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MySpaceandotherWebsiteshaveunleashedapotentnewphenomenonofsocialnetworkingincyberspace1atthesametimeagrowingbodyofevidenceissuggestingthattraditionalsocial2playasurprisinglypowerfulandunder-recognizedroleininfluencinghowpeoplebehave. ThelatestresearchcomesfromDr.NicholasA.ChristakisattheHarvardMedicalSchoolandDr.JamesH.FowlerattheUniversityofCaliforniaatSanDiego.The3reportedlastsummerthatobesityappearedto4fromonepersontoanother5socialnetworksalmostlikeavirusorafad.Inafollow-uptothatprovocativeresearchtheteamhasproduced6findingsaboutanothermajorhealth7:smoking.InastudypublishedlastweekintheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinetheteamfoundthataperson’sdecisionto8thehabitisstronglyaffectedby9otherpeopleintheirsocialnetworkquit—evenpeopletheydonotknow.Andsurprisinglyentirenetworksofsmokersappeartoquitvirtually10 For11oftheirstudiesthey12ofdetailedrecordskeptbetween1971and2003about5124peoplewhoparticipatedinthelandmarkFraminghamHeartStudy.BecausemanyofthesubjectshadtiestotheBostonsuburbofFraminghamMass.manyoftheparticipantswere13somehow—throughspousesneighborsfriendsco-workers—enablingtheresearcherstostudyanetworkthat1412067people. Takentogetherthesestudiesare15agrowingrecognitionthatmanybehaviorsare16bysocialnetworksin17thathavenotbeenfullyunderstood.And18maybepossibletheresearcherssaytoharnessthepowerofthesenetworksformany19suchasencouragingsafesexgettingmorepeopletoexerciseoreven20crime. 12
Thereisamarkeddifferencebetweentheeducationwhicheveryonegetsfromlivingwithothersandthedeliberateeducatingoftheyoung.Intheformercasetheeducationisincidental;itisnaturalandimportantbutitisnottheexpressreasonoftheassociation.46Itmaybesaidthatthemeasureoftheworthofanysocialinstitutionisitseffectinenlargingandimprovingexperiencebutthiseffectisnotapartofitsoriginalmotive.Religiousassociationsbeganforexampleinthedesiretosecurethefavorofoverrulingpowersandtowardoffevilinfluences;familylifeinthedesiretogratifyappetitesandsecurefamilyperpetuity;systematiclaborforthemostpartbecauseofenslavementtoothersetc.47Onlygraduallywastheby-productoftheinstitutionnotedandonlymoregraduallystillwasthiseffectconsideredasadirectivefactorintheconductoftheinstitution.Eventodayinourindustriallifeapartfromcertainvaluesofindustriousnessandthrifttheintellectualandemotionalreactionoftheformsofhumanassociationunderwhichtheworld’sworkiscarriedonreceiveslittleattentionascomparedwithphysicaloutput. Butindealingwiththeyoungthefactofassociationitselfasanimmediatehumanfactgainsinimportance.48Whileitiseasytoignoreinourcontactwiththemtheeffectofouractsupontheirdispositionitisnotseeasyasindealingwithadults.Theneedoftrainingistooevidentandthepressuretoaccomplishachangeintheirattitudeandhabitsistoourgenttoleavetheseconsequenceswhollyoutofaccount.49Sinceourchiefbusinesswiththemistoenablethemtoshareinacommonlifewecannothelpconsideringwhetherornotweareformingthepowerswhichwillsecurethisability.Ifhumanityhasmadesomeheadwayinrealizingthattheultimatevalueofeveryinstitutionisitsdistinctivelyhumaneffectwemaywellbelievethatthislessonhasbeenlearnedlargelythroughdealingswiththeyoung. 50Wearethusledtodistinguishwithinthebroadeducationalprocesswhichwehavebeensofarconsideringamoreformalkindofeducation—thatofdirecttuitionorschooling.Inundevelopedsocialgroupswefindverylittleformalteachingandtraining.Thesegroupsmainlyrelyforinstillingneededdispositionsintotheyounguponthesamesortofassociationwhichkeepsadultsloyaltotheirgroup. 50Wearethusledtodistinguishwithinthebroadeducationalprocesswhichwehavebeensofarconsideringamoreformalkindofeducation—thatofdirecttuitionorschooling.
MySpaceandotherWebsiteshaveunleashedapotentnewphenomenonofsocialnetworkingincyberspace1atthesametimeagrowingbodyofevidenceissuggestingthattraditionalsocial2playasurprisinglypowerfulandunder-recognizedroleininfluencinghowpeoplebehave. ThelatestresearchcomesfromDr.NicholasA.ChristakisattheHarvardMedicalSchoolandDr.JamesH.FowlerattheUniversityofCaliforniaatSanDiego.The3reportedlastsummerthatobesityappearedto4fromonepersontoanother5socialnetworksalmostlikeavirusorafad.Inafollow-uptothatprovocativeresearchtheteamhasproduced6findingsaboutanothermajorhealth7:smoking.InastudypublishedlastweekintheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinetheteamfoundthataperson’sdecisionto8thehabitisstronglyaffectedby9otherpeopleintheirsocialnetworkquit—evenpeopletheydonotknow.Andsurprisinglyentirenetworksofsmokersappeartoquitvirtually10 For11oftheirstudiesthey12ofdetailedrecordskeptbetween1971and2003about5124peoplewhoparticipatedinthelandmarkFraminghamHeartStudy.BecausemanyofthesubjectshadtiestotheBostonsuburbofFraminghamMass.manyoftheparticipantswere13somehow—throughspousesneighborsfriendsco-workers—enablingtheresearcherstostudyanetworkthat1412067people. Takentogetherthesestudiesare15agrowingrecognitionthatmanybehaviorsare16bysocialnetworksin17thathavenotbeenfullyunderstood.And18maybepossibletheresearcherssaytoharnessthepowerofthesenetworksformany19suchasencouragingsafesexgettingmorepeopletoexerciseoreven20crime. 6
"Europeneedstoimporttoexport."ThatisthesloganoftheEuropeanCommission’snewstrategyforsecuringitseconomicplaceintheworldunveiledthisweekbyPeterMandelsontheEuropeanUnion’scommissionerfortrade.Thesoundbiteofcoursegetstheeconomicspreciselybackwards:exportsarethepriceacountrymustpayforitsimports;Europeanstoilawaymakingstuffforotherstoconsumeonlysotheycaninturngettheirhandsonthefruitsofforeignlabours. ButtheslogandoescapturetwoawkwardtruthsEuropeanexportersmustnowconfront.FirstonlybyofferingtoopenitsownmarketscantheEUhopetopersuadeforeigncountriestoopentheirs.ButwiththecollapseoftheDoharoundoftradetalksitisnotobvioustowhomtheEuropeansshouldmaketheiroffers.SecondEuropeancompaniesarenowpartofelaborateglobalsupplychains.Clumsyeffortstoprotectsomeofthemfromforeigncompetitiondepriveothersofthecheapinputstheyneedtothriveinworldmarkets. Thenewtradestrategylooksatbothofthesedilemmasamongothers.ThoughMrMandelsoninsiststhatheremainsweddedtomultilateralnegotiationsat’theWorldTradeOrganisationhealsofanciespursuingabitonthesidewithotherwillingtradepartners.TheEUwillpickitspartnersaccordingtothreecriteria:dotheyofferabiggrowingmarketAretheycuttingdealswithAmericaorJapanAndaretheyguiltyofdeterringEuropeancompanieseitherrepellingthemattheborderwithhightariffsorboggingthemdownincumbersomerulesandregulationsThestrategynamesASEANSouthKoreaIndiaandRussiaasprioritiesaswellastworegionalblocksMercosurandtheGulfCo-operationCouncilthatitisalreadycourting.TheEUwillrevealitsplansforChinaattheendofthemonth. ThestrategyalsoproposestolookagainathowtheEUprotectsitsownbordersbecauseitsfavoredweaponsarepronetobackfire.ForexampleEUministersdecidedthisweektoslapantidumpingdutiesonleathershoesfromVietnamandChinawhichthreatenshoemakersinItalyPortugalandSpain.ButthedutiesareopposedbyEurope’sownretailersandsomeofitssportswearmakers.LettingAsianworkersstitchandgluesportsshoesmakesitpossibleforsuchfirmstoemployEuropeanstodesignandmarketthem. MrMandelsonpresentedhisstrategyasawaytohelptheEUbecomemorecompetitive.Openinguptoforeignrivalsisofcourseanexcellentwaytofostercompetitionincloistereddomesticindustries.ApitythenthatmostofhisconcreteproposalswereaboutconqueringmarketsabroadandthattheEUisstillsoreadytoraiseitsdefencesathome. AccordingtotheParagraph1howcanEuropeansgettheirhandsonthefruitsofforeignlabours
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Directions: Writeanessayof160—200wordsbasedonthefollowingphoto.Inyouressayyoushould 1describethephotobrieflyspeculatingaboutwhatsheisthinkingof 2statedifferentviewsonparttimejobsand 3giveyourowncomment. YoushouldwriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
MySpaceandotherWebsiteshaveunleashedapotentnewphenomenonofsocialnetworkingincyberspace1atthesametimeagrowingbodyofevidenceissuggestingthattraditionalsocial2playasurprisinglypowerfulandunder-recognizedroleininfluencinghowpeoplebehave. ThelatestresearchcomesfromDr.NicholasA.ChristakisattheHarvardMedicalSchoolandDr.JamesH.FowlerattheUniversityofCaliforniaatSanDiego.The3reportedlastsummerthatobesityappearedto4fromonepersontoanother5socialnetworksalmostlikeavirusorafad.Inafollow-uptothatprovocativeresearchtheteamhasproduced6findingsaboutanothermajorhealth7:smoking.InastudypublishedlastweekintheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinetheteamfoundthataperson’sdecisionto8thehabitisstronglyaffectedby9otherpeopleintheirsocialnetworkquit—evenpeopletheydonotknow.Andsurprisinglyentirenetworksofsmokersappeartoquitvirtually10 For11oftheirstudiesthey12ofdetailedrecordskeptbetween1971and2003about5124peoplewhoparticipatedinthelandmarkFraminghamHeartStudy.BecausemanyofthesubjectshadtiestotheBostonsuburbofFraminghamMass.manyoftheparticipantswere13somehow—throughspousesneighborsfriendsco-workers—enablingtheresearcherstostudyanetworkthat1412067people. Takentogetherthesestudiesare15agrowingrecognitionthatmanybehaviorsare16bysocialnetworksin17thathavenotbeenfullyunderstood.And18maybepossibletheresearcherssaytoharnessthepowerofthesenetworksformany19suchasencouragingsafesexgettingmorepeopletoexerciseoreven20crime. 4
MySpaceandotherWebsiteshaveunleashedapotentnewphenomenonofsocialnetworkingincyberspace1atthesametimeagrowingbodyofevidenceissuggestingthattraditionalsocial2playasurprisinglypowerfulandunder-recognizedroleininfluencinghowpeoplebehave. ThelatestresearchcomesfromDr.NicholasA.ChristakisattheHarvardMedicalSchoolandDr.JamesH.FowlerattheUniversityofCaliforniaatSanDiego.The3reportedlastsummerthatobesityappearedto4fromonepersontoanother5socialnetworksalmostlikeavirusorafad.Inafollow-uptothatprovocativeresearchtheteamhasproduced6findingsaboutanothermajorhealth7:smoking.InastudypublishedlastweekintheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinetheteamfoundthataperson’sdecisionto8thehabitisstronglyaffectedby9otherpeopleintheirsocialnetworkquit—evenpeopletheydonotknow.Andsurprisinglyentirenetworksofsmokersappeartoquitvirtually10 For11oftheirstudiesthey12ofdetailedrecordskeptbetween1971and2003about5124peoplewhoparticipatedinthelandmarkFraminghamHeartStudy.BecausemanyofthesubjectshadtiestotheBostonsuburbofFraminghamMass.manyoftheparticipantswere13somehow—throughspousesneighborsfriendsco-workers—enablingtheresearcherstostudyanetworkthat1412067people. Takentogetherthesestudiesare15agrowingrecognitionthatmanybehaviorsare16bysocialnetworksin17thathavenotbeenfullyunderstood.And18maybepossibletheresearcherssaytoharnessthepowerofthesenetworksformany19suchasencouragingsafesexgettingmorepeopletoexerciseoreven20crime. 8
Theuseofchemicalsinalmostallareasoflifehasbecomeacommonplacephenomenon.Thereisgrowingevidencehoweverthatchemicalsintheenvironmentincludingpesticidesmaycontributetosomeillnesses.Whilestudiesarestillbeingconductedpreliminaryconclusionspointtotheverdictthatsuchchemicalsareindeednegativelyimpactingthosehumanstowhomtheyareexposed. Childrenareespeciallyvulnerabletotoxicsubstances.Poundforpoundtheyeatdrinkandbreathemorethanadultsallofwhichexposesthemmoreheavilytothosechemicalstowhichmostindividualsencounteronadailybasis.Furthermoretheirbodiesarestillindevelopingstagesexacerbatingthenegativeeffectsofthosechemicalswhichnegativelyimpactthem. Of50typesofpesticidescommonlyusedinAmericanschoolsastudyconductedbytheNationalCoalitionAgainsttheMisuseofPesticidesfoundthatmanycausednegativereactionsinlaboratoryanimals.Suchnegativeeffectsincludedkidneyandliverdamagecancerandneurologicalandreproductiveproblems. Theseimplicationsofthesefindingsarefar-reaching.Giventhevarietyofharmfuleffectsattributedtothosepesticidestestedonemustpauseandconsiderwhetheritiswisetocontinuetheiruseinthenation’sschoolswherechildrenwillbeconstantlyexposedtothem.Activistshavelobbiedfortheeliminationofsuchusewithadegreeofsuccessandrecentfindingsifsupportedbyfurtheranalysisandconfirmationmayhelpfurtherthecause.Alongtermsolutionoralternativehoweverremainselusive. Intheshortrunhowevertheremaybesomemeasuresthatcanbetakentomitigatetheharmfuleffectsofdangerouspesticides.TheAmericanMedicalAssociation’sCouncilonScientificAffairsconcludedina1997reportthatgiventhe"particularuncertainty..regardingthelong-termhealtheffectsoflow-dosepesticideexposures"itis"prudent"foradultsandchildrentolimittheirexposureandto"considertheuseoftheleasttoxicchemicalpesticidesornon-chemicalalternatives./ Childrenaremorelikelythanadultstosufferthenegativeeffectsofpesticidesbecause
Thereisamarkeddifferencebetweentheeducationwhicheveryonegetsfromlivingwithothersandthedeliberateeducatingoftheyoung.Intheformercasetheeducationisincidental;itisnaturalandimportantbutitisnottheexpressreasonoftheassociation.46Itmaybesaidthatthemeasureoftheworthofanysocialinstitutionisitseffectinenlargingandimprovingexperiencebutthiseffectisnotapartofitsoriginalmotive.Religiousassociationsbeganforexampleinthedesiretosecurethefavorofoverrulingpowersandtowardoffevilinfluences;familylifeinthedesiretogratifyappetitesandsecurefamilyperpetuity;systematiclaborforthemostpartbecauseofenslavementtoothersetc.47Onlygraduallywastheby-productoftheinstitutionnotedandonlymoregraduallystillwasthiseffectconsideredasadirectivefactorintheconductoftheinstitution.Eventodayinourindustriallifeapartfromcertainvaluesofindustriousnessandthrifttheintellectualandemotionalreactionoftheformsofhumanassociationunderwhichtheworld’sworkiscarriedonreceiveslittleattentionascomparedwithphysicaloutput. Butindealingwiththeyoungthefactofassociationitselfasanimmediatehumanfactgainsinimportance.48Whileitiseasytoignoreinourcontactwiththemtheeffectofouractsupontheirdispositionitisnotseeasyasindealingwithadults.Theneedoftrainingistooevidentandthepressuretoaccomplishachangeintheirattitudeandhabitsistoourgenttoleavetheseconsequenceswhollyoutofaccount.49Sinceourchiefbusinesswiththemistoenablethemtoshareinacommonlifewecannothelpconsideringwhetherornotweareformingthepowerswhichwillsecurethisability.Ifhumanityhasmadesomeheadwayinrealizingthattheultimatevalueofeveryinstitutionisitsdistinctivelyhumaneffectwemaywellbelievethatthislessonhasbeenlearnedlargelythroughdealingswiththeyoung. 50Wearethusledtodistinguishwithinthebroadeducationalprocesswhichwehavebeensofarconsideringamoreformalkindofeducation—thatofdirecttuitionorschooling.Inundevelopedsocialgroupswefindverylittleformalteachingandtraining.Thesegroupsmainlyrelyforinstillingneededdispositionsintotheyounguponthesamesortofassociationwhichkeepsadultsloyaltotheirgroup. 48Whileitiseasytoignoreinourcontactwiththemtheeffectofouractsupontheirdispositionitisnotseeasyasindealingwithadults.
MySpaceandotherWebsiteshaveunleashedapotentnewphenomenonofsocialnetworkingincyberspace1atthesametimeagrowingbodyofevidenceissuggestingthattraditionalsocial2playasurprisinglypowerfulandunder-recognizedroleininfluencinghowpeoplebehave. ThelatestresearchcomesfromDr.NicholasA.ChristakisattheHarvardMedicalSchoolandDr.JamesH.FowlerattheUniversityofCaliforniaatSanDiego.The3reportedlastsummerthatobesityappearedto4fromonepersontoanother5socialnetworksalmostlikeavirusorafad.Inafollow-uptothatprovocativeresearchtheteamhasproduced6findingsaboutanothermajorhealth7:smoking.InastudypublishedlastweekintheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinetheteamfoundthataperson’sdecisionto8thehabitisstronglyaffectedby9otherpeopleintheirsocialnetworkquit—evenpeopletheydonotknow.Andsurprisinglyentirenetworksofsmokersappeartoquitvirtually10 For11oftheirstudiesthey12ofdetailedrecordskeptbetween1971and2003about5124peoplewhoparticipatedinthelandmarkFraminghamHeartStudy.BecausemanyofthesubjectshadtiestotheBostonsuburbofFraminghamMass.manyoftheparticipantswere13somehow—throughspousesneighborsfriendsco-workers—enablingtheresearcherstostudyanetworkthat1412067people. Takentogetherthesestudiesare15agrowingrecognitionthatmanybehaviorsare16bysocialnetworksin17thathavenotbeenfullyunderstood.And18maybepossibletheresearcherssaytoharnessthepowerofthesenetworksformany19suchasencouragingsafesexgettingmorepeopletoexerciseoreven20crime. 10
MySpaceandotherWebsiteshaveunleashedapotentnewphenomenonofsocialnetworkingincyberspace1atthesametimeagrowingbodyofevidenceissuggestingthattraditionalsocial2playasurprisinglypowerfulandunder-recognizedroleininfluencinghowpeoplebehave. ThelatestresearchcomesfromDr.NicholasA.ChristakisattheHarvardMedicalSchoolandDr.JamesH.FowlerattheUniversityofCaliforniaatSanDiego.The3reportedlastsummerthatobesityappearedto4fromonepersontoanother5socialnetworksalmostlikeavirusorafad.Inafollow-uptothatprovocativeresearchtheteamhasproduced6findingsaboutanothermajorhealth7:smoking.InastudypublishedlastweekintheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinetheteamfoundthataperson’sdecisionto8thehabitisstronglyaffectedby9otherpeopleintheirsocialnetworkquit—evenpeopletheydonotknow.Andsurprisinglyentirenetworksofsmokersappeartoquitvirtually10 For11oftheirstudiesthey12ofdetailedrecordskeptbetween1971and2003about5124peoplewhoparticipatedinthelandmarkFraminghamHeartStudy.BecausemanyofthesubjectshadtiestotheBostonsuburbofFraminghamMass.manyoftheparticipantswere13somehow—throughspousesneighborsfriendsco-workers—enablingtheresearcherstostudyanetworkthat1412067people. Takentogetherthesestudiesare15agrowingrecognitionthatmanybehaviorsare16bysocialnetworksin17thathavenotbeenfullyunderstood.And18maybepossibletheresearcherssaytoharnessthepowerofthesenetworksformany19suchasencouragingsafesexgettingmorepeopletoexerciseoreven20crime. 14
[A]HowevertheproductionofTGiscontrolledbyanenzymethatisinturnencodedbyagenecalledUGT2B17.Thisgenecomesintwovarietiesoneofwhichhasapartmissingandthereforedoesnotworkproperly.ApersonmaythushavenoneoneortwoworkingcopiesofUGT2B17sinceheinheritsonecopyfromeachparent.DrSchulzeguessedthatdifferentnumbersofworkingcopieswouldproducedifferenttestresults.Shethereforegavehealthymalevolunteerswhosegeneshadbeenexaminedasingle360mgshotoftestosteronethestandarddoseforlegitimatemedicaluseandcheckedtheirurinetoseewhethertheshotcouldbedetected. [B]DrSchulzealsosaysthereissubstantialethnicvariationinUGT2B17genotypes.Two-thirdsofAsianshavenofunctionalcopiesofthegenewhichmeanstheyhaveanaturallylowratioofTGtoEGcomparedwithunderatenthofCaucasians--somethingtheanti-dopingbodiesmaywishtotakeintoaccount. [C]ThetestusuallyemployedfortestosteroneabusereliesonmeasuringtheratiooftwochemicalsfoundintheurinetestosteroneglucuronideTGandepitestosteroneglucuronideEG.Theformerisproducedwhentestosteroneisbrokendownwhilethelatterisunrelatedtotestosteronemetabolismandcanthusserveasareferencepointforthetest.AnyratioabovefouroftheformertooneofthelatterisaccordingtoofficialOlympicpolicyconsideredsuspiciousandleadstomoretests. [D]Theresultwasremarkable.NearlyhalfofthemenwhocarriednofunctionalcopiesofUGT2B17wouldhavegoneundetectedinthestandarddopingtest.Bycontrast14%ofthosewithtwofunctionalcopiesofthegenewereoverthedetectionthresholdbeforetheyhadevenreceivedaninjection.Theresearchersestimatethiswouldgiveafalse-positivetestingrateof9%inarandompopulationofyoungmen. [E]Theagencieshavehadremarkablesuccess.Testingforanabolicsteroidsinotherwordsartificialtestosteronewasintroducedinthe1970sandtheincidenceofcheatingseemstohavefallendramaticallyasaresultseechart.Thetestshoweverarenotfoolproof.AndastudyjustpublishedintheJournalofClinicalEndocrinology&MetabolismbyJennyJakobssonSchulzeandhercolleaguesattheKarolinskaInstituteinSwedensuggeststhatanindividual’sgeneticmake-upcouldconfoundthemintwodifferentways.Onegenotypetousethejargonmayallowathleteswhouseanabolicsteroidstoescapedetectionaltogether.Anothermayactuallybeconvictingtheinnocent. [F]Cheatinginsportisasoldassportitself.TheathletesofancientGreeceusedpotionstofortifythemselvesbeforeacontestandtheirmoderncounterpartshaveeverythingfromanabolicsteroidsandgrowthhormonestodosesofextraredbloodcellswithwhichtoinvigoratetheirbodies.ThesedayshoweversuchstimulantsarefrownedonandthoseathletesmustthereforerunthegauntletoforganisationssuchastheWorldAnti-DopingAgencywhichwouldrathertheycompetedwithoutresortingtothem. [G]InthemeantimeDrSchulze’sstudydoesseemtoofferinnocentsawayofdefendingthemselves.AthletestravellingtoBeijingfortheOlympicgameslaterthisyearmaybewisetotravelarmednotonlywithcourageandthe"spiritofOlympianism"butalsowithacopyoftheirgeneticprofilejustincase. Order: 42
"Europeneedstoimporttoexport."ThatisthesloganoftheEuropeanCommission’snewstrategyforsecuringitseconomicplaceintheworldunveiledthisweekbyPeterMandelsontheEuropeanUnion’scommissionerfortrade.Thesoundbiteofcoursegetstheeconomicspreciselybackwards:exportsarethepriceacountrymustpayforitsimports;Europeanstoilawaymakingstuffforotherstoconsumeonlysotheycaninturngettheirhandsonthefruitsofforeignlabours. ButtheslogandoescapturetwoawkwardtruthsEuropeanexportersmustnowconfront.FirstonlybyofferingtoopenitsownmarketscantheEUhopetopersuadeforeigncountriestoopentheirs.ButwiththecollapseoftheDoharoundoftradetalksitisnotobvioustowhomtheEuropeansshouldmaketheiroffers.SecondEuropeancompaniesarenowpartofelaborateglobalsupplychains.Clumsyeffortstoprotectsomeofthemfromforeigncompetitiondepriveothersofthecheapinputstheyneedtothriveinworldmarkets. Thenewtradestrategylooksatbothofthesedilemmasamongothers.ThoughMrMandelsoninsiststhatheremainsweddedtomultilateralnegotiationsat’theWorldTradeOrganisationhealsofanciespursuingabitonthesidewithotherwillingtradepartners.TheEUwillpickitspartnersaccordingtothreecriteria:dotheyofferabiggrowingmarketAretheycuttingdealswithAmericaorJapanAndaretheyguiltyofdeterringEuropeancompanieseitherrepellingthemattheborderwithhightariffsorboggingthemdownincumbersomerulesandregulationsThestrategynamesASEANSouthKoreaIndiaandRussiaasprioritiesaswellastworegionalblocksMercosurandtheGulfCo-operationCouncilthatitisalreadycourting.TheEUwillrevealitsplansforChinaattheendofthemonth. ThestrategyalsoproposestolookagainathowtheEUprotectsitsownbordersbecauseitsfavoredweaponsarepronetobackfire.ForexampleEUministersdecidedthisweektoslapantidumpingdutiesonleathershoesfromVietnamandChinawhichthreatenshoemakersinItalyPortugalandSpain.ButthedutiesareopposedbyEurope’sownretailersandsomeofitssportswearmakers.LettingAsianworkersstitchandgluesportsshoesmakesitpossibleforsuchfirmstoemployEuropeanstodesignandmarketthem. MrMandelsonpresentedhisstrategyasawaytohelptheEUbecomemorecompetitive.Openinguptoforeignrivalsisofcourseanexcellentwaytofostercompetitionincloistereddomesticindustries.ApitythenthatmostofhisconcreteproposalswereaboutconqueringmarketsabroadandthattheEUisstillsoreadytoraiseitsdefencesathome. WhichofthefollowingisnotabasicstandardofEUforpickingitspartners
MySpaceandotherWebsiteshaveunleashedapotentnewphenomenonofsocialnetworkingincyberspace1atthesametimeagrowingbodyofevidenceissuggestingthattraditionalsocial2playasurprisinglypowerfulandunder-recognizedroleininfluencinghowpeoplebehave. ThelatestresearchcomesfromDr.NicholasA.ChristakisattheHarvardMedicalSchoolandDr.JamesH.FowlerattheUniversityofCaliforniaatSanDiego.The3reportedlastsummerthatobesityappearedto4fromonepersontoanother5socialnetworksalmostlikeavirusorafad.Inafollow-uptothatprovocativeresearchtheteamhasproduced6findingsaboutanothermajorhealth7:smoking.InastudypublishedlastweekintheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinetheteamfoundthataperson’sdecisionto8thehabitisstronglyaffectedby9otherpeopleintheirsocialnetworkquit—evenpeopletheydonotknow.Andsurprisinglyentirenetworksofsmokersappeartoquitvirtually10 For11oftheirstudiesthey12ofdetailedrecordskeptbetween1971and2003about5124peoplewhoparticipatedinthelandmarkFraminghamHeartStudy.BecausemanyofthesubjectshadtiestotheBostonsuburbofFraminghamMass.manyoftheparticipantswere13somehow—throughspousesneighborsfriendsco-workers—enablingtheresearcherstostudyanetworkthat1412067people. Takentogetherthesestudiesare15agrowingrecognitionthatmanybehaviorsare16bysocialnetworksin17thathavenotbeenfullyunderstood.And18maybepossibletheresearcherssaytoharnessthepowerofthesenetworksformany19suchasencouragingsafesexgettingmorepeopletoexerciseoreven20crime. 16
Therearecountlessparentswhowillnotallowtheirchildrentoplayviolentvideogamesinwhichplayersareabletokillmaimdismemberorsexuallyassaulthumanimagesindepravedways.Thevideogameindustryratesthemandsomestoresusethatratingtodecidewhethertosellaparticulargametoaminor. ButCaliforniawenttoofarin2005whenitmadeitillegaltosellviolentvideogamestominors.RetailerschallengedthelawandafederalappealscourtrightlyruledthatitviolatestheFirstAmendment.LastweektheSupremeCourtsaidthatitwouldreviewthatdecision.Wehopeitagreesthatthelawisunconstitutional.California’slawimposesfinesofupto$1000onretailersthatsellviolentvideogamestoanyoneunder18.Toqualifyagamemustasawholelackseriousliteraryartisticpoliticalorscientificvalueforminors. Butvideogamesareaformoffreeexpression.Manyhaveelaborateplotsandcharactersoftendrawnfromfictionorhistory.TheCalifornialawisacontent-basedrestrictionsomethingthatispresumedinvalidundertheFirstAmendment.TheSupremeCourthasmadeitclearthatminorshaveFirstAmendmentrights.Californiahastriedtolowertheconstitutionalstandardforupholdingthelawbycomparingitto"variableobscenity"aFirstAmendmentprinciplethatallowsbanningthesaleofsomesexuallyexplicitmaterialstominorsthatcannotbebannedforadults.TheUnitedStatesCourtofAppealsfortheNinthCircuitinSanFranciscolikeotherfederalcourtsrightlyrefusedtoextendthatdoctrinetoviolentgames. UndertraditionalFirstAmendmentanalysiscontent-basedspeechrestrictionscansurviveonlyiftheyarenarrowlytailoredtopromoteacompellinggovernmentinterest.Californiasaysitsinterestisinpreventingpsychologicalorneurologicaldamagetoyoungpeople.Theappealscourtconcludedthattheevidenceconnectingviolentvideogamestothissortofdamageistooweaktomakerestrictingthegamesacompellinggovernmentinterest. Eveniftheinterestwerelegitimatethestatecouldhaveusedlessrestrictivemethods.Thevideogameindustrylikethemoviebusinesshasavoluntaryratingsystemthatprovidesbuyersandsellerswithinformationonthecontentofspecificgamesincludingage-specificratingsrangingfrom"earlychildhood"to"adultsonly."Thegovernmentcoulddomoretopromotetheuseofvoluntaryratingsbyretailersandparents. Californialawmakersmayhavebeenrightwhentheydecidedthatvideogamesinwhichplayerskillandmaimarenotthemostsociallybeneficialformofexpression.TheConstitutionhoweverdoesnotrequirespeechtobeidealforittobeprotected. Restrictingthecontentofexpressionispermittedonlywhen
MySpaceandotherWebsiteshaveunleashedapotentnewphenomenonofsocialnetworkingincyberspace1atthesametimeagrowingbodyofevidenceissuggestingthattraditionalsocial2playasurprisinglypowerfulandunder-recognizedroleininfluencinghowpeoplebehave. ThelatestresearchcomesfromDr.NicholasA.ChristakisattheHarvardMedicalSchoolandDr.JamesH.FowlerattheUniversityofCaliforniaatSanDiego.The3reportedlastsummerthatobesityappearedto4fromonepersontoanother5socialnetworksalmostlikeavirusorafad.Inafollow-uptothatprovocativeresearchtheteamhasproduced6findingsaboutanothermajorhealth7:smoking.InastudypublishedlastweekintheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinetheteamfoundthataperson’sdecisionto8thehabitisstronglyaffectedby9otherpeopleintheirsocialnetworkquit—evenpeopletheydonotknow.Andsurprisinglyentirenetworksofsmokersappeartoquitvirtually10 For11oftheirstudiesthey12ofdetailedrecordskeptbetween1971and2003about5124peoplewhoparticipatedinthelandmarkFraminghamHeartStudy.BecausemanyofthesubjectshadtiestotheBostonsuburbofFraminghamMass.manyoftheparticipantswere13somehow—throughspousesneighborsfriendsco-workers—enablingtheresearcherstostudyanetworkthat1412067people. Takentogetherthesestudiesare15agrowingrecognitionthatmanybehaviorsare16bysocialnetworksin17thathavenotbeenfullyunderstood.And18maybepossibletheresearcherssaytoharnessthepowerofthesenetworksformany19suchasencouragingsafesexgettingmorepeopletoexerciseoreven20crime. 2
Avarietyofillegalactscommittedbypeopleinthecourseoftheiremploymentfortheirownpersonalgainarecollectivelyknownaswhite-collarcrime.Embezzlementtheftandtradingsecurities1insiderinformationarecommonformsofwhite-collarcrime.Themajorityofcasesinvolvelow-levelemployeeswhostealbecausetheyareunder2financialstress.Manyplanto3themoneybackassoonaspossiblebutmayneverdoso.Theircrimesareusuallynever4becausetheamountsofmoneyaresmallandnoonenoticesthe5. 6therearesomeverylargecasesofwhite-collarcrimesuchasmultimillion-dollarstockmarketorbankingseamsthattakeyearstodiscoverandareextremelydifficultandexpensiveto7. White-collarcrimeisnot8tothebusinesssector.Governmentemploymentespecially9thecitylevelalsoprovidesopportunitiesto10one’spockets.11buildinginspectorsacceptbribesandfull-timeemployeesreceive12payments. Althoughwhite-collarcrimeisless13thanstreetcrimeitinvolves14moremoneyandharmtothepublicthancrimescommittedbystreetcriminals.Itis15thattherearemorecriminals16theofficesuitesthaninthestreetsyetthe17ofwhite-collarmakesitdifficulttouncovertheoffensesandpursuetheoffenders.Astheeconomy18frommanufacturingtoservicesandelectroniccommerceopportunitiesforwhite-collarcrime19whilethetechnologyneededtostopsuchcrimeswill20. 20
Aristotlebelievedthattheheavenswereperfect.Iftheyeverweretheyarenolonger.TheskiesaboveEartharenowlitteredwiththedebris残骸ofdeadsatellitesbitsofoldrocketsandtheoddtooldroppedbyaspacewalkingastronaut.Suchistheextentofthedetritusthatthefirstaccidentalcollisionbetweentwosatelliteshasalreadytakenplace.IthappenedinFebruary2009whenadefunct废弃的RussianCosmossmashedintoafunctioningAmericanIridiumdestroyingbothandcreatingevenmorespacejunk. TostopthissortofthinghappeningagainVaiosLappasoftheUniversityofSurreyinEnglandhasdesignedasystemthatwillremovesatellitesfromorbitattheendoftheirusefullives--andasabonuswillscourpartoftheskycleanasitdoesso.Dr.Lappas’ssatellite-removalsystememploysasolarsail.Aslightfromthesunhitsthesailitimpartsaminusculebutcontinuousacceleration.Whenasatelliteisfirstlaunchedthesailisangledinawaythatcausesthisaccelerationtokeepthesatelliteinorbit.Orbitsgraduallydecayasaresultofcollisionswiththesmallnumberofairmoleculesfoundevenataltitudesnormallyclassifiedas"outerspace". Solarsailshaveyettobeusedwidelytopropelspacecraftinthisway--severalearlierversionscameunstuckwhenthesailsfailedtounfurlproperly-butdoingsoisnotanovelideainprincipleThenoveltyDr.Lappasenvisagesistochangetheangleofthesailwhenthesatellitehasbecomedefunct.Insteadofkeepingthederelictcraftinorbititwilloverthecourseofacoupleofyearsdragitintotheatmosphereandthustoafieryend.Notonlythatbutthesailwillalsoactlikeahandkerchiefmoppingupmicroscopicorbitaldetritussuchasflecksofpaintfrompreviouslaunches.Afleckofpaintmaynotsounddangerousbutiftravellingat27000kph17000mphasitwouldbeinorbititcouldeasilypenetrateanastronaut’sspacesuit. AprototypeofDr.Lappas’sdesigncalledCubeSailwillbelaunchedlatenextyear.Itweighsjust3kgandwhenfoldedupmeasures30cm12inchesby10eraby10era.Onceunfurledhoweverthesailwillhaveanareaof25squaremetres.IfthisprototypewhichispaidforbyEADSaEuropeanaerospacecompanyprovessuccessfulsolarsailsmightbeaddedtomanyfuturesatellites.ThatwouldenablethemtoberemovedrapidlyfromorbitwhentheybecameuselessandwouldrestoretotheskiessomemeasureofAristotelianperfection. WhichoneisNOTtheapplicationofthesystemdesignedbyVaiosLappas
Aristotlebelievedthattheheavenswereperfect.Iftheyeverweretheyarenolonger.TheskiesaboveEartharenowlitteredwiththedebris残骸ofdeadsatellitesbitsofoldrocketsandtheoddtooldroppedbyaspacewalkingastronaut.Suchistheextentofthedetritusthatthefirstaccidentalcollisionbetweentwosatelliteshasalreadytakenplace.IthappenedinFebruary2009whenadefunct废弃的RussianCosmossmashedintoafunctioningAmericanIridiumdestroyingbothandcreatingevenmorespacejunk. TostopthissortofthinghappeningagainVaiosLappasoftheUniversityofSurreyinEnglandhasdesignedasystemthatwillremovesatellitesfromorbitattheendoftheirusefullives--andasabonuswillscourpartoftheskycleanasitdoesso.Dr.Lappas’ssatellite-removalsystememploysasolarsail.Aslightfromthesunhitsthesailitimpartsaminusculebutcontinuousacceleration.Whenasatelliteisfirstlaunchedthesailisangledinawaythatcausesthisaccelerationtokeepthesatelliteinorbit.Orbitsgraduallydecayasaresultofcollisionswiththesmallnumberofairmoleculesfoundevenataltitudesnormallyclassifiedas"outerspace". Solarsailshaveyettobeusedwidelytopropelspacecraftinthisway--severalearlierversionscameunstuckwhenthesailsfailedtounfurlproperly-butdoingsoisnotanovelideainprincipleThenoveltyDr.Lappasenvisagesistochangetheangleofthesailwhenthesatellitehasbecomedefunct.Insteadofkeepingthederelictcraftinorbititwilloverthecourseofacoupleofyearsdragitintotheatmosphereandthustoafieryend.Notonlythatbutthesailwillalsoactlikeahandkerchiefmoppingupmicroscopicorbitaldetritussuchasflecksofpaintfrompreviouslaunches.Afleckofpaintmaynotsounddangerousbutiftravellingat27000kph17000mphasitwouldbeinorbititcouldeasilypenetrateanastronaut’sspacesuit. AprototypeofDr.Lappas’sdesigncalledCubeSailwillbelaunchedlatenextyear.Itweighsjust3kgandwhenfoldedupmeasures30cm12inchesby10eraby10era.Onceunfurledhoweverthesailwillhaveanareaof25squaremetres.IfthisprototypewhichispaidforbyEADSaEuropeanaerospacecompanyprovessuccessfulsolarsailsmightbeaddedtomanyfuturesatellites.ThatwouldenablethemtoberemovedrapidlyfromorbitwhentheybecameuselessandwouldrestoretotheskiessomemeasureofAristotelianperfection. IftheCubeSailturnstobepracticalthedesignwill
"Europeneedstoimporttoexport."ThatisthesloganoftheEuropeanCommission’snewstrategyforsecuringitseconomicplaceintheworldunveiledthisweekbyPeterMandelsontheEuropeanUnion’scommissionerfortrade.Thesoundbiteofcoursegetstheeconomicspreciselybackwards:exportsarethepriceacountrymustpayforitsimports;Europeanstoilawaymakingstuffforotherstoconsumeonlysotheycaninturngettheirhandsonthefruitsofforeignlabours. ButtheslogandoescapturetwoawkwardtruthsEuropeanexportersmustnowconfront.FirstonlybyofferingtoopenitsownmarketscantheEUhopetopersuadeforeigncountriestoopentheirs.ButwiththecollapseoftheDoharoundoftradetalksitisnotobvioustowhomtheEuropeansshouldmaketheiroffers.SecondEuropeancompaniesarenowpartofelaborateglobalsupplychains.Clumsyeffortstoprotectsomeofthemfromforeigncompetitiondepriveothersofthecheapinputstheyneedtothriveinworldmarkets. Thenewtradestrategylooksatbothofthesedilemmasamongothers.ThoughMrMandelsoninsiststhatheremainsweddedtomultilateralnegotiationsat’theWorldTradeOrganisationhealsofanciespursuingabitonthesidewithotherwillingtradepartners.TheEUwillpickitspartnersaccordingtothreecriteria:dotheyofferabiggrowingmarketAretheycuttingdealswithAmericaorJapanAndaretheyguiltyofdeterringEuropeancompanieseitherrepellingthemattheborderwithhightariffsorboggingthemdownincumbersomerulesandregulationsThestrategynamesASEANSouthKoreaIndiaandRussiaasprioritiesaswellastworegionalblocksMercosurandtheGulfCo-operationCouncilthatitisalreadycourting.TheEUwillrevealitsplansforChinaattheendofthemonth. ThestrategyalsoproposestolookagainathowtheEUprotectsitsownbordersbecauseitsfavoredweaponsarepronetobackfire.ForexampleEUministersdecidedthisweektoslapantidumpingdutiesonleathershoesfromVietnamandChinawhichthreatenshoemakersinItalyPortugalandSpain.ButthedutiesareopposedbyEurope’sownretailersandsomeofitssportswearmakers.LettingAsianworkersstitchandgluesportsshoesmakesitpossibleforsuchfirmstoemployEuropeanstodesignandmarketthem. MrMandelsonpresentedhisstrategyasawaytohelptheEUbecomemorecompetitive.Openinguptoforeignrivalsisofcourseanexcellentwaytofostercompetitionincloistereddomesticindustries.ApitythenthatmostofhisconcreteproposalswereaboutconqueringmarketsabroadandthattheEUisstillsoreadytoraiseitsdefencesathome. Whichofthefollowingcouldbeauthor’sjudgmentofthestrategy
Peopledon’twanttobuyinformationonline.WhyBecausetheydon’thaveto.Nomorethanthatbecausethey’reusedtonotpayingforit.That’stheconventionalwisdom.SlateMicrosoft’sonlinepolitics-and-culturemagazineisanoft-citedexampleofthefailedattemptstochargeafeeforaccesstocontent.Sofarformostpublishersithasn’tworked. ButnothingontheWebisadonedeal.InSeptembergraphics-soft-warepowerhouseAdobeannouncednewapplicationsthatintegratecommerceintodownloadingbooksandarticlesonlinewithSimon&SchusterBarnesandNobleandSalon.cornamongitshigh-profilepartners.Someanalystsputthemarketfordigitizedpublishingatmorethan$100billion.OfcourseiftheInternetcangeneratethatkindofmoney—somemightsayalmostanykindofmoney—peoplewantin.Andthiscouldn’tcomeatabettertime.Newspaperandmagazinewritersinparticularareincreasinglyfrustratedbytheirpublisherswhichposttheirwritingsonlinebutfrequentlydon’tpaythemextra. Sohere’sthegoodnews:Fathrain.comthethirdbiggestbook-sellerontheNet—afterAmazon.comandBarnesandnoble.corn—isnowdoingjustwhatthepublishingindustrythatmadeitasuccessfears.it’sofferingasecurewaytopayfordownloadablemanuscriptsonline.FatbraincallsitoffshooteMatter.Withitthecompany’sexecutiveshavetheradicalnotionofoustingpublishersfromthebook-sellingbusinessaltogetherbygivingwriters50%ofeachandeverysaleToreelinauthorseMatterisrunninga100%royaltypromotionuntiltheendoftheyear.Suggestedpricestoconsumersrangefromaminimum$2to$20dependingonthesizeofthebooktodownload. "Thiswillchangepublishingforever!"ChrisMaeAskillco-founderandchiefexecutiveofFatbraindeclareswiththebravadoofaninteriordecorator."WitheBayanybodycouldsellantiques.Nowanybodycanbepublished." There’sbeennoshortageofauthorswantingin.Withinafewweeksaccordingtothecompanysome2000writerssignedontopublishtheirworks.Someofthisistechnicalstuff—Fatbraingotwhereitisbyspecializingintechnicalbooks—buttherearesomewell-knownwriterslikeCatherineLaniganauthorofRomancingtheStonewhohasputherout-of-printbooksandanewnovellaonthesite.AnotherpopulardrawisRichardBachwhoagreedtoposta23-pageshortstorytothesite. NoteveryonethinksdownloadabledocumentsarethebiggestthinginpublishingsinceOprah’sBookClub."Ithinkitwillappealtosellersmorethanbuyers"saysMichaelMayadigitalcommerceanalystatJupiterCommunicationswhichreleasedareportthatcastdoubtonthemarket’spotential."Alotofpeoplearegoingtopublishgibberish.Thechallengeistoensurethequalityofthework." BlaineMathieuananalystatGartnerGroup’sDataquestsays"MostpeoplewhowantdigitalcontentwantitimmediatelyIdon’tknowifthismodelwouldsatisfytheirimmediateneed.EvenauthorsmaynotfindthatWebdistributionoftheirworksisgoingtobringthemapotofgold.Foronethingitcouldunderminesalesratherthanenhancethem.Foranotheranybodycoulde-maildownloadedcopiesofmanuscriptsaroundtownoraroundtheworldovertheNetwithoutthewriter’severseeingaproverbialdime."Softlock.comAuthenticaandFatbrainaretryingtoheadthisproblemoffbydevelopingencryptionpadlocksthatwouldallowonlyoneharddrivetoreceiveandprintthemanuscripts.Fornowtheproblempersists. WhichofthefollowingisNOTareasonforsomepeople’sbeliefthate-publisherswillnotsucceed
Theuseofchemicalsinalmostallareasoflifehasbecomeacommonplacephenomenon.Thereisgrowingevidencehoweverthatchemicalsintheenvironmentincludingpesticidesmaycontributetosomeillnesses.Whilestudiesarestillbeingconductedpreliminaryconclusionspointtotheverdictthatsuchchemicalsareindeednegativelyimpactingthosehumanstowhomtheyareexposed. Childrenareespeciallyvulnerabletotoxicsubstances.Poundforpoundtheyeatdrinkandbreathemorethanadultsallofwhichexposesthemmoreheavilytothosechemicalstowhichmostindividualsencounteronadailybasis.Furthermoretheirbodiesarestillindevelopingstagesexacerbatingthenegativeeffectsofthosechemicalswhichnegativelyimpactthem. Of50typesofpesticidescommonlyusedinAmericanschoolsastudyconductedbytheNationalCoalitionAgainsttheMisuseofPesticidesfoundthatmanycausednegativereactionsinlaboratoryanimals.Suchnegativeeffectsincludedkidneyandliverdamagecancerandneurologicalandreproductiveproblems. Theseimplicationsofthesefindingsarefar-reaching.Giventhevarietyofharmfuleffectsattributedtothosepesticidestestedonemustpauseandconsiderwhetheritiswisetocontinuetheiruseinthenation’sschoolswherechildrenwillbeconstantlyexposedtothem.Activistshavelobbiedfortheeliminationofsuchusewithadegreeofsuccessandrecentfindingsifsupportedbyfurtheranalysisandconfirmationmayhelpfurtherthecause.Alongtermsolutionoralternativehoweverremainselusive. Intheshortrunhowevertheremaybesomemeasuresthatcanbetakentomitigatetheharmfuleffectsofdangerouspesticides.TheAmericanMedicalAssociation’sCouncilonScientificAffairsconcludedina1997reportthatgiventhe"particularuncertainty..regardingthelong-termhealtheffectsoflow-dosepesticideexposures"itis"prudent"foradultsandchildrentolimittheirexposureandto"considertheuseoftheleasttoxicchemicalpesticidesornon-chemicalalternatives./ Theauthormentionstheexaggeratedeffectsofchemicalsonchildreninparagraph2to
Peopledon’twanttobuyinformationonline.WhyBecausetheydon’thaveto.Nomorethanthatbecausethey’reusedtonotpayingforit.That’stheconventionalwisdom.SlateMicrosoft’sonlinepolitics-and-culturemagazineisanoft-citedexampleofthefailedattemptstochargeafeeforaccesstocontent.Sofarformostpublishersithasn’tworked. ButnothingontheWebisadonedeal.InSeptembergraphics-soft-warepowerhouseAdobeannouncednewapplicationsthatintegratecommerceintodownloadingbooksandarticlesonlinewithSimon&SchusterBarnesandNobleandSalon.cornamongitshigh-profilepartners.Someanalystsputthemarketfordigitizedpublishingatmorethan$100billion.OfcourseiftheInternetcangeneratethatkindofmoney—somemightsayalmostanykindofmoney—peoplewantin.Andthiscouldn’tcomeatabettertime.Newspaperandmagazinewritersinparticularareincreasinglyfrustratedbytheirpublisherswhichposttheirwritingsonlinebutfrequentlydon’tpaythemextra. Sohere’sthegoodnews:Fathrain.comthethirdbiggestbook-sellerontheNet—afterAmazon.comandBarnesandnoble.corn—isnowdoingjustwhatthepublishingindustrythatmadeitasuccessfears.it’sofferingasecurewaytopayfordownloadablemanuscriptsonline.FatbraincallsitoffshooteMatter.Withitthecompany’sexecutiveshavetheradicalnotionofoustingpublishersfromthebook-sellingbusinessaltogetherbygivingwriters50%ofeachandeverysaleToreelinauthorseMatterisrunninga100%royaltypromotionuntiltheendoftheyear.Suggestedpricestoconsumersrangefromaminimum$2to$20dependingonthesizeofthebooktodownload. "Thiswillchangepublishingforever!"ChrisMaeAskillco-founderandchiefexecutiveofFatbraindeclareswiththebravadoofaninteriordecorator."WitheBayanybodycouldsellantiques.Nowanybodycanbepublished." There’sbeennoshortageofauthorswantingin.Withinafewweeksaccordingtothecompanysome2000writerssignedontopublishtheirworks.Someofthisistechnicalstuff—Fatbraingotwhereitisbyspecializingintechnicalbooks—buttherearesomewell-knownwriterslikeCatherineLaniganauthorofRomancingtheStonewhohasputherout-of-printbooksandanewnovellaonthesite.AnotherpopulardrawisRichardBachwhoagreedtoposta23-pageshortstorytothesite. NoteveryonethinksdownloadabledocumentsarethebiggestthinginpublishingsinceOprah’sBookClub."Ithinkitwillappealtosellersmorethanbuyers"saysMichaelMayadigitalcommerceanalystatJupiterCommunicationswhichreleasedareportthatcastdoubtonthemarket’spotential."Alotofpeoplearegoingtopublishgibberish.Thechallengeistoensurethequalityofthework." BlaineMathieuananalystatGartnerGroup’sDataquestsays"MostpeoplewhowantdigitalcontentwantitimmediatelyIdon’tknowifthismodelwouldsatisfytheirimmediateneed.EvenauthorsmaynotfindthatWebdistributionoftheirworksisgoingtobringthemapotofgold.Foronethingitcouldunderminesalesratherthanenhancethem.Foranotheranybodycoulde-maildownloadedcopiesofmanuscriptsaroundtownoraroundtheworldovertheNetwithoutthewriter’severseeingaproverbialdime."Softlock.comAuthenticaandFatbrainaretryingtoheadthisproblemoffbydevelopingencryptionpadlocksthatwouldallowonlyoneharddrivetoreceiveandprintthemanuscripts.Fornowtheproblempersists. Whichofthefollowingcanserveasanappropriatetitleforthepassage
[A]HowevertheproductionofTGiscontrolledbyanenzymethatisinturnencodedbyagenecalledUGT2B17.Thisgenecomesintwovarietiesoneofwhichhasapartmissingandthereforedoesnotworkproperly.ApersonmaythushavenoneoneortwoworkingcopiesofUGT2B17sinceheinheritsonecopyfromeachparent.DrSchulzeguessedthatdifferentnumbersofworkingcopieswouldproducedifferenttestresults.Shethereforegavehealthymalevolunteerswhosegeneshadbeenexaminedasingle360mgshotoftestosteronethestandarddoseforlegitimatemedicaluseandcheckedtheirurinetoseewhethertheshotcouldbedetected. [B]DrSchulzealsosaysthereissubstantialethnicvariationinUGT2B17genotypes.Two-thirdsofAsianshavenofunctionalcopiesofthegenewhichmeanstheyhaveanaturallylowratioofTGtoEGcomparedwithunderatenthofCaucasians--somethingtheanti-dopingbodiesmaywishtotakeintoaccount. [C]ThetestusuallyemployedfortestosteroneabusereliesonmeasuringtheratiooftwochemicalsfoundintheurinetestosteroneglucuronideTGandepitestosteroneglucuronideEG.Theformerisproducedwhentestosteroneisbrokendownwhilethelatterisunrelatedtotestosteronemetabolismandcanthusserveasareferencepointforthetest.AnyratioabovefouroftheformertooneofthelatterisaccordingtoofficialOlympicpolicyconsideredsuspiciousandleadstomoretests. [D]Theresultwasremarkable.NearlyhalfofthemenwhocarriednofunctionalcopiesofUGT2B17wouldhavegoneundetectedinthestandarddopingtest.Bycontrast14%ofthosewithtwofunctionalcopiesofthegenewereoverthedetectionthresholdbeforetheyhadevenreceivedaninjection.Theresearchersestimatethiswouldgiveafalse-positivetestingrateof9%inarandompopulationofyoungmen. [E]Theagencieshavehadremarkablesuccess.Testingforanabolicsteroidsinotherwordsartificialtestosteronewasintroducedinthe1970sandtheincidenceofcheatingseemstohavefallendramaticallyasaresultseechart.Thetestshoweverarenotfoolproof.AndastudyjustpublishedintheJournalofClinicalEndocrinology&MetabolismbyJennyJakobssonSchulzeandhercolleaguesattheKarolinskaInstituteinSwedensuggeststhatanindividual’sgeneticmake-upcouldconfoundthemintwodifferentways.Onegenotypetousethejargonmayallowathleteswhouseanabolicsteroidstoescapedetectionaltogether.Anothermayactuallybeconvictingtheinnocent. [F]Cheatinginsportisasoldassportitself.TheathletesofancientGreeceusedpotionstofortifythemselvesbeforeacontestandtheirmoderncounterpartshaveeverythingfromanabolicsteroidsandgrowthhormonestodosesofextraredbloodcellswithwhichtoinvigoratetheirbodies.ThesedayshoweversuchstimulantsarefrownedonandthoseathletesmustthereforerunthegauntletoforganisationssuchastheWorldAnti-DopingAgencywhichwouldrathertheycompetedwithoutresortingtothem. [G]InthemeantimeDrSchulze’sstudydoesseemtoofferinnocentsawayofdefendingthemselves.AthletestravellingtoBeijingfortheOlympicgameslaterthisyearmaybewisetotravelarmednotonlywithcourageandthe"spiritofOlympianism"butalsowithacopyoftheirgeneticprofilejustincase. Order: 44
Scientistshaveforthefirsttimeusedcloningtocreatehumanembryosthatlivelongenoughinalaboratorydishtohavetheirstemcellsharvested.Thefeatcouldsetthestageforphysicianstoproducecellsandtissuestailoredtoapatient’sgeneticidentitythatcantreatawidevarietyofhumanillnesses.Theaccomplishmentalsoprovidesaroadmapforhowtocloneapersonanevenmoredivisiveundertaking. ThenewworkperformedinSouthKorearepresents"amajoradvanceinstemcellresearch.Itcouldhelpspuramedicalrevolutionasimportantasantibioticsandvaccines"saysRobertLanzaofAdvancedCellTechnologyACTacompanyinWorcesterMass.that’salsoinvestigatingthepromisingstemcellstrategycalledtherapeuticcloning. "Howevernowthatthemethodologyispubliclyavailable"Lanzaadds"Ithinkitisabsolutelyimperativethatwepasslawsworldwidetopreventthetechnologyfrombeingabusedforreproductive-cloningpurposes." Whilesomefertilitydoctorsandareligiousculthaveclaimedsuccessatcreatingapregnancyviacloningthey’veofferednoconvincingproof.IncontrasttheSouthKoreanresearchisbeingreportedatthemeetingoftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScienceinSeattleandwillappearinanupcomingScience."Thisisreality"saysstemcellresearcherJohnGearhartofJohnsHopkinsUniversity."He4’eisabonafiderefereedjournalsayingthatahumanembryohasbeenclonedandacelllinederivedfromit." AlthoughACThasnotyetpublishedareportofaclonedhumanblastocystLanzasaysthattheSouthKoreansuccessis"consistentwithourownresults."TherapeuticcloningappealstoLanzaandphysiciansbecausecellsmadethiswaycouldhavethesameDNAasapatient’scellsdoandthusavoidrejectionafterthey’retransplanted. Seekingacompromisethatwouldpermitthisstrategytobepursuedmanyscientistshavecalledforlegislationthatwouldbancloningtoproduceababybutallowthecreationofclonedembryostogeneratestemcellsforresearchortherapies."Thedebatehasbeenverypolarized"notesbio-ethicistLaurieZolothofNorthwesternUniversityinEvanston. Accordingtothetextstemcellsarehardtoobtainbecause
MySpaceandotherWebsiteshaveunleashedapotentnewphenomenonofsocialnetworkingincyberspace1atthesametimeagrowingbodyofevidenceissuggestingthattraditionalsocial2playasurprisinglypowerfulandunder-recognizedroleininfluencinghowpeoplebehave. ThelatestresearchcomesfromDr.NicholasA.ChristakisattheHarvardMedicalSchoolandDr.JamesH.FowlerattheUniversityofCaliforniaatSanDiego.The3reportedlastsummerthatobesityappearedto4fromonepersontoanother5socialnetworksalmostlikeavirusorafad.Inafollow-uptothatprovocativeresearchtheteamhasproduced6findingsaboutanothermajorhealth7:smoking.InastudypublishedlastweekintheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinetheteamfoundthataperson’sdecisionto8thehabitisstronglyaffectedby9otherpeopleintheirsocialnetworkquit—evenpeopletheydonotknow.Andsurprisinglyentirenetworksofsmokersappeartoquitvirtually10 For11oftheirstudiesthey12ofdetailedrecordskeptbetween1971and2003about5124peoplewhoparticipatedinthelandmarkFraminghamHeartStudy.BecausemanyofthesubjectshadtiestotheBostonsuburbofFraminghamMass.manyoftheparticipantswere13somehow—throughspousesneighborsfriendsco-workers—enablingtheresearcherstostudyanetworkthat1412067people. Takentogetherthesestudiesare15agrowingrecognitionthatmanybehaviorsare16bysocialnetworksin17thathavenotbeenfullyunderstood.And18maybepossibletheresearcherssaytoharnessthepowerofthesenetworksformany19suchasencouragingsafesexgettingmorepeopletoexerciseoreven20crime. 20
Therearecountlessparentswhowillnotallowtheirchildrentoplayviolentvideogamesinwhichplayersareabletokillmaimdismemberorsexuallyassaulthumanimagesindepravedways.Thevideogameindustryratesthemandsomestoresusethatratingtodecidewhethertosellaparticulargametoaminor. ButCaliforniawenttoofarin2005whenitmadeitillegaltosellviolentvideogamestominors.RetailerschallengedthelawandafederalappealscourtrightlyruledthatitviolatestheFirstAmendment.LastweektheSupremeCourtsaidthatitwouldreviewthatdecision.Wehopeitagreesthatthelawisunconstitutional.California’slawimposesfinesofupto$1000onretailersthatsellviolentvideogamestoanyoneunder18.Toqualifyagamemustasawholelackseriousliteraryartisticpoliticalorscientificvalueforminors. Butvideogamesareaformoffreeexpression.Manyhaveelaborateplotsandcharactersoftendrawnfromfictionorhistory.TheCalifornialawisacontent-basedrestrictionsomethingthatispresumedinvalidundertheFirstAmendment.TheSupremeCourthasmadeitclearthatminorshaveFirstAmendmentrights.Californiahastriedtolowertheconstitutionalstandardforupholdingthelawbycomparingitto"variableobscenity"aFirstAmendmentprinciplethatallowsbanningthesaleofsomesexuallyexplicitmaterialstominorsthatcannotbebannedforadults.TheUnitedStatesCourtofAppealsfortheNinthCircuitinSanFranciscolikeotherfederalcourtsrightlyrefusedtoextendthatdoctrinetoviolentgames. UndertraditionalFirstAmendmentanalysiscontent-basedspeechrestrictionscansurviveonlyiftheyarenarrowlytailoredtopromoteacompellinggovernmentinterest.Californiasaysitsinterestisinpreventingpsychologicalorneurologicaldamagetoyoungpeople.Theappealscourtconcludedthattheevidenceconnectingviolentvideogamestothissortofdamageistooweaktomakerestrictingthegamesacompellinggovernmentinterest. Eveniftheinterestwerelegitimatethestatecouldhaveusedlessrestrictivemethods.Thevideogameindustrylikethemoviebusinesshasavoluntaryratingsystemthatprovidesbuyersandsellerswithinformationonthecontentofspecificgamesincludingage-specificratingsrangingfrom"earlychildhood"to"adultsonly."Thegovernmentcoulddomoretopromotetheuseofvoluntaryratingsbyretailersandparents. Californialawmakersmayhavebeenrightwhentheydecidedthatvideogamesinwhichplayerskillandmaimarenotthemostsociallybeneficialformofexpression.TheConstitutionhoweverdoesnotrequirespeechtobeidealforittobeprotected. Thedecisioninthesecondparagraphrefersto
MySpaceandotherWebsiteshaveunleashedapotentnewphenomenonofsocialnetworkingincyberspace1atthesametimeagrowingbodyofevidenceissuggestingthattraditionalsocial2playasurprisinglypowerfulandunder-recognizedroleininfluencinghowpeoplebehave. ThelatestresearchcomesfromDr.NicholasA.ChristakisattheHarvardMedicalSchoolandDr.JamesH.FowlerattheUniversityofCaliforniaatSanDiego.The3reportedlastsummerthatobesityappearedto4fromonepersontoanother5socialnetworksalmostlikeavirusorafad.Inafollow-uptothatprovocativeresearchtheteamhasproduced6findingsaboutanothermajorhealth7:smoking.InastudypublishedlastweekintheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinetheteamfoundthataperson’sdecisionto8thehabitisstronglyaffectedby9otherpeopleintheirsocialnetworkquit—evenpeopletheydonotknow.Andsurprisinglyentirenetworksofsmokersappeartoquitvirtually10 For11oftheirstudiesthey12ofdetailedrecordskeptbetween1971and2003about5124peoplewhoparticipatedinthelandmarkFraminghamHeartStudy.BecausemanyofthesubjectshadtiestotheBostonsuburbofFraminghamMass.manyoftheparticipantswere13somehow—throughspousesneighborsfriendsco-workers—enablingtheresearcherstostudyanetworkthat1412067people. Takentogetherthesestudiesare15agrowingrecognitionthatmanybehaviorsare16bysocialnetworksin17thathavenotbeenfullyunderstood.And18maybepossibletheresearcherssaytoharnessthepowerofthesenetworksformany19suchasencouragingsafesexgettingmorepeopletoexerciseoreven20crime. 18
Therearecountlessparentswhowillnotallowtheirchildrentoplayviolentvideogamesinwhichplayersareabletokillmaimdismemberorsexuallyassaulthumanimagesindepravedways.Thevideogameindustryratesthemandsomestoresusethatratingtodecidewhethertosellaparticulargametoaminor. ButCaliforniawenttoofarin2005whenitmadeitillegaltosellviolentvideogamestominors.RetailerschallengedthelawandafederalappealscourtrightlyruledthatitviolatestheFirstAmendment.LastweektheSupremeCourtsaidthatitwouldreviewthatdecision.Wehopeitagreesthatthelawisunconstitutional.California’slawimposesfinesofupto$1000onretailersthatsellviolentvideogamestoanyoneunder18.Toqualifyagamemustasawholelackseriousliteraryartisticpoliticalorscientificvalueforminors. Butvideogamesareaformoffreeexpression.Manyhaveelaborateplotsandcharactersoftendrawnfromfictionorhistory.TheCalifornialawisacontent-basedrestrictionsomethingthatispresumedinvalidundertheFirstAmendment.TheSupremeCourthasmadeitclearthatminorshaveFirstAmendmentrights.Californiahastriedtolowertheconstitutionalstandardforupholdingthelawbycomparingitto"variableobscenity"aFirstAmendmentprinciplethatallowsbanningthesaleofsomesexuallyexplicitmaterialstominorsthatcannotbebannedforadults.TheUnitedStatesCourtofAppealsfortheNinthCircuitinSanFranciscolikeotherfederalcourtsrightlyrefusedtoextendthatdoctrinetoviolentgames. UndertraditionalFirstAmendmentanalysiscontent-basedspeechrestrictionscansurviveonlyiftheyarenarrowlytailoredtopromoteacompellinggovernmentinterest.Californiasaysitsinterestisinpreventingpsychologicalorneurologicaldamagetoyoungpeople.Theappealscourtconcludedthattheevidenceconnectingviolentvideogamestothissortofdamageistooweaktomakerestrictingthegamesacompellinggovernmentinterest. Eveniftheinterestwerelegitimatethestatecouldhaveusedlessrestrictivemethods.Thevideogameindustrylikethemoviebusinesshasavoluntaryratingsystemthatprovidesbuyersandsellerswithinformationonthecontentofspecificgamesincludingage-specificratingsrangingfrom"earlychildhood"to"adultsonly."Thegovernmentcoulddomoretopromotetheuseofvoluntaryratingsbyretailersandparents. Californialawmakersmayhavebeenrightwhentheydecidedthatvideogamesinwhichplayerskillandmaimarenotthemostsociallybeneficialformofexpression.TheConstitutionhoweverdoesnotrequirespeechtobeidealforittobeprotected. Thepassageismainlyabout
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