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要实现科学技术的积累和继承，其主要途径是( )。
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中小学校长招聘考试《单项选择》真题及答案
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科学技术有时表现为异己的敌对的和统治的权力这是说
科学技术的作用非常巨大
科学技术具有负面效应
科学技术的力量是无法抗拒的
科学技术是实现政治目的的重要手段
科学知识的再生产有多种途径而______是科学技术再生产的最主要途径
玻璃幕墙是近代科学技术发展的产物是高层建筑时代的显著特征其主要部分由饰面玻璃和固定玻璃的骨架组成
在长沙什么出版社是一家以出版科学技术读物为主的中型出版机构该社以弘扬科学精神推动科技发展普及科学知识
我们要实现社会主义现代化必须大力发展教育科学文化事业因为
教育是提高人民科学文化素质和思想道德素质的基本途径，是发展科学技术和培养人才的基础，在现代化建设中具有基础性、先导性、全局性的地位和作用
科学技术是实现社会主义现代化的基础
教育的现代化是实现社会主义现代化的关键
科学技术作为第一生产力，对一个国家、一个民族现在和未来的发展具有决定性意义
文化的繁荣是社会主义现代化的重要内容
公民科学素质建设的主要途径有
科学技术开发
科学技术教育
科学技术传播
科学技术普及
科学技术是第一生产力促进科学技术再生产的最主要途径是
学校教育
高新技术的应用
科学理论的产生
完善的社会制度
科学技术是第一生产力促使科学技术再生产的最主要途径是
学校教育
高新技术的应用
科学理论的产生
完善的社会制度
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Allofthefollowingarewell-knownfemalewritersin20th-centuryBritainexcept______.
Expressinggratitudeisanimportantformofgoodmanners.NowadaysmoreandmorepeopleinChinahavefoundit’shightimeto16athankfulheartfortheyoung. Everyonelikestogetpraisedandappreciated.Gratitudeisthegreatestofvirtueswhichletsotherssmileandmakestheworldmorebeautiful.Youjustneedseveralminutestowritedownathank-younotebutitbringsmuchjoytothe17. Weliveinasocietywhereweenjoythedifferentservicesofothers.But18ofthemshouldbetakenforgranted. Gratitudeisalsoakindof19inlife.Indevelopinggratitudeforeverymoment--forthesimplejoysandevenforthe20times--wecometotrulyenjoyandappreciatelife.Thenweareabletoseethe21thatsurroundsus. Trytowriteathank-youlettertoyourparentsforworkinghardto22youahappylife. Begratefultoyourteachersbecauseoftheir23withyourstudiesandcharacterbuilding. Saythankstoyourfriendswho24bothyourhappinessandsorrow.Wearesureitwillbringthemmuchjoyandadd25intoyourownlifeaswell. 25
Thiscoastalarea______anationalwildlifereservelastyear.
Sustainabledevelopmentisappliedtojustabouteverythingfromenergytocleanwaterandeconomicgrowthandasaresultithasbecomedifficulttoquestioneitherthebasicassumptionsbehinditorthewaytheconceptisputtouse.Thisisespeciallytrueinagriculturewheresustainabledevelopmentisoftentakenasthesolemeasureofprogresswithoutaproperappreciationofhistoricalandculturalperspectives.Tostartwithitisimportanttorememberthatthenatureofagriculturehaschangedmarkedlythroughouthistoryandwillcontinuetodoso.MedievalagricultureinnorthernEuropefedclothedandshelteredapredominantlyruralsocietywithamuchlowerpopulationdensitythanitistoday.Ithadminimaleffectonbiodiversityandanypollutionitcausedwastypicallylocalized.Intermsofenergyuseandthenutrientscapturedintheproductitwasrelativelyinefficient.Contrastthiswithfarmingsincethestartoftheindustrialrevolution.Competitionfromoverseasledfarmerstospecializeandincreaseyields.Throughoutthisperiodfoodbecamecheapersaferandmorereliable.Howeverthesechangeshavealsoledtohabitatloss.What’smoredemandforanimalproductsindevelopingcountriesisgrowingsofastthatmeetingitwillrequireanextra300milliontonsofgrainayearby2050.Yetthegrowthofcitiesandindustryisreducingtheamountofwateravailableforagricultureinmanyregions.Allthismeansthatagricultureinthe21stcenturywillhavetobeverydifferentfromhowitwasinthe20th.Thiswillrequireradicalthinking.Forexampleweneedtomoveawayfromtheideathattraditionalpracticesareinevitablymoresustainablethannewones.Wealsoneedtoabandonthenotionthatagriculturecanbezeroimpact.Thekeywillbetoabandontherathersimpleandstaticmeasuresofsustainabilitywhichcentreontheneedtomaintainproductionwithoutincreasingdamage.Insteadweneedamoredynamicinterpretationonethatlooksattheprosandconsofallthevariouswayslandisused.Therearemanydifferentagriculturalperformancesbesidesfoodyield:energyuseenvironmentalcostswaterpuritycarbonfootprintandbiodiversity.ItisclearforexamplethatthecarbonoftransportingtomatoesfromSpaintotheUKislessthanthatofproducingthemintheUKwithadditionalheatingandlighting.Butwedonotknowwhetherlowercarbonfootprintswillalwaysbebetterforbiodiversity.Whatiscrucialisrecognizingthatsustainableagricultureisnotjustaboutsustainablefoodproduction.Howdopeopleoftenmeasureprogressinagriculture
Expressinggratitudeisanimportantformofgoodmanners.NowadaysmoreandmorepeopleinChinahavefoundit’shightimeto16athankfulheartfortheyoung. Everyonelikestogetpraisedandappreciated.Gratitudeisthegreatestofvirtueswhichletsotherssmileandmakestheworldmorebeautiful.Youjustneedseveralminutestowritedownathank-younotebutitbringsmuchjoytothe17. Weliveinasocietywhereweenjoythedifferentservicesofothers.But18ofthemshouldbetakenforgranted. Gratitudeisalsoakindof19inlife.Indevelopinggratitudeforeverymoment--forthesimplejoysandevenforthe20times--wecometotrulyenjoyandappreciatelife.Thenweareabletoseethe21thatsurroundsus. Trytowriteathank-youlettertoyourparentsforworkinghardto22youahappylife. Begratefultoyourteachersbecauseoftheir23withyourstudiesandcharacterbuilding. Saythankstoyourfriendswho24bothyourhappinessandsorrow.Wearesureitwillbringthemmuchjoyandadd25intoyourownlifeaswell. 23
—Whenshallwerestartourbusiness—Notuntilweourplan.
Sustainabledevelopmentisappliedtojustabouteverythingfromenergytocleanwaterandeconomicgrowthandasaresultithasbecomedifficulttoquestioneitherthebasicassumptionsbehinditorthewaytheconceptisputtouse.Thisisespeciallytrueinagriculturewheresustainabledevelopmentisoftentakenasthesolemeasureofprogresswithoutaproperappreciationofhistoricalandculturalperspectives.Tostartwithitisimportanttorememberthatthenatureofagriculturehaschangedmarkedlythroughouthistoryandwillcontinuetodoso.MedievalagricultureinnorthernEuropefedclothedandshelteredapredominantlyruralsocietywithamuchlowerpopulationdensitythanitistoday.Ithadminimaleffectonbiodiversityandanypollutionitcausedwastypicallylocalized.Intermsofenergyuseandthenutrientscapturedintheproductitwasrelativelyinefficient.Contrastthiswithfarmingsincethestartoftheindustrialrevolution.Competitionfromoverseasledfarmerstospecializeandincreaseyields.Throughoutthisperiodfoodbecamecheapersaferandmorereliable.Howeverthesechangeshavealsoledtohabitatloss.What’smoredemandforanimalproductsindevelopingcountriesisgrowingsofastthatmeetingitwillrequireanextra300milliontonsofgrainayearby2050.Yetthegrowthofcitiesandindustryisreducingtheamountofwateravailableforagricultureinmanyregions.Allthismeansthatagricultureinthe21stcenturywillhavetobeverydifferentfromhowitwasinthe20th.Thiswillrequireradicalthinking.Forexampleweneedtomoveawayfromtheideathattraditionalpracticesareinevitablymoresustainablethannewones.Wealsoneedtoabandonthenotionthatagriculturecanbezeroimpact.Thekeywillbetoabandontherathersimpleandstaticmeasuresofsustainabilitywhichcentreontheneedtomaintainproductionwithoutincreasingdamage.Insteadweneedamoredynamicinterpretationonethatlooksattheprosandconsofallthevariouswayslandisused.Therearemanydifferentagriculturalperformancesbesidesfoodyield:energyuseenvironmentalcostswaterpuritycarbonfootprintandbiodiversity.ItisclearforexamplethatthecarbonoftransportingtomatoesfromSpaintotheUKislessthanthatofproducingthemintheUKwithadditionalheatingandlighting.Butwedonotknowwhetherlowercarbonfootprintswillalwaysbebetterforbiodiversity.Whatiscrucialisrecognizingthatsustainableagricultureisnotjustaboutsustainablefoodproduction.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassage
Katehaveyou______thepartyIt'stimetogonow.
中小学教师职业道德规范的基本内容包括
Childrenstartoutasnaturalscientistseagertolookintotheworldaroundthem.Helpingthemenjoysciencecanbeeasy;there’snoneedforalotofscientifictermsorexpensivelabequipment.Youonlyhavetoshareyourchildren’scuriosity.Firstlylistentotheirquestions.Ioncevisitedaclassroomofseven-year-oldstotalkaboutscienceasajob.ThechildrenaskedmetextbookquestionsaboutschoolingsalaryandwhetherIlikedmyjob.WhenIfinishedansweringwesatfacingoneanotherinsilence.FinallyIsaidNowthatwe’vefinishedwithyourlistsdoyouhavequestionsofyourownaboutscienceAfteralongpauseaboyraisedhishandHaveyoueverseenagrasshopper蚱蜢eatWhenItryeatingleaveslikethatIgetastomachache.WhyThisbeganasetofquestionsthatlastednearlytwohours.Secondlygivethemtimetothink.Studiesoverthepast30yearshaveshownthatafteraskingaquestionadultstypicallywaitonlyonesecondorlesstorananswernotimeforachildtothink.Whenadultsincreasetheirwaittimetothreesecondsormorechildrengivemorelogicalcompleteandcreativeanswers.Thirdlywatchyourlanguage.Onceyouhaveachildinvolvedinasciencediscussiondon’tjumpinwithThat’srightorVerygood.Thesewordsworkwellwhenitcomestoencouraginggoodbehavior.Butintalkingaboutsciencequickpraisecansignalthatdiscussionisover.InsteadkeepthingsgoingbysayingThat’sinterestingorI’dneverthoughtofitthatway-beforeorcomingupwithmorequestionsorideas.NeverpushachildtoThink.Itdoesn’tmakesensechildrenarealwaysthinkingwithoutyourtellingthemto.What’smorethiscanturnaconversationintoaperformance.Thechildwilltrytofindtheansweryouwantinasfewwordsaspossiblesothathewillbeasmallertargetforyourdisagreement.Lastlyshow;don’ttell.Real-lifeimpressionsofnaturearefarmoreimpressivethananylessonchildrencanlearnfromabookoratelevisionprogram.Letchildrenlookattheirfingertipsthroughamagnifyingglassandthey’llunderstandwhyyouwantthemtowashbeforedinner.Ratherthansayingthatwaterevaporatessetapotofwatertoboilandletthemwatchthewaterleveldrop.Inthelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphthewordlistscouldbestbereplacedby______.
Insomeremoteplacestherearestillverypoorpeoplewhocan'taffordtolivein______conditions.
Advertiserstendtothinkbigandperhapsthisiswhythey’realwayscoininginforcriticism.
Expressinggratitudeisanimportantformofgoodmanners.NowadaysmoreandmorepeopleinChinahavefoundit’shightimeto16athankfulheartfortheyoung. Everyonelikestogetpraisedandappreciated.Gratitudeisthegreatestofvirtueswhichletsotherssmileandmakestheworldmorebeautiful.Youjustneedseveralminutestowritedownathank-younotebutitbringsmuchjoytothe17. Weliveinasocietywhereweenjoythedifferentservicesofothers.But18ofthemshouldbetakenforgranted. Gratitudeisalsoakindof19inlife.Indevelopinggratitudeforeverymoment--forthesimplejoysandevenforthe20times--wecometotrulyenjoyandappreciatelife.Thenweareabletoseethe21thatsurroundsus. Trytowriteathank-youlettertoyourparentsforworkinghardto22youahappylife. Begratefultoyourteachersbecauseoftheir23withyourstudiesandcharacterbuilding. Saythankstoyourfriendswho24bothyourhappinessandsorrow.Wearesureitwillbringthemmuchjoyandadd25intoyourownlifeaswell. 19
Honestycomesinmanyforms.Firstthere’sselfhonesty.IswhatpeopleseetherealarticleordoyouappearthroughsmokeandmirrorsIfindthatifItrytobesomethingI’mnotIfeelunsureofmyselfandtakeoutapartfrommyPBApersonalbankaccount.IlovehowsingerJudyGarlandputitAlwaysbeafirstclassversionofyourselfinsteadofasecondclassversionofsomebodyelse.Thenthere’shonestyinouractions.AreyouhonestatschoolwithyourparentsandwithyourbossIfyou’veeverbeendishonestIthinkweallhavetrybeinghonestandnoticehowwholeitmakesyoufeel.Rememberyoucan’tdowrongandfeelright.ThisstorybyJeffisagoodexampleofthat:Inmysecondyearofstudytherewerethreekidsinmymathclasswhodidn’tdowell.Iwasreallygoodatit.IwouldchargethemthreedollarsforeachtestthatIhelpedthempass.I’dwriteonalittlepieceofpaperalltherightanswersandhandthemoff.AtfirstIfeltlikeIwasmakingmoneykindofanicejob.Iwasn’tthinkingabouthowitcouldhurtallofus.AfterawhileIrealizedIshouldn’tdothatanymorebecauseIwasn’treallyhelpingthem!Theyweren’tlearninganythinganditwouldonlygetharderdowntheroad.Cheatingcertainlywasn’thelpingme.Ittakescouragetobehonestwhenpeopleallaroundyouwhoaregettingawaywithcheatingontestslyingtotheirparentsandstealingatwork.ButremembereveryactofhonestyisadepositintoyourPBAandwillbuildstrength.WhichofthefollowingcanbestexplainJudyGarland’swords
Expressinggratitudeisanimportantformofgoodmanners.NowadaysmoreandmorepeopleinChinahavefoundit’shightimeto16athankfulheartfortheyoung. Everyonelikestogetpraisedandappreciated.Gratitudeisthegreatestofvirtueswhichletsotherssmileandmakestheworldmorebeautiful.Youjustneedseveralminutestowritedownathank-younotebutitbringsmuchjoytothe17. Weliveinasocietywhereweenjoythedifferentservicesofothers.But18ofthemshouldbetakenforgranted. Gratitudeisalsoakindof19inlife.Indevelopinggratitudeforeverymoment--forthesimplejoysandevenforthe20times--wecometotrulyenjoyandappreciatelife.Thenweareabletoseethe21thatsurroundsus. Trytowriteathank-youlettertoyourparentsforworkinghardto22youahappylife. Begratefultoyourteachersbecauseoftheir23withyourstudiesandcharacterbuilding. Saythankstoyourfriendswho24bothyourhappinessandsorrow.Wearesureitwillbringthemmuchjoyandadd25intoyourownlifeaswell. 21
新课程提倡的学习方式是
______是综合语言运用能力的基础
几经周折我才在一家金矿找到一份工作
Sincewearesocialbeingsthequalityofourlivesdependsinlargemeasureonourinterpersonalrelationships.Onestrengthofthehumanconditionisourtendencytogiveandreceivesupportfromoneanotherunderstressfulcircumstances.Socialsupportconsistsoftheexchangeofresourcesamongpeoplebasedontheirinterpersonalties.Thoseofuswithstrongsupportsystemsappearbetterabletocopewithmajorlifechangesanddailyhassles.Peoplewithstrongsocialtieslivelongerandhavebetterhealththanthosewithoutsuchties.Studiesoverarangeofillnessesfromdepressiontoheartdiseaserevealthatthepresenceofsocialsupporthelpspeoplefendoffillnessandtheabsenceofsuchsupportmakespoorhealthmorelikely.Socialsupportcushionsstressinanumberofways.Firstfriendsrelativesandco-workersmayletusknowthattheyvalueus.Ourself-respectisstrengthenedwhenwefeelacceptedbyothersdespiteourfaultsanddifficulties.Secondotherpeopleoftenprovideuswithinformationalsupport.Theyhelpustodefineandunderstandourproblemsandfindsolutionstothem.Thirdwetypicallyfindsocialcompanionshipsupportive.Engaginginleisure-timeactivitieswithothershelpsustomeetoursocialneedswhileatthesametimedistractingusfromourworriesandtroubles.Finallyotherpeoplemaygiveusinstrumentalsupport—financialaidmaterialresourcesandneededservices—thatreducesstressbyhelpingusresolveandcopewithourproblems.Helpingasickneighborwithsomerepairworkisanexampleof______.
WilliamSidneyPorterknownasO.Henryismostfamousfor______.
TherewouldbenotagoodharvestofwheatinNorthChinathisyearthebigsnow.
Childrenstartoutasnaturalscientistseagertolookintotheworldaroundthem.Helpingthemenjoysciencecanbeeasy;there’snoneedforalotofscientifictermsorexpensivelabequipment.Youonlyhavetoshareyourchildren’scuriosity.Firstlylistentotheirquestions.Ioncevisitedaclassroomofseven-year-oldstotalkaboutscienceasajob.ThechildrenaskedmetextbookquestionsaboutschoolingsalaryandwhetherIlikedmyjob.WhenIfinishedansweringwesatfacingoneanotherinsilence.FinallyIsaidNowthatwe’vefinishedwithyourlistsdoyouhavequestionsofyourownaboutscienceAfteralongpauseaboyraisedhishandHaveyoueverseenagrasshopper蚱蜢eatWhenItryeatingleaveslikethatIgetastomachache.WhyThisbeganasetofquestionsthatlastednearlytwohours.Secondlygivethemtimetothink.Studiesoverthepast30yearshaveshownthatafteraskingaquestionadultstypicallywaitonlyonesecondorlesstorananswernotimeforachildtothink.Whenadultsincreasetheirwaittimetothreesecondsormorechildrengivemorelogicalcompleteandcreativeanswers.Thirdlywatchyourlanguage.Onceyouhaveachildinvolvedinasciencediscussiondon’tjumpinwithThat’srightorVerygood.Thesewordsworkwellwhenitcomestoencouraginggoodbehavior.Butintalkingaboutsciencequickpraisecansignalthatdiscussionisover.InsteadkeepthingsgoingbysayingThat’sinterestingorI’dneverthoughtofitthatway-beforeorcomingupwithmorequestionsorideas.NeverpushachildtoThink.Itdoesn’tmakesensechildrenarealwaysthinkingwithoutyourtellingthemto.What’smorethiscanturnaconversationintoaperformance.Thechildwilltrytofindtheansweryouwantinasfewwordsaspossiblesothathewillbeasmallertargetforyourdisagreement.Lastlyshow;don’ttell.Real-lifeimpressionsofnaturearefarmoreimpressivethananylessonchildrencanlearnfromabookoratelevisionprogram.Letchildrenlookattheirfingertipsthroughamagnifyingglassandthey’llunderstandwhyyouwantthemtowashbeforedinner.Ratherthansayingthatwaterevaporatessetapotofwatertoboilandletthemwatchthewaterleveldrop.Inwhichofthefollowingparagraphsdoestheauthortelluswhattosaytoencouragechildreninasciencediscussion
Beforewestartedoutwe'dbetter______thetimeofthenexttraininthetimetable.
Honestycomesinmanyforms.Firstthere’sselfhonesty.IswhatpeopleseetherealarticleordoyouappearthroughsmokeandmirrorsIfindthatifItrytobesomethingI’mnotIfeelunsureofmyselfandtakeoutapartfrommyPBApersonalbankaccount.IlovehowsingerJudyGarlandputitAlwaysbeafirstclassversionofyourselfinsteadofasecondclassversionofsomebodyelse.Thenthere’shonestyinouractions.AreyouhonestatschoolwithyourparentsandwithyourbossIfyou’veeverbeendishonestIthinkweallhavetrybeinghonestandnoticehowwholeitmakesyoufeel.Rememberyoucan’tdowrongandfeelright.ThisstorybyJeffisagoodexampleofthat:Inmysecondyearofstudytherewerethreekidsinmymathclasswhodidn’tdowell.Iwasreallygoodatit.IwouldchargethemthreedollarsforeachtestthatIhelpedthempass.I’dwriteonalittlepieceofpaperalltherightanswersandhandthemoff.AtfirstIfeltlikeIwasmakingmoneykindofanicejob.Iwasn’tthinkingabouthowitcouldhurtallofus.AfterawhileIrealizedIshouldn’tdothatanymorebecauseIwasn’treallyhelpingthem!Theyweren’tlearninganythinganditwouldonlygetharderdowntheroad.Cheatingcertainlywasn’thelpingme.Ittakescouragetobehonestwhenpeopleallaroundyouwhoaregettingawaywithcheatingontestslyingtotheirparentsandstealingatwork.ButremembereveryactofhonestyisadepositintoyourPBAandwillbuildstrength.Inthelastparagraphtheauthormainlywantstoexpress______.
按照基础阶段英语课程分级总体目标的要求全日制义务教育普通高级中学英语课程标准对语言技能语言知识情感态度______和文化意识等五方面都提出了相应的具体的标准和要求
______isbestknownforthetechniqueofdramaticmonologueinhispoems.
Sincewearesocialbeingsthequalityofourlivesdependsinlargemeasureonourinterpersonalrelationships.Onestrengthofthehumanconditionisourtendencytogiveandreceivesupportfromoneanotherunderstressfulcircumstances.Socialsupportconsistsoftheexchangeofresourcesamongpeoplebasedontheirinterpersonalties.Thoseofuswithstrongsupportsystemsappearbetterabletocopewithmajorlifechangesanddailyhassles.Peoplewithstrongsocialtieslivelongerandhavebetterhealththanthosewithoutsuchties.Studiesoverarangeofillnessesfromdepressiontoheartdiseaserevealthatthepresenceofsocialsupporthelpspeoplefendoffillnessandtheabsenceofsuchsupportmakespoorhealthmorelikely.Socialsupportcushionsstressinanumberofways.Firstfriendsrelativesandco-workersmayletusknowthattheyvalueus.Ourself-respectisstrengthenedwhenwefeelacceptedbyothersdespiteourfaultsanddifficulties.Secondotherpeopleoftenprovideuswithinformationalsupport.Theyhelpustodefineandunderstandourproblemsandfindsolutionstothem.Thirdwetypicallyfindsocialcompanionshipsupportive.Engaginginleisure-timeactivitieswithothershelpsustomeetoursocialneedswhileatthesametimedistractingusfromourworriesandtroubles.Finallyotherpeoplemaygiveusinstrumentalsupport—financialaidmaterialresourcesandneededservices—thatreducesstressbyhelpingusresolveandcopewithourproblems.Researchshowsthatpeople’sphysicalandmentalhealth______.
Expressinggratitudeisanimportantformofgoodmanners.NowadaysmoreandmorepeopleinChinahavefoundit’shightimeto16athankfulheartfortheyoung. Everyonelikestogetpraisedandappreciated.Gratitudeisthegreatestofvirtueswhichletsotherssmileandmakestheworldmorebeautiful.Youjustneedseveralminutestowritedownathank-younotebutitbringsmuchjoytothe17. Weliveinasocietywhereweenjoythedifferentservicesofothers.But18ofthemshouldbetakenforgranted. Gratitudeisalsoakindof19inlife.Indevelopinggratitudeforeverymoment--forthesimplejoysandevenforthe20times--wecometotrulyenjoyandappreciatelife.Thenweareabletoseethe21thatsurroundsus. Trytowriteathank-youlettertoyourparentsforworkinghardto22youahappylife. Begratefultoyourteachersbecauseoftheir23withyourstudiesandcharacterbuilding. Saythankstoyourfriendswho24bothyourhappinessandsorrow.Wearesureitwillbringthemmuchjoyandadd25intoyourownlifeaswell. 17
Nootheriteminanewspaperprovidessuchentertainingreadingorofferssuchdeepinsightintohumannature.
Sustainabledevelopmentisappliedtojustabouteverythingfromenergytocleanwaterandeconomicgrowthandasaresultithasbecomedifficulttoquestioneitherthebasicassumptionsbehinditorthewaytheconceptisputtouse.Thisisespeciallytrueinagriculturewheresustainabledevelopmentisoftentakenasthesolemeasureofprogresswithoutaproperappreciationofhistoricalandculturalperspectives.Tostartwithitisimportanttorememberthatthenatureofagriculturehaschangedmarkedlythroughouthistoryandwillcontinuetodoso.MedievalagricultureinnorthernEuropefedclothedandshelteredapredominantlyruralsocietywithamuchlowerpopulationdensitythanitistoday.Ithadminimaleffectonbiodiversityandanypollutionitcausedwastypicallylocalized.Intermsofenergyuseandthenutrientscapturedintheproductitwasrelativelyinefficient.Contrastthiswithfarmingsincethestartoftheindustrialrevolution.Competitionfromoverseasledfarmerstospecializeandincreaseyields.Throughoutthisperiodfoodbecamecheapersaferandmorereliable.Howeverthesechangeshavealsoledtohabitatloss.What’smoredemandforanimalproductsindevelopingcountriesisgrowingsofastthatmeetingitwillrequireanextra300milliontonsofgrainayearby2050.Yetthegrowthofcitiesandindustryisreducingtheamountofwateravailableforagricultureinmanyregions.Allthismeansthatagricultureinthe21stcenturywillhavetobeverydifferentfromhowitwasinthe20th.Thiswillrequireradicalthinking.Forexampleweneedtomoveawayfromtheideathattraditionalpracticesareinevitablymoresustainablethannewones.Wealsoneedtoabandonthenotionthatagriculturecanbezeroimpact.Thekeywillbetoabandontherathersimpleandstaticmeasuresofsustainabilitywhichcentreontheneedtomaintainproductionwithoutincreasingdamage.Insteadweneedamoredynamicinterpretationonethatlooksattheprosandconsofallthevariouswayslandisused.Therearemanydifferentagriculturalperformancesbesidesfoodyield:energyuseenvironmentalcostswaterpuritycarbonfootprintandbiodiversity.ItisclearforexamplethatthecarbonoftransportingtomatoesfromSpaintotheUKislessthanthatofproducingthemintheUKwithadditionalheatingandlighting.Butwedonotknowwhetherlowercarbonfootprintswillalwaysbebetterforbiodiversity.Whatiscrucialisrecognizingthatsustainableagricultureisnotjustaboutsustainablefoodproduction.Whatdoestheauthorthinkoftraditionalfarmingpractices
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