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Text 2 Big macs. Nacho-Cheese Chalupas. Subway subs. Rob Borucki adores them all. The 37-year o...
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MACSⅡ系统是由_______构成的系统控制网络
﹣﹣﹣SallyIwenttotheconcertlastnight．HowbigYangzhouM
big enough
enough big
too big
big too
Imake$2000aweek60surelywon’tmake____differencetomE
that a big
a that big
big a that
that big a
Thisclassroomisours.A.3timesbigasB.as3timesbigasC.
three times big as
as three times big as
three times as big as
as big three times as
MACS图形库包括和
﹣﹣﹣SallyIwenttotheconcertlastnight.HowbigYangzhou
Whatawonderfultent!Itisforafamilyofthreetolivein.
MACS系统软件包括服务器软件现场控制站软件
Thelittlegirlhadneverseenthatshestoppedandstarted
2分Undergroundservicesaredevelopingquicklyinbigcit
MACS系统的算法组态分为和
Therearesomebiggardensinthebigcity.改为否定句 Therebi
Theearthisaboutasthemoon. A.asfiftytimebig B.fif
﹣﹣﹣SallyIwenttotheconcertlastnight.HowbigYangzhou
Itistoholdmorethanonethousandpeople. A.bigenough
MACSⅡ系统中现场控制站的网络采用的是_______通讯协议
Thistableisthatone.A.astwicebigas B.twiceasbigas C
MACS系统中如果现场控制站中有热电偶输入模块必须加装_______
2分Idon'tknowthegirlstandingunderabigtree.改为定语从句
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Text3 AfterWallStreetclosedonerecentFridayayoungmaninjeansandasportsjacketstrodeintotheshowroomoftheClassicCarClubofManhattanafewblocksnorthofTribeca.HepacedbetweenanAstonMartinv8aRolls-RoyceCornichetwovintageFerrarisandadozenotherseagertofindsomethingforanightout.Tenminuteslaterhezippedthroughthehangardoorsina2005LotusEliseabrightredcurvylittlenumber.Therewasnobilltopayandnoinsuranceformtosign. Luxury-carclubsarewellestablishedinEurope.NowtheyarecatchingonintheUnitedStates.Theideaisthatforanannualmembershipfeeplussometimesaweeklychargememberscanhavetheirchoiceofsmartcars.RonVanHorssenwhorecentlyopenedaclubnearPhoenixsaysthemodelisbasedonexecutive-jetsharing.Richpeoplehethinksarerealisingthat"owninganassetisnotnecessarilythebestwayofgettingthebenefitsofusingit".AspininaVanHorssenFerrariMaranellocosts$4500perweekplusthe$7000annualfee.Nooneneedstoworryaboutmaintenanceorinspections-andaspricetagsonnewLamborghinisandBentleyshaveclimbedtherichcanevensaveabitofmoney. OnlyahandfulofclubsexistnowinAmericaandnonehasnationalscope.ClubSportivaapioneerwhenitopenedthreeyearsagoisinSanFranciscoandSanJose;ExoticCarShareisinChicagoandNewYork.TheClassicCarClubaBritishfirmopeneditsManhattanbranchlastJuly.Butmostarelookingtoexpand.TorbinFullerofClubSportivapredictsthat:"We’llbenationalhereinthenexttwotothreeyears." Avariantontheformulaisofferedbyexoticrental-carcompanieswhichhavenoannualmembershipfeeandrentoutcarsforadayoraweek.Theyaregrowingtoo.DreamCarRentalsaLasVegasfirmwithafleetof140isopeninganewbranchatFisherman’sWharfinSanFrancisco.Manyofthecompany’sLasVegascustomersareEuropeansandfemaleclientscomeinonly"onceinabluemoon"saysGavinMateamanager. Themainstreamrental-carcompanieshavealsospottedthetrendandaredeterminednottobeleftbehind.In.2001Hertzlaunchedits"PrestigeCollection"withJaguarsandLincolnNavigatorsandspecialservicessuchasfreepick-up.ThatbusinessclaimsHertzhasbeenan"unmitigatedsuccess"andcontinuestoexpand.EnterprisethelargestrentalcompanyinNorthAmericareportsanearly45%jumpinluxury-carrentalsintheyeartoOctober2005.AndwithWallStreetbonusessoaring2006islookingprettygoodaswell. WecanconcludefromthesecondparagraphthatinRonVanHorssen'sclub
Text1 Worldoilproductionisabouttoreachapeakandgointoitsfinaldecline.Foryearsahandfulofpetroleumgeologistsincludingmehavebeenpredictingpeakoilbefore2007butinaneraofcheapoilfewpeoplelistened.Latelyseveralmajoroilcompaniesseemtohavegotthemessage.OneofChevron’sadssaystheworldiscurrentlyburning2bbl.ofoilforeverybarrelofnewoildiscovered.ExxonMobilsays1987wasthelastyearthatwefoundmoreoilworldwidethanweburned.ShellreportsthatitwillexpanditsCanadianoil-sandsoperationsbutelsewherewillfocusonfindingnaturalgasandnotoil.ItsoundsasthoughShelliskissingtheoilbusinessgoodbye.M.KingHubbertageophysicistcorrectlypredictedin1956thatoilproductionintheU.S.wouldpeakintheearly1970s--themomentnowknownas"Hubbert’sPeak"Ibelieveworldoilproductionisabouttoreachasimilarpeak. Findingoilislikefishinginapond.Afterseveralmonthsyounoticethatyouarenotcatchingasmanyfish.Youcouldbuyanexpensiveflyrod-newtechnology.Oryoucoulddecidethatyouhavealreadycaughtmostofthefishinthepond.Althoughincreasedoilpriceswhichoughttospurinvestmentinoilproductionandnewtechnologyhelptheycan’tworkmagic.Recentdiscoveriesaremodestatbest.TheoilsandsinCanadaandVenezuelaareextensivehuttheCanadianoperationstoconvertthedepositsintotransportableoilconsumelargeamountsofnaturalgaswhichisinshortsupply. AndtechnologycannoteliminatethedifficultyHubbertidentified:therateofproducingoildependsonthefractionofoilthathasnotyetbeenproduced.Inotherwordsthefewerthefishinthepondtheharderitistocatchone.Peakproductionoccursatthehalfwaypoint.Basedontheavailabledataaboutnewoilfieldsthereare2013billionbbl.oftotalproducibleoil.Addinguptheoilproducedfromthebirthoftheindustryuntiltodaywewillreachthedreaded1006.5-billion-bbl.halfwaymarklatethisyear.FortwoyearsI’vebeenpredictingthatworldoilproductionwouldreachitspeakonThanksgivingDay2005.TodaywithhighoilpricespushingvirtuallyalloilproducerstopullupeverybarreltheycansweatoutofthegroundIthinkitmighthappenevenearlier. Fromthetextwecanconcludethattheauthor
Text2 Thereisnothinglikethejoyoffindingoutthatsomethingsinfulisactuallygoodforyouwhetherit’ssexchocolateoraglassoffinezedwine--orforthatmatterbeerwhiskyorasatisfyingaperitif.We’velongheardexcitinghintsthatredwinehasuniquebenefitsfortheheart.Butthesamesunnyreputationforhearthealthisnowstartingtoshineonallliquor."Nomatterwhereyoulookthedominantalcoholicbeverageisbeneficial--whetherit’sredwineinFranceandItalysakeinJapanorbeerinGermany"saysDr.WalterWillettchairofnutritionattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth. Thishasledresearcherstoaninescapableconclusion.Ashealthfulascomponentsofredwinemaybetheprimarybenefitmustcomefromethanolitself.Inshortit’sthealcoholstupid.Butdon’tgooverboard.Protectioncomesonlywithlighttomoderateintake--twodrinksadayformenoramiserlyoneadayforwomen. ThemajorbenefitofalcoholseemstocomefromitsabilitytoboostlevelsofHDLthegoodcholesterolthathelpskeeparteriesclearofplaque.EthanoldoesthatbysignalingthelivertomakemoreofasubstancecalledApoAlthemajorproteininHDL.Theeffectscanbestriking."Dependingontheindividualyoucangetincreasesof10to30percentinHDLinaweek"saysHarvardepidemiologistEricRimm.Alcoholalsomakesbloodlessstickyandlesslikelytoformclotsthatcauseheartattacksandstrokes.Italsoappearstohavemildanti-inflammatoryeffects.Anditenhancesinsulinsensitivity--whichmayexplainwhymoderatealcoholconsumptioncorrelateswithalowerincidenceoftype2diabetes. ButalcoholisadietaryJekyllandHyde.Heavyintakecanraisebloodpressureincreaseirregularheartbeatandleadtoheartfailure.Themostsoberingnewsconcernscancer.Arecentanalysisof156studiesfoundthatasalcoholintakeincreasessodorisksoftumorsinthemouthandliver.Evenmoderatedrinkingcanboostbreast-cancerriskasmallamount. IsmoderatedrinkingworththerisksForsomepeople--pregnantwomenpeoplewithliverdiseaseorahistoryofalcoholism--theanswerisno.Butformostofusthebenefitswillprobablyoutweighthehazards.Whetheryousipwinebeerorspiritsyourheartmaythankyou. ByusingthewordcorrelatesLine7Paragraph3theauthorimpliesthat
LastyearFrenchdriverskilledfewerthan5000peopleontheroadsforthefirsttimeindecades.Creditgoeslargelytothe1000automatedradarcamerasplantedonthenation’shighwayssince2003whichexpertsreckonsaved3000liveslastyear.41._____________________ Soitgoeswithsurveillancethesedays.EuropeansusedtolookatthesecuritycameraspostedinBritishcitiessubwaysandbusesastheseedsofanOrwellianworldthatwaslargelyunacceptableinContinentalEurope.Butlastyear’sLondonbombingsinwhichvideocamerasplayedakeyroleinidentifyingtheperpetratorshavehelpedspuraseachange.42._____________________.InaBritishpoll73percentofrespondentssaidtheywerereadytogiveupsomecivillibertiestoimprovesecurity. Europe’spoliticiansarenowlessconcernedwithprivacythanwithappearingtobesoftonterrorism.InDecemberlawmakersinBrusselspassedEuropewidelegislationthatpermitspolicetoinvestigatethroughcell-phoneandInternetdata.Theyarerequiringcell-phonecompaniestoretaincallinginformationsuchasthetimeofcallstowhomtheyweremadeandthelocationofthecell-phoneholder;shouldaterroristattacktakeplacecopswanttobeabletotrackcallersbeforeandaftertheevent.Telecomswillberequiredtoretainthisinformationforbetweensixmonthsandtwoyears. 43._____________________.TheinformationcouldallowauthoritiestoidentifyperpetratorsafterthefactasinLondonorshowpartofanattacktakingplaceasinMadrid.Thelawalsoopensupmobile-phoneandInternetrecordsaswellaspreviouslyconfidentialcustomertravelandshippinginformationtoscrutinybyauthoritiestrackingsuspiciousindividuals.AnditrequirescybercafecomputeruserstoprovideanIDdocumentwhosenumberisrecordedandlinkedtothecomputerusedandtimeofday. EvenAmsterdamacitylegendaryforitsliberalattitudesisspendingmillionstoincreasevideosurveillanceofpublictransport.CamerasnowwatchplacesliketheE1Tawheedmosque.Italyspends$275millionayearontelephoneinterceptsandconductsanastounding172judicialinterceptsorwiretapsper100000inhabitants. 44._____________________.Asidefromtheprivacyimplicationssomesecurityexpertswarnthatallthisnewinformationmayoverwhelmcops.Computerprogramsthatflagsuspiciousdatastillrequirehumanintervention. What’sthenextstepinthissurveillanceculture45._____________________.Fightingterrorisonerationaleforthesystembutonaday-to-daybasisitwillcomeinmosthandyasawayofcheckingthatdriversareinsuredandhavenooutstandingviolationsorwarrants.ThatpointsoutonepotentialproblemStudieshaveshownthatsurveillanceisgoodforpreventingassaultsontaxidriversandotherpettyincidentsbuthaslittleeffectonmajorcrime.IfthisprovestobethecasewithterrorismEuropeansmayonedaygrowtiredofbeingwatched. [A]BytheendoftheyearBritishauthoritieswillbeginsendinglicense-plateinformationfromthousandsofroadsidecamerastoanewcentraldatabaseaswellastopoliceandM.I.6. [B]Europeansusedtoworrythattoinstallcamerasinthepublicareasmaydestroyindividualprivacy. [C]AmonthaftertheLondonattackshalfofGermanssupportedEU-wideplanstorequireInternetprovidersandtelecomstostorealle-mailInternetandphonedatafor"anti-terror"purposes. [D]Successofcoursebreedssuccess:thegovernmentplanstoinstall500moreradardevicesthisyear. [E]TerrorismnowadaysbecomesacommonconcernthroughouttheEuropeancontinentandmoreandmorecountriesareinvolvedintakingactions. [F]Noteveryoneishappywithallthesewatchfuleyes. [G]FrancewhichwasatargetofradicalMuslimterrorismwellbefore9·11adoptedatoughantiterrorlawinDecemberthatclearsthewayforauthoritiestoinstallthousandsofvideocamerasintransporthubsreligiouscentersmostlymosquesworkplacesandpublicspaces. 43
Manymobileoperatorsalreadyofferaselectionoftelevisionchannelsorindividualshowswhicharesent1acrosstheirthird-generation3Gnetworks.InSouthKoreatelevisionisalsosenttomobilephonesviasatelliteandterrestrialbroadcastnetworkswhichisfarmore2thansendingvideoacrossmobilenetworks;similarbroadcastswillbegininJapaninApril.Similarmobile-TVnetworkswillalsobebuiltinFinlandandAmericaandarebeing3inmanyothercountries. MeanwhileAppleComputerwhich4avideo-capableversionofitsiPodportablemusicplayerinthisOctoberis5abargainwithtelevisionnetworkstoexpandthe6ofshowsthatcanbepurchased7viewingonthedevice.AndmobileTVwasoneofthebig8attheworld’slargesttechnologyfairtheConsumerElectronicShow. 9allthisactivityhoweverthe10formobileTVareunclear.Forastartnobody11knowsifconsumerswillpayforitthoughsurveyssuggesttheyliketheidea.One12agencyofthefieldsaystherewillbe125mmobile-TVusersby2010butmanyothermobiletechnologiesinspiredhighhopesandthenfailedto13uptoexpectations.And14peopledowantTVonthemovethereis15uncertaintyinthreeareas:technologybusinessmodelsandthe16itself. The17formobileTVisvastinshortbut18isthedegreeofuncertaintyoverhowitshouldactuallybeputintopractice.Mostobserversdonotexpectwidespread19ofmobileTVifitcomesatalluntil2008attheearliestsincebuildingtherequiredecosystemoftechnologypartnershipsandcontentwill20sometime. 1
Text4 Aschildhood-obesityratesskyrocketdoctorsareseeinganalarmingriseinacostlydiseaseonceunheardofinchildren:type2diabetes.Unliketype1or"juvenile"diabetes--anautoimmunedisorderinwhichthepancreasstopsproducinginsulin--type2diabetesislinkedtodietandlifestyle.Itusuallydevelopsonlyinindividualswhoaregeneticallysickenfortheconditionbutrequiresatrigger--typicallyinsulinresistanceresultingfromovereating.Thediseaseusedtobeseenonlyinadultsbecauseittookyearstoexhaustthebody’snaturalinsulinproductionandresistance.Nolonger.WithkidsfromAustriatoAustraliaeatingadietladenwithfatsandsugarstype2diabetesisstrikingateverearlierages.SaysArianRosenbloomaFlorida-basedpediatricendocrinologist:"Wedonotseetype2inkidsofnormalweight." Thepatternissimilarallovertheworld.IntheUnitedStatesandBritainhalfofthenewcasesofdiabetesinchildrenaretype2comparedwithjust4percentin1990.InChinawhere90percentofthechildrenwhohavecontractedthediseasearenowtype2expertssaytheincidencehasbeenrisingby9percenteachyearsince1992.Between1975and1995inJapancasesoftype2inchildrenincreasedfourfold.AndchildreninLatinAmericacouldseea45percentriseinthediseaseby2010. Thetrendmirrorstheexplosionofdiabetesamongthegeneralpopulation.In1985anestimated30millionpeopleworldwidehadthedisease;todaythatnumberhasbeenmorethanfivefoldto177million85percentofwhomhavetype2.Ifmoderndietandlifestylearen’tdrasticallyalteredtheWorldHealthOrganizationexpectsthisnumbertorisetonearly300millioncasesby2025--halfoftheminAsia. Thebiggestdangerofdevelopingdiabetesatayoungerageisthatitallowsmoretimeforcomplications.Amongotherthingsdiabetescommonlycausesblindnesslossofcirculationheartandkidneydiseasestrokesanddangerouslyhighblood-sugarlevels.Foryoungpeoplewithdiabetestheexpectedlifespanis15yearslessthanaverage.NevilleRigbyheadofpolicyandpublicaffairsattheInternationalObesityTaskForceputsitbluntly:"Someofthesechildrenaregoingtodiebeforetheirparents." Ultimatelydiabetesisincurable.Althoughchangesinlifestyleanddietcanhelpstemtheprogressionofthediseaseitneverdisappears.Mostpatientsareoninsulininjectionsadecadeafterdiagnosis.RalphAbrahamaspecialistattheLondonDiabetesandLipidCentrecomparestryingtodevelopahealthybodyafterbeingdiagnosed.to"tryingtorunupadownescalator."Thebestlongtermhopeforreversingthetrendisforsocietytogetitsweightproblemundercontrol. Towhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthormostlikelyagree
Manymobileoperatorsalreadyofferaselectionoftelevisionchannelsorindividualshowswhicharesent1acrosstheirthird-generation3Gnetworks.InSouthKoreatelevisionisalsosenttomobilephonesviasatelliteandterrestrialbroadcastnetworkswhichisfarmore2thansendingvideoacrossmobilenetworks;similarbroadcastswillbegininJapaninApril.Similarmobile-TVnetworkswillalsobebuiltinFinlandandAmericaandarebeing3inmanyothercountries. MeanwhileAppleComputerwhich4avideo-capableversionofitsiPodportablemusicplayerinthisOctoberis5abargainwithtelevisionnetworkstoexpandthe6ofshowsthatcanbepurchased7viewingonthedevice.AndmobileTVwasoneofthebig8attheworld’slargesttechnologyfairtheConsumerElectronicShow. 9allthisactivityhoweverthe10formobileTVareunclear.Forastartnobody11knowsifconsumerswillpayforitthoughsurveyssuggesttheyliketheidea.One12agencyofthefieldsaystherewillbe125mmobile-TVusersby2010butmanyothermobiletechnologiesinspiredhighhopesandthenfailedto13uptoexpectations.And14peopledowantTVonthemovethereis15uncertaintyinthreeareas:technologybusinessmodelsandthe16itself. The17formobileTVisvastinshortbut18isthedegreeofuncertaintyoverhowitshouldactuallybeputintopractice.Mostobserversdonotexpectwidespread19ofmobileTVifitcomesatalluntil2008attheearliestsincebuildingtherequiredecosystemoftechnologypartnershipsandcontentwill20sometime. 11
Text1 "Alltoooften..inthehistoryoftheUnitedStatestheschoolteacherhasbeeninnopositiontoserveasamodeltotheintellectuallife"Hofstadterwrote."Toooftenhehasnotonlynoclaimstoanintellectuallifeofhisownbutnotevenanadequateworkmanlikecompetenceintheskillsheissupposedtoimpart." HarshwordsperhapsbutHofstadter’sideamakessense:Ifteachers--onthefrontlineofeducation--don’thaveanactiveintellectuallifethey’renotlikelytocommunicatealoveoflearningandcriticalthinkingtotheirstudents. Inhis1995bookOutofOurMinds:Anti-IntellectualismandTalentDevelopmentinAmericanSchoolsCraigHowleycitesseveralstudiesabouttheeducationandhabitsofpublicschoolteachers.Accordingtoonestudyprospectiveteacherstakefewerliberalartscoursesthantheircounterpartsinotherartsandsciencemajors--andfewerupper-divisioncoursesinanysubjectexceptpedagogy.ItappearsHowleywritesthatprospectiveteachersdonotoftenmakeaspecialeffortduringtheircollegeyearstopursueadvancedstudyinfieldsotherthanpedagogy. FrequentreadingofliteratureinacademicfieldsisthemarkofthescholarHowleysayssoit’slogicaltolookatteachers’readinghabits.ReaderstendtobemorereflectiveandmorecriticalthannonreadersarguesHowleywhofoundthatstudiesofteachers’readingshowedtwopatterns:Oneisthatteachersdon’treadverymuch--onaveragejust3.2booksayear.Infact11percentofthosesurveyedsaidtheyhadnotreadasinglebookduringthecurrentyear.Thesecondpatternisthatwhenteachersdoreadtheypreferpopularbooksratherthanscholarlyorprofessionalliterature.Ofthosewhowerereadingabouteducationmostwerereadingbooksintendedforthegeneralpublic. It’struethatU.S.teachershavetraditionallybeenpoorlypaidandnotwellrespectedwhichmeansthatthebestandthebrightestareoftennotattractedtoteaching.Butuntilteacherscanberolemodelsandexhibittheirownloveoflearningandacademicsthechildrenwon’tgetit. "Createacultureamongtheadultsacommunityofadultswhoarelearnerswhoareexcitedaboutideasintheotherdisciplines"saysDeborahMeiereducatorandauthorofThePowerofTheirIdeas."Theschoolmustrepresentthecultureitwantstoencourage.Ifwewantkidstofeelthatanintellectuallifebelongstothemitmustbelongtotheteachertoo." Itcanbeinferredfromthelasttwoparagraphsthat
Manymobileoperatorsalreadyofferaselectionoftelevisionchannelsorindividualshowswhicharesent1acrosstheirthird-generation3Gnetworks.InSouthKoreatelevisionisalsosenttomobilephonesviasatelliteandterrestrialbroadcastnetworkswhichisfarmore2thansendingvideoacrossmobilenetworks;similarbroadcastswillbegininJapaninApril.Similarmobile-TVnetworkswillalsobebuiltinFinlandandAmericaandarebeing3inmanyothercountries. MeanwhileAppleComputerwhich4avideo-capableversionofitsiPodportablemusicplayerinthisOctoberis5abargainwithtelevisionnetworkstoexpandthe6ofshowsthatcanbepurchased7viewingonthedevice.AndmobileTVwasoneofthebig8attheworld’slargesttechnologyfairtheConsumerElectronicShow. 9allthisactivityhoweverthe10formobileTVareunclear.Forastartnobody11knowsifconsumerswillpayforitthoughsurveyssuggesttheyliketheidea.One12agencyofthefieldsaystherewillbe125mmobile-TVusersby2010butmanyothermobiletechnologiesinspiredhighhopesandthenfailedto13uptoexpectations.And14peopledowantTVonthemovethereis15uncertaintyinthreeareas:technologybusinessmodelsandthe16itself. The17formobileTVisvastinshortbut18isthedegreeofuncertaintyoverhowitshouldactuallybeputintopractice.Mostobserversdonotexpectwidespread19ofmobileTVifitcomesatalluntil2008attheearliestsincebuildingtherequiredecosystemoftechnologypartnershipsandcontentwill20sometime. 9
Text2 ForalmosttenyearsNoelHeathandGlenroyMatthewbetterknownas"Zambo"and"Bobo"haveescapedattemptsbytheUnitedStatestoextraditethemfromtheirhomesontheprettylittleislandofStKittstofacechargesofcocainetrafficking.TheircreativelegalteamhastwicetakenthecasetothePrivyCouncilinLondonstillthefinalappealcourtformostofBritain’sformerCaribbeancolonies.BothtimesmostrecentlylastNovemberapanelofBritishlawlordsruledthattheyshouldbeextradited"withtheutmostexpedition". "Zambo"and"Bobo"arewell-connectedinStKitts.Theyhavelivedonbailforadecadebeforebeinglockeduplastmonth.TheirlawyershitbackwithahabeascorpuswrittobeheardonJanuary18th.Ifthatfailsthewayisopenforofficialstoputthetwoonaplane. Forreasonsofprincipleoroffriendshipsintight-knitcommunitiesorbothCaribbeancountrieshavebeenreluctanttoextraditetheirownnationals.TheCaribbeanhasalsobecomesomethingofaheavenforforeignerswantedelsewhereintheworld.Thismaynowchange.ThenextimportanttestcomesinMaywhenthePrivyCouncilwillruleonSamuel"Ninety"KnowlesaBahamianwhohasheldoutsince2000againstachargebyagrandjuryinFlorida. Proceduralcomplexitiesandpowerfullawyersmaystillstopextraditions.InSeptemberinBelizeDeanBarrowalawyerwhoisalsotheleaderoftheparliamentaryoppositionhedgedanAmericanattempttoextraditeadrugsuspect.Hefoundmistakesinsupportingpaperworkwhichexcludedtheuseofvitalwiretapevidence. Extraditionofforeignersespeciallytotheirhomecountryisofteneasier.ViktorKozenyaCzech-bornresidentoftheBahamashasbeenheldinNassausinceOctober.HeiswantedinNewYorkforcorruptionstemmingfromtheprivatisationofAzerbaijan’soilcompanyandfacesotherchargesinPrague. Mr.Kozenywillfighthard.HislawyersincludePhilipDavisamemberofparliamentforthegoverningpartyandformerlegalpartneroftheprimeminister.Evensotheauthoritiesseemreluctanttograntbail.PerhapsthatisbecauseMr.Kozenyholdsapilot’slicenceandIrishandVenezuelanpassports.HewasonceadiplomatforGrenada. Non-citizensaresometimessimplyexpelled.TwoBelizeanwomenpickedup$50000eachontheOprahWinfreyShowinOctobertheirrewardforspottinganallegedrapistfromtheUnitedStateswhowassenthometwodayslaterfortrial.Itisrarelysoquickoreasy. ThedescriptionofMr.Kozeny'scaseshows
Manymobileoperatorsalreadyofferaselectionoftelevisionchannelsorindividualshowswhicharesent1acrosstheirthird-generation3Gnetworks.InSouthKoreatelevisionisalsosenttomobilephonesviasatelliteandterrestrialbroadcastnetworkswhichisfarmore2thansendingvideoacrossmobilenetworks;similarbroadcastswillbegininJapaninApril.Similarmobile-TVnetworkswillalsobebuiltinFinlandandAmericaandarebeing3inmanyothercountries. MeanwhileAppleComputerwhich4avideo-capableversionofitsiPodportablemusicplayerinthisOctoberis5abargainwithtelevisionnetworkstoexpandthe6ofshowsthatcanbepurchased7viewingonthedevice.AndmobileTVwasoneofthebig8attheworld’slargesttechnologyfairtheConsumerElectronicShow. 9allthisactivityhoweverthe10formobileTVareunclear.Forastartnobody11knowsifconsumerswillpayforitthoughsurveyssuggesttheyliketheidea.One12agencyofthefieldsaystherewillbe125mmobile-TVusersby2010butmanyothermobiletechnologiesinspiredhighhopesandthenfailedto13uptoexpectations.And14peopledowantTVonthemovethereis15uncertaintyinthreeareas:technologybusinessmodelsandthe16itself. The17formobileTVisvastinshortbut18isthedegreeofuncertaintyoverhowitshouldactuallybeputintopractice.Mostobserversdonotexpectwidespread19ofmobileTVifitcomesatalluntil2008attheearliestsincebuildingtherequiredecosystemoftechnologypartnershipsandcontentwill20sometime. 17
Text2 Thereisnothinglikethejoyoffindingoutthatsomethingsinfulisactuallygoodforyouwhetherit’ssexchocolateoraglassoffinezedwine--orforthatmatterbeerwhiskyorasatisfyingaperitif.We’velongheardexcitinghintsthatredwinehasuniquebenefitsfortheheart.Butthesamesunnyreputationforhearthealthisnowstartingtoshineonallliquor."Nomatterwhereyoulookthedominantalcoholicbeverageisbeneficial--whetherit’sredwineinFranceandItalysakeinJapanorbeerinGermany"saysDr.WalterWillettchairofnutritionattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth. Thishasledresearcherstoaninescapableconclusion.Ashealthfulascomponentsofredwinemaybetheprimarybenefitmustcomefromethanolitself.Inshortit’sthealcoholstupid.Butdon’tgooverboard.Protectioncomesonlywithlighttomoderateintake--twodrinksadayformenoramiserlyoneadayforwomen. ThemajorbenefitofalcoholseemstocomefromitsabilitytoboostlevelsofHDLthegoodcholesterolthathelpskeeparteriesclearofplaque.EthanoldoesthatbysignalingthelivertomakemoreofasubstancecalledApoAlthemajorproteininHDL.Theeffectscanbestriking."Dependingontheindividualyoucangetincreasesof10to30percentinHDLinaweek"saysHarvardepidemiologistEricRimm.Alcoholalsomakesbloodlessstickyandlesslikelytoformclotsthatcauseheartattacksandstrokes.Italsoappearstohavemildanti-inflammatoryeffects.Anditenhancesinsulinsensitivity--whichmayexplainwhymoderatealcoholconsumptioncorrelateswithalowerincidenceoftype2diabetes. ButalcoholisadietaryJekyllandHyde.Heavyintakecanraisebloodpressureincreaseirregularheartbeatandleadtoheartfailure.Themostsoberingnewsconcernscancer.Arecentanalysisof156studiesfoundthatasalcoholintakeincreasessodorisksoftumorsinthemouthandliver.Evenmoderatedrinkingcanboostbreast-cancerriskasmallamount. IsmoderatedrinkingworththerisksForsomepeople--pregnantwomenpeoplewithliverdiseaseorahistoryofalcoholism--theanswerisno.Butformostofusthebenefitswillprobablyoutweighthehazards.Whetheryousipwinebeerorspiritsyourheartmaythankyou. ByalcoholisadietaryJekyllandHydetheauthormeans
Manymobileoperatorsalreadyofferaselectionoftelevisionchannelsorindividualshowswhicharesent1acrosstheirthird-generation3Gnetworks.InSouthKoreatelevisionisalsosenttomobilephonesviasatelliteandterrestrialbroadcastnetworkswhichisfarmore2thansendingvideoacrossmobilenetworks;similarbroadcastswillbegininJapaninApril.Similarmobile-TVnetworkswillalsobebuiltinFinlandandAmericaandarebeing3inmanyothercountries. MeanwhileAppleComputerwhich4avideo-capableversionofitsiPodportablemusicplayerinthisOctoberis5abargainwithtelevisionnetworkstoexpandthe6ofshowsthatcanbepurchased7viewingonthedevice.AndmobileTVwasoneofthebig8attheworld’slargesttechnologyfairtheConsumerElectronicShow. 9allthisactivityhoweverthe10formobileTVareunclear.Forastartnobody11knowsifconsumerswillpayforitthoughsurveyssuggesttheyliketheidea.One12agencyofthefieldsaystherewillbe125mmobile-TVusersby2010butmanyothermobiletechnologiesinspiredhighhopesandthenfailedto13uptoexpectations.And14peopledowantTVonthemovethereis15uncertaintyinthreeareas:technologybusinessmodelsandthe16itself. The17formobileTVisvastinshortbut18isthedegreeofuncertaintyoverhowitshouldactuallybeputintopractice.Mostobserversdonotexpectwidespread19ofmobileTVifitcomesatalluntil2008attheearliestsincebuildingtherequiredecosystemoftechnologypartnershipsandcontentwill20sometime. 13
Manymobileoperatorsalreadyofferaselectionoftelevisionchannelsorindividualshowswhicharesent1acrosstheirthird-generation3Gnetworks.InSouthKoreatelevisionisalsosenttomobilephonesviasatelliteandterrestrialbroadcastnetworkswhichisfarmore2thansendingvideoacrossmobilenetworks;similarbroadcastswillbegininJapaninApril.Similarmobile-TVnetworkswillalsobebuiltinFinlandandAmericaandarebeing3inmanyothercountries. MeanwhileAppleComputerwhich4avideo-capableversionofitsiPodportablemusicplayerinthisOctoberis5abargainwithtelevisionnetworkstoexpandthe6ofshowsthatcanbepurchased7viewingonthedevice.AndmobileTVwasoneofthebig8attheworld’slargesttechnologyfairtheConsumerElectronicShow. 9allthisactivityhoweverthe10formobileTVareunclear.Forastartnobody11knowsifconsumerswillpayforitthoughsurveyssuggesttheyliketheidea.One12agencyofthefieldsaystherewillbe125mmobile-TVusersby2010butmanyothermobiletechnologiesinspiredhighhopesandthenfailedto13uptoexpectations.And14peopledowantTVonthemovethereis15uncertaintyinthreeareas:technologybusinessmodelsandthe16itself. The17formobileTVisvastinshortbut18isthedegreeofuncertaintyoverhowitshouldactuallybeputintopractice.Mostobserversdonotexpectwidespread19ofmobileTVifitcomesatalluntil2008attheearliestsincebuildingtherequiredecosystemoftechnologypartnershipsandcontentwill20sometime. 19
Text4 Aschildhood-obesityratesskyrocketdoctorsareseeinganalarmingriseinacostlydiseaseonceunheardofinchildren:type2diabetes.Unliketype1or"juvenile"diabetes--anautoimmunedisorderinwhichthepancreasstopsproducinginsulin--type2diabetesislinkedtodietandlifestyle.Itusuallydevelopsonlyinindividualswhoaregeneticallysickenfortheconditionbutrequiresatrigger--typicallyinsulinresistanceresultingfromovereating.Thediseaseusedtobeseenonlyinadultsbecauseittookyearstoexhaustthebody’snaturalinsulinproductionandresistance.Nolonger.WithkidsfromAustriatoAustraliaeatingadietladenwithfatsandsugarstype2diabetesisstrikingateverearlierages.SaysArianRosenbloomaFlorida-basedpediatricendocrinologist:"Wedonotseetype2inkidsofnormalweight." Thepatternissimilarallovertheworld.IntheUnitedStatesandBritainhalfofthenewcasesofdiabetesinchildrenaretype2comparedwithjust4percentin1990.InChinawhere90percentofthechildrenwhohavecontractedthediseasearenowtype2expertssaytheincidencehasbeenrisingby9percenteachyearsince1992.Between1975and1995inJapancasesoftype2inchildrenincreasedfourfold.AndchildreninLatinAmericacouldseea45percentriseinthediseaseby2010. Thetrendmirrorstheexplosionofdiabetesamongthegeneralpopulation.In1985anestimated30millionpeopleworldwidehadthedisease;todaythatnumberhasbeenmorethanfivefoldto177million85percentofwhomhavetype2.Ifmoderndietandlifestylearen’tdrasticallyalteredtheWorldHealthOrganizationexpectsthisnumbertorisetonearly300millioncasesby2025--halfoftheminAsia. Thebiggestdangerofdevelopingdiabetesatayoungerageisthatitallowsmoretimeforcomplications.Amongotherthingsdiabetescommonlycausesblindnesslossofcirculationheartandkidneydiseasestrokesanddangerouslyhighblood-sugarlevels.Foryoungpeoplewithdiabetestheexpectedlifespanis15yearslessthanaverage.NevilleRigbyheadofpolicyandpublicaffairsattheInternationalObesityTaskForceputsitbluntly:"Someofthesechildrenaregoingtodiebeforetheirparents." Ultimatelydiabetesisincurable.Althoughchangesinlifestyleanddietcanhelpstemtheprogressionofthediseaseitneverdisappears.Mostpatientsareoninsulininjectionsadecadeafterdiagnosis.RalphAbrahamaspecialistattheLondonDiabetesandLipidCentrecomparestryingtodevelopahealthybodyafterbeingdiagnosed.to"tryingtorunupadownescalator."Thebestlongtermhopeforreversingthetrendisforsocietytogetitsweightproblemundercontrol. WhatmighttheauthorthinkofNevilleRigby'scomment
Manymobileoperatorsalreadyofferaselectionoftelevisionchannelsorindividualshowswhicharesent1acrosstheirthird-generation3Gnetworks.InSouthKoreatelevisionisalsosenttomobilephonesviasatelliteandterrestrialbroadcastnetworkswhichisfarmore2thansendingvideoacrossmobilenetworks;similarbroadcastswillbegininJapaninApril.Similarmobile-TVnetworkswillalsobebuiltinFinlandandAmericaandarebeing3inmanyothercountries. MeanwhileAppleComputerwhich4avideo-capableversionofitsiPodportablemusicplayerinthisOctoberis5abargainwithtelevisionnetworkstoexpandthe6ofshowsthatcanbepurchased7viewingonthedevice.AndmobileTVwasoneofthebig8attheworld’slargesttechnologyfairtheConsumerElectronicShow. 9allthisactivityhoweverthe10formobileTVareunclear.Forastartnobody11knowsifconsumerswillpayforitthoughsurveyssuggesttheyliketheidea.One12agencyofthefieldsaystherewillbe125mmobile-TVusersby2010butmanyothermobiletechnologiesinspiredhighhopesandthenfailedto13uptoexpectations.And14peopledowantTVonthemovethereis15uncertaintyinthreeareas:technologybusinessmodelsandthe16itself. The17formobileTVisvastinshortbut18isthedegreeofuncertaintyoverhowitshouldactuallybeputintopractice.Mostobserversdonotexpectwidespread19ofmobileTVifitcomesatalluntil2008attheearliestsincebuildingtherequiredecosystemoftechnologypartnershipsandcontentwill20sometime. 15
Text3 AfterWallStreetclosedonerecentFridayayoungmaninjeansandasportsjacketstrodeintotheshowroomoftheClassicCarClubofManhattanafewblocksnorthofTribeca.HepacedbetweenanAstonMartinv8aRolls-RoyceCornichetwovintageFerrarisandadozenotherseagertofindsomethingforanightout.Tenminuteslaterhezippedthroughthehangardoorsina2005LotusEliseabrightredcurvylittlenumber.Therewasnobilltopayandnoinsuranceformtosign. Luxury-carclubsarewellestablishedinEurope.NowtheyarecatchingonintheUnitedStates.Theideaisthatforanannualmembershipfeeplussometimesaweeklychargememberscanhavetheirchoiceofsmartcars.RonVanHorssenwhorecentlyopenedaclubnearPhoenixsaysthemodelisbasedonexecutive-jetsharing.Richpeoplehethinksarerealisingthat"owninganassetisnotnecessarilythebestwayofgettingthebenefitsofusingit".AspininaVanHorssenFerrariMaranellocosts$4500perweekplusthe$7000annualfee.Nooneneedstoworryaboutmaintenanceorinspections-andaspricetagsonnewLamborghinisandBentleyshaveclimbedtherichcanevensaveabitofmoney. OnlyahandfulofclubsexistnowinAmericaandnonehasnationalscope.ClubSportivaapioneerwhenitopenedthreeyearsagoisinSanFranciscoandSanJose;ExoticCarShareisinChicagoandNewYork.TheClassicCarClubaBritishfirmopeneditsManhattanbranchlastJuly.Butmostarelookingtoexpand.TorbinFullerofClubSportivapredictsthat:"We’llbenationalhereinthenexttwotothreeyears." Avariantontheformulaisofferedbyexoticrental-carcompanieswhichhavenoannualmembershipfeeandrentoutcarsforadayoraweek.Theyaregrowingtoo.DreamCarRentalsaLasVegasfirmwithafleetof140isopeninganewbranchatFisherman’sWharfinSanFrancisco.Manyofthecompany’sLasVegascustomersareEuropeansandfemaleclientscomeinonly"onceinabluemoon"saysGavinMateamanager. Themainstreamrental-carcompanieshavealsospottedthetrendandaredeterminednottobeleftbehind.In.2001Hertzlaunchedits"PrestigeCollection"withJaguarsandLincolnNavigatorsandspecialservicessuchasfreepick-up.ThatbusinessclaimsHertzhasbeenan"unmitigatedsuccess"andcontinuestoexpand.EnterprisethelargestrentalcompanyinNorthAmericareportsanearly45%jumpinluxury-carrentalsintheyeartoOctober2005.AndwithWallStreetbonusessoaring2006islookingprettygoodaswell. TheprestigeCollectionbusinessofHertzis
Text3 AfterWallStreetclosedonerecentFridayayoungmaninjeansandasportsjacketstrodeintotheshowroomoftheClassicCarClubofManhattanafewblocksnorthofTribeca.HepacedbetweenanAstonMartinv8aRolls-RoyceCornichetwovintageFerrarisandadozenotherseagertofindsomethingforanightout.Tenminuteslaterhezippedthroughthehangardoorsina2005LotusEliseabrightredcurvylittlenumber.Therewasnobilltopayandnoinsuranceformtosign. Luxury-carclubsarewellestablishedinEurope.NowtheyarecatchingonintheUnitedStates.Theideaisthatforanannualmembershipfeeplussometimesaweeklychargememberscanhavetheirchoiceofsmartcars.RonVanHorssenwhorecentlyopenedaclubnearPhoenixsaysthemodelisbasedonexecutive-jetsharing.Richpeoplehethinksarerealisingthat"owninganassetisnotnecessarilythebestwayofgettingthebenefitsofusingit".AspininaVanHorssenFerrariMaranellocosts$4500perweekplusthe$7000annualfee.Nooneneedstoworryaboutmaintenanceorinspections-andaspricetagsonnewLamborghinisandBentleyshaveclimbedtherichcanevensaveabitofmoney. OnlyahandfulofclubsexistnowinAmericaandnonehasnationalscope.ClubSportivaapioneerwhenitopenedthreeyearsagoisinSanFranciscoandSanJose;ExoticCarShareisinChicagoandNewYork.TheClassicCarClubaBritishfirmopeneditsManhattanbranchlastJuly.Butmostarelookingtoexpand.TorbinFullerofClubSportivapredictsthat:"We’llbenationalhereinthenexttwotothreeyears." Avariantontheformulaisofferedbyexoticrental-carcompanieswhichhavenoannualmembershipfeeandrentoutcarsforadayoraweek.Theyaregrowingtoo.DreamCarRentalsaLasVegasfirmwithafleetof140isopeninganewbranchatFisherman’sWharfinSanFrancisco.Manyofthecompany’sLasVegascustomersareEuropeansandfemaleclientscomeinonly"onceinabluemoon"saysGavinMateamanager. Themainstreamrental-carcompanieshavealsospottedthetrendandaredeterminednottobeleftbehind.In.2001Hertzlaunchedits"PrestigeCollection"withJaguarsandLincolnNavigatorsandspecialservicessuchasfreepick-up.ThatbusinessclaimsHertzhasbeenan"unmitigatedsuccess"andcontinuestoexpand.EnterprisethelargestrentalcompanyinNorthAmericareportsanearly45%jumpinluxury-carrentalsintheyeartoOctober2005.AndwithWallStreetbonusessoaring2006islookingprettygoodaswell. Theauthorseemstobemainlyconcernedwith
PartA Directions: Onedayyoudinedatyourlocalrestaurant.Youarenothappywiththefoodaswellastheservice.Writealettertotherestaurantmanagertocomplainabouttheproblemsandgivenecessarydetails. Writeyourletterwithnolessthan100wordsonthismatter.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
Text1 "Alltoooften..inthehistoryoftheUnitedStatestheschoolteacherhasbeeninnopositiontoserveasamodeltotheintellectuallife"Hofstadterwrote."Toooftenhehasnotonlynoclaimstoanintellectuallifeofhisownbutnotevenanadequateworkmanlikecompetenceintheskillsheissupposedtoimpart." HarshwordsperhapsbutHofstadter’sideamakessense:Ifteachers--onthefrontlineofeducation--don’thaveanactiveintellectuallifethey’renotlikelytocommunicatealoveoflearningandcriticalthinkingtotheirstudents. Inhis1995bookOutofOurMinds:Anti-IntellectualismandTalentDevelopmentinAmericanSchoolsCraigHowleycitesseveralstudiesabouttheeducationandhabitsofpublicschoolteachers.Accordingtoonestudyprospectiveteacherstakefewerliberalartscoursesthantheircounterpartsinotherartsandsciencemajors--andfewerupper-divisioncoursesinanysubjectexceptpedagogy.ItappearsHowleywritesthatprospectiveteachersdonotoftenmakeaspecialeffortduringtheircollegeyearstopursueadvancedstudyinfieldsotherthanpedagogy. FrequentreadingofliteratureinacademicfieldsisthemarkofthescholarHowleysayssoit’slogicaltolookatteachers’readinghabits.ReaderstendtobemorereflectiveandmorecriticalthannonreadersarguesHowleywhofoundthatstudiesofteachers’readingshowedtwopatterns:Oneisthatteachersdon’treadverymuch--onaveragejust3.2booksayear.Infact11percentofthosesurveyedsaidtheyhadnotreadasinglebookduringthecurrentyear.Thesecondpatternisthatwhenteachersdoreadtheypreferpopularbooksratherthanscholarlyorprofessionalliterature.Ofthosewhowerereadingabouteducationmostwerereadingbooksintendedforthegeneralpublic. It’struethatU.S.teachershavetraditionallybeenpoorlypaidandnotwellrespectedwhichmeansthatthebestandthebrightestareoftennotattractedtoteaching.Butuntilteacherscanberolemodelsandexhibittheirownloveoflearningandacademicsthechildrenwon’tgetit. "Createacultureamongtheadultsacommunityofadultswhoarelearnerswhoareexcitedaboutideasintheotherdisciplines"saysDeborahMeiereducatorandauthorofThePowerofTheirIdeas."Theschoolmustrepresentthecultureitwantstoencourage.Ifwewantkidstofeelthatanintellectuallifebelongstothemitmustbelongtotheteachertoo." AccordingtoHofstadterAmericanteachers
Text1 Worldoilproductionisabouttoreachapeakandgointoitsfinaldecline.Foryearsahandfulofpetroleumgeologistsincludingmehavebeenpredictingpeakoilbefore2007butinaneraofcheapoilfewpeoplelistened.Latelyseveralmajoroilcompaniesseemtohavegotthemessage.OneofChevron’sadssaystheworldiscurrentlyburning2bbl.ofoilforeverybarrelofnewoildiscovered.ExxonMobilsays1987wasthelastyearthatwefoundmoreoilworldwidethanweburned.ShellreportsthatitwillexpanditsCanadianoil-sandsoperationsbutelsewherewillfocusonfindingnaturalgasandnotoil.ItsoundsasthoughShelliskissingtheoilbusinessgoodbye.M.KingHubbertageophysicistcorrectlypredictedin1956thatoilproductionintheU.S.wouldpeakintheearly1970s--themomentnowknownas"Hubbert’sPeak"Ibelieveworldoilproductionisabouttoreachasimilarpeak. Findingoilislikefishinginapond.Afterseveralmonthsyounoticethatyouarenotcatchingasmanyfish.Youcouldbuyanexpensiveflyrod-newtechnology.Oryoucoulddecidethatyouhavealreadycaughtmostofthefishinthepond.Althoughincreasedoilpriceswhichoughttospurinvestmentinoilproductionandnewtechnologyhelptheycan’tworkmagic.Recentdiscoveriesaremodestatbest.TheoilsandsinCanadaandVenezuelaareextensivehuttheCanadianoperationstoconvertthedepositsintotransportableoilconsumelargeamountsofnaturalgaswhichisinshortsupply. AndtechnologycannoteliminatethedifficultyHubbertidentified:therateofproducingoildependsonthefractionofoilthathasnotyetbeenproduced.Inotherwordsthefewerthefishinthepondtheharderitistocatchone.Peakproductionoccursatthehalfwaypoint.Basedontheavailabledataaboutnewoilfieldsthereare2013billionbbl.oftotalproducibleoil.Addinguptheoilproducedfromthebirthoftheindustryuntiltodaywewillreachthedreaded1006.5-billion-bbl.halfwaymarklatethisyear.FortwoyearsI’vebeenpredictingthatworldoilproductionwouldreachitspeakonThanksgivingDay2005.TodaywithhighoilpricespushingvirtuallyalloilproducerstopullupeverybarreltheycansweatoutofthegroundIthinkitmighthappenevenearlier. ThephraseHubbert'sPeakLine9Paragraph1hererefersto
Text2 ForalmosttenyearsNoelHeathandGlenroyMatthewbetterknownas"Zambo"and"Bobo"haveescapedattemptsbytheUnitedStatestoextraditethemfromtheirhomesontheprettylittleislandofStKittstofacechargesofcocainetrafficking.TheircreativelegalteamhastwicetakenthecasetothePrivyCouncilinLondonstillthefinalappealcourtformostofBritain’sformerCaribbeancolonies.BothtimesmostrecentlylastNovemberapanelofBritishlawlordsruledthattheyshouldbeextradited"withtheutmostexpedition". "Zambo"and"Bobo"arewell-connectedinStKitts.Theyhavelivedonbailforadecadebeforebeinglockeduplastmonth.TheirlawyershitbackwithahabeascorpuswrittobeheardonJanuary18th.Ifthatfailsthewayisopenforofficialstoputthetwoonaplane. Forreasonsofprincipleoroffriendshipsintight-knitcommunitiesorbothCaribbeancountrieshavebeenreluctanttoextraditetheirownnationals.TheCaribbeanhasalsobecomesomethingofaheavenforforeignerswantedelsewhereintheworld.Thismaynowchange.ThenextimportanttestcomesinMaywhenthePrivyCouncilwillruleonSamuel"Ninety"KnowlesaBahamianwhohasheldoutsince2000againstachargebyagrandjuryinFlorida. Proceduralcomplexitiesandpowerfullawyersmaystillstopextraditions.InSeptemberinBelizeDeanBarrowalawyerwhoisalsotheleaderoftheparliamentaryoppositionhedgedanAmericanattempttoextraditeadrugsuspect.Hefoundmistakesinsupportingpaperworkwhichexcludedtheuseofvitalwiretapevidence. Extraditionofforeignersespeciallytotheirhomecountryisofteneasier.ViktorKozenyaCzech-bornresidentoftheBahamashasbeenheldinNassausinceOctober.HeiswantedinNewYorkforcorruptionstemmingfromtheprivatisationofAzerbaijan’soilcompanyandfacesotherchargesinPrague. Mr.Kozenywillfighthard.HislawyersincludePhilipDavisamemberofparliamentforthegoverningpartyandformerlegalpartneroftheprimeminister.Evensotheauthoritiesseemreluctanttograntbail.PerhapsthatisbecauseMr.Kozenyholdsapilot’slicenceandIrishandVenezuelanpassports.HewasonceadiplomatforGrenada. Non-citizensaresometimessimplyexpelled.TwoBelizeanwomenpickedup$50000eachontheOprahWinfreyShowinOctobertheirrewardforspottinganallegedrapistfromtheUnitedStateswhowassenthometwodayslaterfortrial.Itisrarelysoquickoreasy. NoelHeathandGlenroyMatthewareprobably
Text1 Worldoilproductionisabouttoreachapeakandgointoitsfinaldecline.Foryearsahandfulofpetroleumgeologistsincludingmehavebeenpredictingpeakoilbefore2007butinaneraofcheapoilfewpeoplelistened.Latelyseveralmajoroilcompaniesseemtohavegotthemessage.OneofChevron’sadssaystheworldiscurrentlyburning2bbl.ofoilforeverybarrelofnewoildiscovered.ExxonMobilsays1987wasthelastyearthatwefoundmoreoilworldwidethanweburned.ShellreportsthatitwillexpanditsCanadianoil-sandsoperationsbutelsewherewillfocusonfindingnaturalgasandnotoil.ItsoundsasthoughShelliskissingtheoilbusinessgoodbye.M.KingHubbertageophysicistcorrectlypredictedin1956thatoilproductionintheU.S.wouldpeakintheearly1970s--themomentnowknownas"Hubbert’sPeak"Ibelieveworldoilproductionisabouttoreachasimilarpeak. Findingoilislikefishinginapond.Afterseveralmonthsyounoticethatyouarenotcatchingasmanyfish.Youcouldbuyanexpensiveflyrod-newtechnology.Oryoucoulddecidethatyouhavealreadycaughtmostofthefishinthepond.Althoughincreasedoilpriceswhichoughttospurinvestmentinoilproductionandnewtechnologyhelptheycan’tworkmagic.Recentdiscoveriesaremodestatbest.TheoilsandsinCanadaandVenezuelaareextensivehuttheCanadianoperationstoconvertthedepositsintotransportableoilconsumelargeamountsofnaturalgaswhichisinshortsupply. AndtechnologycannoteliminatethedifficultyHubbertidentified:therateofproducingoildependsonthefractionofoilthathasnotyetbeenproduced.Inotherwordsthefewerthefishinthepondtheharderitistocatchone.Peakproductionoccursatthehalfwaypoint.Basedontheavailabledataaboutnewoilfieldsthereare2013billionbbl.oftotalproducibleoil.Addinguptheoilproducedfromthebirthoftheindustryuntiltodaywewillreachthedreaded1006.5-billion-bbl.halfwaymarklatethisyear.FortwoyearsI’vebeenpredictingthatworldoilproductionwouldreachitspeakonThanksgivingDay2005.TodaywithhighoilpricespushingvirtuallyalloilproducerstopullupeverybarreltheycansweatoutofthegroundIthinkitmighthappenevenearlier. Whyaresomemajoroilcompaniesmentionedinthefirstparagraph
Theoriesofsocialcontrolfocusonthestrategiesandtechniqueswhichhelpregulatehumanbehaviorandthusleadtoconformityandcomplianceoftherulesofsocietyincludingtheinfluencesoffamilyschoolmoralsvaluesbeliefsetc.. DoesexistenceofrulesguaranteepeacefulexistenceofthegroupWhoistoensurecompliancewithsuchrulesSocialcontroltheoristsareouttostudysuchquestions.46Theyareinterestedinlearningwhypeopleconformtonorms;theyaskwhypeopleconforminthefaceofsomuchtemptationpeerpressureandinducement.Juvenilesandadultsconformtothelawinresponsetocertaincontrollingforceswhicharepresentintheirlives.Thustheyarelikelytobecomecriminalwhenthecontrollingforcesintheirlivesaredefectiveorabsent. 47Socialcontroltheoristsarguethatthemoreinvolvedandcommittedapersonistoconventionalactivitiesthegreatertheattachmenttootherssuchasfamilyandfriendsthelesslikelythatapersonistoviolatetherulesofsociety. SocialcontrolhasitsrootsintheearlypartofthiscenturyintheworkofsociologistE.A.Ross.48Rossbelievedthatbeliefsystemsnotspecificlawsguidewhatindividualsdoandthisservestocontrolbehaviornomattertheformsthatbeliefsmaytake. Socialcontrolisoftenseenasall-encompassingpracticallyrepresentinganyphenomenonleadingtoconformitywhichleadstonorms.Othersseesocialcontrolasabroadrepresentationofregulatedmechanismsplaceduponsociety’smembers.Inotherwordssocialcontrolregardswhatistobeconsidereddeviantviolationsofthelawrightorwrong.49Socialcontrolmechanismscanbeadoptedaslawsnormsmoresethicsetiquetteandcustomswhichallcontrolandthusdefinebehavior. Socialcontroltheoryisviewedfromtwoperspectives.Themacrosocialperspectiveexploresformalcontrolsystemsforthecontrolofgroupsincludingthelegalsystemsuchaslawslawenforcementpowerfulgroupsinsocietywhocanhelpinfluencelawsandnormsandeconomicandsocialdirectivesofgovernmentorprivateorganizations.Suchcontrolscanservetobeeitherpositiveornegative. 50Ontheotherhandthemicrosocialperspectivefocusesoninformalcontrolsystemswhichhelptoexplainwhyindividualsconform.Italsoconsidersthesourceofcontroltobeexternalthatisoutsideoftheperson. WewillfocusonmicrosocialviewsofsocialcontrolwhileexaminingthetheoriesofTravisHirshiSocialBondsandGreshamSykesandDavidMatza’sTechniquesofNeutralizationDriftTheory.WalterReckless’ContainmentTheoryisalsoincludedhereasatheoryofsocialcontrolalthoughwecanalsoconsideritaself-conceptapproach. Socialcontroltheoristsarguethatthemoreinvolvedandcommittedapersonistoconventionalactivitiesthegreatertheattachmenttootherssuchasfamilyandfriendsthelesslikelythatapersonistoviolatetherulesofsociety.
Manymobileoperatorsalreadyofferaselectionoftelevisionchannelsorindividualshowswhicharesent1acrosstheirthird-generation3Gnetworks.InSouthKoreatelevisionisalsosenttomobilephonesviasatelliteandterrestrialbroadcastnetworkswhichisfarmore2thansendingvideoacrossmobilenetworks;similarbroadcastswillbegininJapaninApril.Similarmobile-TVnetworkswillalsobebuiltinFinlandandAmericaandarebeing3inmanyothercountries. MeanwhileAppleComputerwhich4avideo-capableversionofitsiPodportablemusicplayerinthisOctoberis5abargainwithtelevisionnetworkstoexpandthe6ofshowsthatcanbepurchased7viewingonthedevice.AndmobileTVwasoneofthebig8attheworld’slargesttechnologyfairtheConsumerElectronicShow. 9allthisactivityhoweverthe10formobileTVareunclear.Forastartnobody11knowsifconsumerswillpayforitthoughsurveyssuggesttheyliketheidea.One12agencyofthefieldsaystherewillbe125mmobile-TVusersby2010butmanyothermobiletechnologiesinspiredhighhopesandthenfailedto13uptoexpectations.And14peopledowantTVonthemovethereis15uncertaintyinthreeareas:technologybusinessmodelsandthe16itself. The17formobileTVisvastinshortbut18isthedegreeofuncertaintyoverhowitshouldactuallybeputintopractice.Mostobserversdonotexpectwidespread19ofmobileTVifitcomesatalluntil2008attheearliestsincebuildingtherequiredecosystemoftechnologypartnershipsandcontentwill20sometime. 5
LastyearFrenchdriverskilledfewerthan5000peopleontheroadsforthefirsttimeindecades.Creditgoeslargelytothe1000automatedradarcamerasplantedonthenation’shighwayssince2003whichexpertsreckonsaved3000liveslastyear.41._____________________ Soitgoeswithsurveillancethesedays.EuropeansusedtolookatthesecuritycameraspostedinBritishcitiessubwaysandbusesastheseedsofanOrwellianworldthatwaslargelyunacceptableinContinentalEurope.Butlastyear’sLondonbombingsinwhichvideocamerasplayedakeyroleinidentifyingtheperpetratorshavehelpedspuraseachange.42._____________________.InaBritishpoll73percentofrespondentssaidtheywerereadytogiveupsomecivillibertiestoimprovesecurity. Europe’spoliticiansarenowlessconcernedwithprivacythanwithappearingtobesoftonterrorism.InDecemberlawmakersinBrusselspassedEuropewidelegislationthatpermitspolicetoinvestigatethroughcell-phoneandInternetdata.Theyarerequiringcell-phonecompaniestoretaincallinginformationsuchasthetimeofcallstowhomtheyweremadeandthelocationofthecell-phoneholder;shouldaterroristattacktakeplacecopswanttobeabletotrackcallersbeforeandaftertheevent.Telecomswillberequiredtoretainthisinformationforbetweensixmonthsandtwoyears. 43._____________________.TheinformationcouldallowauthoritiestoidentifyperpetratorsafterthefactasinLondonorshowpartofanattacktakingplaceasinMadrid.Thelawalsoopensupmobile-phoneandInternetrecordsaswellaspreviouslyconfidentialcustomertravelandshippinginformationtoscrutinybyauthoritiestrackingsuspiciousindividuals.AnditrequirescybercafecomputeruserstoprovideanIDdocumentwhosenumberisrecordedandlinkedtothecomputerusedandtimeofday. EvenAmsterdamacitylegendaryforitsliberalattitudesisspendingmillionstoincreasevideosurveillanceofpublictransport.CamerasnowwatchplacesliketheE1Tawheedmosque.Italyspends$275millionayearontelephoneinterceptsandconductsanastounding172judicialinterceptsorwiretapsper100000inhabitants. 44._____________________.Asidefromtheprivacyimplicationssomesecurityexpertswarnthatallthisnewinformationmayoverwhelmcops.Computerprogramsthatflagsuspiciousdatastillrequirehumanintervention. What’sthenextstepinthissurveillanceculture45._____________________.Fightingterrorisonerationaleforthesystembutonaday-to-daybasisitwillcomeinmosthandyasawayofcheckingthatdriversareinsuredandhavenooutstandingviolationsorwarrants.ThatpointsoutonepotentialproblemStudieshaveshownthatsurveillanceisgoodforpreventingassaultsontaxidriversandotherpettyincidentsbuthaslittleeffectonmajorcrime.IfthisprovestobethecasewithterrorismEuropeansmayonedaygrowtiredofbeingwatched. [A]BytheendoftheyearBritishauthoritieswillbeginsendinglicense-plateinformationfromthousandsofroadsidecamerastoanewcentraldatabaseaswellastopoliceandM.I.6. [B]Europeansusedtoworrythattoinstallcamerasinthepublicareasmaydestroyindividualprivacy. [C]AmonthaftertheLondonattackshalfofGermanssupportedEU-wideplanstorequireInternetprovidersandtelecomstostorealle-mailInternetandphonedatafor"anti-terror"purposes. [D]Successofcoursebreedssuccess:thegovernmentplanstoinstall500moreradardevicesthisyear. [E]TerrorismnowadaysbecomesacommonconcernthroughouttheEuropeancontinentandmoreandmorecountriesareinvolvedintakingactions. [F]Noteveryoneishappywithallthesewatchfuleyes. [G]FrancewhichwasatargetofradicalMuslimterrorismwellbefore9·11adoptedatoughantiterrorlawinDecemberthatclearsthewayforauthoritiestoinstallthousandsofvideocamerasintransporthubsreligiouscentersmostlymosquesworkplacesandpublicspaces. 41
Manymobileoperatorsalreadyofferaselectionoftelevisionchannelsorindividualshowswhicharesent1acrosstheirthird-generation3Gnetworks.InSouthKoreatelevisionisalsosenttomobilephonesviasatelliteandterrestrialbroadcastnetworkswhichisfarmore2thansendingvideoacrossmobilenetworks;similarbroadcastswillbegininJapaninApril.Similarmobile-TVnetworkswillalsobebuiltinFinlandandAmericaandarebeing3inmanyothercountries. MeanwhileAppleComputerwhich4avideo-capableversionofitsiPodportablemusicplayerinthisOctoberis5abargainwithtelevisionnetworkstoexpandthe6ofshowsthatcanbepurchased7viewingonthedevice.AndmobileTVwasoneofthebig8attheworld’slargesttechnologyfairtheConsumerElectronicShow. 9allthisactivityhoweverthe10formobileTVareunclear.Forastartnobody11knowsifconsumerswillpayforitthoughsurveyssuggesttheyliketheidea.One12agencyofthefieldsaystherewillbe125mmobile-TVusersby2010butmanyothermobiletechnologiesinspiredhighhopesandthenfailedto13uptoexpectations.And14peopledowantTVonthemovethereis15uncertaintyinthreeareas:technologybusinessmodelsandthe16itself. The17formobileTVisvastinshortbut18isthedegreeofuncertaintyoverhowitshouldactuallybeputintopractice.Mostobserversdonotexpectwidespread19ofmobileTVifitcomesatalluntil2008attheearliestsincebuildingtherequiredecosystemoftechnologypartnershipsandcontentwill20sometime. 3
Manymobileoperatorsalreadyofferaselectionoftelevisionchannelsorindividualshowswhicharesent1acrosstheirthird-generation3Gnetworks.InSouthKoreatelevisionisalsosenttomobilephonesviasatelliteandterrestrialbroadcastnetworkswhichisfarmore2thansendingvideoacrossmobilenetworks;similarbroadcastswillbegininJapaninApril.Similarmobile-TVnetworkswillalsobebuiltinFinlandandAmericaandarebeing3inmanyothercountries. MeanwhileAppleComputerwhich4avideo-capableversionofitsiPodportablemusicplayerinthisOctoberis5abargainwithtelevisionnetworkstoexpandthe6ofshowsthatcanbepurchased7viewingonthedevice.AndmobileTVwasoneofthebig8attheworld’slargesttechnologyfairtheConsumerElectronicShow. 9allthisactivityhoweverthe10formobileTVareunclear.Forastartnobody11knowsifconsumerswillpayforitthoughsurveyssuggesttheyliketheidea.One12agencyofthefieldsaystherewillbe125mmobile-TVusersby2010butmanyothermobiletechnologiesinspiredhighhopesandthenfailedto13uptoexpectations.And14peopledowantTVonthemovethereis15uncertaintyinthreeareas:technologybusinessmodelsandthe16itself. The17formobileTVisvastinshortbut18isthedegreeofuncertaintyoverhowitshouldactuallybeputintopractice.Mostobserversdonotexpectwidespread19ofmobileTVifitcomesatalluntil2008attheearliestsincebuildingtherequiredecosystemoftechnologypartnershipsandcontentwill20sometime. 7
LastyearFrenchdriverskilledfewerthan5000peopleontheroadsforthefirsttimeindecades.Creditgoeslargelytothe1000automatedradarcamerasplantedonthenation’shighwayssince2003whichexpertsreckonsaved3000liveslastyear.41._____________________ Soitgoeswithsurveillancethesedays.EuropeansusedtolookatthesecuritycameraspostedinBritishcitiessubwaysandbusesastheseedsofanOrwellianworldthatwaslargelyunacceptableinContinentalEurope.Butlastyear’sLondonbombingsinwhichvideocamerasplayedakeyroleinidentifyingtheperpetratorshavehelpedspuraseachange.42._____________________.InaBritishpoll73percentofrespondentssaidtheywerereadytogiveupsomecivillibertiestoimprovesecurity. Europe’spoliticiansarenowlessconcernedwithprivacythanwithappearingtobesoftonterrorism.InDecemberlawmakersinBrusselspassedEuropewidelegislationthatpermitspolicetoinvestigatethroughcell-phoneandInternetdata.Theyarerequiringcell-phonecompaniestoretaincallinginformationsuchasthetimeofcallstowhomtheyweremadeandthelocationofthecell-phoneholder;shouldaterroristattacktakeplacecopswanttobeabletotrackcallersbeforeandaftertheevent.Telecomswillberequiredtoretainthisinformationforbetweensixmonthsandtwoyears. 43._____________________.TheinformationcouldallowauthoritiestoidentifyperpetratorsafterthefactasinLondonorshowpartofanattacktakingplaceasinMadrid.Thelawalsoopensupmobile-phoneandInternetrecordsaswellaspreviouslyconfidentialcustomertravelandshippinginformationtoscrutinybyauthoritiestrackingsuspiciousindividuals.AnditrequirescybercafecomputeruserstoprovideanIDdocumentwhosenumberisrecordedandlinkedtothecomputerusedandtimeofday. EvenAmsterdamacitylegendaryforitsliberalattitudesisspendingmillionstoincreasevideosurveillanceofpublictransport.CamerasnowwatchplacesliketheE1Tawheedmosque.Italyspends$275millionayearontelephoneinterceptsandconductsanastounding172judicialinterceptsorwiretapsper100000inhabitants. 44._____________________.Asidefromtheprivacyimplicationssomesecurityexpertswarnthatallthisnewinformationmayoverwhelmcops.Computerprogramsthatflagsuspiciousdatastillrequirehumanintervention. What’sthenextstepinthissurveillanceculture45._____________________.Fightingterrorisonerationaleforthesystembutonaday-to-daybasisitwillcomeinmosthandyasawayofcheckingthatdriversareinsuredandhavenooutstandingviolationsorwarrants.ThatpointsoutonepotentialproblemStudieshaveshownthatsurveillanceisgoodforpreventingassaultsontaxidriversandotherpettyincidentsbuthaslittleeffectonmajorcrime.IfthisprovestobethecasewithterrorismEuropeansmayonedaygrowtiredofbeingwatched. [A]BytheendoftheyearBritishauthoritieswillbeginsendinglicense-plateinformationfromthousandsofroadsidecamerastoanewcentraldatabaseaswellastopoliceandM.I.6. [B]Europeansusedtoworrythattoinstallcamerasinthepublicareasmaydestroyindividualprivacy. [C]AmonthaftertheLondonattackshalfofGermanssupportedEU-wideplanstorequireInternetprovidersandtelecomstostorealle-mailInternetandphonedatafor"anti-terror"purposes. [D]Successofcoursebreedssuccess:thegovernmentplanstoinstall500moreradardevicesthisyear. [E]TerrorismnowadaysbecomesacommonconcernthroughouttheEuropeancontinentandmoreandmorecountriesareinvolvedintakingactions. [F]Noteveryoneishappywithallthesewatchfuleyes. [G]FrancewhichwasatargetofradicalMuslimterrorismwellbefore9·11adoptedatoughantiterrorlawinDecemberthatclearsthewayforauthoritiestoinstallthousandsofvideocamerasintransporthubsreligiouscentersmostlymosquesworkplacesandpublicspaces. 45
Theoriesofsocialcontrolfocusonthestrategiesandtechniqueswhichhelpregulatehumanbehaviorandthusleadtoconformityandcomplianceoftherulesofsocietyincludingtheinfluencesoffamilyschoolmoralsvaluesbeliefsetc.. DoesexistenceofrulesguaranteepeacefulexistenceofthegroupWhoistoensurecompliancewithsuchrulesSocialcontroltheoristsareouttostudysuchquestions.46Theyareinterestedinlearningwhypeopleconformtonorms;theyaskwhypeopleconforminthefaceofsomuchtemptationpeerpressureandinducement.Juvenilesandadultsconformtothelawinresponsetocertaincontrollingforceswhicharepresentintheirlives.Thustheyarelikelytobecomecriminalwhenthecontrollingforcesintheirlivesaredefectiveorabsent. 47Socialcontroltheoristsarguethatthemoreinvolvedandcommittedapersonistoconventionalactivitiesthegreatertheattachmenttootherssuchasfamilyandfriendsthelesslikelythatapersonistoviolatetherulesofsociety. SocialcontrolhasitsrootsintheearlypartofthiscenturyintheworkofsociologistE.A.Ross.48Rossbelievedthatbeliefsystemsnotspecificlawsguidewhatindividualsdoandthisservestocontrolbehaviornomattertheformsthatbeliefsmaytake. Socialcontrolisoftenseenasall-encompassingpracticallyrepresentinganyphenomenonleadingtoconformitywhichleadstonorms.Othersseesocialcontrolasabroadrepresentationofregulatedmechanismsplaceduponsociety’smembers.Inotherwordssocialcontrolregardswhatistobeconsidereddeviantviolationsofthelawrightorwrong.49Socialcontrolmechanismscanbeadoptedaslawsnormsmoresethicsetiquetteandcustomswhichallcontrolandthusdefinebehavior. Socialcontroltheoryisviewedfromtwoperspectives.Themacrosocialperspectiveexploresformalcontrolsystemsforthecontrolofgroupsincludingthelegalsystemsuchaslawslawenforcementpowerfulgroupsinsocietywhocanhelpinfluencelawsandnormsandeconomicandsocialdirectivesofgovernmentorprivateorganizations.Suchcontrolscanservetobeeitherpositiveornegative. 50Ontheotherhandthemicrosocialperspectivefocusesoninformalcontrolsystemswhichhelptoexplainwhyindividualsconform.Italsoconsidersthesourceofcontroltobeexternalthatisoutsideoftheperson. WewillfocusonmicrosocialviewsofsocialcontrolwhileexaminingthetheoriesofTravisHirshiSocialBondsandGreshamSykesandDavidMatza’sTechniquesofNeutralizationDriftTheory.WalterReckless’ContainmentTheoryisalsoincludedhereasatheoryofsocialcontrolalthoughwecanalsoconsideritaself-conceptapproach. Socialcontrolmechanismscanbeadoptedaslawsnormsmoresethicsetiquetteandcustomswhichallcontrolandthusdefinebehavior.
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