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请解释“人的全面发展学说科学地解决了教育目的价值取向的矛盾”的意思。
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我国制订教育目的的指导思想和理论基础是
社会本位价值取向
个人本位价值取向
马克思主义关于人的全面发展学说
政治本位价值取向
我国教育目的制定的指导思想和理论基础是
社会本位价值取向
个人本位价值取向
马克思主义关于人的全面发展学说
政治本位价值取向
为什么说人的全面发展学说科学地解决了教育目的价值取向的矛盾14分
我国教育目的制定的指导思想和理论基础是
社会本位价值取向
人本位价值取向
马克思主义关于人的全面发展学说
政治本位价值取向
为什么说人的全面发展学说科学地解决了教育目的价值取向的矛盾
我国教育目的制定的指导思想和理论基础是
社会本位价值取向
人本位价值取向
马克思主义关于人的全面发展学说
政治本位价值取向
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DuringthesummerholidayIthinkIshoulddosomething61.______meaningfulinsteadtouring.SoIgotajobatafast-food62.______restaurantandworkedthereascleaner.Iworked7hoursaday63.______forthreeweeks.Thejobwashardandboredandseemedendless.64.______ItmademesotiredthatInearlystoppedithalfway.65.______AfterallIstucktoitwithdeterminations.EverydayIstarted66.______offforworkearlyinthemorningandwenttohomelateinthe67.______evening.FinallyIfinishedthejobafterthenewschoolterm68.______began.NowIunderstandthatlabormeans.Ithinkitisreally69.______asuccessfulexperiencewhichisworthrememberingforever.70.______
C Statusesaremarveloushumaninventionsthatenableustogetalongwithoneanotherandtodeterminewherewe"fit"insociety.Aswegoaboutoureverydayliveswementallyattempttoplacepeopleintermoftheirstatuses.Forexamplewemustjudgewhetherthepeopleinlibraryisareaderoralibrarianwhetherthetelephonecallerisafriendorasalesmanwhethertheunfamiliarpersononourpropertyisathieforameterreaderandsoon. Thestatusesweassumeoftenvarywiththepeopleweencounterandchangethroughoutlife.Mostofuscanatveryhighspeedassumethestatusesthatvarioussituationsrequire.Muchofsocialinteractionconsistsofidentifyingandselectingamongappropriatestatusesandallowingotherpeopletoassumetheirstatusesinrelationtous.Thismeansthatwefitouractionstothoseofotherpeoplebasedonaconstantmentalprocessofappraisalandinterpretation.Althoughsomeofusfindthetaskmoredifficultthanothersmostofusperformitrathereffortlessly. Statuseshasbeencomparedtoready-madeclothes.Withincertainlimitsthebuyercanchoosestyleandfabric.ButanAmericanisnotfreetochoosethecostumeofaChinesepeasantorthatofaHinduprince.Wemustchoosefromamongtheclothingpresentedbyfitaswellasbyourpocket-boob.Havingmadeachoicefromminoradjustmentswetendtobelimitedtowhatthestoreschoiceamongthemislimited. ThewordappraisalLine5Para.2mostprobablymeans
D Howshouldoneinvestasumofmoneyinthesedaysofinflation通货膨胀Leftinabankitwillhardlykeepitsvaluehoweverhightheinterestrateis.OnlyabravemanoraveryrichonedarestobuyandsellontheStockMarket.Todayitseemsthatoneofthebestwaystoprotectyoursavingsandevenincreaseyourwealthistobuybeautifulobjectsfromthepast.HereIamgoingtooffersomeadviceoncollectingantiqueclockswhichIpersonallyconsiderareamongthemostinterestingofantiques. Isometimeswonderwhatabeingfromanotherplanetmightreportbackaboutourwayoflife."TheplanetEarthisruledbyamysteriouscreaturethatsitsorstandsinaroomandmakesastrangetickingsound.Ithasafacewithtwelveblackmarksandtwohands.Mencandonothingwithoutitspermissionanditfastensitsyoungroundpeople’swristssothateverywheremengotheyarestillunderitscontrol.ThiscreatureistherealmasterofEarthandmenareitsslaves." Whetherornotweareslavesoftimetodaydependsonourcultureandpersonalitybutitisbelievedthatmanyyearsagokingskeptspecialslavestotellthetime.Certainmenwereverycleveratmeasuringthetimeofdayaccordingtothebeatingoftheirownhearts.Theyweremadetostandinafixedplaceandeveryhourorsowouldshoutthetime.Soitseemsthatthefirstclockswerehumanbeings. Howevermenquicklyfoundmoreconvenientandreliablewaysoftellingthetime.Theylearnedtousetheshadowscastbythesun.Theymarkedthehoursoncandlesusedsandinhour-glassesandinventedwater-clocks.Indeedanyseriousstudentofantiquesshouldspendasmuchtimeaspossiblevisitingpalacesstatelyhomesandmuseumstoseesomeofthefinestexamplesofclocksfromthepast. Antiqueclockscouldbeveryexpensivebutoneofthejoysofcollectingclocksisthatitisstillpossibletofindquitecheaponesforyourownhome.Afterallifyouaregoingtoberuledbythetimewhynotinvestinairantiqueclockandperhapsmakeafutureprofit Byquoting引用theremarkofabeingfromanotherplanettheauthorintendsto
B Treesshouldonlybepruned修剪whenthereisagoodandclearreasonfordoingsoandfortunatelythenumberofsuchreasonsissmall.Pruninginvolvescuttingawayofovergrownandunwantedbranchesandtheinexperiencedgardenercanbeencouragedbythethoughtthatmoredamageresultsfromdoingitunnecessarilythanfromleavingthetreestogrowintheirownways. Firstpruningmaybedonetomakesurethattreeshaveadesiredshapeorsize.Theobjectmaybetogetatreeoftherightheightandatthesametimetohelpthegrowthofsmallsidebrancheswhichwillthickenitsappearanceorgiveitaspecialshape.Secondlypruningmaybedonetomakethetreehealthier.Youmaycutoutdiseasedordeadwoodorbranchesthatarerubbingagainsteachotherandthuscausingwounds.Thehealthofatreemaybeencouragedbyremovingthebranchesthatarelockingupthecentreandsopreventingthefreemovementofair. Oneresultofpruningisthatanopenwouldisleftonthetreeandthisprovidesaneasyentryfordiseasesbutitisawoundthatwillheal愈合.Oftenthereisaracebetweenthehealingandthediseaseastowhetherthetreewillliveordieorthatthereisaperiodwhenthetreeisatrisk.Itshouldbetheaimofeverygardenertoreducetheriskasfaraspossible.Itisessentialtomaketheareawhichhasbeenprunedsmoothandcleanforhealingwillbesloweddownbyroughness.Youshouldallowthecutsurfacetdryforafewhoursandthenpaintitwithoneofthesubstancesavailablefromgardenshopsproducedespeciallyforthispurpose.Pruningisusuallydoneinwinterforthenyoucanseetheshapeofthetreeclearlywithouttheinterference妨碍fromtheleavesanditistooveryunlikelythatthecutsyoumakewillbleed.Ifthisdoeshappenitisofcourseimpossibletopaintthemproperly. Agoodgardenerprunesatree
DuringthesummerholidayIthinkIshoulddosomething61.______meaningfulinsteadtouring.SoIgotajobatafast-food62.______restaurantandworkedthereascleaner.Iworked7hoursaday63.______forthreeweeks.Thejobwashardandboredandseemedendless.64.______ItmademesotiredthatInearlystoppedithalfway.65.______AfterallIstucktoitwithdeterminations.EverydayIstarted66.______offforworkearlyinthemorningandwenttohomelateinthe67.______evening.FinallyIfinishedthejobafterthenewschoolterm68.______began.NowIunderstandthatlabormeans.Ithinkitisreally69.______asuccessfulexperiencewhichisworthrememberingforever.70.______
C Statusesaremarveloushumaninventionsthatenableustogetalongwithoneanotherandtodeterminewherewe"fit"insociety.Aswegoaboutoureverydayliveswementallyattempttoplacepeopleintermoftheirstatuses.Forexamplewemustjudgewhetherthepeopleinlibraryisareaderoralibrarianwhetherthetelephonecallerisafriendorasalesmanwhethertheunfamiliarpersononourpropertyisathieforameterreaderandsoon. Thestatusesweassumeoftenvarywiththepeopleweencounterandchangethroughoutlife.Mostofuscanatveryhighspeedassumethestatusesthatvarioussituationsrequire.Muchofsocialinteractionconsistsofidentifyingandselectingamongappropriatestatusesandallowingotherpeopletoassumetheirstatusesinrelationtous.Thismeansthatwefitouractionstothoseofotherpeoplebasedonaconstantmentalprocessofappraisalandinterpretation.Althoughsomeofusfindthetaskmoredifficultthanothersmostofusperformitrathereffortlessly. Statuseshasbeencomparedtoready-madeclothes.Withincertainlimitsthebuyercanchoosestyleandfabric.ButanAmericanisnotfreetochoosethecostumeofaChinesepeasantorthatofaHinduprince.Wemustchoosefromamongtheclothingpresentedbyfitaswellasbyourpocket-boob.Havingmadeachoicefromminoradjustmentswetendtobelimitedtowhatthestoreschoiceamongthemislimited. Inthefirstparagraphthewritertellsusthatstatusescanhelpus
ItwasthenightofthefullmoonatimewhichalwaysdrivesJava’syoungpeoplemadwithexcitement. Fireworkswerelitlongbeforethemoon1.Thebignoisebroughtpeopleout2thewarmnighttoenjoytheinterestingscene.Everywheretherewerethepaperremainsof3fire-workslyingontheground.Littleboys4moreandcoveredtheirearsastheywaited5fortheexplosions. Themoonappearedabovethehorizon地平线:huge6ballhighabovethecityandthe7filledwithpeopleasJavabegantoenjoyoneoftheyear’sgreatest8:’theNightoftheFullMoon’afestival节日thatisespeciallypopular9youngpeople. MoreandmoreyoungJavanese.10togetherandwalkedslowlythroughthe11jokingandchattingtheymovedtowardsthemountain12thecity.Theycontinuedtoclimb13theyreachedtheoldtemple寺庙atthe14ofthemountain. Aftertheywere15thetempletheydranktheirwaterandatetheirmoon-cakes—delicioushome-madeones16ofdriedfruitandnuts.Outsideonthemountainyoungpeople.17cross-leggedincircleschattingandtellingeachotherjokes.And18intheirhundredsmoreyoungpeoplecontinuedtomaketheirwayupthemountainto19thebrightlyshiningmoon. Bymidnightthefireworkshadstoppedshootingupfromthe20cityinthevalleybelowthem.Butduringthenightthesoundcontinuedtobeheardfromthedistance. 7
ItssomewhatambitioustitlewasTheBookofLifeanditattemptedtoshowhowmuchanobservantmanmightlearnbyanaccurateandsystematicexaminationofallthatcameinhisway.
A Fromthehealthpointofviewwearelivinginamarvelousage.Weareimmunizedfrombirthagainstmanyofthemostdangerousdiseases.Alargenumberofoncefatalillnessescannowbecuredbymoderndrugsandsurgery.Itisalmostcertainthatonedayremedieswillbefoundforthemoststubbornremainingdiseases.Theexpectationoflifehasincreasedenormously.Butthoughthepossibilityoflivingalongandhappylifeisgreaterthaneverbeforeeverydaywewitnessthein-credibleslaughterofmenwomenandchildrenontheroads.Manversusthemotorcar!Itisanever-endingbattlewhichmanislosing.Thousandsofpeopleovertheworldarekilledorhorriblykilledeachyearandwearequietlysittingbackandlettingithappen. Ithasbeenrightlysaidthatwhenamanissittingbehindasteeringwheelhiscarbecomestheextensionofhispersonality.Thereisnodoubtthatthemotorcaroftenbringsoutaman’sveryworstqualities.Peoplewhoarenormallyquietandpleasantmaybecomeunrecognizablewhentheyarebe-hindasteering-wheel.Theysweartheyareill-manneredandaggressivewillfulastwo-year-oldsandutterlyselfish.Alltheirhiddenfrustrationsdisappointmentsandjealousiesseemtobebroughttothesurfacebytheactofdriving. Thesurprisingthingisthatsocietysmilessobenignlyonthemotoristandseemstocondonehisbehaviour.Everythingisdoneforhisconvenience.Citiesareallowedtobecomealmostuninhabitablebecauseofheavytraffic;townsaremadeuglybyhugecarparks;thecountrysideisdesecratedbyroadnetworks;andthemassannualslaughterbecomesnothingmorethanastatistictobeconvenientlyforgotten. Itishightimeaworldcodewerecreatedtoreducethissenselesswasteofhumanlife.Withregardtodrivingthelawsofsomecountriesarenotoriouslylaxandeventhestrictestarenotstrictenough.Acodewhichwasuniversallyacceptedcouldonlyhaveadramaticallybeneficialeffectontheaccidentrate.Hereareafewexamplesofsomeofthethingsthatmightbedone.Thedrivingtestshouldbestandardizedandmadefarmoredifficultthanitis;allthedriversshouldbemadetotakeatesteverythreeyearsorso;theageatwhichyoungpeopleareallowedtodriveanyvehicleshouldberaisedtoatleast21;allvehiclesshouldbeputthroughstringentannualtestsforsafety.Eventhesmallestamountofalcoholinthebloodcanimpairaperson’sdrivingability.Presentdrinkinganddrivinglawswheretheyexistshouldbemademuchstricter.Maximumandminimumspeedlimitsshouldbeimposedonallroads.GovernmentsshouldlaydownsafetyspecificationsformanufacturersashasbeendoneintheUSA.Alladvertisingstressingpowerandperformanceshouldbebanned.Thesemeasuresmaysoundinordinatelyharsh.Butsurelynothingshouldbe’consideredassevereifitresultsinreducingtheannualtollofhumanlife.Afteralltheworldisforhumanbeingsnotmotorcars. Theattitudeoftheauthoris
A Fromthehealthpointofviewwearelivinginamarvelousage.Weareimmunizedfrombirthagainstmanyofthemostdangerousdiseases.Alargenumberofoncefatalillnessescannowbecuredbymoderndrugsandsurgery.Itisalmostcertainthatonedayremedieswillbefoundforthemoststubbornremainingdiseases.Theexpectationoflifehasincreasedenormously.Butthoughthepossibilityoflivingalongandhappylifeisgreaterthaneverbeforeeverydaywewitnessthein-credibleslaughterofmenwomenandchildrenontheroads.Manversusthemotorcar!Itisanever-endingbattlewhichmanislosing.Thousandsofpeopleovertheworldarekilledorhorriblykilledeachyearandwearequietlysittingbackandlettingithappen. Ithasbeenrightlysaidthatwhenamanissittingbehindasteeringwheelhiscarbecomestheextensionofhispersonality.Thereisnodoubtthatthemotorcaroftenbringsoutaman’sveryworstqualities.Peoplewhoarenormallyquietandpleasantmaybecomeunrecognizablewhentheyarebe-hindasteering-wheel.Theysweartheyareill-manneredandaggressivewillfulastwo-year-oldsandutterlyselfish.Alltheirhiddenfrustrationsdisappointmentsandjealousiesseemtobebroughttothesurfacebytheactofdriving. Thesurprisingthingisthatsocietysmilessobenignlyonthemotoristandseemstocondonehisbehaviour.Everythingisdoneforhisconvenience.Citiesareallowedtobecomealmostuninhabitablebecauseofheavytraffic;townsaremadeuglybyhugecarparks;thecountrysideisdesecratedbyroadnetworks;andthemassannualslaughterbecomesnothingmorethanastatistictobeconvenientlyforgotten. Itishightimeaworldcodewerecreatedtoreducethissenselesswasteofhumanlife.Withregardtodrivingthelawsofsomecountriesarenotoriouslylaxandeventhestrictestarenotstrictenough.Acodewhichwasuniversallyacceptedcouldonlyhaveadramaticallybeneficialeffectontheaccidentrate.Hereareafewexamplesofsomeofthethingsthatmightbedone.Thedrivingtestshouldbestandardizedandmadefarmoredifficultthanitis;allthedriversshouldbemadetotakeatesteverythreeyearsorso;theageatwhichyoungpeopleareallowedtodriveanyvehicleshouldberaisedtoatleast21;allvehiclesshouldbeputthroughstringentannualtestsforsafety.Eventhesmallestamountofalcoholinthebloodcanimpairaperson’sdrivingability.Presentdrinkinganddrivinglawswheretheyexistshouldbemademuchstricter.Maximumandminimumspeedlimitsshouldbeimposedonallroads.GovernmentsshouldlaydownsafetyspecificationsformanufacturersashasbeendoneintheUSA.Alladvertisingstressingpowerandperformanceshouldbebanned.Thesemeasuresmaysoundinordinatelyharsh.Butsurelynothingshouldbe’consideredassevereifitresultsinreducingtheannualtollofhumanlife.Afteralltheworldisforhumanbeingsnotmotorcars. Themainideaofthispassageisthat
ItwasthenightofthefullmoonatimewhichalwaysdrivesJava’syoungpeoplemadwithexcitement. Fireworkswerelitlongbeforethemoon1.Thebignoisebroughtpeopleout2thewarmnighttoenjoytheinterestingscene.Everywheretherewerethepaperremainsof3fire-workslyingontheground.Littleboys4moreandcoveredtheirearsastheywaited5fortheexplosions. Themoonappearedabovethehorizon地平线:huge6ballhighabovethecityandthe7filledwithpeopleasJavabegantoenjoyoneoftheyear’sgreatest8:’theNightoftheFullMoon’afestival节日thatisespeciallypopular9youngpeople. MoreandmoreyoungJavanese.10togetherandwalkedslowlythroughthe11jokingandchattingtheymovedtowardsthemountain12thecity.Theycontinuedtoclimb13theyreachedtheoldtemple寺庙atthe14ofthemountain. Aftertheywere15thetempletheydranktheirwaterandatetheirmoon-cakes—delicioushome-madeones16ofdriedfruitandnuts.Outsideonthemountainyoungpeople.17cross-leggedincircleschattingandtellingeachotherjokes.And18intheirhundredsmoreyoungpeoplecontinuedtomaketheirwayupthemountainto19thebrightlyshiningmoon. Bymidnightthefireworkshadstoppedshootingupfromthe20cityinthevalleybelowthem.Butduringthenightthesoundcontinuedtobeheardfromthedistance. 11
ItwasthenightofthefullmoonatimewhichalwaysdrivesJava’syoungpeoplemadwithexcitement. Fireworkswerelitlongbeforethemoon1.Thebignoisebroughtpeopleout2thewarmnighttoenjoytheinterestingscene.Everywheretherewerethepaperremainsof3fire-workslyingontheground.Littleboys4moreandcoveredtheirearsastheywaited5fortheexplosions. Themoonappearedabovethehorizon地平线:huge6ballhighabovethecityandthe7filledwithpeopleasJavabegantoenjoyoneoftheyear’sgreatest8:’theNightoftheFullMoon’afestival节日thatisespeciallypopular9youngpeople. MoreandmoreyoungJavanese.10togetherandwalkedslowlythroughthe11jokingandchattingtheymovedtowardsthemountain12thecity.Theycontinuedtoclimb13theyreachedtheoldtemple寺庙atthe14ofthemountain. Aftertheywere15thetempletheydranktheirwaterandatetheirmoon-cakes—delicioushome-madeones16ofdriedfruitandnuts.Outsideonthemountainyoungpeople.17cross-leggedincircleschattingandtellingeachotherjokes.And18intheirhundredsmoreyoungpeoplecontinuedtomaketheirwayupthemountainto19thebrightlyshiningmoon. Bymidnightthefireworkshadstoppedshootingupfromthe20cityinthevalleybelowthem.Butduringthenightthesoundcontinuedtobeheardfromthedistance. 9
ItwasthenightofthefullmoonatimewhichalwaysdrivesJava’syoungpeoplemadwithexcitement. Fireworkswerelitlongbeforethemoon1.Thebignoisebroughtpeopleout2thewarmnighttoenjoytheinterestingscene.Everywheretherewerethepaperremainsof3fire-workslyingontheground.Littleboys4moreandcoveredtheirearsastheywaited5fortheexplosions. Themoonappearedabovethehorizon地平线:huge6ballhighabovethecityandthe7filledwithpeopleasJavabegantoenjoyoneoftheyear’sgreatest8:’theNightoftheFullMoon’afestival节日thatisespeciallypopular9youngpeople. MoreandmoreyoungJavanese.10togetherandwalkedslowlythroughthe11jokingandchattingtheymovedtowardsthemountain12thecity.Theycontinuedtoclimb13theyreachedtheoldtemple寺庙atthe14ofthemountain. Aftertheywere15thetempletheydranktheirwaterandatetheirmoon-cakes—delicioushome-madeones16ofdriedfruitandnuts.Outsideonthemountainyoungpeople.17cross-leggedincircleschattingandtellingeachotherjokes.And18intheirhundredsmoreyoungpeoplecontinuedtomaketheirwayupthemountainto19thebrightlyshiningmoon. Bymidnightthefireworkshadstoppedshootingupfromthe20cityinthevalleybelowthem.Butduringthenightthesoundcontinuedtobeheardfromthedistance. 17
ItwasthenightofthefullmoonatimewhichalwaysdrivesJava’syoungpeoplemadwithexcitement. Fireworkswerelitlongbeforethemoon1.Thebignoisebroughtpeopleout2thewarmnighttoenjoytheinterestingscene.Everywheretherewerethepaperremainsof3fire-workslyingontheground.Littleboys4moreandcoveredtheirearsastheywaited5fortheexplosions. Themoonappearedabovethehorizon地平线:huge6ballhighabovethecityandthe7filledwithpeopleasJavabegantoenjoyoneoftheyear’sgreatest8:’theNightoftheFullMoon’afestival节日thatisespeciallypopular9youngpeople. MoreandmoreyoungJavanese.10togetherandwalkedslowlythroughthe11jokingandchattingtheymovedtowardsthemountain12thecity.Theycontinuedtoclimb13theyreachedtheoldtemple寺庙atthe14ofthemountain. Aftertheywere15thetempletheydranktheirwaterandatetheirmoon-cakes—delicioushome-madeones16ofdriedfruitandnuts.Outsideonthemountainyoungpeople.17cross-leggedincircleschattingandtellingeachotherjokes.And18intheirhundredsmoreyoungpeoplecontinuedtomaketheirwayupthemountainto19thebrightlyshiningmoon. Bymidnightthefireworkshadstoppedshootingupfromthe20cityinthevalleybelowthem.Butduringthenightthesoundcontinuedtobeheardfromthedistance. 13
Someadvancedmaterialsareanoldstandardwithanewtwist.Thenewestfiberopticcablesthatcarrytelephonecallscross-countryaremadeofglasssotransparentthatapieceof100milesthickisclearerthanastandardwindowpane.
ItwasthenightofthefullmoonatimewhichalwaysdrivesJava’syoungpeoplemadwithexcitement. Fireworkswerelitlongbeforethemoon1.Thebignoisebroughtpeopleout2thewarmnighttoenjoytheinterestingscene.Everywheretherewerethepaperremainsof3fire-workslyingontheground.Littleboys4moreandcoveredtheirearsastheywaited5fortheexplosions. Themoonappearedabovethehorizon地平线:huge6ballhighabovethecityandthe7filledwithpeopleasJavabegantoenjoyoneoftheyear’sgreatest8:’theNightoftheFullMoon’afestival节日thatisespeciallypopular9youngpeople. MoreandmoreyoungJavanese.10togetherandwalkedslowlythroughthe11jokingandchattingtheymovedtowardsthemountain12thecity.Theycontinuedtoclimb13theyreachedtheoldtemple寺庙atthe14ofthemountain. Aftertheywere15thetempletheydranktheirwaterandatetheirmoon-cakes—delicioushome-madeones16ofdriedfruitandnuts.Outsideonthemountainyoungpeople.17cross-leggedincircleschattingandtellingeachotherjokes.And18intheirhundredsmoreyoungpeoplecontinuedtomaketheirwayupthemountainto19thebrightlyshiningmoon. Bymidnightthefireworkshadstoppedshootingupfromthe20cityinthevalleybelowthem.Butduringthenightthesoundcontinuedtobeheardfromthedistance. 3
E Manypeoplebelievetheglarefromsnowcausessnowblindnenss.Yetdarkglassesornottheyfindthemselvessufferingfromheadachesandwateringeyesandevensnowblindnesswhenex-posedtoseveralhoursof"snowlight". TheUnitedStatesarmyhasnowdeterminedthatglarefromsnowdoesnotcausesnowblindnessintroopsinasnow-coveredcountry.Ratheraman’seyesfrequentlyfindnothingtofocusoninabroadexpanseofbarrensnow-coveredterrain.Sohisgazecontinuallyshiftsandjumpsbackandforthovertheentirelandscapeinsearchofsomethingtolookat.Findingnothinghourafterhourtheeyesneverstopsearchingandtheeyeballsbecomesoreandtheeyemusclesache.Natureoffsetsthisirritationbyproducingmoreandfluidwhichcoverstheeyeball.Thefluidcoverstheeyeballinincreasingquantityuntilvisionblursthenisobservedandtheresultistotaleventhoughtemporarysnowblindness. Experimentsledthearmytoasimplemethodofovercomingthisproblem.Scoutsaheadofamainbodyoftroopsaretrainedtoshakesnowfromevergreenbushescreatingadottedlineastheycrosscompletelysnow-coveredlandscape.Eventhescoutsthemselvesthrowlightweightdarkcoloredobjectsaheadonwhichtheytoocanfocus.Themenfollowingcanthenseesomething.Theirgazeisarrested.Theireyesfocusonabushandhavingfoundsomethingtoseestopscouringthesnow-blanketedlanscape.Byfocusingtheirattentionononeobjectatatimethemencancrossthesnowwithoutbecominghopelesslysnowblindorlost.Inthiswaytheproblemofcrossingasolidwhiteterrainisovercome. Topreventheadacheswateringeyesandblindnesscausedbytheglarefromsnowdarkglassesare
ItwasthenightofthefullmoonatimewhichalwaysdrivesJava’syoungpeoplemadwithexcitement. Fireworkswerelitlongbeforethemoon1.Thebignoisebroughtpeopleout2thewarmnighttoenjoytheinterestingscene.Everywheretherewerethepaperremainsof3fire-workslyingontheground.Littleboys4moreandcoveredtheirearsastheywaited5fortheexplosions. Themoonappearedabovethehorizon地平线:huge6ballhighabovethecityandthe7filledwithpeopleasJavabegantoenjoyoneoftheyear’sgreatest8:’theNightoftheFullMoon’afestival节日thatisespeciallypopular9youngpeople. MoreandmoreyoungJavanese.10togetherandwalkedslowlythroughthe11jokingandchattingtheymovedtowardsthemountain12thecity.Theycontinuedtoclimb13theyreachedtheoldtemple寺庙atthe14ofthemountain. Aftertheywere15thetempletheydranktheirwaterandatetheirmoon-cakes—delicioushome-madeones16ofdriedfruitandnuts.Outsideonthemountainyoungpeople.17cross-leggedincircleschattingandtellingeachotherjokes.And18intheirhundredsmoreyoungpeoplecontinuedtomaketheirwayupthemountainto19thebrightlyshiningmoon. Bymidnightthefireworkshadstoppedshootingupfromthe20cityinthevalleybelowthem.Butduringthenightthesoundcontinuedtobeheardfromthedistance. 19
ItwasthenightofthefullmoonatimewhichalwaysdrivesJava’syoungpeoplemadwithexcitement. Fireworkswerelitlongbeforethemoon1.Thebignoisebroughtpeopleout2thewarmnighttoenjoytheinterestingscene.Everywheretherewerethepaperremainsof3fire-workslyingontheground.Littleboys4moreandcoveredtheirearsastheywaited5fortheexplosions. Themoonappearedabovethehorizon地平线:huge6ballhighabovethecityandthe7filledwithpeopleasJavabegantoenjoyoneoftheyear’sgreatest8:’theNightoftheFullMoon’afestival节日thatisespeciallypopular9youngpeople. MoreandmoreyoungJavanese.10togetherandwalkedslowlythroughthe11jokingandchattingtheymovedtowardsthemountain12thecity.Theycontinuedtoclimb13theyreachedtheoldtemple寺庙atthe14ofthemountain. Aftertheywere15thetempletheydranktheirwaterandatetheirmoon-cakes—delicioushome-madeones16ofdriedfruitandnuts.Outsideonthemountainyoungpeople.17cross-leggedincircleschattingandtellingeachotherjokes.And18intheirhundredsmoreyoungpeoplecontinuedtomaketheirwayupthemountainto19thebrightlyshiningmoon. Bymidnightthefireworkshadstoppedshootingupfromthe20cityinthevalleybelowthem.Butduringthenightthesoundcontinuedtobeheardfromthedistance. 5
C Statusesaremarveloushumaninventionsthatenableustogetalongwithoneanotherandtodeterminewherewe"fit"insociety.Aswegoaboutoureverydayliveswementallyattempttoplacepeopleintermoftheirstatuses.Forexamplewemustjudgewhetherthepeopleinlibraryisareaderoralibrarianwhetherthetelephonecallerisafriendorasalesmanwhethertheunfamiliarpersononourpropertyisathieforameterreaderandsoon. Thestatusesweassumeoftenvarywiththepeopleweencounterandchangethroughoutlife.Mostofuscanatveryhighspeedassumethestatusesthatvarioussituationsrequire.Muchofsocialinteractionconsistsofidentifyingandselectingamongappropriatestatusesandallowingotherpeopletoassumetheirstatusesinrelationtous.Thismeansthatwefitouractionstothoseofotherpeoplebasedonaconstantmentalprocessofappraisalandinterpretation.Althoughsomeofusfindthetaskmoredifficultthanothersmostofusperformitrathereffortlessly. Statuseshasbeencomparedtoready-madeclothes.Withincertainlimitsthebuyercanchoosestyleandfabric.ButanAmericanisnotfreetochoosethecostumeofaChinesepeasantorthatofaHinduprince.Wemustchoosefromamongtheclothingpresentedbyfitaswellasbyourpocket-boob.Havingmadeachoicefromminoradjustmentswetendtobelimitedtowhatthestoreschoiceamongthemislimited. BysayingthatanAmericanisnotfreetochoosethecostumeofaChinesepeasantorthatofaHinduprinceLines23Para.3thewritermeans
A Fromthehealthpointofviewwearelivinginamarvelousage.Weareimmunizedfrombirthagainstmanyofthemostdangerousdiseases.Alargenumberofoncefatalillnessescannowbecuredbymoderndrugsandsurgery.Itisalmostcertainthatonedayremedieswillbefoundforthemoststubbornremainingdiseases.Theexpectationoflifehasincreasedenormously.Butthoughthepossibilityoflivingalongandhappylifeisgreaterthaneverbeforeeverydaywewitnessthein-credibleslaughterofmenwomenandchildrenontheroads.Manversusthemotorcar!Itisanever-endingbattlewhichmanislosing.Thousandsofpeopleovertheworldarekilledorhorriblykilledeachyearandwearequietlysittingbackandlettingithappen. Ithasbeenrightlysaidthatwhenamanissittingbehindasteeringwheelhiscarbecomestheextensionofhispersonality.Thereisnodoubtthatthemotorcaroftenbringsoutaman’sveryworstqualities.Peoplewhoarenormallyquietandpleasantmaybecomeunrecognizablewhentheyarebe-hindasteering-wheel.Theysweartheyareill-manneredandaggressivewillfulastwo-year-oldsandutterlyselfish.Alltheirhiddenfrustrationsdisappointmentsandjealousiesseemtobebroughttothesurfacebytheactofdriving. Thesurprisingthingisthatsocietysmilessobenignlyonthemotoristandseemstocondonehisbehaviour.Everythingisdoneforhisconvenience.Citiesareallowedtobecomealmostuninhabitablebecauseofheavytraffic;townsaremadeuglybyhugecarparks;thecountrysideisdesecratedbyroadnetworks;andthemassannualslaughterbecomesnothingmorethanastatistictobeconvenientlyforgotten. Itishightimeaworldcodewerecreatedtoreducethissenselesswasteofhumanlife.Withregardtodrivingthelawsofsomecountriesarenotoriouslylaxandeventhestrictestarenotstrictenough.Acodewhichwasuniversallyacceptedcouldonlyhaveadramaticallybeneficialeffectontheaccidentrate.Hereareafewexamplesofsomeofthethingsthatmightbedone.Thedrivingtestshouldbestandardizedandmadefarmoredifficultthanitis;allthedriversshouldbemadetotakeatesteverythreeyearsorso;theageatwhichyoungpeopleareallowedtodriveanyvehicleshouldberaisedtoatleast21;allvehiclesshouldbeputthroughstringentannualtestsforsafety.Eventhesmallestamountofalcoholinthebloodcanimpairaperson’sdrivingability.Presentdrinkinganddrivinglawswheretheyexistshouldbemademuchstricter.Maximumandminimumspeedlimitsshouldbeimposedonallroads.GovernmentsshouldlaydownsafetyspecificationsformanufacturersashasbeendoneintheUSA.Alladvertisingstressingpowerandperformanceshouldbebanned.Thesemeasuresmaysoundinordinatelyharsh.Butsurelynothingshouldbe’consideredassevereifitresultsinreducingtheannualtollofhumanlife.Afteralltheworldisforhumanbeingsnotmotorcars. Whydoestheauthorsaythathiscarbecomestheextensionofhispersonality
B Treesshouldonlybepruned修剪whenthereisagoodandclearreasonfordoingsoandfortunatelythenumberofsuchreasonsissmall.Pruninginvolvescuttingawayofovergrownandunwantedbranchesandtheinexperiencedgardenercanbeencouragedbythethoughtthatmoredamageresultsfromdoingitunnecessarilythanfromleavingthetreestogrowintheirownways. Firstpruningmaybedonetomakesurethattreeshaveadesiredshapeorsize.Theobjectmaybetogetatreeoftherightheightandatthesametimetohelpthegrowthofsmallsidebrancheswhichwillthickenitsappearanceorgiveitaspecialshape.Secondlypruningmaybedonetomakethetreehealthier.Youmaycutoutdiseasedordeadwoodorbranchesthatarerubbingagainsteachotherandthuscausingwounds.Thehealthofatreemaybeencouragedbyremovingthebranchesthatarelockingupthecentreandsopreventingthefreemovementofair. Oneresultofpruningisthatanopenwouldisleftonthetreeandthisprovidesaneasyentryfordiseasesbutitisawoundthatwillheal愈合.Oftenthereisaracebetweenthehealingandthediseaseastowhetherthetreewillliveordieorthatthereisaperiodwhenthetreeisatrisk.Itshouldbetheaimofeverygardenertoreducetheriskasfaraspossible.Itisessentialtomaketheareawhichhasbeenprunedsmoothandcleanforhealingwillbesloweddownbyroughness.Youshouldallowthecutsurfacetdryforafewhoursandthenpaintitwithoneofthesubstancesavailablefromgardenshopsproducedespeciallyforthispurpose.Pruningisusuallydoneinwinterforthenyoucanseetheshapeofthetreeclearlywithouttheinterference妨碍fromtheleavesanditistooveryunlikelythatthecutsyoumakewillbleed.Ifthisdoeshappenitisofcourseimpossibletopaintthemproperly. Treesbecomeunhealthyifthegardener
DuringthesummerholidayIthinkIshoulddosomething61.______meaningfulinsteadtouring.SoIgotajobatafast-food62.______restaurantandworkedthereascleaner.Iworked7hoursaday63.______forthreeweeks.Thejobwashardandboredandseemedendless.64.______ItmademesotiredthatInearlystoppedithalfway.65.______AfterallIstucktoitwithdeterminations.EverydayIstarted66.______offforworkearlyinthemorningandwenttohomelateinthe67.______evening.FinallyIfinishedthejobafterthenewschoolterm68.______began.NowIunderstandthatlabormeans.Ithinkitisreally69.______asuccessfulexperiencewhichisworthrememberingforever.70.______
ItwasthenightofthefullmoonatimewhichalwaysdrivesJava’syoungpeoplemadwithexcitement. Fireworkswerelitlongbeforethemoon1.Thebignoisebroughtpeopleout2thewarmnighttoenjoytheinterestingscene.Everywheretherewerethepaperremainsof3fire-workslyingontheground.Littleboys4moreandcoveredtheirearsastheywaited5fortheexplosions. Themoonappearedabovethehorizon地平线:huge6ballhighabovethecityandthe7filledwithpeopleasJavabegantoenjoyoneoftheyear’sgreatest8:’theNightoftheFullMoon’afestival节日thatisespeciallypopular9youngpeople. MoreandmoreyoungJavanese.10togetherandwalkedslowlythroughthe11jokingandchattingtheymovedtowardsthemountain12thecity.Theycontinuedtoclimb13theyreachedtheoldtemple寺庙atthe14ofthemountain. Aftertheywere15thetempletheydranktheirwaterandatetheirmoon-cakes—delicioushome-madeones16ofdriedfruitandnuts.Outsideonthemountainyoungpeople.17cross-leggedincircleschattingandtellingeachotherjokes.And18intheirhundredsmoreyoungpeoplecontinuedtomaketheirwayupthemountainto19thebrightlyshiningmoon. Bymidnightthefireworkshadstoppedshootingupfromthe20cityinthevalleybelowthem.Butduringthenightthesoundcontinuedtobeheardfromthedistance. 15
ItwasthenightofthefullmoonatimewhichalwaysdrivesJava’syoungpeoplemadwithexcitement. Fireworkswerelitlongbeforethemoon1.Thebignoisebroughtpeopleout2thewarmnighttoenjoytheinterestingscene.Everywheretherewerethepaperremainsof3fire-workslyingontheground.Littleboys4moreandcoveredtheirearsastheywaited5fortheexplosions. Themoonappearedabovethehorizon地平线:huge6ballhighabovethecityandthe7filledwithpeopleasJavabegantoenjoyoneoftheyear’sgreatest8:’theNightoftheFullMoon’afestival节日thatisespeciallypopular9youngpeople. MoreandmoreyoungJavanese.10togetherandwalkedslowlythroughthe11jokingandchattingtheymovedtowardsthemountain12thecity.Theycontinuedtoclimb13theyreachedtheoldtemple寺庙atthe14ofthemountain. Aftertheywere15thetempletheydranktheirwaterandatetheirmoon-cakes—delicioushome-madeones16ofdriedfruitandnuts.Outsideonthemountainyoungpeople.17cross-leggedincircleschattingandtellingeachotherjokes.And18intheirhundredsmoreyoungpeoplecontinuedtomaketheirwayupthemountainto19thebrightlyshiningmoon. Bymidnightthefireworkshadstoppedshootingupfromthe20cityinthevalleybelowthem.Butduringthenightthesoundcontinuedtobeheardfromthedistance. 1
DuringthesummerholidayIthinkIshoulddosomething61.______meaningfulinsteadtouring.SoIgotajobatafast-food62.______restaurantandworkedthereascleaner.Iworked7hoursaday63.______forthreeweeks.Thejobwashardandboredandseemedendless.64.______ItmademesotiredthatInearlystoppedithalfway.65.______AfterallIstucktoitwithdeterminations.EverydayIstarted66.______offforworkearlyinthemorningandwenttohomelateinthe67.______evening.FinallyIfinishedthejobafterthenewschoolterm68.______began.NowIunderstandthatlabormeans.Ithinkitisreally69.______asuccessfulexperiencewhichisworthrememberingforever.70.______
DuringthesummerholidayIthinkIshoulddosomething61.______meaningfulinsteadtouring.SoIgotajobatafast-food62.______restaurantandworkedthereascleaner.Iworked7hoursaday63.______forthreeweeks.Thejobwashardandboredandseemedendless.64.______ItmademesotiredthatInearlystoppedithalfway.65.______AfterallIstucktoitwithdeterminations.EverydayIstarted66.______offforworkearlyinthemorningandwenttohomelateinthe67.______evening.FinallyIfinishedthejobafterthenewschoolterm68.______began.NowIunderstandthatlabormeans.Ithinkitisreally69.______asuccessfulexperiencewhichisworthrememberingforever.70.______
E Manypeoplebelievetheglarefromsnowcausessnowblindnenss.Yetdarkglassesornottheyfindthemselvessufferingfromheadachesandwateringeyesandevensnowblindnesswhenex-posedtoseveralhoursof"snowlight". TheUnitedStatesarmyhasnowdeterminedthatglarefromsnowdoesnotcausesnowblindnessintroopsinasnow-coveredcountry.Ratheraman’seyesfrequentlyfindnothingtofocusoninabroadexpanseofbarrensnow-coveredterrain.Sohisgazecontinuallyshiftsandjumpsbackandforthovertheentirelandscapeinsearchofsomethingtolookat.Findingnothinghourafterhourtheeyesneverstopsearchingandtheeyeballsbecomesoreandtheeyemusclesache.Natureoffsetsthisirritationbyproducingmoreandfluidwhichcoverstheeyeball.Thefluidcoverstheeyeballinincreasingquantityuntilvisionblursthenisobservedandtheresultistotaleventhoughtemporarysnowblindness. Experimentsledthearmytoasimplemethodofovercomingthisproblem.Scoutsaheadofamainbodyoftroopsaretrainedtoshakesnowfromevergreenbushescreatingadottedlineastheycrosscompletelysnow-coveredlandscape.Eventhescoutsthemselvesthrowlightweightdarkcoloredobjectsaheadonwhichtheytoocanfocus.Themenfollowingcanthenseesomething.Theirgazeisarrested.Theireyesfocusonabushandhavingfoundsomethingtoseestopscouringthesnow-blanketedlanscape.Byfocusingtheirattentionononeobjectatatimethemencancrossthesnowwithoutbecominghopelesslysnowblindorlost.Inthiswaytheproblemofcrossingasolidwhiteterrainisovercome. Asuitabletideforthispassagewouldbe
E Manypeoplebelievetheglarefromsnowcausessnowblindnenss.Yetdarkglassesornottheyfindthemselvessufferingfromheadachesandwateringeyesandevensnowblindnesswhenex-posedtoseveralhoursof"snowlight". TheUnitedStatesarmyhasnowdeterminedthatglarefromsnowdoesnotcausesnowblindnessintroopsinasnow-coveredcountry.Ratheraman’seyesfrequentlyfindnothingtofocusoninabroadexpanseofbarrensnow-coveredterrain.Sohisgazecontinuallyshiftsandjumpsbackandforthovertheentirelandscapeinsearchofsomethingtolookat.Findingnothinghourafterhourtheeyesneverstopsearchingandtheeyeballsbecomesoreandtheeyemusclesache.Natureoffsetsthisirritationbyproducingmoreandfluidwhichcoverstheeyeball.Thefluidcoverstheeyeballinincreasingquantityuntilvisionblursthenisobservedandtheresultistotaleventhoughtemporarysnowblindness. Experimentsledthearmytoasimplemethodofovercomingthisproblem.Scoutsaheadofamainbodyoftroopsaretrainedtoshakesnowfromevergreenbushescreatingadottedlineastheycrosscompletelysnow-coveredlandscape.Eventhescoutsthemselvesthrowlightweightdarkcoloredobjectsaheadonwhichtheytoocanfocus.Themenfollowingcanthenseesomething.Theirgazeisarrested.Theireyesfocusonabushandhavingfoundsomethingtoseestopscouringthesnow-blanketedlanscape.Byfocusingtheirattentionononeobjectatatimethemencancrossthesnowwithoutbecominghopelesslysnowblindorlost.Inthiswaytheproblemofcrossingasolidwhiteterrainisovercome. Snowblindnessmaybeavoidedby
D Howshouldoneinvestasumofmoneyinthesedaysofinflation通货膨胀Leftinabankitwillhardlykeepitsvaluehoweverhightheinterestrateis.OnlyabravemanoraveryrichonedarestobuyandsellontheStockMarket.Todayitseemsthatoneofthebestwaystoprotectyoursavingsandevenincreaseyourwealthistobuybeautifulobjectsfromthepast.HereIamgoingtooffersomeadviceoncollectingantiqueclockswhichIpersonallyconsiderareamongthemostinterestingofantiques. Isometimeswonderwhatabeingfromanotherplanetmightreportbackaboutourwayoflife."TheplanetEarthisruledbyamysteriouscreaturethatsitsorstandsinaroomandmakesastrangetickingsound.Ithasafacewithtwelveblackmarksandtwohands.Mencandonothingwithoutitspermissionanditfastensitsyoungroundpeople’swristssothateverywheremengotheyarestillunderitscontrol.ThiscreatureistherealmasterofEarthandmenareitsslaves." Whetherornotweareslavesoftimetodaydependsonourcultureandpersonalitybutitisbelievedthatmanyyearsagokingskeptspecialslavestotellthetime.Certainmenwereverycleveratmeasuringthetimeofdayaccordingtothebeatingoftheirownhearts.Theyweremadetostandinafixedplaceandeveryhourorsowouldshoutthetime.Soitseemsthatthefirstclockswerehumanbeings. Howevermenquicklyfoundmoreconvenientandreliablewaysoftellingthetime.Theylearnedtousetheshadowscastbythesun.Theymarkedthehoursoncandlesusedsandinhour-glassesandinventedwater-clocks.Indeedanyseriousstudentofantiquesshouldspendasmuchtimeaspossiblevisitingpalacesstatelyhomesandmuseumstoseesomeofthefinestexamplesofclocksfromthepast. Antiqueclockscouldbeveryexpensivebutoneofthejoysofcollectingclocksisthatitisstillpossibletofindquitecheaponesforyourownhome.Afterallifyouaregoingtoberuledbythetimewhynotinvestinairantiqueclockandperhapsmakeafutureprofit TheunderlinedphrasestatelyhomesinParagraph4means
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