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Text 3 For millions’ of years we have known a world whose resource seemed illimitable however f...
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Text4 Lastsummersometwenty-eightthousandhomelesspeoplewereaffordedshelterbythecityofNewYork.Ofthisnumbertwelvethousandwerechildrenandsixthousandwereparentslivingtogetherinfamilies.Theaveragechildwassixyearsoldtheaverageparenttwentyseven.Atypicalhomelessfamilyincludedamotherwithtwoorthreechildrenbutinaboutone-fifthofthesefamiliestwoparentswerepresent.Roughlytenthousandsinglepersonsthenmadeuptheremainderofthepopulationofthecity’sshelter. Theseproportionsvarysomewhatfromoneareaofthenationtoanother.Inallareashoweverfamiliesarethefastest-growingsectorofthehomelesspopulationandintheNortheasttheyarebyfarthelargestsectoralready.InMassachusettsthree-fourthsofthehomelessnowarefamilieswithchildren;incertainpartsofMassachusetts-AttleboroandNorthamptonforexample-theproportionreaches90percent.TwothirdsofthehomelesschildrenstudiedrecentlyinBostonwerelessthanfiveyearsold. Oftheestimatedtwotothreemillionhomelesspeoplenationwideabout500000aredependentchildrenaccordingtoRobertHayescounseltotheNationalCoalitionforthehomeless.Includingtheirparentsatleast750000homelesspeopleinAmericaarefamilymembers. Whatistobemadethenofthesuppositionthatthehomelessareprimarilytheformerresidentsofmentalhospitalspersonswhowerecarelesslyreleasedduringthe1970sManyofthemaretobesure.Amongtheoldermenandwomeninthestreetsandsheltersasmanyasone-thirdsomebelieveasmanyasone-halfmaybechronicallydisturbedandanumberofthesepeopleleftmentalhospitalsduringthe1970s.ButinacitylikeNewYorkwherenearlyhalfthehomelessaresmallchildrenwithanaverageofsixtooperateonthebasisofsuchasuppositionmakesnosense.Theirparentswithanaverageageoftwenty-sevenarenotlikelytohavebeenhospitalizedinthe1970seither. InAmericahowmanypeoplearehomelessparents
Moreandmoreofusare1theTVnetworks.That’snotnewsofcourse;therehavebeencountlessstoriesontheir2audience.ButIdidn’trealizehowfarout!haddropped3IglancedattheNielsenratingsofthetop71shows.Ofthose71programsIhadnotwatched4one.5IcouldcountonlyfivethatIhadeverseeninmyentirelife.Andofthosefivethereisn’toneIwatch6. DespiteitspopularityIdon’tlikehappyfamilyshows.They’re7.IfIwatchafamilyshowIprefersomethinglifelikesuchas"Death’ofaSalesman." 8thesecond-ratedprogram"ADifferentWorld"I’veneverheardofit.IfIwanttoseeadifferent9I’lldrivetothewestsideofChicago. I10watch"Cheers"whichisstill11thetoptenbutgaveitupafterDianaleftandSambeganlustingafteracareer-crazedyuppie.AmItheonlypersoninAmericawhohasneverwatchedasegmentof"Dallas"AwhileagoIrecallsomebodyimportantwaskilledonthe"last12oftheseasonandalmosteverybodyinAmericawascaughtupinthehype.Iwatchedwrestlingthatnight;I’llbettheactingwas13. It’snot14I’msnobbish--IenjoyTV15asmuchasthenextslob.Butthe16oftrulytrashytrashhasdeclined.IwasoneofthefirstwritersinAmericatorecognizethegreatnessofRobinLeach’s"LifestylesoftheRichandFamous."SowhatdoIwatchIstillturntothenetworks17Ihavelearnedtoexploitandcheatthem.ForexampleIlikefootballbutseldomwatchit18.InsteadI19itandlaterplayitbackanmyVCRfast-forwardingthroughallthecommercialstheannouncers’babblethehalf-timedrivelandeventhehuddles.Ialsowatchedmoviesbutonlyonsomecablechannels20thenetworks. 2
Moreandmoreofusare1theTVnetworks.That’snotnewsofcourse;therehavebeencountlessstoriesontheir2audience.ButIdidn’trealizehowfarout!haddropped3IglancedattheNielsenratingsofthetop71shows.Ofthose71programsIhadnotwatched4one.5IcouldcountonlyfivethatIhadeverseeninmyentirelife.Andofthosefivethereisn’toneIwatch6. DespiteitspopularityIdon’tlikehappyfamilyshows.They’re7.IfIwatchafamilyshowIprefersomethinglifelikesuchas"Death’ofaSalesman." 8thesecond-ratedprogram"ADifferentWorld"I’veneverheardofit.IfIwanttoseeadifferent9I’lldrivetothewestsideofChicago. I10watch"Cheers"whichisstill11thetoptenbutgaveitupafterDianaleftandSambeganlustingafteracareer-crazedyuppie.AmItheonlypersoninAmericawhohasneverwatchedasegmentof"Dallas"AwhileagoIrecallsomebodyimportantwaskilledonthe"last12oftheseasonandalmosteverybodyinAmericawascaughtupinthehype.Iwatchedwrestlingthatnight;I’llbettheactingwas13. It’snot14I’msnobbish--IenjoyTV15asmuchasthenextslob.Butthe16oftrulytrashytrashhasdeclined.IwasoneofthefirstwritersinAmericatorecognizethegreatnessofRobinLeach’s"LifestylesoftheRichandFamous."SowhatdoIwatchIstillturntothenetworks17Ihavelearnedtoexploitandcheatthem.ForexampleIlikefootballbutseldomwatchit18.InsteadI19itandlaterplayitbackanmyVCRfast-forwardingthroughallthecommercialstheannouncers’babblethehalf-timedrivelandeventhehuddles.Ialsowatchedmoviesbutonlyonsomecablechannels20thenetworks. 20
Text3 Whenyouaresmallallambitionsfallintoonegrandcategory:whenI’mgrownup.WhenI’mgrownupyousayI’llgoupinspace.I’mgoingtobeanauthor.I’llkillthemallandthenthey’llbesorry.I’llbemarriedinacathedralwithsixteenbridesmaidsinpinklace.I’llhaveapuppyofmyownandnoonewillbeabletotakehimaway. Noneofiteverhappensofcourse--ordarnlittlebutthefantasiesgiveyoutheideathatthereissomethingtogrowupfor.Indeedoneofthesaddestthingsaboutgildedadolescenceisthefeelingthatfromeighteenonit’salldownhill;IreadwithhorrorofanAmericanhippieweddingwheresomeonesaidtothegroomagedtwenty"youseemsokindagrownupsomehow"andtheladhadtogoroundseekingassurancethathewasn’t.Noreallyhewasn’t.Adeterminationtobebetteradultsthanthepresentincumbentsisfinebuttorefusetogrowupatallisjustplainunrealism. WhenmychildrenaregrownupI’lllearntoflyanairplane.IwillcareerroundtheskyknowingthatifIdo"gopop"therewillbenolittleonestosuffershockandmaladjustment;thateveniftheworstdoescometotheworstIwillatleastdodgethegeriatricwardandallthatlookforyourglassesinordertoseewhereyou’veleftyourteeth.WhenmychildrenaregrownupI’llhavefragilelovelythingsonlowtables;I’llhaveawhitecarpet;I’llgotothepicturesintheafternoons.WhenthechildrenaregrownupI’llactuallybeabletodoaday’sworkinaflayinsteadofspreadingoverthreeandgoawayforaweekendwithoutplanningasifforatriptotheMoon.WhenI’mgrownup--Imeanwhenthey’regrownup--I’llbefree. OfcourseIknowit’sgottogetworsebeforeitgetsbetter.Twelve-year-oldI’mtolddon’tgotobedatsevensoyoudon’tevengetyourevening.Oncethey’repasttenyouhavetostartworryingabouttheirfriendsinsteadofsimplyshootingtheintrudersoffthedoorstepandtosettledowntoasteadytenyearsofcriticismofeverythingyou’veeverthoughtordoneorwon.Boysitseemsmaybelessofatrialthangirlssincetheycan’tgetpregnantandtheydon’tborrowyourclothes--iftheydoborrowyourclothesofcourseyou’yegotevenmoretoworryabout. Theyoungdon’trespecttheirparentsanymore.Goodnesshowsad.Stilllikeeatingsnailsitmightbeallrightonceyou’vegotovertheidea;itmightletusoffhavingtobotherquitesomuchwiththemwhenthetimecomes.Butoneissimplynotgoingtobeabletodroneawayone’sdaystoothlessbythefirebroodingonthepast. Youngpeopleoftenfeelsthattheageofeighteenisthe
Moreandmoreofusare1theTVnetworks.That’snotnewsofcourse;therehavebeencountlessstoriesontheir2audience.ButIdidn’trealizehowfarout!haddropped3IglancedattheNielsenratingsofthetop71shows.Ofthose71programsIhadnotwatched4one.5IcouldcountonlyfivethatIhadeverseeninmyentirelife.Andofthosefivethereisn’toneIwatch6. DespiteitspopularityIdon’tlikehappyfamilyshows.They’re7.IfIwatchafamilyshowIprefersomethinglifelikesuchas"Death’ofaSalesman." 8thesecond-ratedprogram"ADifferentWorld"I’veneverheardofit.IfIwanttoseeadifferent9I’lldrivetothewestsideofChicago. I10watch"Cheers"whichisstill11thetoptenbutgaveitupafterDianaleftandSambeganlustingafteracareer-crazedyuppie.AmItheonlypersoninAmericawhohasneverwatchedasegmentof"Dallas"AwhileagoIrecallsomebodyimportantwaskilledonthe"last12oftheseasonandalmosteverybodyinAmericawascaughtupinthehype.Iwatchedwrestlingthatnight;I’llbettheactingwas13. It’snot14I’msnobbish--IenjoyTV15asmuchasthenextslob.Butthe16oftrulytrashytrashhasdeclined.IwasoneofthefirstwritersinAmericatorecognizethegreatnessofRobinLeach’s"LifestylesoftheRichandFamous."SowhatdoIwatchIstillturntothenetworks17Ihavelearnedtoexploitandcheatthem.ForexampleIlikefootballbutseldomwatchit18.InsteadI19itandlaterplayitbackanmyVCRfast-forwardingthroughallthecommercialstheannouncers’babblethehalf-timedrivelandeventhehuddles.Ialsowatchedmoviesbutonlyonsomecablechannels20thenetworks. 14
Moreandmoreofusare1theTVnetworks.That’snotnewsofcourse;therehavebeencountlessstoriesontheir2audience.ButIdidn’trealizehowfarout!haddropped3IglancedattheNielsenratingsofthetop71shows.Ofthose71programsIhadnotwatched4one.5IcouldcountonlyfivethatIhadeverseeninmyentirelife.Andofthosefivethereisn’toneIwatch6. DespiteitspopularityIdon’tlikehappyfamilyshows.They’re7.IfIwatchafamilyshowIprefersomethinglifelikesuchas"Death’ofaSalesman." 8thesecond-ratedprogram"ADifferentWorld"I’veneverheardofit.IfIwanttoseeadifferent9I’lldrivetothewestsideofChicago. I10watch"Cheers"whichisstill11thetoptenbutgaveitupafterDianaleftandSambeganlustingafteracareer-crazedyuppie.AmItheonlypersoninAmericawhohasneverwatchedasegmentof"Dallas"AwhileagoIrecallsomebodyimportantwaskilledonthe"last12oftheseasonandalmosteverybodyinAmericawascaughtupinthehype.Iwatchedwrestlingthatnight;I’llbettheactingwas13. It’snot14I’msnobbish--IenjoyTV15asmuchasthenextslob.Butthe16oftrulytrashytrashhasdeclined.IwasoneofthefirstwritersinAmericatorecognizethegreatnessofRobinLeach’s"LifestylesoftheRichandFamous."SowhatdoIwatchIstillturntothenetworks17Ihavelearnedtoexploitandcheatthem.ForexampleIlikefootballbutseldomwatchit18.InsteadI19itandlaterplayitbackanmyVCRfast-forwardingthroughallthecommercialstheannouncers’babblethehalf-timedrivelandeventhehuddles.Ialsowatchedmoviesbutonlyonsomecablechannels20thenetworks. 4
Text4 Lastsummersometwenty-eightthousandhomelesspeoplewereaffordedshelterbythecityofNewYork.Ofthisnumbertwelvethousandwerechildrenandsixthousandwereparentslivingtogetherinfamilies.Theaveragechildwassixyearsoldtheaverageparenttwentyseven.Atypicalhomelessfamilyincludedamotherwithtwoorthreechildrenbutinaboutone-fifthofthesefamiliestwoparentswerepresent.Roughlytenthousandsinglepersonsthenmadeuptheremainderofthepopulationofthecity’sshelter. Theseproportionsvarysomewhatfromoneareaofthenationtoanother.Inallareashoweverfamiliesarethefastest-growingsectorofthehomelesspopulationandintheNortheasttheyarebyfarthelargestsectoralready.InMassachusettsthree-fourthsofthehomelessnowarefamilieswithchildren;incertainpartsofMassachusetts-AttleboroandNorthamptonforexample-theproportionreaches90percent.TwothirdsofthehomelesschildrenstudiedrecentlyinBostonwerelessthanfiveyearsold. Oftheestimatedtwotothreemillionhomelesspeoplenationwideabout500000aredependentchildrenaccordingtoRobertHayescounseltotheNationalCoalitionforthehomeless.Includingtheirparentsatleast750000homelesspeopleinAmericaarefamilymembers. Whatistobemadethenofthesuppositionthatthehomelessareprimarilytheformerresidentsofmentalhospitalspersonswhowerecarelesslyreleasedduringthe1970sManyofthemaretobesure.Amongtheoldermenandwomeninthestreetsandsheltersasmanyasone-thirdsomebelieveasmanyasone-halfmaybechronicallydisturbedandanumberofthesepeopleleftmentalhospitalsduringthe1970s.ButinacitylikeNewYorkwherenearlyhalfthehomelessaresmallchildrenwithanaverageofsixtooperateonthebasisofsuchasuppositionmakesnosense.Theirparentswithanaverageageoftwenty-sevenarenotlikelytohavebeenhospitalizedinthe1970seither. Accordingtothepassagetheauthorwantstotellusabout
In1967inresponsetowidespreadpublicconcernarousedbymedicalreportsofasbestos-relateddeathstheNationalMedicalResearchCouncilorganisedacommitteeofenquirytoinvestigatethehealththreatsassociatedwiththeuseofasbestosinthebuildingindustry. 41___.ThereportconfirmedthefindingsofsimilarresearchintheUnitedStatesandCanada.Exposuretorelativelysmallquantitiesofasbestosfibrestheyconcludedwasdirectlyresponsibleforthedevelopmentofcancersasbestosisandrelateddiseases.TakingintoaccountevidenceprovidedbyeconomistsandbuildingindustrymanagementhoweverthereportassumedthatdespitetheavailabilityofothermaterialsasbestoswouldcontinuetoplayamajorroleintheBritishbuildingindustryformanyyearstocomebecauseofitsavailabilityandlowcost. 42___.Theyrecommendedthatwherepossibleasbestosfreematerialsshouldbeemployed.Incaseswhereasbestoswasemployeditwasrecommendedthatitshouldbeusedinsuchawaythatloosefibreswerelesslikelytoentertheair.Thereportrecommendedthatspecialcareshouldbetakenduringworkinenvironmentswhichcontainasbestos. 43____. Thereportidentifiedfivefactorswhichdeterminethelevelofriskinvolved.Thestateandtypeofasbestosiscriticaltodeterminingtheriskfactors.Inadditiondustformationwasfoundtobelimitedwheretheasbestoswasusedwhenwetratherthandry. 44____Machinetoolsproducegreaterquantitiesofdustthanhandtoolsandwherepossibletheuseofthelatterwasrecommended. Acriticalfactortakesplaceinriskreductionistheadequateventilationoftheworkingenvironment. 45___Bycloselyfollowingtheseadvicesitwasclaimedthatexposurecanbereducedtoareasonablypracticalminimum. A.Workersshouldwearprotectiveequipmentandtakespecialcaretoremovedustfromtheenvironmentandclothingwiththeuseofvacuumcleaner. B.AfterexaminingevidencesprovidedbymedicalresearchersandbuildingworkersandmanagementtheCouncilpublishedareportwhichincludedadvicesfordealingwithasbestos. C.Whenworktakesplaceinanenclosedspacemoreasbestosparticlescirculateanditwasthereforerecommendedthatnaturalormachineventilationshouldbeused. D.Thebuildingmanagementpreferredtousemachinetoolsbecausemachinetoolsweremuchmoreefficient. E.Thechoiceoftoolswasalsofoundtoaffectthequantitiesofasbestosparticlesthatentertheair. F.Whenworktakesplaceinanenclosedspacelessasbestosparticlescirculateanditwasthereforerecommendedthatnaturalormachineventilationneednottobeused. G.Asaresultthecouncilgaveaseriesofrecommendationswhichwereintendedtoreducetheriskstothosewhomightbeexposedtoasbestosinworkingenvironments. 44
Moreandmoreofusare1theTVnetworks.That’snotnewsofcourse;therehavebeencountlessstoriesontheir2audience.ButIdidn’trealizehowfarout!haddropped3IglancedattheNielsenratingsofthetop71shows.Ofthose71programsIhadnotwatched4one.5IcouldcountonlyfivethatIhadeverseeninmyentirelife.Andofthosefivethereisn’toneIwatch6. DespiteitspopularityIdon’tlikehappyfamilyshows.They’re7.IfIwatchafamilyshowIprefersomethinglifelikesuchas"Death’ofaSalesman." 8thesecond-ratedprogram"ADifferentWorld"I’veneverheardofit.IfIwanttoseeadifferent9I’lldrivetothewestsideofChicago. I10watch"Cheers"whichisstill11thetoptenbutgaveitupafterDianaleftandSambeganlustingafteracareer-crazedyuppie.AmItheonlypersoninAmericawhohasneverwatchedasegmentof"Dallas"AwhileagoIrecallsomebodyimportantwaskilledonthe"last12oftheseasonandalmosteverybodyinAmericawascaughtupinthehype.Iwatchedwrestlingthatnight;I’llbettheactingwas13. It’snot14I’msnobbish--IenjoyTV15asmuchasthenextslob.Butthe16oftrulytrashytrashhasdeclined.IwasoneofthefirstwritersinAmericatorecognizethegreatnessofRobinLeach’s"LifestylesoftheRichandFamous."SowhatdoIwatchIstillturntothenetworks17Ihavelearnedtoexploitandcheatthem.ForexampleIlikefootballbutseldomwatchit18.InsteadI19itandlaterplayitbackanmyVCRfast-forwardingthroughallthecommercialstheannouncers’babblethehalf-timedrivelandeventhehuddles.Ialsowatchedmoviesbutonlyonsomecablechannels20thenetworks. 6
Text3 AfterwatchingmymotherdealwithourfamilyoffiveIcan’tunderstandwhyheranswertothequestion"Whatdoyoudo’isalways"OhI’mjustahousewife.’JUSTahousewifeAnyonewhospendsmostofhertimeinmealpreparationandclean-upwashinganddryingclotheskeepingthehousecleanleadingascouttroopplayingtaxidrivertouskidswhenit’stimeforschoolmusiclessonsorthedentistdoingvolunteerworkforherfavoritecharityandmakingsurethatallourfamilyneedsaremetisnotJUSTahousewifeShe’stherealWonderWoman. Whyisitthatsomanymotherslikeminethinkofthemselvesassecond-classorsomethingsimilarWherehasthisnotioncomefromHavewemalesmadethemfeelthiswayHasoursocietymade"goingtowork"outsidethehomeseemmoreimportantthanwhatahousewifemustfaceeachday Iwouldbeverycurioustoseewhatwouldhappenifahousewifewentonstrike.Disheswouldpileup.Foodinthehousewouldrunout.Nomealswouldappearonthetable.Therewouldbenocleanclotheswhenneeded.Highbootswouldberequiredjusttomakeitthroughthehousescatteredwithgarbage.Walkingandbusridingwouldincrease.Thosescouttroopswouldhavetobreakup.Charitieswouldsuffer. Idoubtifthemanofthehousewouldbeabletotakeover.OhhemightstartoutwiththeattitudethathecandojustasgoodajobbuthowlongwouldthatlastNotlongoncehehadtocomehomeeachnightafterworktomorehouseholdduties.Therewouldbenomorecominghometoapreparedmeal;he’dhavetofixithimself.Thekidswouldallbescreamingforsomethingtoeatcleanclothesandmorebusfaremoney.Oncehequietedthekidshe’dhavetocleanthehousegoshoppingmakesurethatkidsgotabathandfixlunchesforthenextday.Oncethekidsweredownforthenighthemight’beabletocrawlintoanunmadebedandtrytoreadthemorningnewspaper. NoIdon’tthinkmanymalesaregoingtovolunteerforthejob.IknowIdon’twantit.Sothanksmom!I’lldowhatIcantocreateanationalholidayforhousewives.ItcouldbeappropriatelycalledWonderWomanDay. IfahousewifewentonstrikewhichoneofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue
Text2 IsaacNewtonwasnotapleasantman.Hisrelationswithotheracademicswerenotoriouswithmostofhislaterlifespentembroiledinheateddisputes.FollowingpublicationofPrincipiaMathematica--surelythemostinfluentialbookeverwritteninphysics--Newtonhadrisenrapidlyintopublicprominence.HewasappointedpresidentoftheRoyalSocietyandbecamethefirstscientistevertobeknighted. NewtonsoonclashedwiththeAstronomerRoyalJohnFlamsteedwhohadearlierprovidedNewtonwithmuchneededdataforPrincipiabutwasnowwithholdinginformationthatNewtonwanted.Newtonwouldnottakenoforananswer;hehadhimselfappointedtothegoverningbodyoftheRoyalObservatoryandthentriedtoforceimmediatepublicationofthedata.EventuallyhearrangedforFlamsteed’sworktoheseizedandpreparedforpublicationbyFlamsteed’smortalenemyEdmondHalley.ButFlamsteedtookthecasetocourtinthenickoftimeandwonacourtorderpreventingdistributiontothestolenwork.NewtonwasincensedandsoughthisrevengebysystematicallydeletingallreferencetoFlamsteedinlatereditions9fPrincipia. AmoreseriousdisputearosewiththeGermanphilosopherGottfriedLeibniz.BothLeibnizandNewtonhadindependentlydevelopedabranchofmathematicscalledcalculuswhichunderliesmostofmodernphysics.AlthoughwenowknowthatNewtondiscoveredcalculusyearsbeforeLeibnizhepublishedhisworkmuchlater.Amajorrowensuedoverwhohadbeenfirstwithscientistvigorouslydefendingbothcontenders.ItisremarkablehoweverthatmostofthearticlesappearingindefenseofNewtonwereoriginallywrittenbyhisownhand--andonlypublishedinthenameoffriends!AstherowgrewLeibnizmadethemistakeofappealingtotheRoyalSocietytoresolvethedispute.Newtonaspresidentappointedan"impartial"committeetoinvestigatecoincidentallyconsistingentirely’ofNewton’sfriends!Butthatwasnotall:Newtonthenwrotethecommittee’sreporthimselfandhadtheRoyalSocietypublishitofficiallyaccusingLeibnizofplagiarism.StillunsatisfiedhethenwroteananonymousreviewofthereportintheRoyalSociety’sownperiodical.FollowingthedeathofLeibnizNewtonisreportedtohavedeclaredthathehadtakengreatsatisfactionin"breakingLeibniz’sheart. DuringtheperiodofthesetwodisputesNewtonhadalreadyleftCambridgeandacademe.Hehadbeenactiveinanti-CatholicpoliticsatCambridgeandlaterinParliamentandwasrewardedeventuallywiththelucrativepestofWardenoftheRoyalMint.Hereheusedhistalentsfordeviousnessandvitriolinamoresociallyacceptablewaysuccessfullyconductingamajorcampaignagainstcounterfeitingevensendingseveralmentotheirdeathonthegallows. Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage
Ifallformsofmercykillingarewrongtheyshouldremaintaboo.Butarethey46Becausemanypeopleacceptthatitissadundignifiedandgruesometoprolongthethroesofdeathwithallthemightofmedicaltechnologypassiveeuthanasia-lettingpatientsdie-iswidelyaccepted.Activeeuthanasia-killingremainscontroversial.Howlongcanthedistinctionbetweenkillingandlettingdieholdout Justastherecanbeculpableomissionssotoocantherebeblamelessacts.Supposethatamanstandstogainfromthedeathofacertainchild.Thechildstrikeshisheadinthebathandfallsunconscious.Themansitsdownandwatcheshimdrown.Thefactthatthemanhasperformednoactiondoesnotexcusehim.Similarlysupposethatadoctordoesnowrongbywithholdingsometreatmentinorderthatdeathshouldcomesoonerratherthanlater.IshethennecessarilywrongifheusesenoughpainkillerstokillDoesthefactthatthedoctorperformedanactionratherthananomissioncondemnhim Manydoctorsworkingonthebattlefieldofterminalsufferingthinkthatnooneshoulddemandafirmdifferencebetweenpassiveandactiveeuthanasiaonrequest.47Theirargumentforkillinggoeslikethis:oneofadoctor’sdutyistopreventsuffering;sometimesthatisallthereisleftforhimtodoandkillingistheonlywaytodoit. 48SomepeoplebelievedthatthetimeofdeathisappointedbyGodandthatnomanshouldputtheclockbackonanother.Yetifapatient’sphilosophicalviewsembraceeuthanasiaitisnotclearwhythereligiousobjectionsofothersshouldintrudeonhisdeath.49Anotherworryisthatalegalframeworkforeuthanasiapermittingadoctortocomplywithadyingman’srequestinaprescribedsetofcircumstancesmightposedangersforsocietybysettingaprecedentforkilling.Thatdependsonthesociety.Hollandarguablyisreadyforit.ItisprobablynocoincidencethatitwasDutchdoctorswhomostheroicallyresistedpressuretojoinintheSecondWorldWarNazimedicalatrocitiesthathavegiveneuthanasiaitsworstname.50Thesamerespectforindividuallibertythatstoppedthemkillinghealthypeoplewhodidnotwanttodienowletsthemhelpdyingpeoplewhodo.Germanybycontrastwillnotbeabletolegalizeanyformofeuthanasiaforalongtimetocome.Oppositionistoofiercebecauseoftheshadowofthepast.Countrieswithanuninterruptedrecentlibertariantraditionhavelesstofearfromsettingsomelimitedrulesforvoluntaryeuthanasia.Byrefusingtodiscussittheyusherinsomethingworse. 50Thesamerespectforindividuallibertythatstoppedthemkillinghealthypeoplewhodidnotwanttodienowletsthemhelpdyingpeoplewhodo.
Text3 AfterwatchingmymotherdealwithourfamilyoffiveIcan’tunderstandwhyheranswertothequestion"Whatdoyoudo’isalways"OhI’mjustahousewife.’JUSTahousewifeAnyonewhospendsmostofhertimeinmealpreparationandclean-upwashinganddryingclotheskeepingthehousecleanleadingascouttroopplayingtaxidrivertouskidswhenit’stimeforschoolmusiclessonsorthedentistdoingvolunteerworkforherfavoritecharityandmakingsurethatallourfamilyneedsaremetisnotJUSTahousewifeShe’stherealWonderWoman. Whyisitthatsomanymotherslikeminethinkofthemselvesassecond-classorsomethingsimilarWherehasthisnotioncomefromHavewemalesmadethemfeelthiswayHasoursocietymade"goingtowork"outsidethehomeseemmoreimportantthanwhatahousewifemustfaceeachday Iwouldbeverycurioustoseewhatwouldhappenifahousewifewentonstrike.Disheswouldpileup.Foodinthehousewouldrunout.Nomealswouldappearonthetable.Therewouldbenocleanclotheswhenneeded.Highbootswouldberequiredjusttomakeitthroughthehousescatteredwithgarbage.Walkingandbusridingwouldincrease.Thosescouttroopswouldhavetobreakup.Charitieswouldsuffer. Idoubtifthemanofthehousewouldbeabletotakeover.OhhemightstartoutwiththeattitudethathecandojustasgoodajobbuthowlongwouldthatlastNotlongoncehehadtocomehomeeachnightafterworktomorehouseholdduties.Therewouldbenomorecominghometoapreparedmeal;he’dhavetofixithimself.Thekidswouldallbescreamingforsomethingtoeatcleanclothesandmorebusfaremoney.Oncehequietedthekidshe’dhavetocleanthehousegoshoppingmakesurethatkidsgotabathandfixlunchesforthenextday.Oncethekidsweredownforthenighthemight’beabletocrawlintoanunmadebedandtrytoreadthemorningnewspaper. NoIdon’tthinkmanymalesaregoingtovolunteerforthejob.IknowIdon’twantit.Sothanksmom!I’lldowhatIcantocreateanationalholidayforhousewives.ItcouldbeappropriatelycalledWonderWomanDay. Theauthor'sattitudetowardhousewives'workis
Text2 SomepeoplewouldsaythattheEnglishman’shomeisnolongerhiscastle;thatithasbecomehisworkshop.ThisispartlybecausetheaverageEnglishmaniskeenonworkingwithhishandsandpartlybecausehefeelsforonereasonoranotherthathemustdoforhimselfmanyhouseholdjobsforwhichsomeyearsagohewouldhavehiredprofessionalhelp.Themainreasonforthisisafinancialone:thehighcostoflaborhasmeantthatbuilders’anddecorators’costshavereachedalevelwhichmakesthemsohighthathouse-proudEnglishpeopleofmodestmeanshangback.Soiftheywishtokeeptheirhouseslookingbrightandsmarttheyhavetodealwithsomeoftherepairsanddecoratingthemselves.Asaresulttherehasgrownupinthepost-waryearswhatissometimesreferredtoasthe’Do-It-YourselfMovement’. The’Do-It-YourselfMovement’beganwithhomedecoratingbuthassincespreadintoamuchwiderfield.Nowadaysthereseemtobeveryfewthingsthatcannotbemadebythe’do-it-yourself’method.Anumberofmagazinesandhandbooksexisttoshowhopefulhandymenofallagesjusthoweasyitistobuildanythingfromacoffeetabletoafifteen-foot4.5meterssailingboat.Allyouneeditseemsisahammerandafewnails.Youfollowthesimpleinstructionsstep-by-stepandbeforeyouknowwhereyouarethefinishedarticlestandsbeforeyoucompleteinevery.detail. Unfortunatelyalasitisnotalwaysquiteassimpleasitsounds!Manya’do-it-yourselfer’hasfoundtohiscostthatonecannotlearnaskilledcraftsman’sjobovernight.Howquicklyonerealizeswhendoingitoneselfthatajobwhichtakestheskilledmananhourorsotocompletetakestheamateurfiveorsixatleast.Andthenthereisthequestionoftools.Thefirstthingtheamateurlearnsisthathemusthavetherighttoolsforthejob.Buitoolscostmoney.Thereisalsothewearandtearonthenerves.Itisnotsurprisingthenthatmanypeoplehavecometotheconclusionthattheexpenseofpayingprofessionalstodotheworkisinthelongrunmoreeconomicalthan’doingitoneself’. ItcanbeseenfromthepassagethattheEnglishman's.homehasbecomehisworkshopNOTbecause
In1967inresponsetowidespreadpublicconcernarousedbymedicalreportsofasbestos-relateddeathstheNationalMedicalResearchCouncilorganisedacommitteeofenquirytoinvestigatethehealththreatsassociatedwiththeuseofasbestosinthebuildingindustry. 41___.ThereportconfirmedthefindingsofsimilarresearchintheUnitedStatesandCanada.Exposuretorelativelysmallquantitiesofasbestosfibrestheyconcludedwasdirectlyresponsibleforthedevelopmentofcancersasbestosisandrelateddiseases.TakingintoaccountevidenceprovidedbyeconomistsandbuildingindustrymanagementhoweverthereportassumedthatdespitetheavailabilityofothermaterialsasbestoswouldcontinuetoplayamajorroleintheBritishbuildingindustryformanyyearstocomebecauseofitsavailabilityandlowcost. 42___.Theyrecommendedthatwherepossibleasbestosfreematerialsshouldbeemployed.Incaseswhereasbestoswasemployeditwasrecommendedthatitshouldbeusedinsuchawaythatloosefibreswerelesslikelytoentertheair.Thereportrecommendedthatspecialcareshouldbetakenduringworkinenvironmentswhichcontainasbestos. 43____. Thereportidentifiedfivefactorswhichdeterminethelevelofriskinvolved.Thestateandtypeofasbestosiscriticaltodeterminingtheriskfactors.Inadditiondustformationwasfoundtobelimitedwheretheasbestoswasusedwhenwetratherthandry. 44____Machinetoolsproducegreaterquantitiesofdustthanhandtoolsandwherepossibletheuseofthelatterwasrecommended. Acriticalfactortakesplaceinriskreductionistheadequateventilationoftheworkingenvironment. 45___Bycloselyfollowingtheseadvicesitwasclaimedthatexposurecanbereducedtoareasonablypracticalminimum. A.Workersshouldwearprotectiveequipmentandtakespecialcaretoremovedustfromtheenvironmentandclothingwiththeuseofvacuumcleaner. B.AfterexaminingevidencesprovidedbymedicalresearchersandbuildingworkersandmanagementtheCouncilpublishedareportwhichincludedadvicesfordealingwithasbestos. C.Whenworktakesplaceinanenclosedspacemoreasbestosparticlescirculateanditwasthereforerecommendedthatnaturalormachineventilationshouldbeused. D.Thebuildingmanagementpreferredtousemachinetoolsbecausemachinetoolsweremuchmoreefficient. E.Thechoiceoftoolswasalsofoundtoaffectthequantitiesofasbestosparticlesthatentertheair. F.Whenworktakesplaceinanenclosedspacelessasbestosparticlescirculateanditwasthereforerecommendedthatnaturalormachineventilationneednottobeused. G.Asaresultthecouncilgaveaseriesofrecommendationswhichwereintendedtoreducetheriskstothosewhomightbeexposedtoasbestosinworkingenvironments. 42
Moreandmoreofusare1theTVnetworks.That’snotnewsofcourse;therehavebeencountlessstoriesontheir2audience.ButIdidn’trealizehowfarout!haddropped3IglancedattheNielsenratingsofthetop71shows.Ofthose71programsIhadnotwatched4one.5IcouldcountonlyfivethatIhadeverseeninmyentirelife.Andofthosefivethereisn’toneIwatch6. DespiteitspopularityIdon’tlikehappyfamilyshows.They’re7.IfIwatchafamilyshowIprefersomethinglifelikesuchas"Death’ofaSalesman." 8thesecond-ratedprogram"ADifferentWorld"I’veneverheardofit.IfIwanttoseeadifferent9I’lldrivetothewestsideofChicago. I10watch"Cheers"whichisstill11thetoptenbutgaveitupafterDianaleftandSambeganlustingafteracareer-crazedyuppie.AmItheonlypersoninAmericawhohasneverwatchedasegmentof"Dallas"AwhileagoIrecallsomebodyimportantwaskilledonthe"last12oftheseasonandalmosteverybodyinAmericawascaughtupinthehype.Iwatchedwrestlingthatnight;I’llbettheactingwas13. It’snot14I’msnobbish--IenjoyTV15asmuchasthenextslob.Butthe16oftrulytrashytrashhasdeclined.IwasoneofthefirstwritersinAmericatorecognizethegreatnessofRobinLeach’s"LifestylesoftheRichandFamous."SowhatdoIwatchIstillturntothenetworks17Ihavelearnedtoexploitandcheatthem.ForexampleIlikefootballbutseldomwatchit18.InsteadI19itandlaterplayitbackanmyVCRfast-forwardingthroughallthecommercialstheannouncers’babblethehalf-timedrivelandeventhehuddles.Ialsowatchedmoviesbutonlyonsomecablechannels20thenetworks. 18
Text2 IsaacNewtonwasnotapleasantman.Hisrelationswithotheracademicswerenotoriouswithmostofhislaterlifespentembroiledinheateddisputes.FollowingpublicationofPrincipiaMathematica--surelythemostinfluentialbookeverwritteninphysics--Newtonhadrisenrapidlyintopublicprominence.HewasappointedpresidentoftheRoyalSocietyandbecamethefirstscientistevertobeknighted. NewtonsoonclashedwiththeAstronomerRoyalJohnFlamsteedwhohadearlierprovidedNewtonwithmuchneededdataforPrincipiabutwasnowwithholdinginformationthatNewtonwanted.Newtonwouldnottakenoforananswer;hehadhimselfappointedtothegoverningbodyoftheRoyalObservatoryandthentriedtoforceimmediatepublicationofthedata.EventuallyhearrangedforFlamsteed’sworktoheseizedandpreparedforpublicationbyFlamsteed’smortalenemyEdmondHalley.ButFlamsteedtookthecasetocourtinthenickoftimeandwonacourtorderpreventingdistributiontothestolenwork.NewtonwasincensedandsoughthisrevengebysystematicallydeletingallreferencetoFlamsteedinlatereditions9fPrincipia. AmoreseriousdisputearosewiththeGermanphilosopherGottfriedLeibniz.BothLeibnizandNewtonhadindependentlydevelopedabranchofmathematicscalledcalculuswhichunderliesmostofmodernphysics.AlthoughwenowknowthatNewtondiscoveredcalculusyearsbeforeLeibnizhepublishedhisworkmuchlater.Amajorrowensuedoverwhohadbeenfirstwithscientistvigorouslydefendingbothcontenders.ItisremarkablehoweverthatmostofthearticlesappearingindefenseofNewtonwereoriginallywrittenbyhisownhand--andonlypublishedinthenameoffriends!AstherowgrewLeibnizmadethemistakeofappealingtotheRoyalSocietytoresolvethedispute.Newtonaspresidentappointedan"impartial"committeetoinvestigatecoincidentallyconsistingentirely’ofNewton’sfriends!Butthatwasnotall:Newtonthenwrotethecommittee’sreporthimselfandhadtheRoyalSocietypublishitofficiallyaccusingLeibnizofplagiarism.StillunsatisfiedhethenwroteananonymousreviewofthereportintheRoyalSociety’sownperiodical.FollowingthedeathofLeibnizNewtonisreportedtohavedeclaredthathehadtakengreatsatisfactionin"breakingLeibniz’sheart. DuringtheperiodofthesetwodisputesNewtonhadalreadyleftCambridgeandacademe.Hehadbeenactiveinanti-CatholicpoliticsatCambridgeandlaterinParliamentandwasrewardedeventuallywiththelucrativepestofWardenoftheRoyalMint.Hereheusedhistalentsfordeviousnessandvitriolinamoresociallyacceptablewaysuccessfullyconductingamajorcampaignagainstcounterfeitingevensendingseveralmentotheirdeathonthegallows. WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaboutIsaacNewton
Text1 RuthLawrenceagedtenmadehistoryyesterdaywhenshecameaclearfirstoutofthe530candidateswhotooktheentranceexamforSt.Hugh’sCollegeOxford.Theallwoman’scollegeislikelytoofferherascholarship.Ruthsatthreeinthree-hourpapers--AlgebraandGeometry;CalculusProbabilityandStatistics;andMathsPureandApplied."Iwashappywiththefirsttwo"shesaidyesterday"butIwasn’tsure’aboutthethird." RuthwholivesinHuddersfieldhasneverbeentoschool.HerfatherHarryLawrenceacomputerconsultantgaveuphisjobwhenRuthwasfivetoeducateherathome.HermotherSylviawhoalsoworksincomputersisthefamilybreadwinner. Harrylawrenceexplainedthatbesides.mathematicsRuthalsoenjoyedEnglishHistoryGeographyandothersubjects.Shebegantoreadfourandstartedacademicsubjectsatfive."Wedidnotstartoffwiththethoughtthatshewouldnotgotoschool"hesaid"butweenjoyedatteachinghersomuchandweseemedtobemakingquiteagoodjobofitsowejustcarriedon." BecauseshedoesnotgotoschoolRuthhasnotmixedmuchwithotherchildren."Sheenjoysseriousconversationwithadults"herfathersaid"andIdon’tthinkshewillfeeloutofplaceatOxford."Hedoesnotthinksheworksharderthanotherchildrenofheragebutheconcentratesonwhatsheenjoysprincipallymathematics."Shewatchestelevisionalittlebutnotasahabit"heexplained"butsheplaysthepianoandhasquiteawiderangeofinterests." IfshedoeswellatSt.Hugh’sRuthexpectstotakeafurtherdegreeandeventuallyhopestobecomearesearchprofessorinmathematics-anambitionshemayachievewhilestillinherteens.TheLawrencefamilyplanstomovetoOxfordwhenRuthentersthecollegeinOctober1991.BeforethensheplanstotakefourAlevelstosatisfythecollegematriculationrequirements. MissRachelTricketttheprincipalofSt.Hugh’ssaidlastnight."WeareallveryexcitedaboutRuth.Sheisobviouslyquitebrilliantandhasshowngenuineoriginality."Ruth’sfuturetutorDr.GlenysLukeadmitsthattakingsoyoungastudentischallengingbutsaysitisonesheexpectstoenjoy."Ishalltailortheteachingtoherrequirements"shesaid.Ruthshouldn’thavetosufferthesametensionsanddisappointmentsthatolderstudentsfaced.IhopeIshallmakeitfunforher." LastnighttheLawrencefamilywerepleasedatRuth’sachievement."Wealljumpedupanddownabitwhenweheardthegoodhens"saidHarryLawrence.WhenRuthbecomesastudentHarryLawrencelooksforwardtoconcentratinghiseffortsonRuth’syoungersisterRebeccawhoisnowseven."Sheisdoingverywell"hesaid"butit’stooearlytotellwhethersheisamathematician." WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE
Directions:Writeacompositiononthetopic:ShouldWomenGoouttoWorkorStayatHome Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
Moreandmoreofusare1theTVnetworks.That’snotnewsofcourse;therehavebeencountlessstoriesontheir2audience.ButIdidn’trealizehowfarout!haddropped3IglancedattheNielsenratingsofthetop71shows.Ofthose71programsIhadnotwatched4one.5IcouldcountonlyfivethatIhadeverseeninmyentirelife.Andofthosefivethereisn’toneIwatch6. DespiteitspopularityIdon’tlikehappyfamilyshows.They’re7.IfIwatchafamilyshowIprefersomethinglifelikesuchas"Death’ofaSalesman." 8thesecond-ratedprogram"ADifferentWorld"I’veneverheardofit.IfIwanttoseeadifferent9I’lldrivetothewestsideofChicago. I10watch"Cheers"whichisstill11thetoptenbutgaveitupafterDianaleftandSambeganlustingafteracareer-crazedyuppie.AmItheonlypersoninAmericawhohasneverwatchedasegmentof"Dallas"AwhileagoIrecallsomebodyimportantwaskilledonthe"last12oftheseasonandalmosteverybodyinAmericawascaughtupinthehype.Iwatchedwrestlingthatnight;I’llbettheactingwas13. It’snot14I’msnobbish--IenjoyTV15asmuchasthenextslob.Butthe16oftrulytrashytrashhasdeclined.IwasoneofthefirstwritersinAmericatorecognizethegreatnessofRobinLeach’s"LifestylesoftheRichandFamous."SowhatdoIwatchIstillturntothenetworks17Ihavelearnedtoexploitandcheatthem.ForexampleIlikefootballbutseldomwatchit18.InsteadI19itandlaterplayitbackanmyVCRfast-forwardingthroughallthecommercialstheannouncers’babblethehalf-timedrivelandeventhehuddles.Ialsowatchedmoviesbutonlyonsomecablechannels20thenetworks. 16
Text4 DoanimalshavefightsThisishowthequestionisusuallyput.Itsoundslikeausefulground-clearingwaytostart.Actuallyitisn’tbecauseitassumesthatthereisanagreedaccountofhumanrightswhichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave. Ononeviewofrightstobesureitnecessarilyfollowsthatanimalshavenone.Somephilosophersarguethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontractaspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements.Thereforeanimalscannothaverights.Theideaofpunishingatigerthatkillssomebodyisabsurdforexactlythesamereasonsoistheideathattigershavefights.Howeverthisisonlyoneaccountandbynomeansanuncontestedone.Itdefilestightsnotonlytoanimalsbutalsotosomepeople--forinstancetoinfantsthementallyincapableandfuturegenerationsInadditionitisunclearwhatforceacontractcanhaveforpeoplewhoneverconsentedtoit:howdoyoureplytosomebodywhosays"Idon’tlikethiscontract" Thepointisthis:withoutagreementontherightsofpeoplearguingabouttherightsofanimalsisfruitless.Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset:itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwiththeconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumansorwithnoconsiderationatall.Thisisafalsechoice.Bettertostartwithanothermorefundamentalquestion:isthewaywetreatanimalsamoralissueatall Manydenyit.Arguingfromtheviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsineveryrelevantrespectextremistsofthiskindthinkthatanimalslieoutsidetheareaofmoralchoice.Anyregardforthesufferingofanimalsisseenasamistake--asentimentaldisplacementoffeelingthatshouldproperlybedirectedtootherhumans. Thisviewwhichholdsthattorturingamonkeyismorallyequivalenttochoppingwoodmayseembravely"logical".Infactitissimplyshallow:theconfusedcenterisrighttorejectit.Themostelementaryformofmoralreasoning--theethicalequivalentoflearningtocrawl--istoweighothers’interestsagainstone’sown.Thisinturnrequiressympathyandimagination:withoutwhichthereisnocapacityformoralthought.Toseeananimalinpainisenoughformosttoengagesympathy.Whenthathappensitisnotamistake:itismankind’sinstinctformoralreasoninginactionaninstinctthatshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughedat. Thewriterseemstothinkthatiiistotortureamonkey.
Ifallformsofmercykillingarewrongtheyshouldremaintaboo.Butarethey46Becausemanypeopleacceptthatitissadundignifiedandgruesometoprolongthethroesofdeathwithallthemightofmedicaltechnologypassiveeuthanasia-lettingpatientsdie-iswidelyaccepted.Activeeuthanasia-killingremainscontroversial.Howlongcanthedistinctionbetweenkillingandlettingdieholdout Justastherecanbeculpableomissionssotoocantherebeblamelessacts.Supposethatamanstandstogainfromthedeathofacertainchild.Thechildstrikeshisheadinthebathandfallsunconscious.Themansitsdownandwatcheshimdrown.Thefactthatthemanhasperformednoactiondoesnotexcusehim.Similarlysupposethatadoctordoesnowrongbywithholdingsometreatmentinorderthatdeathshouldcomesoonerratherthanlater.IshethennecessarilywrongifheusesenoughpainkillerstokillDoesthefactthatthedoctorperformedanactionratherthananomissioncondemnhim Manydoctorsworkingonthebattlefieldofterminalsufferingthinkthatnooneshoulddemandafirmdifferencebetweenpassiveandactiveeuthanasiaonrequest.47Theirargumentforkillinggoeslikethis:oneofadoctor’sdutyistopreventsuffering;sometimesthatisallthereisleftforhimtodoandkillingistheonlywaytodoit. 48SomepeoplebelievedthatthetimeofdeathisappointedbyGodandthatnomanshouldputtheclockbackonanother.Yetifapatient’sphilosophicalviewsembraceeuthanasiaitisnotclearwhythereligiousobjectionsofothersshouldintrudeonhisdeath.49Anotherworryisthatalegalframeworkforeuthanasiapermittingadoctortocomplywithadyingman’srequestinaprescribedsetofcircumstancesmightposedangersforsocietybysettingaprecedentforkilling.Thatdependsonthesociety.Hollandarguablyisreadyforit.ItisprobablynocoincidencethatitwasDutchdoctorswhomostheroicallyresistedpressuretojoinintheSecondWorldWarNazimedicalatrocitiesthathavegiveneuthanasiaitsworstname.50Thesamerespectforindividuallibertythatstoppedthemkillinghealthypeoplewhodidnotwanttodienowletsthemhelpdyingpeoplewhodo.Germanybycontrastwillnotbeabletolegalizeanyformofeuthanasiaforalongtimetocome.Oppositionistoofiercebecauseoftheshadowofthepast.Countrieswithanuninterruptedrecentlibertariantraditionhavelesstofearfromsettingsomelimitedrulesforvoluntaryeuthanasia.Byrefusingtodiscussittheyusherinsomethingworse. 48SomepeoplebelievedthatthetimeofdeathisappointedbyGodandthatnomanshouldputtheclockbackonanother.
Text3 Whenyouaresmallallambitionsfallintoonegrandcategory:whenI’mgrownup.WhenI’mgrownupyousayI’llgoupinspace.I’mgoingtobeanauthor.I’llkillthemallandthenthey’llbesorry.I’llbemarriedinacathedralwithsixteenbridesmaidsinpinklace.I’llhaveapuppyofmyownandnoonewillbeabletotakehimaway. Noneofiteverhappensofcourse--ordarnlittlebutthefantasiesgiveyoutheideathatthereissomethingtogrowupfor.Indeedoneofthesaddestthingsaboutgildedadolescenceisthefeelingthatfromeighteenonit’salldownhill;IreadwithhorrorofanAmericanhippieweddingwheresomeonesaidtothegroomagedtwenty"youseemsokindagrownupsomehow"andtheladhadtogoroundseekingassurancethathewasn’t.Noreallyhewasn’t.Adeterminationtobebetteradultsthanthepresentincumbentsisfinebuttorefusetogrowupatallisjustplainunrealism. WhenmychildrenaregrownupI’lllearntoflyanairplane.IwillcareerroundtheskyknowingthatifIdo"gopop"therewillbenolittleonestosuffershockandmaladjustment;thateveniftheworstdoescometotheworstIwillatleastdodgethegeriatricwardandallthatlookforyourglassesinordertoseewhereyou’veleftyourteeth.WhenmychildrenaregrownupI’llhavefragilelovelythingsonlowtables;I’llhaveawhitecarpet;I’llgotothepicturesintheafternoons.WhenthechildrenaregrownupI’llactuallybeabletodoaday’sworkinaflayinsteadofspreadingoverthreeandgoawayforaweekendwithoutplanningasifforatriptotheMoon.WhenI’mgrownup--Imeanwhenthey’regrownup--I’llbefree. OfcourseIknowit’sgottogetworsebeforeitgetsbetter.Twelve-year-oldI’mtolddon’tgotobedatsevensoyoudon’tevengetyourevening.Oncethey’repasttenyouhavetostartworryingabouttheirfriendsinsteadofsimplyshootingtheintrudersoffthedoorstepandtosettledowntoasteadytenyearsofcriticismofeverythingyou’veeverthoughtordoneorwon.Boysitseemsmaybelessofatrialthangirlssincetheycan’tgetpregnantandtheydon’tborrowyourclothes--iftheydoborrowyourclothesofcourseyou’yegotevenmoretoworryabout. Theyoungdon’trespecttheirparentsanymore.Goodnesshowsad.Stilllikeeatingsnailsitmightbeallrightonceyou’vegotovertheidea;itmightletusoffhavingtobotherquitesomuchwiththemwhenthetimecomes.Butoneissimplynotgoingtobeabletodroneawayone’sdaystoothlessbythefirebroodingonthepast. Thewriterseemstothinkthatasanadultonemust
Text1 RuthLawrenceagedtenmadehistoryyesterdaywhenshecameaclearfirstoutofthe530candidateswhotooktheentranceexamforSt.Hugh’sCollegeOxford.Theallwoman’scollegeislikelytoofferherascholarship.Ruthsatthreeinthree-hourpapers--AlgebraandGeometry;CalculusProbabilityandStatistics;andMathsPureandApplied."Iwashappywiththefirsttwo"shesaidyesterday"butIwasn’tsure’aboutthethird." RuthwholivesinHuddersfieldhasneverbeentoschool.HerfatherHarryLawrenceacomputerconsultantgaveuphisjobwhenRuthwasfivetoeducateherathome.HermotherSylviawhoalsoworksincomputersisthefamilybreadwinner. Harrylawrenceexplainedthatbesides.mathematicsRuthalsoenjoyedEnglishHistoryGeographyandothersubjects.Shebegantoreadfourandstartedacademicsubjectsatfive."Wedidnotstartoffwiththethoughtthatshewouldnotgotoschool"hesaid"butweenjoyedatteachinghersomuchandweseemedtobemakingquiteagoodjobofitsowejustcarriedon." BecauseshedoesnotgotoschoolRuthhasnotmixedmuchwithotherchildren."Sheenjoysseriousconversationwithadults"herfathersaid"andIdon’tthinkshewillfeeloutofplaceatOxford."Hedoesnotthinksheworksharderthanotherchildrenofheragebutheconcentratesonwhatsheenjoysprincipallymathematics."Shewatchestelevisionalittlebutnotasahabit"heexplained"butsheplaysthepianoandhasquiteawiderangeofinterests." IfshedoeswellatSt.Hugh’sRuthexpectstotakeafurtherdegreeandeventuallyhopestobecomearesearchprofessorinmathematics-anambitionshemayachievewhilestillinherteens.TheLawrencefamilyplanstomovetoOxfordwhenRuthentersthecollegeinOctober1991.BeforethensheplanstotakefourAlevelstosatisfythecollegematriculationrequirements. MissRachelTricketttheprincipalofSt.Hugh’ssaidlastnight."WeareallveryexcitedaboutRuth.Sheisobviouslyquitebrilliantandhasshowngenuineoriginality."Ruth’sfuturetutorDr.GlenysLukeadmitsthattakingsoyoungastudentischallengingbutsaysitisonesheexpectstoenjoy."Ishalltailortheteachingtoherrequirements"shesaid.Ruthshouldn’thavetosufferthesametensionsanddisappointmentsthatolderstudentsfaced.IhopeIshallmakeitfunforher." LastnighttheLawrencefamilywerepleasedatRuth’sachievement."Wealljumpedupanddownabitwhenweheardthegoodhens"saidHarryLawrence.WhenRuthbecomesastudentHarryLawrencelooksforwardtoconcentratinghiseffortsonRuth’syoungersisterRebeccawhoisnowseven."Sheisdoingverywell"hesaid"butit’stooearlytotellwhethersheisamathematician." FromwhatDr.GleysLukesayswemayguess
Moreandmoreofusare1theTVnetworks.That’snotnewsofcourse;therehavebeencountlessstoriesontheir2audience.ButIdidn’trealizehowfarout!haddropped3IglancedattheNielsenratingsofthetop71shows.Ofthose71programsIhadnotwatched4one.5IcouldcountonlyfivethatIhadeverseeninmyentirelife.Andofthosefivethereisn’toneIwatch6. DespiteitspopularityIdon’tlikehappyfamilyshows.They’re7.IfIwatchafamilyshowIprefersomethinglifelikesuchas"Death’ofaSalesman." 8thesecond-ratedprogram"ADifferentWorld"I’veneverheardofit.IfIwanttoseeadifferent9I’lldrivetothewestsideofChicago. I10watch"Cheers"whichisstill11thetoptenbutgaveitupafterDianaleftandSambeganlustingafteracareer-crazedyuppie.AmItheonlypersoninAmericawhohasneverwatchedasegmentof"Dallas"AwhileagoIrecallsomebodyimportantwaskilledonthe"last12oftheseasonandalmosteverybodyinAmericawascaughtupinthehype.Iwatchedwrestlingthatnight;I’llbettheactingwas13. It’snot14I’msnobbish--IenjoyTV15asmuchasthenextslob.Butthe16oftrulytrashytrashhasdeclined.IwasoneofthefirstwritersinAmericatorecognizethegreatnessofRobinLeach’s"LifestylesoftheRichandFamous."SowhatdoIwatchIstillturntothenetworks17Ihavelearnedtoexploitandcheatthem.ForexampleIlikefootballbutseldomwatchit18.InsteadI19itandlaterplayitbackanmyVCRfast-forwardingthroughallthecommercialstheannouncers’babblethehalf-timedrivelandeventhehuddles.Ialsowatchedmoviesbutonlyonsomecablechannels20thenetworks. 10
Moreandmoreofusare1theTVnetworks.That’snotnewsofcourse;therehavebeencountlessstoriesontheir2audience.ButIdidn’trealizehowfarout!haddropped3IglancedattheNielsenratingsofthetop71shows.Ofthose71programsIhadnotwatched4one.5IcouldcountonlyfivethatIhadeverseeninmyentirelife.Andofthosefivethereisn’toneIwatch6. DespiteitspopularityIdon’tlikehappyfamilyshows.They’re7.IfIwatchafamilyshowIprefersomethinglifelikesuchas"Death’ofaSalesman." 8thesecond-ratedprogram"ADifferentWorld"I’veneverheardofit.IfIwanttoseeadifferent9I’lldrivetothewestsideofChicago. I10watch"Cheers"whichisstill11thetoptenbutgaveitupafterDianaleftandSambeganlustingafteracareer-crazedyuppie.AmItheonlypersoninAmericawhohasneverwatchedasegmentof"Dallas"AwhileagoIrecallsomebodyimportantwaskilledonthe"last12oftheseasonandalmosteverybodyinAmericawascaughtupinthehype.Iwatchedwrestlingthatnight;I’llbettheactingwas13. It’snot14I’msnobbish--IenjoyTV15asmuchasthenextslob.Butthe16oftrulytrashytrashhasdeclined.IwasoneofthefirstwritersinAmericatorecognizethegreatnessofRobinLeach’s"LifestylesoftheRichandFamous."SowhatdoIwatchIstillturntothenetworks17Ihavelearnedtoexploitandcheatthem.ForexampleIlikefootballbutseldomwatchit18.InsteadI19itandlaterplayitbackanmyVCRfast-forwardingthroughallthecommercialstheannouncers’babblethehalf-timedrivelandeventhehuddles.Ialsowatchedmoviesbutonlyonsomecablechannels20thenetworks. 12
Text2 IsaacNewtonwasnotapleasantman.Hisrelationswithotheracademicswerenotoriouswithmostofhislaterlifespentembroiledinheateddisputes.FollowingpublicationofPrincipiaMathematica--surelythemostinfluentialbookeverwritteninphysics--Newtonhadrisenrapidlyintopublicprominence.HewasappointedpresidentoftheRoyalSocietyandbecamethefirstscientistevertobeknighted. NewtonsoonclashedwiththeAstronomerRoyalJohnFlamsteedwhohadearlierprovidedNewtonwithmuchneededdataforPrincipiabutwasnowwithholdinginformationthatNewtonwanted.Newtonwouldnottakenoforananswer;hehadhimselfappointedtothegoverningbodyoftheRoyalObservatoryandthentriedtoforceimmediatepublicationofthedata.EventuallyhearrangedforFlamsteed’sworktoheseizedandpreparedforpublicationbyFlamsteed’smortalenemyEdmondHalley.ButFlamsteedtookthecasetocourtinthenickoftimeandwonacourtorderpreventingdistributiontothestolenwork.NewtonwasincensedandsoughthisrevengebysystematicallydeletingallreferencetoFlamsteedinlatereditions9fPrincipia. AmoreseriousdisputearosewiththeGermanphilosopherGottfriedLeibniz.BothLeibnizandNewtonhadindependentlydevelopedabranchofmathematicscalledcalculuswhichunderliesmostofmodernphysics.AlthoughwenowknowthatNewtondiscoveredcalculusyearsbeforeLeibnizhepublishedhisworkmuchlater.Amajorrowensuedoverwhohadbeenfirstwithscientistvigorouslydefendingbothcontenders.ItisremarkablehoweverthatmostofthearticlesappearingindefenseofNewtonwereoriginallywrittenbyhisownhand--andonlypublishedinthenameoffriends!AstherowgrewLeibnizmadethemistakeofappealingtotheRoyalSocietytoresolvethedispute.Newtonaspresidentappointedan"impartial"committeetoinvestigatecoincidentallyconsistingentirely’ofNewton’sfriends!Butthatwasnotall:Newtonthenwrotethecommittee’sreporthimselfandhadtheRoyalSocietypublishitofficiallyaccusingLeibnizofplagiarism.StillunsatisfiedhethenwroteananonymousreviewofthereportintheRoyalSociety’sownperiodical.FollowingthedeathofLeibnizNewtonisreportedtohavedeclaredthathehadtakengreatsatisfactionin"breakingLeibniz’sheart. DuringtheperiodofthesetwodisputesNewtonhadalreadyleftCambridgeandacademe.Hehadbeenactiveinanti-CatholicpoliticsatCambridgeandlaterinParliamentandwasrewardedeventuallywiththelucrativepestofWardenoftheRoyalMint.Hereheusedhistalentsfordeviousnessandvitriolinamoresociallyacceptablewaysuccessfullyconductingamajorcampaignagainstcounterfeitingevensendingseveralmentotheirdeathonthegallows. ThesentenceNewtonwouldnottakenoforananswerprobablymeans
Moreandmoreofusare1theTVnetworks.That’snotnewsofcourse;therehavebeencountlessstoriesontheir2audience.ButIdidn’trealizehowfarout!haddropped3IglancedattheNielsenratingsofthetop71shows.Ofthose71programsIhadnotwatched4one.5IcouldcountonlyfivethatIhadeverseeninmyentirelife.Andofthosefivethereisn’toneIwatch6. DespiteitspopularityIdon’tlikehappyfamilyshows.They’re7.IfIwatchafamilyshowIprefersomethinglifelikesuchas"Death’ofaSalesman." 8thesecond-ratedprogram"ADifferentWorld"I’veneverheardofit.IfIwanttoseeadifferent9I’lldrivetothewestsideofChicago. I10watch"Cheers"whichisstill11thetoptenbutgaveitupafterDianaleftandSambeganlustingafteracareer-crazedyuppie.AmItheonlypersoninAmericawhohasneverwatchedasegmentof"Dallas"AwhileagoIrecallsomebodyimportantwaskilledonthe"last12oftheseasonandalmosteverybodyinAmericawascaughtupinthehype.Iwatchedwrestlingthatnight;I’llbettheactingwas13. It’snot14I’msnobbish--IenjoyTV15asmuchasthenextslob.Butthe16oftrulytrashytrashhasdeclined.IwasoneofthefirstwritersinAmericatorecognizethegreatnessofRobinLeach’s"LifestylesoftheRichandFamous."SowhatdoIwatchIstillturntothenetworks17Ihavelearnedtoexploitandcheatthem.ForexampleIlikefootballbutseldomwatchit18.InsteadI19itandlaterplayitbackanmyVCRfast-forwardingthroughallthecommercialstheannouncers’babblethehalf-timedrivelandeventhehuddles.Ialsowatchedmoviesbutonlyonsomecablechannels20thenetworks. 8
Text4 Lastsummersometwenty-eightthousandhomelesspeoplewereaffordedshelterbythecityofNewYork.Ofthisnumbertwelvethousandwerechildrenandsixthousandwereparentslivingtogetherinfamilies.Theaveragechildwassixyearsoldtheaverageparenttwentyseven.Atypicalhomelessfamilyincludedamotherwithtwoorthreechildrenbutinaboutone-fifthofthesefamiliestwoparentswerepresent.Roughlytenthousandsinglepersonsthenmadeuptheremainderofthepopulationofthecity’sshelter. Theseproportionsvarysomewhatfromoneareaofthenationtoanother.Inallareashoweverfamiliesarethefastest-growingsectorofthehomelesspopulationandintheNortheasttheyarebyfarthelargestsectoralready.InMassachusettsthree-fourthsofthehomelessnowarefamilieswithchildren;incertainpartsofMassachusetts-AttleboroandNorthamptonforexample-theproportionreaches90percent.TwothirdsofthehomelesschildrenstudiedrecentlyinBostonwerelessthanfiveyearsold. Oftheestimatedtwotothreemillionhomelesspeoplenationwideabout500000aredependentchildrenaccordingtoRobertHayescounseltotheNationalCoalitionforthehomeless.Includingtheirparentsatleast750000homelesspeopleinAmericaarefamilymembers. Whatistobemadethenofthesuppositionthatthehomelessareprimarilytheformerresidentsofmentalhospitalspersonswhowerecarelesslyreleasedduringthe1970sManyofthemaretobesure.Amongtheoldermenandwomeninthestreetsandsheltersasmanyasone-thirdsomebelieveasmanyasone-halfmaybechronicallydisturbedandanumberofthesepeopleleftmentalhospitalsduringthe1970s.ButinacitylikeNewYorkwherenearlyhalfthehomelessaresmallchildrenwithanaverageofsixtooperateonthebasisofsuchasuppositionmakesnosense.Theirparentswithanaverageageoftwenty-sevenarenotlikelytohavebeenhospitalizedinthe1970seither. Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue
Ifallformsofmercykillingarewrongtheyshouldremaintaboo.Butarethey46Becausemanypeopleacceptthatitissadundignifiedandgruesometoprolongthethroesofdeathwithallthemightofmedicaltechnologypassiveeuthanasia-lettingpatientsdie-iswidelyaccepted.Activeeuthanasia-killingremainscontroversial.Howlongcanthedistinctionbetweenkillingandlettingdieholdout Justastherecanbeculpableomissionssotoocantherebeblamelessacts.Supposethatamanstandstogainfromthedeathofacertainchild.Thechildstrikeshisheadinthebathandfallsunconscious.Themansitsdownandwatcheshimdrown.Thefactthatthemanhasperformednoactiondoesnotexcusehim.Similarlysupposethatadoctordoesnowrongbywithholdingsometreatmentinorderthatdeathshouldcomesoonerratherthanlater.IshethennecessarilywrongifheusesenoughpainkillerstokillDoesthefactthatthedoctorperformedanactionratherthananomissioncondemnhim Manydoctorsworkingonthebattlefieldofterminalsufferingthinkthatnooneshoulddemandafirmdifferencebetweenpassiveandactiveeuthanasiaonrequest.47Theirargumentforkillinggoeslikethis:oneofadoctor’sdutyistopreventsuffering;sometimesthatisallthereisleftforhimtodoandkillingistheonlywaytodoit. 48SomepeoplebelievedthatthetimeofdeathisappointedbyGodandthatnomanshouldputtheclockbackonanother.Yetifapatient’sphilosophicalviewsembraceeuthanasiaitisnotclearwhythereligiousobjectionsofothersshouldintrudeonhisdeath.49Anotherworryisthatalegalframeworkforeuthanasiapermittingadoctortocomplywithadyingman’srequestinaprescribedsetofcircumstancesmightposedangersforsocietybysettingaprecedentforkilling.Thatdependsonthesociety.Hollandarguablyisreadyforit.ItisprobablynocoincidencethatitwasDutchdoctorswhomostheroicallyresistedpressuretojoinintheSecondWorldWarNazimedicalatrocitiesthathavegiveneuthanasiaitsworstname.50Thesamerespectforindividuallibertythatstoppedthemkillinghealthypeoplewhodidnotwanttodienowletsthemhelpdyingpeoplewhodo.Germanybycontrastwillnotbeabletolegalizeanyformofeuthanasiaforalongtimetocome.Oppositionistoofiercebecauseoftheshadowofthepast.Countrieswithanuninterruptedrecentlibertariantraditionhavelesstofearfromsettingsomelimitedrulesforvoluntaryeuthanasia.Byrefusingtodiscussittheyusherinsomethingworse. 46Becausemanypeopleacceptthatitissadundignifiedandgruesometoprolongthethroesofdeathwithallthemightofmedicaltechnologypassiveeuthanasia-lettingpatientsdie-iswidelyaccepted.
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