthisfordecadesandsofarwehavemanagedtosurviveandevenflourish.Whetherwewillcontinuetodosointheyearsaheadremainsuncertain.Clearlytheimpactoftechnologyonourlivesdeservesacloserexamination. Fewtechnologicaldevelopmentshavehadagreaterimpactonourlivesthanthecomputerrevolution.Scientistsandengineershavedesignedspecializedmachinesthatcandothetasksthatonceonlypeoplecoulddo.47Therearethosewhoassertthattheswitchtoaninformation-basedeconomyisinthesamecampasothergreathistoricalmilestonesparticularlytheIndustrialRevolution. YetwhenweaskwhytheIndustrialRevolutionwasarevolutionwefindthatitwasnotthemachines.Theprimaryreasonwhyitwasrevolutionaryisthatitledtogreatsocialchange.48Itgaverisetomassproductionandthroughmassproductiontoasocietyinwhichwealthwasnotconfinedtothefew.49InsomewhatsimilarfashioncomputerspromisetorevolutionizethestructureofAmericanlifeparticularlyastheyfreethehumanmindandopennewpossibilitiesinknowledgeandcommunication. TheIndustrialRevolutionsupplementedandreplacedthemusclesofhumansandreplacedsomeaspectsofthemindofhumanbeingsbyelectronicmethods.50Itisthecapacityofthecomputerforsolvingproblemsandmakingdecisionsthatrepresentsitsgreatestpotentialandthatposesthegreatestdifficultiesinpredictingtheimpactonsociety. Itisthecapacityofthecomputerforsolvingproblemsandmakingdecisionsthatrepresentsitsgreatestpotentialandthatposesthegreatestdifficultiesinpredictingtheimpactonsociety.
Text1 Inmostpeople’smindgrowthisassociatedwithprosperity.WejudgehowwelltheeconomyisdoingbythesizeoftheGrossNationalProductGNPameasuresupposedlyofgrowth.Equallyaxiomatichoweveristhenotionthatincreasedpressureondecliningnaturalresourcesmustinevitablyleadtoadeclineinprosperityespeciallywhenaccompaniedbyagrowthinpopulation.Sowhichiscorrect Whatgrowthadvocatesmeanprimarilywhentheysaygrowthisnecessaryforprosperityisthatgrowthisnecessaryforthesmoothfunctioningoftheeconomicsystem.InonefieldtheargumentinfavorofgrowthisparticularlycompellingandthatiswithregardtotheThirdWorld.ToargueagainstgrowthinlightofThirdWorldpovertyanddegradationseemsunsympathetic.ButisitCoulditbethatgrowthespeciallythegrowthofthewealthiercountrieshascontributedtotheimpoverishmentnottheadvancementofThirdWorldcountriesIfnothowdoweaccountforthedesperatestraitsthesecountriesfindthemselvesintodayafteracenturyofdedicationtogrowth ToseehowthismightbethecasewemustlookattheimpactofgrowthonThirdWorldcountries—therealitynottheabstractstages-of-economic-growththeoryadvocatedthroughrose-coloredglassesbyacademiciansofthedevelopedworld.WhatgoodisgrowthtothepeopleoftheThirdWorldifitmeanstheconversionofpeasantfarmsintomechanizedagri-businessesproducingcommoditiesnotforlocalconsumptionbutforexportifitmeansthestrippingoftheirlandofitsmineralandothernaturaltreasurestothebenefitofforeigninvestorsandahandfuloftheirlocalcollaboratorsifitmeanstheassumptionofacrushingforeignindebtedness Admittedlythisisanoversimplification.ButthepointIbelieveremainsvalid:thatgrowthinunderdevelopedcountriescannotsimplybejudgedintheabstract;itmustbejudgedbasedonthetruenatureofgrowthinthesesocietiesonwhobenefitsandwhoisharmedonwheregrowthisleadingthesepeopleandwhereithasleftthem.Whenconsideredinthiswayitjustmightbethatinthepresentcontextgrowthismoredetrimentaltothewell-beingofthewretchedoftheearththanbeneficial. SodoweneedgrowthforprosperityOnlytheadoptionofzerogrowthcanprovidetheanswer.Butthatisatestnoteasilyundertaken.Modemeconomiesareincrediblycomplexphenomenaatributetoman’sabilitytoorganizeandachallengetohisabilitytounderstand.Anythingthataffectstheirfunctioningsuchasapolicyofzerogrowthshouldnotbeproposedwithoutawarycarefulnessandself-doubtinghumility.Butiftheprospectofleapingintotheeconomicunknownisfear-inspiringequallysoistheprospectoflettingthatfearpreventusfromactingwhenthefailuretoactcouldmeanuntoldmiseryforfuturegenerationsandperhapsenvironmentaldisasterwhichthreatenourveryexistence. throughrose-coloredglassesLines2—3Paragraph3means
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Text2 ITisastartlingclaimbutonethatCongresswomanDeborahPryceusestogoodeffect:theequivalentoftwoclassroomsfullofchildrenarediagnosedwithcancereveryday.MrsPrycelostherown9-year-olddaughtertocancerin1999.Pediatriccancerremainsalittle-understoodissueinAmericawherethehealth-caredebateisconsumedwiththeillspillsandmedicalbillsoftheelderly. CancerkillsmorechildrenthananyotherdiseaseinAmerica.Althoughtherehavebeentremendousgainsincancersurvivalratesinrecentdecadestheproportionofchildrenandteensdiagnosedwithdifferentformsofthediseaseincreasedbyalmostathirdbetween1975and2001. Grislythoughthesestatisticsaretheyarestilltinywhensetbesidethenumberofadultliveslosttobreastcancer41000eachyearandlungcancer164000.Advocatesformoremoneyforchildcancerprefertolookatlife-yearslost.Theaverageageforcancerdiagnosisinayoungchildissixwhiletheaverageadultisdiagnosedintheirlate60s.RobertArceciapediatriccancerexpertatJohnsHopkinspointsoutthatintermsoftotallife-yearssavedthebenefitfromcuringpediatriccancervictimsisroughlythesameascuringadultswithbreastcancer. Thereisanobviouselementofspecialpleadinginsuchcalculations.Allthesamebreastcancerhasattractedaflurryofpublicityprivatefund-raisingandmoneyfromgovernment.Childhoodcancerhasreceivedlessattentionandcash.Pediatriccanceratermwhichcoverspeopleupto20yearsoldreceivesone-twentiethofthefederalresearchmoneydoledoutbytheNationalCancerInstitute.FundingmoanpediatricresearchershasnotkeptpacewithrisingcostsinthefieldandNCImoneyforcollaborativeresearchwillactuallybecutby3%thisyear. Thereisnonationalpediatriccancerregistrythatwouldletresearcherstrackchildandteenagepatientsthroughtheirlivesastheycandointhecaseofadultsufferers.Apilotchildhood-cancerregistryisintheworks.GroupslikeMrReaman’snowgetcashdirectlyfromCongress.Butitisplainlyaproblemmostpoliticiansdon’tknowmuchabout. Thebiggestproblemcouldliewith15-19-ycar-olds.Thosediagnosedwithcancerhavenotseenthesameimprovementintheirchancesasyoungerchildrenandolderadultshavedone.Therearesomephysicalexplanationsforthis:teenagerswhohavepassedadolescencearemorevulnerabletodifferentsortsofcancer.ButArchieBleyerapediatriconcologistattheM.D.AndersonCancerCentreinTexashasproducedsomedataimplyingthatlackofhealthinsuranceplaysarole.Olderteenagersandyoungadultsarelesslikelytobecoveredandcheckedregularly. TheauthorcitestheexampleofMrs.Prycetoshowthat
我国社会主义建设确定了三步走的战略目标其中第二步是指
Text2 ITisastartlingclaimbutonethatCongresswomanDeborahPryceusestogoodeffect:theequivalentoftwoclassroomsfullofchildrenarediagnosedwithcancereveryday.MrsPrycelostherown9-year-olddaughtertocancerin1999.Pediatriccancerremainsalittle-understoodissueinAmericawherethehealth-caredebateisconsumedwiththeillspillsandmedicalbillsoftheelderly. CancerkillsmorechildrenthananyotherdiseaseinAmerica.Althoughtherehavebeentremendousgainsincancersurvivalratesinrecentdecadestheproportionofchildrenandteensdiagnosedwithdifferentformsofthediseaseincreasedbyalmostathirdbetween1975and2001. Grislythoughthesestatisticsaretheyarestilltinywhensetbesidethenumberofadultliveslosttobreastcancer41000eachyearandlungcancer164000.Advocatesformoremoneyforchildcancerprefertolookatlife-yearslost.Theaverageageforcancerdiagnosisinayoungchildissixwhiletheaverageadultisdiagnosedintheirlate60s.RobertArceciapediatriccancerexpertatJohnsHopkinspointsoutthatintermsoftotallife-yearssavedthebenefitfromcuringpediatriccancervictimsisroughlythesameascuringadultswithbreastcancer. Thereisanobviouselementofspecialpleadinginsuchcalculations.Allthesamebreastcancerhasattractedaflurryofpublicityprivatefund-raisingandmoneyfromgovernment.Childhoodcancerhasreceivedlessattentionandcash.Pediatriccanceratermwhichcoverspeopleupto20yearsoldreceivesone-twentiethofthefederalresearchmoneydoledoutbytheNationalCancerInstitute.FundingmoanpediatricresearchershasnotkeptpacewithrisingcostsinthefieldandNCImoneyforcollaborativeresearchwillactuallybecutby3%thisyear. Thereisnonationalpediatriccancerregistrythatwouldletresearcherstrackchildandteenagepatientsthroughtheirlivesastheycandointhecaseofadultsufferers.Apilotchildhood-cancerregistryisintheworks.GroupslikeMrReaman’snowgetcashdirectlyfromCongress.Butitisplainlyaproblemmostpoliticiansdon’tknowmuchabout. Thebiggestproblemcouldliewith15-19-ycar-olds.Thosediagnosedwithcancerhavenotseenthesameimprovementintheirchancesasyoungerchildrenandolderadultshavedone.Therearesomephysicalexplanationsforthis:teenagerswhohavepassedadolescencearemorevulnerabletodifferentsortsofcancer.ButArchieBleyerapediatriconcologistattheM.D.AndersonCancerCentreinTexashasproducedsomedataimplyingthatlackofhealthinsuranceplaysarole.Olderteenagersandyoungadultsarelesslikelytobecoveredandcheckedregularly. Theauthorwritesthispassageto
Text1 Inmostpeople’smindgrowthisassociatedwithprosperity.WejudgehowwelltheeconomyisdoingbythesizeoftheGrossNationalProductGNPameasuresupposedlyofgrowth.Equallyaxiomatichoweveristhenotionthatincreasedpressureondecliningnaturalresourcesmustinevitablyleadtoadeclineinprosperityespeciallywhenaccompaniedbyagrowthinpopulation.Sowhichiscorrect Whatgrowthadvocatesmeanprimarilywhentheysaygrowthisnecessaryforprosperityisthatgrowthisnecessaryforthesmoothfunctioningoftheeconomicsystem.InonefieldtheargumentinfavorofgrowthisparticularlycompellingandthatiswithregardtotheThirdWorld.ToargueagainstgrowthinlightofThirdWorldpovertyanddegradationseemsunsympathetic.ButisitCoulditbethatgrowthespeciallythegrowthofthewealthiercountrieshascontributedtotheimpoverishmentnottheadvancementofThirdWorldcountriesIfnothowdoweaccountforthedesperatestraitsthesecountriesfindthemselvesintodayafteracenturyofdedicationtogrowth ToseehowthismightbethecasewemustlookattheimpactofgrowthonThirdWorldcountries—therealitynottheabstractstages-of-economic-growththeoryadvocatedthroughrose-coloredglassesbyacademiciansofthedevelopedworld.WhatgoodisgrowthtothepeopleoftheThirdWorldifitmeanstheconversionofpeasantfarmsintomechanizedagri-businessesproducingcommoditiesnotforlocalconsumptionbutforexportifitmeansthestrippingoftheirlandofitsmineralandothernaturaltreasurestothebenefitofforeigninvestorsandahandfuloftheirlocalcollaboratorsifitmeanstheassumptionofacrushingforeignindebtedness Admittedlythisisanoversimplification.ButthepointIbelieveremainsvalid:thatgrowthinunderdevelopedcountriescannotsimplybejudgedintheabstract;itmustbejudgedbasedonthetruenatureofgrowthinthesesocietiesonwhobenefitsandwhoisharmedonwheregrowthisleadingthesepeopleandwhereithasleftthem.Whenconsideredinthiswayitjustmightbethatinthepresentcontextgrowthismoredetrimentaltothewell-beingofthewretchedoftheearththanbeneficial. SodoweneedgrowthforprosperityOnlytheadoptionofzerogrowthcanprovidetheanswer.Butthatisatestnoteasilyundertaken.Modemeconomiesareincrediblycomplexphenomenaatributetoman’sabilitytoorganizeandachallengetohisabilitytounderstand.Anythingthataffectstheirfunctioningsuchasapolicyofzerogrowthshouldnotbeproposedwithoutawarycarefulnessandself-doubtinghumility.Butiftheprospectofleapingintotheeconomicunknownisfear-inspiringequallysoistheprospectoflettingthatfearpreventusfromactingwhenthefailuretoactcouldmeanuntoldmiseryforfuturegenerationsandperhapsenvironmentaldisasterwhichthreatenourveryexistence. 21Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoestheauthoragreewith
Text2 ITisastartlingclaimbutonethatCongresswomanDeborahPryceusestogoodeffect:theequivalentoftwoclassroomsfullofchildrenarediagnosedwithcancereveryday.MrsPrycelostherown9-year-olddaughtertocancerin1999.Pediatriccancerremainsalittle-understoodissueinAmericawherethehealth-caredebateisconsumedwiththeillspillsandmedicalbillsoftheelderly. CancerkillsmorechildrenthananyotherdiseaseinAmerica.Althoughtherehavebeentremendousgainsincancersurvivalratesinrecentdecadestheproportionofchildrenandteensdiagnosedwithdifferentformsofthediseaseincreasedbyalmostathirdbetween1975and2001. Grislythoughthesestatisticsaretheyarestilltinywhensetbesidethenumberofadultliveslosttobreastcancer41000eachyearandlungcancer164000.Advocatesformoremoneyforchildcancerprefertolookatlife-yearslost.Theaverageageforcancerdiagnosisinayoungchildissixwhiletheaverageadultisdiagnosedintheirlate60s.RobertArceciapediatriccancerexpertatJohnsHopkinspointsoutthatintermsoftotallife-yearssavedthebenefitfromcuringpediatriccancervictimsisroughlythesameascuringadultswithbreastcancer. Thereisanobviouselementofspecialpleadinginsuchcalculations.Allthesamebreastcancerhasattractedaflurryofpublicityprivatefund-raisingandmoneyfromgovernment.Childhoodcancerhasreceivedlessattentionandcash.Pediatriccanceratermwhichcoverspeopleupto20yearsoldreceivesone-twentiethofthefederalresearchmoneydoledoutbytheNationalCancerInstitute.FundingmoanpediatricresearchershasnotkeptpacewithrisingcostsinthefieldandNCImoneyforcollaborativeresearchwillactuallybecutby3%thisyear. Thereisnonationalpediatriccancerregistrythatwouldletresearcherstrackchildandteenagepatientsthroughtheirlivesastheycandointhecaseofadultsufferers.Apilotchildhood-cancerregistryisintheworks.GroupslikeMrReaman’snowgetcashdirectlyfromCongress.Butitisplainlyaproblemmostpoliticiansdon’tknowmuchabout. Thebiggestproblemcouldliewith15-19-ycar-olds.Thosediagnosedwithcancerhavenotseenthesameimprovementintheirchancesasyoungerchildrenandolderadultshavedone.Therearesomephysicalexplanationsforthis:teenagerswhohavepassedadolescencearemorevulnerabletodifferentsortsofcancer.ButArchieBleyerapediatriconcologistattheM.D.AndersonCancerCentreinTexashasproducedsomedataimplyingthatlackofhealthinsuranceplaysarole.Olderteenagersandyoungadultsarelesslikelytobecoveredandcheckedregularly. Theauthor'sattitudetowardsthecurrentstateofchildhoodcancer
2005年6月30日____在有关会议上强调必须加快建设
提高企业经济效益的基本要求是
Text4 Virtuallyeverythingastronomersknowaboutobjectsoutsidethesolarsystemisbasedonthedetectionofphotons-quantaofelectromagneticradiation.Yetthereisanotherformofradiationthatpermeatestheuniverse:neutrinos.Withasitsnameimpliesnoelectricchargeandnegligiblemasstheneutrinointeractswithotherparticlessorarelythataneutrinocancrosstheentireuniverseeventraversingsubstantialaggregationsofmatterwithoutbeingabsorbedorevendeflected.Neutrinoscanthusescapefromregionsofspacewherelightandotherkindsofelectromagneticradiationareblockedbymatter.Notasinglevalidatedobservationofanextraterrestrialneutrinohas.sofarbeenproduceddespitetheconstructionofastringofelaborateobservatoriesmountedontheearthfromSouthernIndiatoUtahtoSouthAfrica.Howeverthedetectionofextraterrestrialneutrinosareofgreatsignificanceinthestudyofastronomy.Neutrinoscarrywiththeirinformationaboutthesiteandcircumstancesoftheirproduction;thereforethedetectionofcosmicneutrinoscouldprovidenewinformationaboutawidevarietyofcosmicphenomenaandaboutthehistoryoftheuniverse. Howcanscientistsdetectaparticlethatinteracts.soinfrequentlywithothermatterTwenty-fiveyearspassedbetweenPauli’shypothesisthattheneutrinoexistedanditsactualdetection;sincethenvirtuallyallresearchwithneutrinoshasbeenwithneutrinoscreatedartificiallyinlargeparticleacceleratorsandstudiedunderneutrinomicroscopes.Butaneutrinotelescopecapableofdetectingcosmicneutrinosisdifficulttoconstruct.Noapparatuscandetectneutrinosunlessitisextremelymassivebecausegreatmassissynonymouswithhugenumbersofnucleonsneutronsandprotonsandthemoremassivethedetectorthegreatertheprobabilityofoneofitsnucleon’sreactingwithaneutrino.Inadditiontheapparatusmustbesufficientlyshieldedfromtheinterferingeffectsofotherparticles. Fortunatelyagroupofastrophysicistshasproposedameansofdetectingcosmicneutrinosbyharnessingthemassoftheocean.NamedDUMANDforDeepUnderwaterMuonandNeutrinoDetectortheprojectcallsforplacinganarrayoflightsensorsatadepthoffivekilometersundertheoceansurface.Thedetectingmediumistheseawateritself:whenaneutrinointeractswithaparticleinanatomofseawatertheresultisacascadeofelectricallychargedparticlesandaflashoflightthatcanbedetectedbythesensors.Thefivekilometersofseawaterabovethesensorswillshieldthemfromtheinterferingeffectsofotherhigh-energyparticlesrainingdownthroughtheatmosphere. ThestrongestmotivationfortheDUMANDprojectisthatitwillexploitanimportantsourceofinformationabouttheuniverse.Theextensionofastronomyfromvisiblelighttoradiowavestox-raysandgammaraysneverfailedtoleadtothediscoveryofunusualobjectssuchasradiogalaxiesquasarsandpulsars.Eachofthesediscoveriescameasasurprise.Neutrinoastronomywilldoubtlesslybringitsownshareofsurprises. Whichofthefollowingisthemostdesirablesitewherecosmicneutrinoscanbeeasilydetected
全面建设小康社会我国具备的有利条件如下
In1942AllanRHolmbergadoctoralstudentinanthropologyfromYaleUniversityUSAventureddeepintothejungleofBolivianAmazoniaandsearchedoutanisolatedbandofSirionoIndians.TheresearcherdescribedtheprimitivesocietyasadesperatestraggleforsurvivalaviewofAmazoniabeingfundamentallyreconsideredtoday. 41._______________ TheSirionoHolmbergwroteleda"strikinglybackward"existence.Theirvillageswerelittlemorethanclustersofthatchedhuts.Lifeitselfwasaperpetualandpunishingsearchforfood:somefamiliesgrewmaniocandotherstarchycropsinsmallgardenplotsclearedfromtheforestwhileothermembersofthetribescouredthecountryforsmallgameandpromisingfishholes.Whenlocalresourcesbecamedepletedthetribemovedon.AsfortechnologyHolmbergnotedtheSiriono"maybeclassifiedamongthemosthandicappedpeoplesoftheworld".OtherthanbowsarrowsandcrudediggingstickstheonlytoolstheSiriono.seemedtopossesswere"twomachetesworntothesizeofpocket-knives". 42._______________ AlthoughthelivesoftheSirionohavechangedintheinterveningdecadestheimageofthemasStoneAgerelicshasendured.TocasualobserversaswellastoinfluentialnaturalscientistsandregionalplannerstheluxuriantforestsofAmazoniaseemagelessunconquerableahabitattotallyhostiletohumancivilization.TheapparentsimplicityofIndianwaysoflifehasbeenjudgedanevolutionaryadaptationtoforestecologylivingproofthatAmazoniacouldnot—andcannot—sustainamorecomplexsociety.Archaeologicaltracesoffarmoreelaboratecultureshavebeendismissedastheruinsofinvadersfromoutsidetheregionabandonedtodecayintheuncompromisingtropicalenvironment. 43._______________ ThepopularconceptionofAmazoniaanditsnativeresidentswouldbeenormouslyconsequentialifitweretrue.ButthehumanhistoryofAmazoniainthepast11000yearsbetraysthatviewasmyth.Evidencegatheredinrecentyearsfromanthropologyandarchaeologyindicatesthattheregionhassupportedaseriesofindigenousculturesforeleventhousandyears;anextensivenetworkofcomplexsocieties—somewithpopulationsperhapsaslargeas100000—thrivedthereformorethan1000yearsbeforethearrivalofEuropeans.FarfrombeingevolutionarilyretardedprehistoricAmazonianpeopledevelopedtechnologiesandculturesthatwereadvancedfortheirtime.IfthelivesofIndianstodayseem"primitive"theappearanceisnottheresultofsomeenvironmentaladaptationorecologicalbarrier;ratheritisacomparativelyrecentadaptationtocenturiesofeconomicandpoliticalpressure. 44._______________ TheevidenceforarevisedviewofAmazoniawilltakemanypeoplebysurprise.Ecologistshaveassumedthattropicalecosystemswereshapedentirelybynaturalforcesandtheyhavefocusedtheirresearchonhabitatstheybelievehaveescapedhumaninfluence.ButastheUniversityofFloridaecologistPeterFeinsingerhasnotedanapproachthatleavespeopleoutoftheequationisnolongertenable.ThearchaeologicalevidenceshowsthatthenaturalhistoryofAmazoniaistoasurprisingextenttiedtotheactivitiesofitsprehistoricinhabitants. 45._______________ Therealizationcomesnonetoosoon.InJune1992politicalandenvironmentalleadersfromacrosstheworldmetinRiodeJaneirotodiscusshowdevelopingcountriescanadvancetheireconomieswithoutdestroyingtheirnaturalresources.ThechallengeisespeciallydifficultinAmazonia.Becausethetropicalforesthasbeendepictedasecologicallyunfitforlarge-scalehumanoccupationsomeenvironmentalistshaveopposeddevelopmentofanykind.Ironicallyonemajorcasualtyofthatextremepositionhasbeentheenvironmentitself.Whilepolicymakersstruggletodefineandimplementappropriatelegislationdevelopmentofthemostdestructivekindhascontinuedapaceovervastareas. Theothermajorcasualtyofthe"naturalism"ofenvironmentalscientistshasbeentheindigenousAmazonianswhosehabitsofhuntingfishingandslash-and-burncultivationoftenhavebeenrepresentedasharmfultothehabitat.IntheclashbetweenenvironmentalistsanddeveloperstheIndianshavesufferedthemost.Thenewunderstandingofthepre-historyofAmazoniahoweverpointstowardamiddleground.Archaeologymakesclearthatwithjudiciousmanagementselectedpartsoftheregioncouldsupportmorepeoplethananyonethoughtbefore.Thelong-buriedpastitseemsoffershopeforthefuture. [A]Assumedinhospitablenessto.socialdevelopment [B]Pricepaidformisconceptions [C]Evolutionaryadaptationtoforestecology [D]Falsebelievesrevised [E]Extremeimpoverishmentandbackwardness [F]Ignoranceofearlyhumanimpact 42
物质资料生产方式所体现的关系是
安南在联大发表的大自由为人人共享发展安全和人权而奋斗报告中对联合国机构改革提出的建议包括
明代哲学家方以智说人物灵蠢多殊是曰独性而公性则一也公性在独性中逐缘习性这段话讲的是
ToliveintheUnitedStatestodayistogainanappreciationforDahrendorfsassertionthatsocialchangeexistseverywhere.Technologytheapplicationofknowledgeforpracticalendsisamajorsourceofsocialchange. Yetwewoulddowelltoremindourselvesthattechnologyisahumancreation;itdoesnotexistnaturally.Aspearorarobotisasmuchaculturalasaphysicalobject.46Untilhumansuseaspeartohuntgameorarobottoproducemachinepartsneitherismuchmorethanasolidmassofmatter.Forabirdlookingforanobjectonwhichtorestaspearorrobotservesthepurposeequallywell.TheexplosionoftheChallengerspaceshuttleandtheRussiannuclearaccidentatChernobyldrivehomethehumanqualityoftechnology:theyprovidecasesinwhichwell-plannedsystemssuddenlygotintoamessandtherewasnoreadyhandtosetthemright.Sincetechnologyisahumancreationweareresponsibleforwhatisdonewithit.Pessimistsworrythatwewilluseourtechnologyeventuallytoblowourworldandourselvestopieces.Buttheyhavebeensayingthisfordecadesandsofarwehavemanagedtosurviveandevenflourish.Whetherwewillcontinuetodosointheyearsaheadremainsuncertain.Clearlytheimpactoftechnologyonourlivesdeservesacloserexamination. Fewtechnologicaldevelopmentshavehadagreaterimpactonourlivesthanthecomputerrevolution.Scientistsandengineershavedesignedspecializedmachinesthatcandothetasksthatonceonlypeoplecoulddo.47Therearethosewhoassertthattheswitchtoaninformation-basedeconomyisinthesamecampasothergreathistoricalmilestonesparticularlytheIndustrialRevolution. YetwhenweaskwhytheIndustrialRevolutionwasarevolutionwefindthatitwasnotthemachines.Theprimaryreasonwhyitwasrevolutionaryisthatitledtogreatsocialchange.48Itgaverisetomassproductionandthroughmassproductiontoasocietyinwhichwealthwasnotconfinedtothefew.49InsomewhatsimilarfashioncomputerspromisetorevolutionizethestructureofAmericanlifeparticularlyastheyfreethehumanmindandopennewpossibilitiesinknowledgeandcommunication. TheIndustrialRevolutionsupplementedandreplacedthemusclesofhumansandreplacedsomeaspectsofthemindofhumanbeingsbyelectronicmethods.50Itisthecapacityofthecomputerforsolvingproblemsandmakingdecisionsthatrepresentsitsgreatestpotentialandthatposesthegreatestdifficultiesinpredictingtheimpactonsociety. Itgaverisetomassproductionandthroughmassproductiontoasocietyinwhichwealthwasnotconfinedtothefew.
ToliveintheUnitedStatestodayistogainanappreciationforDahrendorfsassertionthatsocialchangeexistseverywhere.Technologytheapplicationofknowledgeforpracticalendsisamajorsourceofsocialchange. Yetwewoulddowelltoremindourselvesthattechnologyisahumancreation;itdoesnotexistnaturally.Aspearorarobotisasmuchaculturalasaphysicalobject.46Untilhumansuseaspeartohuntgameorarobottoproducemachinepartsneitherismuchmorethanasolidmassofmatter.Forabirdlookingforanobjectonwhichtorestaspearorrobotservesthepurposeequallywell.TheexplosionoftheChallengerspaceshuttleandtheRussiannuclearaccidentatChernobyldrivehomethehumanqualityoftechnology:theyprovidecasesinwhichwell-plannedsystemssuddenlygotintoamessandtherewasnoreadyhandtosetthemright.Sincetechnologyisahumancreationweareresponsibleforwhatisdonewithit.Pessimistsworrythatwewilluseourtechnologyeventuallytoblowourworldandourselvestopieces.Buttheyhavebeensayingthisfordecadesandsofarwehavemanagedtosurviveandevenflourish.Whetherwewillcontinuetodosointheyearsaheadremainsuncertain.Clearlytheimpactoftechnologyonourlivesdeservesacloserexamination. Fewtechnologicaldevelopmentshavehadagreaterimpactonourlivesthanthecomputerrevolution.Scientistsandengineershavedesignedspecializedmachinesthatcandothetasksthatonceonlypeoplecoulddo.47Therearethosewhoassertthattheswitchtoaninformation-basedeconomyisinthesamecampasothergreathistoricalmilestonesparticularlytheIndustrialRevolution. YetwhenweaskwhytheIndustrialRevolutionwasarevolutionwefindthatitwasnotthemachines.Theprimaryreasonwhyitwasrevolutionaryisthatitledtogreatsocialchange.48Itgaverisetomassproductionandthroughmassproductiontoasocietyinwhichwealthwasnotconfinedtothefew.49InsomewhatsimilarfashioncomputerspromisetorevolutionizethestructureofAmericanlifeparticularlyastheyfreethehumanmindandopennewpossibilitiesinknowledgeandcommunication. TheIndustrialRevolutionsupplementedandreplacedthemusclesofhumansandreplacedsomeaspectsofthemindofhumanbeingsbyelectronicmethods.50Itisthecapacityofthecomputerforsolvingproblemsandmakingdecisionsthatrepresentsitsgreatestpotentialandthatposesthegreatestdifficultiesinpredictingtheimpactonsociety. Untilhumansuseaspeartohuntgameorarobottoproducemachinepartsneitherismuchmorethanasolidmassofmatter
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