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Directions: Write an essay of 160—200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you shou...
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Directions:Inthispartyouaretowriteanessayof160—200
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
PartB Directions: Youarerequiredtowriteanessayont
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthef
Directions: Studythepicturesabovecarefullyandwrit
Directions:Studythepicturesabovecarefullyandwritea
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions: Youarerequiredtowriteanessayoffthetop
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions:Studythetwopicturesabovecarefullyandwri
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefol
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
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Healthimplies.morethanphysicalfitness.Italsoimpliesmentalandemotionalwellbeing.Anangryfrustratedemotionally1personingoodphysicalconditionisnot2healthy.Mentalhealththereforehasmuchtodo3howapersoncopeswiththeworldasitexists.Manyofthefactorsthat4physicalhealthalsoaffectmentalandemotionalwell-being. Havingagoodself-imagemeansthatpeoplehavepositive5picturesandgoodpositivefeelingsaboutthemselvesaboutwhattheyarecapable6andabouttherolestheyplay.Peoplewithgoodself-imageslikethemselvesandtheyare7likeothers.Havingagoodself-imageisbased8arealistic9ofone’sownworthandvalueandcapabilities. Stressisanunavoidablenecessaryandpotentiallyhealthful10ofoursociety.Peopleofallages11stress.Childrenbeginto12stressduringprenataldevelopmentandduringchildbirth.Examplesofstress-inducing13inthelifeofayoungpersonaredeathofapetpressureto14academicallythedivorceofparentsorjoininganewyouthgroup.Thedifferentwaysinwhichindividuals15tostressmaybringhealthfulorunhealthyresults.Onepersonexperiencingagreatdealofstressmayfunctionexceptionallywell16anothermaybeunabletofunctionatall.Ifstressfulsituationsarecontinuallyencounteredtheindividual’sphysicalsocialandmentalhealthareeventuallyaffected. Satisfyingsocialrelationsarevitalto17mentalandemotionalhealth.Itisbelievedthatinorderto18developandmaintaineffectiveandfulfillingsocialrelationshipspeoplemust19theabilitytoknowandtrusteachotherunderstandeachotherinfluenceandhelpeachother.Theymustalsobecapableof20conflictsinaconstructiveway. 8
Greenspacefacilitiesarecontributingtoanimportantextenttothequalityoftheurbanenvironment.Fortunatelyitisnolongernecessarythateverylectureoreverybookaboutthissubjecthastostartwiththeproofofthisidea.46Atpresentitisgenerallyacceptedalthoughmoreasaself-evidentstatementthanonthebasisofaclosely-reasonedscientificproof.Therecognitionoftheimportanceofgreenspaceintheurbanenvironmentisafirststepontilerightway.47Thisdoesnotmeanhoweverthatsufficientdetailsareknownaboutthefunctionsofgreenspaceintownsandaboutthewayinwhichtheinhabitantsareusingthesespaces.AstothisratherComplexsubjectIshallwithinthescopeofthislectureenterintooneaspectonlynamelytherecreativefunctionofgreenspacefacilities.48Thetheoreticalseparationoflivingworkingtrafficandrecreationwhichformanyyearshasbeenusedintown-and-countryplanninghasinmyopinionresultedindisproportionateattentionforformsofrecreationfarfromhomewhereastherewasrelativelylittleattentionforimprovementofrecreativepossibilitiesinthedirectneighborhoodofthehome.49Wehavecometotheconclusionthatthisisnotrightbecauseanimportantpartofthetimewhichwedonotpassinsleepingorworkingisusedforactivitiesandaroundhome.Soitisobviousthatrecreationintheopenairhastobeginatthestreetdoorofthehouse.50Theurbanenvironmenthastoofferasmanyrecreationactivitiesaspossibleandthedesignofthesehastobesuchthatmoreobligatoryactivitiescanalsohavearecreativeaspect.Theverybeststandardoflivingisnothingifitisnotpossibletotakeapleasantwalkintiledistrictifthechildrencannotbeallowedtoplayinthestreetsbecausetherisksoftrafficaretoogreatifduringshoppingyoucannowherefindaspotforenjoyingforamomenttheniceweatherinshortifyouonlyfeelyourselfathomeafterthestreet-doorofyourhouseisclosedafteryou.
Healthimplies.morethanphysicalfitness.Italsoimpliesmentalandemotionalwellbeing.Anangryfrustratedemotionally1personingoodphysicalconditionisnot2healthy.Mentalhealththereforehasmuchtodo3howapersoncopeswiththeworldasitexists.Manyofthefactorsthat4physicalhealthalsoaffectmentalandemotionalwell-being. Havingagoodself-imagemeansthatpeoplehavepositive5picturesandgoodpositivefeelingsaboutthemselvesaboutwhattheyarecapable6andabouttherolestheyplay.Peoplewithgoodself-imageslikethemselvesandtheyare7likeothers.Havingagoodself-imageisbased8arealistic9ofone’sownworthandvalueandcapabilities. Stressisanunavoidablenecessaryandpotentiallyhealthful10ofoursociety.Peopleofallages11stress.Childrenbeginto12stressduringprenataldevelopmentandduringchildbirth.Examplesofstress-inducing13inthelifeofayoungpersonaredeathofapetpressureto14academicallythedivorceofparentsorjoininganewyouthgroup.Thedifferentwaysinwhichindividuals15tostressmaybringhealthfulorunhealthyresults.Onepersonexperiencingagreatdealofstressmayfunctionexceptionallywell16anothermaybeunabletofunctionatall.Ifstressfulsituationsarecontinuallyencounteredtheindividual’sphysicalsocialandmentalhealthareeventuallyaffected. Satisfyingsocialrelationsarevitalto17mentalandemotionalhealth.Itisbelievedthatinorderto18developandmaintaineffectiveandfulfillingsocialrelationshipspeoplemust19theabilitytoknowandtrusteachotherunderstandeachotherinfluenceandhelpeachother.Theymustalsobecapableof20conflictsinaconstructiveway. 14
InPlato’sUtopiaherearethreeclasses:thecommonpeoplethesoldiersandtheguardianschosenbythelegislator.ThemainproblemasPlatoperceivesistoinsurethattheguardiansshallcarryouttheintentionofthelegislator.Forthispurposethefirstthingheproposesiseducation.Educationisdividedintotwopartsmusicandgymnastics.46Eachhasawidermeaningthanatpresent:musicmeanseverythingthatisintheprovinceofthemusesandgymnasticsmeanseverythingconcernedwithphysicaltrainingfitness.Musicisalmostaswideaswhatisnowcalledcultureandgymnasticsissomewhatwiderthanwhatathleticsmeaninthemodernsense.CultureistobedevotedtomakingmengentlemeninthesensewhichlargelyowingtoPlatoisfamiliarinEngland.TheAthensofhisdaywasinonerespectanalogoustoEnglandinthenineteenthcentury:47therewasineachanaristocracyenjoyingwealthandsocialprestigebuthavingnomonopolyofpoliticalpower;andineachthearistocracyhadtosecureasmuchpowerasitcouldbymeansofimpressivebehavior.InPlato’sUtopiahoweverthearistocracyrulesunchecked.Gravitydecorumandcourageseemtobethequalitiesmainlytobecultivatedineducation.48Thereistobearigidcensorshipfromveryearlyyearsovertheliteraturetowhichtheyounghaveaccessandthemusictheyareallowedtohear.Mothersandnursesaretotelltheirchildrenonlyauthorizedstories.Alsothereisacensorshipofmusic.TheLydianandIonianharmoniesaretobeforbiddenthefirstbecauseitexpressessorrowthesecondbecauseitisrelaxed.49OnlytheDorianforcourageandthePhrygianfortemperancearetobeallowedandpermissiblerhythmsmustbesimpleandsuchasareexpressiveofacourageousandharmoniouslife.Asforgymnasticsthetrainingofthebodyistobeveryaustere.Nooneistoeatfishormeatcookedotherwisethanroastedandtheremustbenosaucesorcandies.Peoplebroughtuponhisregimenhesayswillhavenoneedofdoctors.Gymnasticsappliestothetrainingofmindaswell.Uptoacertainagetheyoungaretoseenouglinessorvice.50Butatasuitablemomenttheymustbeexposedtoenchantmentsbothintheshapeofterrorsthatmustnotterrifyandofbadpleasuresthatmustnotseducethewill.Onlyaftertheyhavewithstoodthesetestswilltheybejudgedfittobeguardians.
Workhardandgetahead.That’swhateveryAmericanlearnsgrowingupbutformillionsofthemit’sgettinghardertotellthedifferencebetweenworkinghardandbeingaworkaholic."Thelinehappenswhenyoucomehomeonedayandyourhusbandisn’tthereandyoudidn’trealizeheleftyouaweekago"StephenViscusisaid.ViscusiisCEOoftheViscusiGroup. Theactualreasonsforbecomingaworkaholicarequitevaried.Itmightinvolveaneedinsomeonetoalwaysstayastepaheadoftheirco-workersoranyoneelsetheyperceiveasacompetitivethreat.Itcouldbeadesiretoneverleavetheofficeatnightwithouttyingupanylooseendssuchasreturninganemailwritingamemoorgettingapackageout.Itmightbeasingle-mindedcommitmenttobeingsuccessfulgainingpromotionafterpromotionnomatterwhatthecost. WorkaholicsAnonymous—a"fellowshipofindividualswhosharetheirexperiencestrengthandhopewitheachotherthattheymaysolvetheircommonproblemsandhelpotherstorecoverfromworkholism"—lists20questionstoaskyourselfifyouthinkyoumaybeaworkaholicincludingwhetheryougetmoreexcitedaboutworkthananythingelseandworkmorethan40hoursperweek.viscusisaidagoodindicationthatyou’reaworkaholicisifyouareconstantlyelectronicallyconnectedtotheofficewhetherbycellphoneBlackBerryorlaptop. Workaholism’seffectsonthefamilycanbedevastatingViscusisaidwiththeconsequenceseventuallymanifestingthemselvesastheywouldwithanyotheraddictioninbrokenmarriagesandbrokenhomes.BrianRobinsonaprofessorattheUniversityofNorthCarolinatold"20/20"in1999thatchildrenofworkaholicsdevelopedthesamedisordersaschildrenofalcoholicssuchasdepressionandanxietythatcrippledthemlaterinlife. Viscusiofferedthefollowingtipsforworkaholicstryingtomakeachange.Don’ttakeoneveryproject.Don’tsayyestoeveryone.Learntheartofsaying"Ican’thandleanymore."Alsodoesn’titseemlikeexerciseisgoodforeverythingItisrecommendedaspartofeveryself-helpregime—wellthisisnodifference.Exerciseandyogahelpyouandit’sthehardestplacetogetanyworkdone.Nocellphonesallowed!Similartoahobbydoingsomethingwithoutaskingforanypaymentinreturnletsyoufocusonsomethingotherthanworkoryourjob.Itcangiveyouadifferentperspectiveandadifferentwaytomeetnewpeople. WhichoneofthefollowingisNOToneofthesuggestionsgiveninthelastparagraph
WhenMarineLt.AlanZarracinafinallydidthesplitsaftermonthsofstrugglingwiththedifficultposeinyogaclassthelimberwomenaroundhimapplauded. Zarracinaa24-year-oldNavalAcademygraduateandflightstudentadmitshewouldhaveahardtimeexplainingthescenetootherMarines.Eachclassendswithachantforpeace.TheninstructorNancyLaNasahandsstudentsincensesticksasagiftfortheir90minutesofbackbendsshoulderstandsandotherchallengingpositions.Zarracinahastriedtodragsomeofhismilitaryfriendstoclassbuttheymakefunofhim."It’snotnecessarilyconsideredmasculine"hesaid. StillthepopularclassesbasedonancientHindupracticesofmeditationthroughcontrolledbreathingbalancingandstretchingarecatchingoninmilitarycirclesasawaytoimproveflexibilitybalanceandconcentration.AformerNavySEALtoldZarracinaabouttheclass. TheAugusteditionofFitYogathenation’ssecond-largestyogamagazinewithacirculationof100000featuresaphotooftwoNavalaviatorsdoingyogaposesinfullcombatgearaboardanaircraftcarrier."Atfirstitseemedalittleshocking--soldierspracticingsuchapeacefulart"writeseditorRitaTrieger.Uponcloserinspectionshesaidshenoticed"asenseofinnercalm"ontheaviators’faces."Warishellandifyogacanhelpthemfindalittlesolacethat’sgood"saidTriegeralongtimeNewYorkyogainstructor. RetiredAdm.TomSteffenswhospent34yearsasaNavySEALandservedasthedirectoroftheelitecorps’trainingregularlypracticesyogaathishomeinNorfolkVa."OnceinawhileI’llsitinclassandeveryoneisa20-somethingyoungladywitha10-inchwaistandhereIamthisoldguy"hejoked.Steffenswhosaidthestretchinghelpedhimeliminatethestiffnessofabicepsinjuryaftersurgerysaidthebenefitsofregularpracticecanbeenormous."Theyogacuredallkindsofbackpains"hesaid."BeingaSEALyoubeatupyourbody." YogabreathingexercisescanhelpSEALswiththeirdivingandlearningtocontrolthebodybyremaininginunusualpositionscanhelpmembersstayinconfinedspacesforlongperiodshesaid."Theabilitytostayfocusedonsomethingwhetheronbreathingorontheyogapracticeandnotbedrawnoffcoursethathasalotofconnectiontothemilitary"hesaid."InourSEALbasictrainingtherearemanythingsthatareyoga-likeinnature./ Triegerseemstobelievethat
Workhardandgetahead.That’swhateveryAmericanlearnsgrowingupbutformillionsofthemit’sgettinghardertotellthedifferencebetweenworkinghardandbeingaworkaholic."Thelinehappenswhenyoucomehomeonedayandyourhusbandisn’tthereandyoudidn’trealizeheleftyouaweekago"StephenViscusisaid.ViscusiisCEOoftheViscusiGroup. Theactualreasonsforbecomingaworkaholicarequitevaried.Itmightinvolveaneedinsomeonetoalwaysstayastepaheadoftheirco-workersoranyoneelsetheyperceiveasacompetitivethreat.Itcouldbeadesiretoneverleavetheofficeatnightwithouttyingupanylooseendssuchasreturninganemailwritingamemoorgettingapackageout.Itmightbeasingle-mindedcommitmenttobeingsuccessfulgainingpromotionafterpromotionnomatterwhatthecost. WorkaholicsAnonymous—a"fellowshipofindividualswhosharetheirexperiencestrengthandhopewitheachotherthattheymaysolvetheircommonproblemsandhelpotherstorecoverfromworkholism"—lists20questionstoaskyourselfifyouthinkyoumaybeaworkaholicincludingwhetheryougetmoreexcitedaboutworkthananythingelseandworkmorethan40hoursperweek.viscusisaidagoodindicationthatyou’reaworkaholicisifyouareconstantlyelectronicallyconnectedtotheofficewhetherbycellphoneBlackBerryorlaptop. Workaholism’seffectsonthefamilycanbedevastatingViscusisaidwiththeconsequenceseventuallymanifestingthemselvesastheywouldwithanyotheraddictioninbrokenmarriagesandbrokenhomes.BrianRobinsonaprofessorattheUniversityofNorthCarolinatold"20/20"in1999thatchildrenofworkaholicsdevelopedthesamedisordersaschildrenofalcoholicssuchasdepressionandanxietythatcrippledthemlaterinlife. Viscusiofferedthefollowingtipsforworkaholicstryingtomakeachange.Don’ttakeoneveryproject.Don’tsayyestoeveryone.Learntheartofsaying"Ican’thandleanymore."Alsodoesn’titseemlikeexerciseisgoodforeverythingItisrecommendedaspartofeveryself-helpregime—wellthisisnodifference.Exerciseandyogahelpyouandit’sthehardestplacetogetanyworkdone.Nocellphonesallowed!Similartoahobbydoingsomethingwithoutaskingforanypaymentinreturnletsyoufocusonsomethingotherthanworkoryourjob.Itcangiveyouadifferentperspectiveandadifferentwaytomeetnewpeople. WhatsignalsyoubecomingaworkaholicaccordingtoViscusi
Healthimplies.morethanphysicalfitness.Italsoimpliesmentalandemotionalwellbeing.Anangryfrustratedemotionally1personingoodphysicalconditionisnot2healthy.Mentalhealththereforehasmuchtodo3howapersoncopeswiththeworldasitexists.Manyofthefactorsthat4physicalhealthalsoaffectmentalandemotionalwell-being. Havingagoodself-imagemeansthatpeoplehavepositive5picturesandgoodpositivefeelingsaboutthemselvesaboutwhattheyarecapable6andabouttherolestheyplay.Peoplewithgoodself-imageslikethemselvesandtheyare7likeothers.Havingagoodself-imageisbased8arealistic9ofone’sownworthandvalueandcapabilities. Stressisanunavoidablenecessaryandpotentiallyhealthful10ofoursociety.Peopleofallages11stress.Childrenbeginto12stressduringprenataldevelopmentandduringchildbirth.Examplesofstress-inducing13inthelifeofayoungpersonaredeathofapetpressureto14academicallythedivorceofparentsorjoininganewyouthgroup.Thedifferentwaysinwhichindividuals15tostressmaybringhealthfulorunhealthyresults.Onepersonexperiencingagreatdealofstressmayfunctionexceptionallywell16anothermaybeunabletofunctionatall.Ifstressfulsituationsarecontinuallyencounteredtheindividual’sphysicalsocialandmentalhealthareeventuallyaffected. Satisfyingsocialrelationsarevitalto17mentalandemotionalhealth.Itisbelievedthatinorderto18developandmaintaineffectiveandfulfillingsocialrelationshipspeoplemust19theabilitytoknowandtrusteachotherunderstandeachotherinfluenceandhelpeachother.Theymustalsobecapableof20conflictsinaconstructiveway. 18
Averyimportantworldproblemifnotthemostseriousofallthegreatworldproblemswhichaffectusatthemomentistheincreasingnumberofpeoplewhoactuallyinhabitthisplanet.Thelimitedamountoflandandlandresourceswillsoonbeunabletosupportthehugepopulationifitcontinuestogrowatitspresentrate. Inanearlysurveyconductedin1888abillionandahalfpeopleinhabitedtheearth.Nowthepopulationexceedsfivebillionandisgrowingfast—bythestaggeringfigureof90millionin1988alone.ThismeansthattheworldmustaccommodateanewpopulationroughlyequaltothatoftheUnitedStatesandCanadaeverythreeyears!Eventhoughtherateofgrowthhasbeguntoslowdownmostexpertsbelievethepopulationsizewillstillpasseightbillionduringthenext50years. SowhyisthishugeincreaseinpopulationtakingplaceItisreallyduetothespreadoftheknowledgeandpracticeofwhatisbecomingknownas"DeathControl".Youhavenodoubtheardoftheterm"BirthControl"—"DeathControl"issomethingratherdifferent.Itrecognizestheworkofthedoctorsandscientistswhonowkeepalivepeoplewhonotverylongagowouldhavediedofavarietyofthenincurablediseases.Throughawidevarietyoftechnologicalinnovationsthatincludefarmingmethodsandsanitationaswellasthecontrolofthesedeadlydiseaseswehavefoundwaystoreducetherateatwhichwedie—creatingapopulationexplosion.Weusedtothinkthatreachingseventyyearsoldwasaremarkableachievementbutnoweightyorevenninetyisbecomingrecognizedasthenormallife-spanforhumans.Inasensethisrepresentsatremendousachievementforourspecies.Biologicallythisistheverydefinitionofsuccessandwehaveundoubtedlybecomethedominantanimalontheplanet.Howeverthissuccessistheverycauseofthegreatestthreattomankind. Manisconstantlydestroyingtheveryresourceswhichkeephimalive.Heisdestroyingthebalanceofnaturewhichregulatesclimateandtheatmosphereproducesandmaintainshealthysoilsprovidesfoodfromtheseasetc.Inshortbyonlyconsideringourneedsoftodayweareensuringtherewillbenotomorrow. Anunderstandingofman’seffectonthebalanceofnatureiscrucialtobeabletofindtheappropriateremedialaction.Itisaverycommonbeliefthattheproblemsofthepopulationexplosionarecausedmainlybypoorpeoplelivinginpoorcountrieswhodonotknowenoughtolimittheirreproduction.Thisisnottrue.Theactualnumberofpeopleinanareaisnotasimportantastheeffecttheyhaveonnature.Developingcountriesdohaveaneffectontheirenvironmentbutitisthepopulationsofrichercountriesthathaveafargreaterimpactontheearthasawhole. ThebirthofababyinforexampleJapanimposesmorethanahundredtimestheamountofstressontheworld’sresourcesasababyinIndia.MostpeopleinIndiadonotgrowuptoowncarsorair-conditioners—nordotheyeatthehugeamountofmeatandfishthattheJapanesechilddoes.Theirlife-stylesdonotrequirevastquantitiesofmineralsandenergy.Alsotheyareawareoftherequirementsofthelandaroundthemandtrytoputsomethingbackintonaturetoreplacewhattheytakeout. Forexampletropicalforestsareknowntobeessentialtothebalanceofnatureyetwearedestroyingthematanincrediblerate.Theyarebeingclearednottobenefitthenativesofthatcountrybuttosatisfytheneedsofrichercountries.CentralAmericanforestsarebeingdestroyedforpasturelandtomakepetfoodintheUnitedStatescheaper;inPapuaNewGuineaforestsaredestroyedtosupplycheapercardboardpackagingforJapaneseelectronicproducts;inBurmaandThailandforestshavebeendestroyedtoproducemoreattractivefurnitureinSingaporeandJapan.Thereforearichpersonlivingthousandsofmilesawaymaycausemoretropicalforestdestructionthanapoorpersonlivingintheforestitself. Inshortthenitiseverybody’sdutytosafeguardthefutureofmankind-notonlythroughpopulationcontrolbutbybeingmoreawareoftheeffecthisactionshaveonnature.Natureisbothfragileandpowerful.Itisveryeasilydestroyed;ontheotherhanditcansoeasilydestroyitsmostaggressiveenemy—man. Buteightyorevenninetynormallife-spanforhumanslines7-8paragraph3isclosetinmeaningto
InPlato’sUtopiaherearethreeclasses:thecommonpeoplethesoldiersandtheguardianschosenbythelegislator.ThemainproblemasPlatoperceivesistoinsurethattheguardiansshallcarryouttheintentionofthelegislator.Forthispurposethefirstthingheproposesiseducation.Educationisdividedintotwopartsmusicandgymnastics.46Eachhasawidermeaningthanatpresent:musicmeanseverythingthatisintheprovinceofthemusesandgymnasticsmeanseverythingconcernedwithphysicaltrainingfitness.Musicisalmostaswideaswhatisnowcalledcultureandgymnasticsissomewhatwiderthanwhatathleticsmeaninthemodernsense.CultureistobedevotedtomakingmengentlemeninthesensewhichlargelyowingtoPlatoisfamiliarinEngland.TheAthensofhisdaywasinonerespectanalogoustoEnglandinthenineteenthcentury:47therewasineachanaristocracyenjoyingwealthandsocialprestigebuthavingnomonopolyofpoliticalpower;andineachthearistocracyhadtosecureasmuchpowerasitcouldbymeansofimpressivebehavior.InPlato’sUtopiahoweverthearistocracyrulesunchecked.Gravitydecorumandcourageseemtobethequalitiesmainlytobecultivatedineducation.48Thereistobearigidcensorshipfromveryearlyyearsovertheliteraturetowhichtheyounghaveaccessandthemusictheyareallowedtohear.Mothersandnursesaretotelltheirchildrenonlyauthorizedstories.Alsothereisacensorshipofmusic.TheLydianandIonianharmoniesaretobeforbiddenthefirstbecauseitexpressessorrowthesecondbecauseitisrelaxed.49OnlytheDorianforcourageandthePhrygianfortemperancearetobeallowedandpermissiblerhythmsmustbesimpleandsuchasareexpressiveofacourageousandharmoniouslife.Asforgymnasticsthetrainingofthebodyistobeveryaustere.Nooneistoeatfishormeatcookedotherwisethanroastedandtheremustbenosaucesorcandies.Peoplebroughtuponhisregimenhesayswillhavenoneedofdoctors.Gymnasticsappliestothetrainingofmindaswell.Uptoacertainagetheyoungaretoseenouglinessorvice.50Butatasuitablemomenttheymustbeexposedtoenchantmentsbothintheshapeofterrorsthatmustnotterrifyandofbadpleasuresthatmustnotseducethewill.Onlyaftertheyhavewithstoodthesetestswilltheybejudgedfittobeguardians.
Averyimportantworldproblemifnotthemostseriousofallthegreatworldproblemswhichaffectusatthemomentistheincreasingnumberofpeoplewhoactuallyinhabitthisplanet.Thelimitedamountoflandandlandresourceswillsoonbeunabletosupportthehugepopulationifitcontinuestogrowatitspresentrate. Inanearlysurveyconductedin1888abillionandahalfpeopleinhabitedtheearth.Nowthepopulationexceedsfivebillionandisgrowingfast—bythestaggeringfigureof90millionin1988alone.ThismeansthattheworldmustaccommodateanewpopulationroughlyequaltothatoftheUnitedStatesandCanadaeverythreeyears!Eventhoughtherateofgrowthhasbeguntoslowdownmostexpertsbelievethepopulationsizewillstillpasseightbillionduringthenext50years. SowhyisthishugeincreaseinpopulationtakingplaceItisreallyduetothespreadoftheknowledgeandpracticeofwhatisbecomingknownas"DeathControl".Youhavenodoubtheardoftheterm"BirthControl"—"DeathControl"issomethingratherdifferent.Itrecognizestheworkofthedoctorsandscientistswhonowkeepalivepeoplewhonotverylongagowouldhavediedofavarietyofthenincurablediseases.Throughawidevarietyoftechnologicalinnovationsthatincludefarmingmethodsandsanitationaswellasthecontrolofthesedeadlydiseaseswehavefoundwaystoreducetherateatwhichwedie—creatingapopulationexplosion.Weusedtothinkthatreachingseventyyearsoldwasaremarkableachievementbutnoweightyorevenninetyisbecomingrecognizedasthenormallife-spanforhumans.Inasensethisrepresentsatremendousachievementforourspecies.Biologicallythisistheverydefinitionofsuccessandwehaveundoubtedlybecomethedominantanimalontheplanet.Howeverthissuccessistheverycauseofthegreatestthreattomankind. Manisconstantlydestroyingtheveryresourceswhichkeephimalive.Heisdestroyingthebalanceofnaturewhichregulatesclimateandtheatmosphereproducesandmaintainshealthysoilsprovidesfoodfromtheseasetc.Inshortbyonlyconsideringourneedsoftodayweareensuringtherewillbenotomorrow. Anunderstandingofman’seffectonthebalanceofnatureiscrucialtobeabletofindtheappropriateremedialaction.Itisaverycommonbeliefthattheproblemsofthepopulationexplosionarecausedmainlybypoorpeoplelivinginpoorcountrieswhodonotknowenoughtolimittheirreproduction.Thisisnottrue.Theactualnumberofpeopleinanareaisnotasimportantastheeffecttheyhaveonnature.Developingcountriesdohaveaneffectontheirenvironmentbutitisthepopulationsofrichercountriesthathaveafargreaterimpactontheearthasawhole. ThebirthofababyinforexampleJapanimposesmorethanahundredtimestheamountofstressontheworld’sresourcesasababyinIndia.MostpeopleinIndiadonotgrowuptoowncarsorair-conditioners—nordotheyeatthehugeamountofmeatandfishthattheJapanesechilddoes.Theirlife-stylesdonotrequirevastquantitiesofmineralsandenergy.Alsotheyareawareoftherequirementsofthelandaroundthemandtrytoputsomethingbackintonaturetoreplacewhattheytakeout. Forexampletropicalforestsareknowntobeessentialtothebalanceofnatureyetwearedestroyingthematanincrediblerate.Theyarebeingclearednottobenefitthenativesofthatcountrybuttosatisfytheneedsofrichercountries.CentralAmericanforestsarebeingdestroyedforpasturelandtomakepetfoodintheUnitedStatescheaper;inPapuaNewGuineaforestsaredestroyedtosupplycheapercardboardpackagingforJapaneseelectronicproducts;inBurmaandThailandforestshavebeendestroyedtoproducemoreattractivefurnitureinSingaporeandJapan.Thereforearichpersonlivingthousandsofmilesawaymaycausemoretropicalforestdestructionthanapoorpersonlivingintheforestitself. Inshortthenitiseverybody’sdutytosafeguardthefutureofmankind-notonlythroughpopulationcontrolbutbybeingmoreawareoftheeffecthisactionshaveonnature.Natureisbothfragileandpowerful.Itisveryeasilydestroyed;ontheotherhanditcansoeasilydestroyitsmostaggressiveenemy—man. Thewriter’smainpurposeinparagraph6istoarguethat
Work/lifebalancewasthebuzzphraseofthelate1990s.Apparentlytoomanypeoplewhowerecashrichandtimepoorwerebecomingfedupwiththelonghourscultureandwantedmorebalanceintheirlife.Forstudentstheissueisnotwork/lifebalancebutwork/studybalance.Witheverincreasingfeesworkingwhilestudyingisthenormformanystudents.Facedwithpotentiallyhugedebtssomestudentsmaybetemptedtotakeparttimejobsthatinvolveworkinglotsofhoursbutthismayhaveadetrimentalimpactontheirstudies.Universityismorethanjustaboutgettingadegree:extracurricularactivitiesandasociallifearealsoimportant.Howcanstudentsbalancestudyingwithworkingpart-timeandalsoensurethattheydonotmissoutonuniversitylifeDevelopastudyplanOnceyouhaveyourtimetableandanideaofwhenyourassignmentsareduedevelopaplanofthebesttimesforyoutostudywhetherthisbeeveningsmorningsorweekends.Thiswillhelpyoudeterminewhichhoursanddaysyoucanwork.41.ChooseajobthatisflexibleYoumayneedtimeofffromyourjobduringexamsorifyouhavedeadlinesforcourseworksochoosingtherightjobwheretheemployerisunderstandingandwillingtobeflexibleisimportant.YoucanmentionthisatinterviewbutBrianStainesofBristolUniversityCareersOfficesays:Itmaybebettertowaituntilyouhavebeenofferedthejobhaveworkedforawhileandhavehadtheopportunitytoproveyourselfbeforementioningthatyoumightneedtimeoff.42.ChooseajobthatfitsinwithyourstudypatternWorkingoutyourstudypatterni.e.whetheryou’reatyourbestinthemorningseveningsorlate.Somestudentsarenightowlspreferringtostudylateatnightothersarelarks.43.Don’ttakeajobthat’stoodemandingThetypeofjobyoulookforwilldependonyourskillset.Apartfromtheusualstudent-typejobstherearerolesinofficeswhichcanbedoneatweekendsandevenings-jobssuchasbeingapresentationoperatorusingPowerPointoreveneveningandweekendsecretarialwork.44.BeindustriousinyoursearchforworkTheremaybepart-timejobsavailableincallcentersorasphotocopyclerksinbanksandlawfirms.45.KnowyourlimitsThereisn’tafigureforthemaximumnumberofhoursthatstudentscanworkbeforeitimpactsnegativelyontheirstudiessincethiswillvaryfromstudenttostudent.HoweverBrianStainessays:AtBristolwebelievethatifstudentsworkmorethan12hoursaweekduringtermtimethiscouldhaveanegativeeffectontheirstudies.WehaveajobshopatBristolofferingpart-timejobsandallthejobsareamaximumof12hours.Balancingpart-timeworkwithstudyingisachallengethatmoreandmorestudentswillface.Aparttimejobwhichinvolveslonghoursmayhelptheirfinanceintheshorttermbutcouldhaveanegativeimpactonlong-termjobprospectsiftheydon’tgetagooddegreeaddsBrian.[A]Whenyoulookforajobit’sbesttostartwithworkingafewhoursandthenonceyougetusedtothejobandknowhowmuchyoucancopewithyoucanincreasethehours.It’salwayseasiertoincreaseratherthandecreasethenumberofhoursyouworksaysCaryCooperprofessorofpsychologyandhealthatLancasterUniversityManagementSchool.[B]Theremayevenbejobsinsecuritywhichgiveyoutheopportunitytostudyonthejobperhapsonsitatanunoccupiedbuildingsoit’sagoodideatocastthenetabitwiderwhenlookingforpart-timework.[C]Althoughthesejobspaywellitmaybeachallengetobalancestudyingwiththesetypesofjob.AjobdevelpingPowerPointpresentationsmaybetoomentallydemandingandtiringbecauseyouwillbelookingatascreenmostofthetimesaysCary.[D]Ifstudentsforexamplework20hoursaweekthentheirworkcouldsufferunlesstheyareincrediblydisciplinedheexplainsAlsouniversityisaboutmorethanjuststudying.Socialtimeandextracurricularactivitiesarealsoimportant.[E]Relaxationisalsoveryimportant.[F]Somestudentsmayprefertoworkafeweveningsaweekothersatweekends.AlthoughworkisimportanttheyneedtofindajobwithhoursthatfitaroundtheiroptimaltimesforstudyingratherthantheotherwayroundsaysProfessorCooper.
Healthimplies.morethanphysicalfitness.Italsoimpliesmentalandemotionalwellbeing.Anangryfrustratedemotionally1personingoodphysicalconditionisnot2healthy.Mentalhealththereforehasmuchtodo3howapersoncopeswiththeworldasitexists.Manyofthefactorsthat4physicalhealthalsoaffectmentalandemotionalwell-being. Havingagoodself-imagemeansthatpeoplehavepositive5picturesandgoodpositivefeelingsaboutthemselvesaboutwhattheyarecapable6andabouttherolestheyplay.Peoplewithgoodself-imageslikethemselvesandtheyare7likeothers.Havingagoodself-imageisbased8arealistic9ofone’sownworthandvalueandcapabilities. Stressisanunavoidablenecessaryandpotentiallyhealthful10ofoursociety.Peopleofallages11stress.Childrenbeginto12stressduringprenataldevelopmentandduringchildbirth.Examplesofstress-inducing13inthelifeofayoungpersonaredeathofapetpressureto14academicallythedivorceofparentsorjoininganewyouthgroup.Thedifferentwaysinwhichindividuals15tostressmaybringhealthfulorunhealthyresults.Onepersonexperiencingagreatdealofstressmayfunctionexceptionallywell16anothermaybeunabletofunctionatall.Ifstressfulsituationsarecontinuallyencounteredtheindividual’sphysicalsocialandmentalhealthareeventuallyaffected. Satisfyingsocialrelationsarevitalto17mentalandemotionalhealth.Itisbelievedthatinorderto18developandmaintaineffectiveandfulfillingsocialrelationshipspeoplemust19theabilitytoknowandtrusteachotherunderstandeachotherinfluenceandhelpeachother.Theymustalsobecapableof20conflictsinaconstructiveway. 20
Directions: Thereiscontroversyoverthegoodandbadsidesofbeinganonlychildinthefamily.Somebelievethatgrowingupinafamilywithseveralbrothersorsistersoffersmoreadvantagesthandisadvantageswhileothersarguethatbeinganonlychildismoreadvantageous.Thisisaninterestingtopicworthdiscussion.Whatisyourpointofview Youaregoingtowriteanessaytoofferyouropinionaboutit.Inyouressayyoushould 1stateclearlyyourpointofview 2supportyourviewwithexampleorexamples 3drawanatureconclusiontoyouressayand 4remembertosupplyanappropriatetitletoyouressay. Youshouldwrite160—200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
Healthimplies.morethanphysicalfitness.Italsoimpliesmentalandemotionalwellbeing.Anangryfrustratedemotionally1personingoodphysicalconditionisnot2healthy.Mentalhealththereforehasmuchtodo3howapersoncopeswiththeworldasitexists.Manyofthefactorsthat4physicalhealthalsoaffectmentalandemotionalwell-being. Havingagoodself-imagemeansthatpeoplehavepositive5picturesandgoodpositivefeelingsaboutthemselvesaboutwhattheyarecapable6andabouttherolestheyplay.Peoplewithgoodself-imageslikethemselvesandtheyare7likeothers.Havingagoodself-imageisbased8arealistic9ofone’sownworthandvalueandcapabilities. Stressisanunavoidablenecessaryandpotentiallyhealthful10ofoursociety.Peopleofallages11stress.Childrenbeginto12stressduringprenataldevelopmentandduringchildbirth.Examplesofstress-inducing13inthelifeofayoungpersonaredeathofapetpressureto14academicallythedivorceofparentsorjoininganewyouthgroup.Thedifferentwaysinwhichindividuals15tostressmaybringhealthfulorunhealthyresults.Onepersonexperiencingagreatdealofstressmayfunctionexceptionallywell16anothermaybeunabletofunctionatall.Ifstressfulsituationsarecontinuallyencounteredtheindividual’sphysicalsocialandmentalhealthareeventuallyaffected. Satisfyingsocialrelationsarevitalto17mentalandemotionalhealth.Itisbelievedthatinorderto18developandmaintaineffectiveandfulfillingsocialrelationshipspeoplemust19theabilitytoknowandtrusteachotherunderstandeachotherinfluenceandhelpeachother.Theymustalsobecapableof20conflictsinaconstructiveway. 16
Healthimplies.morethanphysicalfitness.Italsoimpliesmentalandemotionalwellbeing.Anangryfrustratedemotionally1personingoodphysicalconditionisnot2healthy.Mentalhealththereforehasmuchtodo3howapersoncopeswiththeworldasitexists.Manyofthefactorsthat4physicalhealthalsoaffectmentalandemotionalwell-being. Havingagoodself-imagemeansthatpeoplehavepositive5picturesandgoodpositivefeelingsaboutthemselvesaboutwhattheyarecapable6andabouttherolestheyplay.Peoplewithgoodself-imageslikethemselvesandtheyare7likeothers.Havingagoodself-imageisbased8arealistic9ofone’sownworthandvalueandcapabilities. Stressisanunavoidablenecessaryandpotentiallyhealthful10ofoursociety.Peopleofallages11stress.Childrenbeginto12stressduringprenataldevelopmentandduringchildbirth.Examplesofstress-inducing13inthelifeofayoungpersonaredeathofapetpressureto14academicallythedivorceofparentsorjoininganewyouthgroup.Thedifferentwaysinwhichindividuals15tostressmaybringhealthfulorunhealthyresults.Onepersonexperiencingagreatdealofstressmayfunctionexceptionallywell16anothermaybeunabletofunctionatall.Ifstressfulsituationsarecontinuallyencounteredtheindividual’sphysicalsocialandmentalhealthareeventuallyaffected. Satisfyingsocialrelationsarevitalto17mentalandemotionalhealth.Itisbelievedthatinorderto18developandmaintaineffectiveandfulfillingsocialrelationshipspeoplemust19theabilitytoknowandtrusteachotherunderstandeachotherinfluenceandhelpeachother.Theymustalsobecapableof20conflictsinaconstructiveway. 2
Banishsoftdrinksfromschoolvendingmachines.CutdownonHappyMeals.Loadschoolluncheswithfruitsandvegetables.Pulltheplugonthetelevisionandshovekidsoutdoors.Thosearesomeoftheweaponsthatschoolsdoctorsandparentswieldtopreventoverweightkidsfrompackingonmorepounds. Butthere’sanotherpossibility:Surgicallyimplantaninflatablesiliconebandaroundthetopofthestomachtorestrictfoodintake.Thatwaypeopleeatsmallermeals.Bandingworksformanyadults.NowAllerganInc.amakerofthebandisaskingtheFoodandDrugAdministrationtoapproveitsdeviceformorbidlyobeseadolescentsasyoungas14. Youmayormaynotfindthishardtostomach.Wesuspectyourresponsewilldependonyourviewofthecausesofobesityteenandotherwise.Ifyouthinklosingweightisonlyamatterofwillpowerthenyouprobablywillfigurethisisanotherstabataquick-fixthatcan’tworkforlong.Buthere’swhywecan’tdismissit.Chicagoisanationalepicenterforchildhoodobesity.FromtoddlerstoteensChicago’schildrenfarexceednationalaveragesforobesity.Anobeseteenfacesalifetimeofincreasedhealthrisks. Thebandsurgerywouldn’tbeforthegirlwhowantstoshed25poundstofitintoadancingpartydress.Thiswouldbeforthemorbidlyobese—adolescents100poundsormoreoverweight.Thesurgeryissafeandeffectiveforadults.Inlimitedtrialsithashelpedobeseteens.A2010studyintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationfoundbandingsurgerytobefarmoreeffectivethandietandexerciseprogramsinhelpingteensshedsignificantpoundage.Of25patientswhogotthesurgery21lostmorethanhalftheirexcessweight.Bycontrastonlythreeof25teensonasuperviseddietingandexerciseprogramlostthatmuchweight. Theprospectofsuchsurgeryonateenshouldgivepausetoparentsanddoctors.Butlet’srememberthatthisisenvisionedasalastresortforteenswhoare100poundsormoreoverweight.Beforethey’reclearedforsurgerykidswouldhavetoshowtheydiligentlytriedotherweightlossmethods.Thattheycouldstabilizetheirweightinpreparationforsurgery.Andthatthey’rereadytofollowthroughwithpsychologicalcounselingandotherafter-surgeryprograms. Parentsandkidsneedtoknow:Thereisnoquickpain-freewayarounddietandexerciseasaweightcontrol.Pillsgastricsurgeryandothershortcutsmayhelpsomeforawhile.Butevensurgerylikelywon’tbeeffectiveforlongifyoudon’tchangethewayyouthinkaboutfoodandaboutcontrollingportions.Yesweshareconcernsthatoncedoctorsstartratchetingupthenumbersofthesesurgeriestheywon’tstopatthesmallnumbersofextremelyoverweightteens.Butthat’sfordoctorsandparentstomonitor.TheFDAshouldallowthebandtobemarketedforadolescentstogivethemachanceatanormalhealthylife. Youmightdismissthesurgicalimplantationif
WhenMarineLt.AlanZarracinafinallydidthesplitsaftermonthsofstrugglingwiththedifficultposeinyogaclassthelimberwomenaroundhimapplauded. Zarracinaa24-year-oldNavalAcademygraduateandflightstudentadmitshewouldhaveahardtimeexplainingthescenetootherMarines.Eachclassendswithachantforpeace.TheninstructorNancyLaNasahandsstudentsincensesticksasagiftfortheir90minutesofbackbendsshoulderstandsandotherchallengingpositions.Zarracinahastriedtodragsomeofhismilitaryfriendstoclassbuttheymakefunofhim."It’snotnecessarilyconsideredmasculine"hesaid. StillthepopularclassesbasedonancientHindupracticesofmeditationthroughcontrolledbreathingbalancingandstretchingarecatchingoninmilitarycirclesasawaytoimproveflexibilitybalanceandconcentration.AformerNavySEALtoldZarracinaabouttheclass. TheAugusteditionofFitYogathenation’ssecond-largestyogamagazinewithacirculationof100000featuresaphotooftwoNavalaviatorsdoingyogaposesinfullcombatgearaboardanaircraftcarrier."Atfirstitseemedalittleshocking--soldierspracticingsuchapeacefulart"writeseditorRitaTrieger.Uponcloserinspectionshesaidshenoticed"asenseofinnercalm"ontheaviators’faces."Warishellandifyogacanhelpthemfindalittlesolacethat’sgood"saidTriegeralongtimeNewYorkyogainstructor. RetiredAdm.TomSteffenswhospent34yearsasaNavySEALandservedasthedirectoroftheelitecorps’trainingregularlypracticesyogaathishomeinNorfolkVa."OnceinawhileI’llsitinclassandeveryoneisa20-somethingyoungladywitha10-inchwaistandhereIamthisoldguy"hejoked.Steffenswhosaidthestretchinghelpedhimeliminatethestiffnessofabicepsinjuryaftersurgerysaidthebenefitsofregularpracticecanbeenormous."Theyogacuredallkindsofbackpains"hesaid."BeingaSEALyoubeatupyourbody." YogabreathingexercisescanhelpSEALswiththeirdivingandlearningtocontrolthebodybyremaininginunusualpositionscanhelpmembersstayinconfinedspacesforlongperiodshesaid."Theabilitytostayfocusedonsomethingwhetheronbreathingorontheyogapracticeandnotbedrawnoffcoursethathasalotofconnectiontothemilitary"hesaid."InourSEALbasictrainingtherearemanythingsthatareyoga-likeinnature./ AlanthoughtitisdifficulttoexplainthescenetohisfellowMarinesbecause
Healthimplies.morethanphysicalfitness.Italsoimpliesmentalandemotionalwellbeing.Anangryfrustratedemotionally1personingoodphysicalconditionisnot2healthy.Mentalhealththereforehasmuchtodo3howapersoncopeswiththeworldasitexists.Manyofthefactorsthat4physicalhealthalsoaffectmentalandemotionalwell-being. Havingagoodself-imagemeansthatpeoplehavepositive5picturesandgoodpositivefeelingsaboutthemselvesaboutwhattheyarecapable6andabouttherolestheyplay.Peoplewithgoodself-imageslikethemselvesandtheyare7likeothers.Havingagoodself-imageisbased8arealistic9ofone’sownworthandvalueandcapabilities. Stressisanunavoidablenecessaryandpotentiallyhealthful10ofoursociety.Peopleofallages11stress.Childrenbeginto12stressduringprenataldevelopmentandduringchildbirth.Examplesofstress-inducing13inthelifeofayoungpersonaredeathofapetpressureto14academicallythedivorceofparentsorjoininganewyouthgroup.Thedifferentwaysinwhichindividuals15tostressmaybringhealthfulorunhealthyresults.Onepersonexperiencingagreatdealofstressmayfunctionexceptionallywell16anothermaybeunabletofunctionatall.Ifstressfulsituationsarecontinuallyencounteredtheindividual’sphysicalsocialandmentalhealthareeventuallyaffected. Satisfyingsocialrelationsarevitalto17mentalandemotionalhealth.Itisbelievedthatinorderto18developandmaintaineffectiveandfulfillingsocialrelationshipspeoplemust19theabilitytoknowandtrusteachotherunderstandeachotherinfluenceandhelpeachother.Theymustalsobecapableof20conflictsinaconstructiveway. 12
WhenMarineLt.AlanZarracinafinallydidthesplitsaftermonthsofstrugglingwiththedifficultposeinyogaclassthelimberwomenaroundhimapplauded. Zarracinaa24-year-oldNavalAcademygraduateandflightstudentadmitshewouldhaveahardtimeexplainingthescenetootherMarines.Eachclassendswithachantforpeace.TheninstructorNancyLaNasahandsstudentsincensesticksasagiftfortheir90minutesofbackbendsshoulderstandsandotherchallengingpositions.Zarracinahastriedtodragsomeofhismilitaryfriendstoclassbuttheymakefunofhim."It’snotnecessarilyconsideredmasculine"hesaid. StillthepopularclassesbasedonancientHindupracticesofmeditationthroughcontrolledbreathingbalancingandstretchingarecatchingoninmilitarycirclesasawaytoimproveflexibilitybalanceandconcentration.AformerNavySEALtoldZarracinaabouttheclass. TheAugusteditionofFitYogathenation’ssecond-largestyogamagazinewithacirculationof100000featuresaphotooftwoNavalaviatorsdoingyogaposesinfullcombatgearaboardanaircraftcarrier."Atfirstitseemedalittleshocking--soldierspracticingsuchapeacefulart"writeseditorRitaTrieger.Uponcloserinspectionshesaidshenoticed"asenseofinnercalm"ontheaviators’faces."Warishellandifyogacanhelpthemfindalittlesolacethat’sgood"saidTriegeralongtimeNewYorkyogainstructor. RetiredAdm.TomSteffenswhospent34yearsasaNavySEALandservedasthedirectoroftheelitecorps’trainingregularlypracticesyogaathishomeinNorfolkVa."OnceinawhileI’llsitinclassandeveryoneisa20-somethingyoungladywitha10-inchwaistandhereIamthisoldguy"hejoked.Steffenswhosaidthestretchinghelpedhimeliminatethestiffnessofabicepsinjuryaftersurgerysaidthebenefitsofregularpracticecanbeenormous."Theyogacuredallkindsofbackpains"hesaid."BeingaSEALyoubeatupyourbody." YogabreathingexercisescanhelpSEALswiththeirdivingandlearningtocontrolthebodybyremaininginunusualpositionscanhelpmembersstayinconfinedspacesforlongperiodshesaid."Theabilitytostayfocusedonsomethingwhetheronbreathingorontheyogapracticeandnotbedrawnoffcoursethathasalotofconnectiontothemilitary"hesaid."InourSEALbasictrainingtherearemanythingsthatareyoga-likeinnature./ Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthat
Healthimplies.morethanphysicalfitness.Italsoimpliesmentalandemotionalwellbeing.Anangryfrustratedemotionally1personingoodphysicalconditionisnot2healthy.Mentalhealththereforehasmuchtodo3howapersoncopeswiththeworldasitexists.Manyofthefactorsthat4physicalhealthalsoaffectmentalandemotionalwell-being. Havingagoodself-imagemeansthatpeoplehavepositive5picturesandgoodpositivefeelingsaboutthemselvesaboutwhattheyarecapable6andabouttherolestheyplay.Peoplewithgoodself-imageslikethemselvesandtheyare7likeothers.Havingagoodself-imageisbased8arealistic9ofone’sownworthandvalueandcapabilities. Stressisanunavoidablenecessaryandpotentiallyhealthful10ofoursociety.Peopleofallages11stress.Childrenbeginto12stressduringprenataldevelopmentandduringchildbirth.Examplesofstress-inducing13inthelifeofayoungpersonaredeathofapetpressureto14academicallythedivorceofparentsorjoininganewyouthgroup.Thedifferentwaysinwhichindividuals15tostressmaybringhealthfulorunhealthyresults.Onepersonexperiencingagreatdealofstressmayfunctionexceptionallywell16anothermaybeunabletofunctionatall.Ifstressfulsituationsarecontinuallyencounteredtheindividual’sphysicalsocialandmentalhealthareeventuallyaffected. Satisfyingsocialrelationsarevitalto17mentalandemotionalhealth.Itisbelievedthatinorderto18developandmaintaineffectiveandfulfillingsocialrelationshipspeoplemust19theabilitytoknowandtrusteachotherunderstandeachotherinfluenceandhelpeachother.Theymustalsobecapableof20conflictsinaconstructiveway. 4
Banishsoftdrinksfromschoolvendingmachines.CutdownonHappyMeals.Loadschoolluncheswithfruitsandvegetables.Pulltheplugonthetelevisionandshovekidsoutdoors.Thosearesomeoftheweaponsthatschoolsdoctorsandparentswieldtopreventoverweightkidsfrompackingonmorepounds. Butthere’sanotherpossibility:Surgicallyimplantaninflatablesiliconebandaroundthetopofthestomachtorestrictfoodintake.Thatwaypeopleeatsmallermeals.Bandingworksformanyadults.NowAllerganInc.amakerofthebandisaskingtheFoodandDrugAdministrationtoapproveitsdeviceformorbidlyobeseadolescentsasyoungas14. Youmayormaynotfindthishardtostomach.Wesuspectyourresponsewilldependonyourviewofthecausesofobesityteenandotherwise.Ifyouthinklosingweightisonlyamatterofwillpowerthenyouprobablywillfigurethisisanotherstabataquick-fixthatcan’tworkforlong.Buthere’swhywecan’tdismissit.Chicagoisanationalepicenterforchildhoodobesity.FromtoddlerstoteensChicago’schildrenfarexceednationalaveragesforobesity.Anobeseteenfacesalifetimeofincreasedhealthrisks. Thebandsurgerywouldn’tbeforthegirlwhowantstoshed25poundstofitintoadancingpartydress.Thiswouldbeforthemorbidlyobese—adolescents100poundsormoreoverweight.Thesurgeryissafeandeffectiveforadults.Inlimitedtrialsithashelpedobeseteens.A2010studyintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationfoundbandingsurgerytobefarmoreeffectivethandietandexerciseprogramsinhelpingteensshedsignificantpoundage.Of25patientswhogotthesurgery21lostmorethanhalftheirexcessweight.Bycontrastonlythreeof25teensonasuperviseddietingandexerciseprogramlostthatmuchweight. Theprospectofsuchsurgeryonateenshouldgivepausetoparentsanddoctors.Butlet’srememberthatthisisenvisionedasalastresortforteenswhoare100poundsormoreoverweight.Beforethey’reclearedforsurgerykidswouldhavetoshowtheydiligentlytriedotherweightlossmethods.Thattheycouldstabilizetheirweightinpreparationforsurgery.Andthatthey’rereadytofollowthroughwithpsychologicalcounselingandotherafter-surgeryprograms. Parentsandkidsneedtoknow:Thereisnoquickpain-freewayarounddietandexerciseasaweightcontrol.Pillsgastricsurgeryandothershortcutsmayhelpsomeforawhile.Butevensurgerylikelywon’tbeeffectiveforlongifyoudon’tchangethewayyouthinkaboutfoodandaboutcontrollingportions.Yesweshareconcernsthatoncedoctorsstartratchetingupthenumbersofthesesurgeriestheywon’tstopatthesmallnumbersofextremelyoverweightteens.Butthat’sfordoctorsandparentstomonitor.TheFDAshouldallowthebandtobemarketedforadolescentstogivethemachanceatanormalhealthylife. Theauthorwarnsthat
Healthimplies.morethanphysicalfitness.Italsoimpliesmentalandemotionalwellbeing.Anangryfrustratedemotionally1personingoodphysicalconditionisnot2healthy.Mentalhealththereforehasmuchtodo3howapersoncopeswiththeworldasitexists.Manyofthefactorsthat4physicalhealthalsoaffectmentalandemotionalwell-being. Havingagoodself-imagemeansthatpeoplehavepositive5picturesandgoodpositivefeelingsaboutthemselvesaboutwhattheyarecapable6andabouttherolestheyplay.Peoplewithgoodself-imageslikethemselvesandtheyare7likeothers.Havingagoodself-imageisbased8arealistic9ofone’sownworthandvalueandcapabilities. Stressisanunavoidablenecessaryandpotentiallyhealthful10ofoursociety.Peopleofallages11stress.Childrenbeginto12stressduringprenataldevelopmentandduringchildbirth.Examplesofstress-inducing13inthelifeofayoungpersonaredeathofapetpressureto14academicallythedivorceofparentsorjoininganewyouthgroup.Thedifferentwaysinwhichindividuals15tostressmaybringhealthfulorunhealthyresults.Onepersonexperiencingagreatdealofstressmayfunctionexceptionallywell16anothermaybeunabletofunctionatall.Ifstressfulsituationsarecontinuallyencounteredtheindividual’sphysicalsocialandmentalhealthareeventuallyaffected. Satisfyingsocialrelationsarevitalto17mentalandemotionalhealth.Itisbelievedthatinorderto18developandmaintaineffectiveandfulfillingsocialrelationshipspeoplemust19theabilitytoknowandtrusteachotherunderstandeachotherinfluenceandhelpeachother.Theymustalsobecapableof20conflictsinaconstructiveway. 10
Greenspacefacilitiesarecontributingtoanimportantextenttothequalityoftheurbanenvironment.Fortunatelyitisnolongernecessarythateverylectureoreverybookaboutthissubjecthastostartwiththeproofofthisidea.46Atpresentitisgenerallyacceptedalthoughmoreasaself-evidentstatementthanonthebasisofaclosely-reasonedscientificproof.Therecognitionoftheimportanceofgreenspaceintheurbanenvironmentisafirststepontilerightway.47Thisdoesnotmeanhoweverthatsufficientdetailsareknownaboutthefunctionsofgreenspaceintownsandaboutthewayinwhichtheinhabitantsareusingthesespaces.AstothisratherComplexsubjectIshallwithinthescopeofthislectureenterintooneaspectonlynamelytherecreativefunctionofgreenspacefacilities.48Thetheoreticalseparationoflivingworkingtrafficandrecreationwhichformanyyearshasbeenusedintown-and-countryplanninghasinmyopinionresultedindisproportionateattentionforformsofrecreationfarfromhomewhereastherewasrelativelylittleattentionforimprovementofrecreativepossibilitiesinthedirectneighborhoodofthehome.49Wehavecometotheconclusionthatthisisnotrightbecauseanimportantpartofthetimewhichwedonotpassinsleepingorworkingisusedforactivitiesandaroundhome.Soitisobviousthatrecreationintheopenairhastobeginatthestreetdoorofthehouse.50Theurbanenvironmenthastoofferasmanyrecreationactivitiesaspossibleandthedesignofthesehastobesuchthatmoreobligatoryactivitiescanalsohavearecreativeaspect.Theverybeststandardoflivingisnothingifitisnotpossibletotakeapleasantwalkintiledistrictifthechildrencannotbeallowedtoplayinthestreetsbecausetherisksoftrafficaretoogreatifduringshoppingyoucannowherefindaspotforenjoyingforamomenttheniceweatherinshortifyouonlyfeelyourselfathomeafterthestreet-doorofyourhouseisclosedafteryou.
Work/lifebalancewasthebuzzphraseofthelate1990s.Apparentlytoomanypeoplewhowerecashrichandtimepoorwerebecomingfedupwiththelonghourscultureandwantedmorebalanceintheirlife.Forstudentstheissueisnotwork/lifebalancebutwork/studybalance.Witheverincreasingfeesworkingwhilestudyingisthenormformanystudents.Facedwithpotentiallyhugedebtssomestudentsmaybetemptedtotakeparttimejobsthatinvolveworkinglotsofhoursbutthismayhaveadetrimentalimpactontheirstudies.Universityismorethanjustaboutgettingadegree:extracurricularactivitiesandasociallifearealsoimportant.Howcanstudentsbalancestudyingwithworkingpart-timeandalsoensurethattheydonotmissoutonuniversitylifeDevelopastudyplanOnceyouhaveyourtimetableandanideaofwhenyourassignmentsareduedevelopaplanofthebesttimesforyoutostudywhetherthisbeeveningsmorningsorweekends.Thiswillhelpyoudeterminewhichhoursanddaysyoucanwork.41.ChooseajobthatisflexibleYoumayneedtimeofffromyourjobduringexamsorifyouhavedeadlinesforcourseworksochoosingtherightjobwheretheemployerisunderstandingandwillingtobeflexibleisimportant.YoucanmentionthisatinterviewbutBrianStainesofBristolUniversityCareersOfficesays:Itmaybebettertowaituntilyouhavebeenofferedthejobhaveworkedforawhileandhavehadtheopportunitytoproveyourselfbeforementioningthatyoumightneedtimeoff.42.ChooseajobthatfitsinwithyourstudypatternWorkingoutyourstudypatterni.e.whetheryou’reatyourbestinthemorningseveningsorlate.Somestudentsarenightowlspreferringtostudylateatnightothersarelarks.43.Don’ttakeajobthat’stoodemandingThetypeofjobyoulookforwilldependonyourskillset.Apartfromtheusualstudent-typejobstherearerolesinofficeswhichcanbedoneatweekendsandevenings-jobssuchasbeingapresentationoperatorusingPowerPointoreveneveningandweekendsecretarialwork.44.BeindustriousinyoursearchforworkTheremaybepart-timejobsavailableincallcentersorasphotocopyclerksinbanksandlawfirms.45.KnowyourlimitsThereisn’tafigureforthemaximumnumberofhoursthatstudentscanworkbeforeitimpactsnegativelyontheirstudiessincethiswillvaryfromstudenttostudent.HoweverBrianStainessays:AtBristolwebelievethatifstudentsworkmorethan12hoursaweekduringtermtimethiscouldhaveanegativeeffectontheirstudies.WehaveajobshopatBristolofferingpart-timejobsandallthejobsareamaximumof12hours.Balancingpart-timeworkwithstudyingisachallengethatmoreandmorestudentswillface.Aparttimejobwhichinvolveslonghoursmayhelptheirfinanceintheshorttermbutcouldhaveanegativeimpactonlong-termjobprospectsiftheydon’tgetagooddegreeaddsBrian.[A]Whenyoulookforajobit’sbesttostartwithworkingafewhoursandthenonceyougetusedtothejobandknowhowmuchyoucancopewithyoucanincreasethehours.It’salwayseasiertoincreaseratherthandecreasethenumberofhoursyouworksaysCaryCooperprofessorofpsychologyandhealthatLancasterUniversityManagementSchool.[B]Theremayevenbejobsinsecuritywhichgiveyoutheopportunitytostudyonthejobperhapsonsitatanunoccupiedbuildingsoit’sagoodideatocastthenetabitwiderwhenlookingforpart-timework.[C]Althoughthesejobspaywellitmaybeachallengetobalancestudyingwiththesetypesofjob.AjobdevelpingPowerPointpresentationsmaybetoomentallydemandingandtiringbecauseyouwillbelookingatascreenmostofthetimesaysCary.[D]Ifstudentsforexamplework20hoursaweekthentheirworkcouldsufferunlesstheyareincrediblydisciplinedheexplainsAlsouniversityisaboutmorethanjuststudying.Socialtimeandextracurricularactivitiesarealsoimportant.[E]Relaxationisalsoveryimportant.[F]Somestudentsmayprefertoworkafeweveningsaweekothersatweekends.AlthoughworkisimportanttheyneedtofindajobwithhoursthatfitaroundtheiroptimaltimesforstudyingratherthantheotherwayroundsaysProfessorCooper.
Mostplantscanmaketheirownfoodfromsunlight1somehavediscoveredthatstealingisaneasierwaytolive.Thousandsofplantspeciesgetby2photosynthesizingandover400ofthesespeciesseemtolivebypilferingsugarsfromanunderground3offungi真菌.Butin4ahandfuloftheseplantshasthismodusoperandibeentracedtoarelativelyobscurefungus.Tofindouthow5are6mycologistMartinBidartondooftheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeleyandhisteamlookedintheirroots.Whattheyfoundwere7ofacommontypeoffungusso8thatitisfoundinnearly70percentofallplants.Thepresenceofthiscommonfungusintheseplantsnotonly9athowtheysurvivesaysBidartondobutalsosuggeststhatmanyordinaryplantsmightprosperfromalittlelootingtoo. Plantshave10relationstogetwhattheyneedtosurvive.Normal11plantscanmaketheirowncarbohydratesthroughphotosynthesisbuttheystillneedminerals.Mostplantshave12asymbioticrelationshipwitha13networkofwhatarecalledmycorrhizalfungiwhichliesbeneaththeforest14.Thefungihelpgreenplantsabsorbmineralsthroughtheirrootsand15theplantsnormally16thefungiwithsugarsorcarbonwithanumberofplantssharingthesamefungalwebitwasperhaps17thatafewcheaters—dubbedepiparasites—wouldevolvetobeatthesystem.18theseplantsreversedtheflowofcarbon19itintotheirrootsfromthefungi20releasingitas"payment./ 2
InPlato’sUtopiaherearethreeclasses:thecommonpeoplethesoldiersandtheguardianschosenbythelegislator.ThemainproblemasPlatoperceivesistoinsurethattheguardiansshallcarryouttheintentionofthelegislator.Forthispurposethefirstthingheproposesiseducation.Educationisdividedintotwopartsmusicandgymnastics.46Eachhasawidermeaningthanatpresent:musicmeanseverythingthatisintheprovinceofthemusesandgymnasticsmeanseverythingconcernedwithphysicaltrainingfitness.Musicisalmostaswideaswhatisnowcalledcultureandgymnasticsissomewhatwiderthanwhatathleticsmeaninthemodernsense.CultureistobedevotedtomakingmengentlemeninthesensewhichlargelyowingtoPlatoisfamiliarinEngland.TheAthensofhisdaywasinonerespectanalogoustoEnglandinthenineteenthcentury:47therewasineachanaristocracyenjoyingwealthandsocialprestigebuthavingnomonopolyofpoliticalpower;andineachthearistocracyhadtosecureasmuchpowerasitcouldbymeansofimpressivebehavior.InPlato’sUtopiahoweverthearistocracyrulesunchecked.Gravitydecorumandcourageseemtobethequalitiesmainlytobecultivatedineducation.48Thereistobearigidcensorshipfromveryearlyyearsovertheliteraturetowhichtheyounghaveaccessandthemusictheyareallowedtohear.Mothersandnursesaretotelltheirchildrenonlyauthorizedstories.Alsothereisacensorshipofmusic.TheLydianandIonianharmoniesaretobeforbiddenthefirstbecauseitexpressessorrowthesecondbecauseitisrelaxed.49OnlytheDorianforcourageandthePhrygianfortemperancearetobeallowedandpermissiblerhythmsmustbesimpleandsuchasareexpressiveofacourageousandharmoniouslife.Asforgymnasticsthetrainingofthebodyistobeveryaustere.Nooneistoeatfishormeatcookedotherwisethanroastedandtheremustbenosaucesorcandies.Peoplebroughtuponhisregimenhesayswillhavenoneedofdoctors.Gymnasticsappliestothetrainingofmindaswell.Uptoacertainagetheyoungaretoseenouglinessorvice.50Butatasuitablemomenttheymustbeexposedtoenchantmentsbothintheshapeofterrorsthatmustnotterrifyandofbadpleasuresthatmustnotseducethewill.Onlyaftertheyhavewithstoodthesetestswilltheybejudgedfittobeguardians.
Workhardandgetahead.That’swhateveryAmericanlearnsgrowingupbutformillionsofthemit’sgettinghardertotellthedifferencebetweenworkinghardandbeingaworkaholic."Thelinehappenswhenyoucomehomeonedayandyourhusbandisn’tthereandyoudidn’trealizeheleftyouaweekago"StephenViscusisaid.ViscusiisCEOoftheViscusiGroup. Theactualreasonsforbecomingaworkaholicarequitevaried.Itmightinvolveaneedinsomeonetoalwaysstayastepaheadoftheirco-workersoranyoneelsetheyperceiveasacompetitivethreat.Itcouldbeadesiretoneverleavetheofficeatnightwithouttyingupanylooseendssuchasreturninganemailwritingamemoorgettingapackageout.Itmightbeasingle-mindedcommitmenttobeingsuccessfulgainingpromotionafterpromotionnomatterwhatthecost. WorkaholicsAnonymous—a"fellowshipofindividualswhosharetheirexperiencestrengthandhopewitheachotherthattheymaysolvetheircommonproblemsandhelpotherstorecoverfromworkholism"—lists20questionstoaskyourselfifyouthinkyoumaybeaworkaholicincludingwhetheryougetmoreexcitedaboutworkthananythingelseandworkmorethan40hoursperweek.viscusisaidagoodindicationthatyou’reaworkaholicisifyouareconstantlyelectronicallyconnectedtotheofficewhetherbycellphoneBlackBerryorlaptop. Workaholism’seffectsonthefamilycanbedevastatingViscusisaidwiththeconsequenceseventuallymanifestingthemselvesastheywouldwithanyotheraddictioninbrokenmarriagesandbrokenhomes.BrianRobinsonaprofessorattheUniversityofNorthCarolinatold"20/20"in1999thatchildrenofworkaholicsdevelopedthesamedisordersaschildrenofalcoholicssuchasdepressionandanxietythatcrippledthemlaterinlife. Viscusiofferedthefollowingtipsforworkaholicstryingtomakeachange.Don’ttakeoneveryproject.Don’tsayyestoeveryone.Learntheartofsaying"Ican’thandleanymore."Alsodoesn’titseemlikeexerciseisgoodforeverythingItisrecommendedaspartofeveryself-helpregime—wellthisisnodifference.Exerciseandyogahelpyouandit’sthehardestplacetogetanyworkdone.Nocellphonesallowed!Similartoahobbydoingsomethingwithoutaskingforanypaymentinreturnletsyoufocusonsomethingotherthanworkoryourjob.Itcangiveyouadifferentperspectiveandadifferentwaytomeetnewpeople. WhichoneofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasreasonsforworkaholic
Healthimplies.morethanphysicalfitness.Italsoimpliesmentalandemotionalwellbeing.Anangryfrustratedemotionally1personingoodphysicalconditionisnot2healthy.Mentalhealththereforehasmuchtodo3howapersoncopeswiththeworldasitexists.Manyofthefactorsthat4physicalhealthalsoaffectmentalandemotionalwell-being. Havingagoodself-imagemeansthatpeoplehavepositive5picturesandgoodpositivefeelingsaboutthemselvesaboutwhattheyarecapable6andabouttherolestheyplay.Peoplewithgoodself-imageslikethemselvesandtheyare7likeothers.Havingagoodself-imageisbased8arealistic9ofone’sownworthandvalueandcapabilities. Stressisanunavoidablenecessaryandpotentiallyhealthful10ofoursociety.Peopleofallages11stress.Childrenbeginto12stressduringprenataldevelopmentandduringchildbirth.Examplesofstress-inducing13inthelifeofayoungpersonaredeathofapetpressureto14academicallythedivorceofparentsorjoininganewyouthgroup.Thedifferentwaysinwhichindividuals15tostressmaybringhealthfulorunhealthyresults.Onepersonexperiencingagreatdealofstressmayfunctionexceptionallywell16anothermaybeunabletofunctionatall.Ifstressfulsituationsarecontinuallyencounteredtheindividual’sphysicalsocialandmentalhealthareeventuallyaffected. Satisfyingsocialrelationsarevitalto17mentalandemotionalhealth.Itisbelievedthatinorderto18developandmaintaineffectiveandfulfillingsocialrelationshipspeoplemust19theabilitytoknowandtrusteachotherunderstandeachotherinfluenceandhelpeachother.Theymustalsobecapableof20conflictsinaconstructiveway. 6
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